Why AI Might Actually Create More Work for Lawyers

It seems obvious that among the many industries that AI might disrupt, the legal profession might face some of the most adverse outcomes. When clerical, research-based tasks like searching through databases and reading contracts are automated, what is left for lawyers to do and how might they justify all those billable hours? In this episode we speak with Gary Wingens, chair and partner at the law firm Lowenstein Sandler. He talks about how his firm is using AI and why he thinks the technology could end up increasing legal work for lawyers as costs come down, creating a sort of “Jevon's paradox” for lawsuits, deals and litigation. We also talk about the billable hours model and training junior talent. Read more: AI Legal Startup Norm Valued at $1.2 Billion Funding Round https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-07-07/ai-legal-startup-norm-valued-at-1-2-billion-in-funding-round?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=podcast&utm_campaign=odd_lots&utm_content=article Only Bloomberg.com subscribers can get the Odd Lots newsletter in their inbox — now delivered every weekday — plus unlimited access to the site and app. bloomberg.com/subscriptions/oddlots https://www.bloomberg.com/subscriptions/oddlots?in_source=oddlotspodcast See omnystudio.com/listener https://omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

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• 0:00Tracy Alloway?

  There are some market stories where you want every detail. Joe and I have made quite a few podcasts on that basis. But sometimes you've only got 10 minutes and just want to know what's moving markets fast. That's the Barclays Brief Podcast. Every week, experts from Barclays Markets and Research get you up to speed on what's happening and what to watch next. Concise, focused, and brief. Search Barclays Brief wherever you get your podcasts.

• 0:25Speaker 01

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• 2:02Joe Weisenthal?

  Hello and welcome to another episode of the Odd Lots Podcast. I'm Joe Weisenthal.

• 2:07Tracy Alloway?

  And I'm Tracy Alloway.

• 2:08Joe Weisenthal?

  So Tracy, I think like maybe a year and a half ago, we did that episode with Joel Wertheimer, talking about AI and law. It does feel like law specifically is one of those areas where it's very easy for the normal person to imagine how AI could be very disruptive. Would you say that's fair?

• 2:29Tracy Alloway?

  Yes, I would say, however, and full disclaimer, so my husband used to be a lawyer, a corporate lawyer. I would say that like standardized forms and templates have existed in the legal profession for many, many years. And law has also gone through many, many technological revolutions. So we've gone from like scrivners. Do you know the term scrivners? To like keyboardists.

• 2:52Joe Weisenthal?

  Totally.

• 2:52Tracy Alloway?

  And the advent of like typists was supposed to be this massive hit for, not a hit, but like this massive deal for the legal industry. And everything ended up like navigating through it pretty much.

• 3:04Joe Weisenthal?

  I guess they probably, each one of those waves, there probably was some extreme period of anxiety about disruption. And how would billing still happen? And of course, one of the questions that comes to mind in the legal profession is like, well, why would the lawyers want to reduce the number of hours that they can, you know, do on a case, given that famously they're paid by the hour? I think actually, aren't they like paid by the 10 minutes technically?

• 3:29Tracy Alloway?

  Sometimes, yeah.

• 3:31Joe Weisenthal?

  But it does feel like, so maybe like, I'm not saying, and I don't even have an intuition per se that AI would like upend, like a reduce the amount of legal work that needs to get done. But those technological revolutions that you mentioned in the past probably did change the industry quite a bit. So regardless of like total employment or job prospects, et cetera, it feels inevitable that change is going to come. At one point, it was probably like a skill to be able to know case law or know how to search LexisNexis. Like, that almost certainly is going to change.

• 4:01Tracy Alloway?

  So one thing I've been thinking about, and this gets into the productivity debate, is I'm starting to come around to the idea of a Jevons paradox in just general bureaucracy. Basically, so you already have AI that's like being used by insurance companies to push back against claims. And then you have claimants using AI to then push back against the insurance companies. And I feel like the future could just be a bunch of bots like talking to each other and filing different claims and I guess legal disputes.

• 4:31Joe Weisenthal?

  And then humans still have to sort it all out at the end.

• 4:33Tracy Alloway?

  Yeah, and maybe we don't get more productive. I don't know.

• 4:36Joe Weisenthal?

  Other people have said this, everyone, a lot of people like in tech, coding, all of these computer jobs. Right now, a lot of people seem to be feel very stressed and overworked. Like, I don't think you like, look at a situation, someone who has a job that primarily involves on their computer and think, oh, I'm feeling like I'm really, I have it easy these days. Everyone feels very stressed. But anyway, I'm very interested in this topic. There was a big story several months ago, one of the major law firms, Kirkland and Ellis, like talking about like building out more in-house infrastructure. So I think it's like a good time to sort of get a state of the market of like, okay, like we're what, almost four years into the post ChatGPT world?

• 5:18Joe Weisenthal?

  Where do we actually stand in terms of what AI could do for legal work? And then also just like how it's changing the profession, if at all.

• 5:26Tracy Alloway?

  Yeah, let's do it.

• 5:27Joe Weisenthal?

  All right. I'm very excited to say, we do in fact have the perfect guest, someone who's been talking a lot about this, someone who's written about this topic. Someone who is at a very substantial law firm where you can actually see some of this taking place in real time. We're going to be speaking with Gary Wiggins. He is the Chair of Lowenstein-Sandler. So Gary, thank you so much for coming on Odd Lots.

• 5:47Speaker 05

  Delighted to be here. Thanks for having me.

• 5:49Joe Weisenthal?

  Just to set the scene, why don't you give us a little bit of an idea of what the firm is, how big it is, your role there, and what it's sort of a special, what kind of work gets done there?

• 5:59Speaker 05

  Again, thanks for having me. Lowenstein-Sandler, about 400 lawyers, primarily located in the New York area.

• 6:08Joe Weisenthal?

  Is 400 big law at that point?

• 6:10Speaker 05

  400 is big law. It's not huge law. You mentioned Kirkland earlier. They're much larger. We very firmly focus on clients in the private capital sector, private equity, venture, hedge funds, technology companies, and life sciences businesses.

• 6:27Tracy Alloway?

  Why has the billable hours thing lasted as long as it has? Because everyone seems to complain about this, like the lawyers complain that it's terrible, the clients complain that it's terrible. And it does seem to lead to sometimes not the most efficient outcomes.

• 6:42Speaker 05

  Everyone agrees it's terrible, as you said, yet it remains the dominant model. I have never met a client who has come to me asking to buy billable hours, right? Nobody ever wants to buy billable hours. They want to buy business solutions. And it happens that billable hours is how we measure what the bill will turn out to be. There has been, at least for the past 15 years, there's been a pretty strong movement toward what are called alternative fee arrangements. Where, you know, you project based pricing, cap fees, collars, things like that, has not really taken hold, which is surprising.

• 7:21Speaker 05

  We are, I think law is one of the last segments in professional services firms that has not moved to some kind of value or project-based pricing. Perhaps, and I'm not exactly sure why, perhaps it's because lawyers and clients don't really trust each other that much. And, and when we propose a, you know, here's how much it costs to do this kind of public offering. Sometimes clients say, well, if you're going to propose that amount, I'd rather pay you by the hour because I want to see what you're actually doing. On the other hand, when clients ask for alternative fee arrangements, we almost always offer them.

• 8:01Joe Weisenthal?

  Is there a tacit understanding though of like, okay, maybe it's billable hours and the alternative fee arrangement doesn't get formally written down? But is there a general tacit understanding of like, okay, here is IPO, we're going to raise a billion dollars. Or here is a, you know, venture capital deal where a company is going to raise 500 million dollars. How much that is going to cost? Like, is it well understood what this is how much this kind of job costs? And if it's wildly different, there was some alarm bells would go off?

• 8:35Speaker 05

  Yeah, so the IPO market is easy because everybody, as part of your disclosure in doing an IPO, you disclose how much you pay the law firms. And so there is a known market and there's a known comparative price. You know, a venture round is a little more challenging because there are lots of different details. But there's, there's a common understanding about the range of rates. And then things go from there if there are funky tax issues or things like that. But for most areas, there's kind of a common range.

• 9:07Tracy Alloway?

  So getting back to the topic at hand, AI, how much of a step change is this in terms of the actual work process for a corporate lawyer? Because as I mentioned before, like standardized templates exist, law firms have had, you know, software for due diligence for ages. A lot of them have knowledge libraries where they sort of share information or you have experts that act like little encyclopedias for law. How big a change is this?

• 9:36Speaker 05

  I think it is a pretty huge change. So there are two ways it's changing. One is what you're talking about, kind of the the process and systems and using AI to become more efficient, just like when, you know, when Microsoft Word came out, came out and it was became much more efficient for you to kind of do your own documents or compare, right? When I was a first year associate, I'm old, when I was a first year associate, I was hand blacklining documents and clients were paying me by the hour to hand blackline documents. Within two years, you know, we had blacklining software and they no longer paid me by the

• 10:18Speaker 05

  hour and it took roughly 90 seconds to blackline a document. So there's, there's the efficiency piece, which definitely is starting to make it, to make the things that clients want to buy less expensive.

• 10:31Tracy Alloway?

  Did you ever, did you ever miss a comma that resulted in like $5 million in extra charges?

• 10:38Speaker 05

  Not that I'm aware of.

• 10:39Tracy Alloway?

  Okay. I have to ask, that's a famous case, right?

• 10:41Speaker 05

  Right. But I've definitely missed commas. Everybody has, but I'm not aware that it's, you know, resulted in anything bad happening. Hopefully, nobody listening to this has the other side of that. But the, so, but the other way AI is working in law firms right now is it's, it's acting as a thought partner and it is making us better at our jobs and, and to use a term, acting as a co-pilot for all of our lawyers in helping think through problems. So as that thought partner, we've never had that before, right? That's a dramatic difference

• 11:23Speaker 05

  in that AI is providing that these other technological advances did not. They only went to the efficiency piece and allowed us to produce what clients want to buy, a deal or a litigation for a lower total cost. But we were now, I believe, producing better work product from the get go.

• 11:43Joe Weisenthal?

  Okay, let's go back to a VC financing round.

• 11:47Speaker 05

  Sure.

• 11:47Joe Weisenthal?

  So why don't you explain, even say pre-AI?

• 11:52Speaker 05

  Yeah.

• 11:52Joe Weisenthal?

  What was the role of the lawyer or the law firm in a typical financing round? What, why, why are their lawyers involved? What were they, what are they brought in to do? And then maybe sort of give us a concrete example of today, what it means or how a lawyer who is in one of these deals can use AI as a quote, thought partner.

• 12:10Speaker 05

  Yeah. So, so first I have to give you a bit of a disclaimer. I'm a structured finance lawyer, not a venture capital lawyer, but we have one of the largest venture practices in the United States in our firm. So I'm, you know, I'm, I'm, I'm familiar with it, right? What's the role of the lawyer? So often when our client is the company side or the founders, they've never done anything like this before. And we are educating our client on how deals work. They rely on us for market knowledge of kind of what typical deal terms are in a venture financing, whether it's a serious seed, A, B, C. And we, because we

• 12:53Speaker 05

  are so active in the space, we usually know the other, you know, we usually know the funds that are investing, we know their counsel, and we can add, I believe, a lot of value to the client in the, in the way we can negotiate and structure the deal.

• 13:08Joe Weisenthal?

  Okay.

• 13:09Speaker 05

  Knowing also what the next round is going to look like and the round after that and, and their ultimate exit, whether it's through an IPO or an M and A deal. And we can help them get their structure right from the get go, so that they'll get all those future rounds right.

• 13:24Joe Weisenthal?

  Okay.

• 13:25Speaker 05

  And when clients come to us with kind of their chat GPT produced documents, they go, you know, they're, they're missing all of that nuance, the knowledge of the market and the other humans in the deal and what they need for future transactions.

• 13:43Tracy Alloway?

  Does that happen a lot, clients coming to you with chat GPT produced stuff?

• 13:47Speaker 05

  In the venture space? Yeah.

• 13:49Joe Weisenthal?

  I'm not surprised.

• 13:52Speaker 05

  Right. And in, in a number of areas. I mean, we have some very sophisticated clients who have the same AI tools we have in the legal profession and some Fortune, for example, a Fortune 50 client that basically produces their first drafts of whether it's a contract or a complaint or an answer in a litigation, they'll produce that using their AI tools first, send it to us and want us to take that and run with it. On the other end, in another area of our practice, we do a fair amount of patent prosecution work, particularly out of our West Coast offices. We represent some extremely sophisticated technology

• 14:36Speaker 05

  companies who will have their AI tools reviewing our work and providing us with AI produced comments. Now, we're also using AI tools to create these patents with full knowledge of our clients. So we're almost at the point where their AI agent is talking to our AI agent. That's an interesting development as well.

• 15:01Tracy Alloway?

  For sure. On the AI co-pilot idea, since your expertise is in structured finance, how far does this actually go? As in, could you envision asking an LLM to produce like a brand new structure for, I don't know, ABS or CMBS or pick your, pick your structured finance poison? Like when you talk about AI can help with strategy and complexity.

• 15:28Speaker 05

  I don't believe that it can come up with a new structure.

• 15:31Tracy Alloway?

  Okay.

• 15:32Speaker 05

  But I, I have a partner who is a real expert in international tax, for example, and he will use AI tools to, and he's always coming up and he represents a lot of family offices and global businesses. And he will come up with, and he spends all of his time structuring, you know, how these family offices work. How do you get money from country A to country C with a minimum number of tax hops along the way? He will use AI to test out some of his theories and, and it will give him some feedback and he'll work with

• 16:13Speaker 05

  the AI to come up with new structures. He will then hand the report that he gets out of, say Claude, and hand it to an associate and say, okay, now run this down and actually do the research to figure out if this is right, but let's work on this structure together. So it increases the horizons, it validates some stuff, it, it, what's the opposite of validate? Not, not validate, knocks out some ideas.

• 16:43Joe Weisenthal?

  Invalidates.

• 16:43Speaker 05

  And invalidates, right? And then we still have, you know, a real human who has a law degree, run it down and double check and see if we can make it even better. And usually the iterative process between the AI and the human and the associate and the AI and the partner come up with some really cool structures that they wouldn't have thought of on their own and that the AI wouldn't have thought of on its own.

• 17:10Joe Weisenthal?

  This is going to sound like a rude question. How do you know? Because the, like, I think it's like, I could see going back and forth with a chatbot as a way to like stress test ideas or sort of like, you know, just sort of like, you generate these new ideas. And so like, I guess on some level, I'm not surprised that by interacting with, say Claude, a really good tax lawyer could like explore some new potentials or like feel out this potential possibility. But on the other hand, it's also easy to go back and forth with the chatbot and create the illusion that you're finding something new that you also could have like intuitively arrived at yourself because if you were one of the most brilliant tax lawyers

• 17:51Joe Weisenthal?

  in the world. So how do you sort of establish that this is in fact adding value as opposed to just work-ish or work light?

• 18:01Speaker 05

  So in the, in the example, in the tax example I just gave you, I have no idea how. But I can tell you, because I was out in our Palo Alto office.

• 18:11Joe Weisenthal?

  Okay.

• 18:11Speaker 05

  Just the week before last and was talking to our, I'll go, I'll go back to the patent example because that's discreet, right? And it's, and, and there's discreet set of steps. I, we are using an AI tool to help us, to help our lawyers draft patent, patent applications. They have been telling me, we've been doing this for a little over six months, that the primary benefit is that it creates a better patent application because while almost all of our patent lawyers are, are engineers of some type, mostly software or electrical engineers, the knowledge that the AI tool has is of all engineering, right? And of

• 18:56Speaker 05

  all sciences and arts. And it's able to bring in a biologist's perspective, perhaps just to use something, and create a broader application. I was like, okay, that's kind of cool. I was then visiting with a couple of our clients out there who we do patent work for. And on their own, they have told us that they really appreciate how we're using the technology, that there were, that we are ahead of most of the other firms that they're using, that they use right now, and that they have noticed over the past six months how our applications have gotten better and better. So they, I didn't ask them that question. Unprompted, they have said that. So that I was, I was really excited about that because that was validation because I asked the same question that you do. It's like, how do you know it

• 19:41Speaker 05

  makes it any better? And do clients notice? But clients noticing, you know, makes a difference.

• 20:03Tracy Alloway?

  There are some market stories where you want every detail. Joe and I have made quite a few podcasts on that basis, but sometimes you've only got 10 minutes and just want to know what's moving markets fast. That's the Barclays Brief Podcast. Every week, experts from Barclays Markets and Research get you up to speed on what's happening and what to watch next. Concise, focused, and brief. Search Barclays Brief wherever you get your podcasts.

• 20:28Speaker 01

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• 22:04Tracy Alloway?

  One thing I'm really interested in is the impact of AI on actual pricing power for law firms. And you wrote a really good piece for our colleagues over at Bloomberg Law called "AI Will Give Junior Lawyers Better Work," one of our legal insights. And you mentioned a specific number in there. You cite a project where you were going to do it, but you decided not to because it was too expensive. But then, a year later or so, with the assistance of AI, you said that the cost had come down 70%, which is absolutely huge. But I guess my question is, if costs are coming down by that much,

• 22:44Tracy Alloway?

  then why don't clients accrue all of those cost savings? How do lawyers actually protect their margins in that scenario?

• 22:53Speaker 05

  So a couple of ways. First off, the clients don't necessarily have the same knowledge, deep industry knowledge, that their outside lawyers do in reviewing the work. Because while the cost has come down 70%, it hasn't come down 100%, right? So we're still doing 30% of the hours that we might have done a few years ago, or something like that. But those hours that we're putting in are much higher level hours. The project that I was talking about in that article is basically a due diligence project where

• 23:33Speaker 05

  the assignment was to review thousands of trust agreements for the obligations of various parties in the agreements. Usually laborious, kind of boring, tedious. And the price we quoted, or the cost that we quoted to do it, I think it was like three years ago, was based on, you know, humans doing all of the work and a QC team on top of the first round. We can basically take out that first layer of review and assign that to the robot, which then puts it all in this beautiful 100-column spreadsheet to show us all of

• 24:17Speaker 05

  the fields, and we're doing the QC layer. And the QC layer requires legal knowledge of how these transactions work, and some experience that you can spot where the output doesn't make sense, and you go back and double-check it. So I think the clients still value having a law firm basically certify or, you know, say this is good output in a way that they wouldn't want to do themselves. They don't have the staffing to do it themselves, and they want outside eyes on it.

• 24:53Joe Weisenthal?

  So what does this mean specifically, though, for early-career lawyers, right? Like, the fear is, or one version of this is like, that's great for the senior lawyers, pull up the ladder, hire a few law grads, et cetera, because you can now do this. Like, is that, what does that mean for the people who, three years ago, would have been doing this, you know, as you said, not the most exciting tedious work?

• 25:18Speaker 05

  Right. Again, when I started, I was blacklining documents by hand. And somehow, when the machines took that job away from me, I still had plenty of work to do. And first-year lawyers behind me had plenty of work to do. But my life got more interesting. So I think that the tedious jobs are going away first. Junior lawyers, I think, are going to be doing more interesting work sooner. We have not fully figured out yet, and we will solve, but we haven't fully yet, how to train people without going through that tedious work.

• 25:54Joe Weisenthal?

  So are you adding, are you hiring 1Ls and 2Ls?

• 25:59Speaker 05

  We are.

• 25:59Joe Weisenthal?

  Or whatever. 1Ls in law school, fresh grads, like right now?

• 26:04Speaker 05

  We are hiring summer, we have, you know, we have summer associates this summer.

• 26:09Joe Weisenthal?

  Yeah.

• 26:09Speaker 05

  We will have a full slate of first-year associates who join us in the fall. We have already hired our summer associate class for the summer of 2027. And we have not changed our hiring patterns. We are starting to change the skill set we're looking for. And what you need to be successful in this profession, I think, will change a little bit.

• 26:34Joe Weisenthal?

  Well, can you talk then about what is that skill set, and what are they going to be doing? When they arrive there on their first day after law school, what is this skill set they need to first get in the door, and then what are they going to do once they're in the door?

• 26:47Speaker 05

  I think, no matter what, you're going to need some training on the area of practice you're in. And there's going to be less of the grunt work kind of training. And we're ultimately going to have more simulator-type training, or, you know, what we've already started doing, you know, a very standard, like, first-year training curriculum at a law firm is like the anatomy of an M&A transaction, where you actually go through the provisions of a merger agreement, or a stock purchase agreement, or an asset purchase agreement, and you go through it, you know, those provisions. We're now going to, what we've started doing

• 27:28Speaker 05

  is make sure everybody brings their laptop with them to the training, and that they have their AI tools open at the same time. And as part of the training, you're saying, okay, now take this provision and put it in this tool and see what the responses are. See, tell it you're representing a seller, and give me a seller favorable provision to negotiate. So we're going to do a lot more of that training, hands-on, with the tools, where people will get to see that. They will have in front of them, that they don't have now, but they will very soon, our knowledge set of every similar deal that

• 28:11Speaker 05

  we have done, say, in the past couple of years, that have been fully negotiated. They will be able to see the terms of every deal we've recently done. Clients care a lot about our market knowledge. They care, one of the reasons that they're willing to pay law firms at the exorbitant rates we charge, is because you have at-the-market knowledge that they can't possibly have on their own. Because for many of them, this is a one-time deal. For us, we do it every day, and they expect us to know what the market terms are. Using this technology, I can make sure every junior lawyer has access to all of the knowledge

• 28:52Speaker 05

  of our entire firm in doing similar types of deals, or litigation, or bankruptcy proceedings, as opposed to just having to walk through the halls and try to find somebody who's done it before, and just talk to them about what they've done. You will now have access to basically a dashboard with all prior documents. And I think that makes you much smarter, faster. We could have a separate conversation about the cognitive load from that, right? There was a lot of value in my having downtime to blackline, right? It was like relaxing.

• 29:28Tracy Alloway?

  This was going to be my next question, which is, lawyers have to be very detail-oriented, right? And one of the arguments for having to do all this grunt work, like hand-deliver ISDA agreements, or, you know, review trusts and things like that, was that, like, it teaches you to focus, and it teaches you to look out for that missing comma that's going to cost you like $5 million.

• 29:50Joe Weisenthal?

  You know, I was thinking about that, as you were saying, that documentary on Netflix from like 15 years ago about the sushi guy. Or it's like, oh, he's like Chef Sue. It's like, okay, I'm going to teach you to make sushi. First spend 15 years, like, learning how to, like, clean rice, or whatever it is, and then we, like, get to sushi. Or, like, thinking about musicians, and it's like, it's no fun to do scales, right? But you do it, and you build some sort of, like, deep understanding. And it's like, that feels like the equivalent of what, like, the blacklining.

• 30:19Tracy Alloway?

  Yeah. So what happens if people aren't doing as many repetitive tasks?

• 30:24Speaker 05

  I worry about that as well. And I'm not, I'm not sure what the answer is from a behavioral psychology perspective, because I think you're right. Doing those scales is important. I don't know. You know, we're talking about simulators to simulate doing a deal. There's no, you know, there, there's nothing like actually doing a deal, right? And actually negotiating with somebody on the other side who's a jerk or somebody on the other side who's really nice, but, you know, bamboozles you by being so nice. And the human element of this all is still really important.

• 31:03Speaker 05

  And the human interaction with your client, with the adversary, you know, you need to get that experience and you need to have the touch and feel. The, with the advances in AI just over the past, you know, six months or a year, you can see a time when the drafting is largely delegated to the machine. You still have to be careful. As you said, the commas, you know, I can see AI screwing up commas. AIs don't know how to add, right? And they make silly mistakes all the time. So you gotta learn to be careful. I do worry about it becoming too easy to just fall into the trap of trusting what it

• 31:45Speaker 05

  tells you rather than thinking above it. So I don't know the answer to your question, but I have the same concern you do.

• 31:54Joe Weisenthal?

  I want to get into like the various tools and infrastructure you have, you know, because we're a markets and finance podcast, so people want to know what the trade is, obviously. But, um, but before we get into that specifically, you know, when we did our last episode about AI law, our, our guest, Joel Wertheimer, he's a civil rights lawyer in New York City. And one of the points that he made is that sometimes clients come with him with cases, often maybe like suing the city over like police misconduct or something like that. And the client has a good case on, might have a good case on, or is aware of, a client might have a good case on paper, but the potential damages are so small that it's

• 32:35Joe Weisenthal?

  uneconomical to pursue it, even though clearly there's a legitimate case. If we're sort of, as Tracy mentioned, the Jevons paradox of all this, do you see this? It's like, okay, you collapse the price of certain types of legal work. Does that expand the number of theoretical cases or I guess you're not, deals that, oh, let's take a look at this deal. There's some like minimum upfront cost that's going to be the same. Let's take a look at this deal that then compensates for the reduced number of hours that you're charged.

• 33:10Speaker 05

  I think so. I think that the Jevons paradox applies to legal. In the example I gave you with the client who had thousands of trust agreements that needed to be reviewed, when we gave them the first quote, we didn't say we didn't want to do it. The client said, at that price, we're not going to do it because the risk, the downside risk isn't high enough to justify the price. But when the price came down by 70%, they said, oh yeah, at that price, we'll do it. So at, and let's just use fake numbers, at $10 million, they said, no, we're not going to do it. And we had, our revenue was zero. When it came down to 3 million, they said, that's worth it.

• 33:54Speaker 05

  And we had 3 million of revenue. So that's the Jevons paradox in action. Over the past 25 years, e-discovery has ballooned the cost of litigation, to your point, right? Electronic, electronic discovery run amok has, has made it virtually impossible to bring a sophisticated litigation for under a few million dollars in legal fees. And in just the discovery expenses alone are millions of dollars. If we can bring, say, 2 million of discovery costs down to 200,000, it does change the calculus for both on this.

• 34:34Joe Weisenthal?

  Good news, lawsuits are a lot more economical to file. Exactly.

• 34:38Tracy Alloway?

  Just what Americans need.

• 34:39Joe Weisenthal?

  Everyone is going to love that aspect of AI.

• 34:41Speaker 05

  Isn't that fantastic? But, you know, you, you, you raised it in a virtuous, you know, example with a, a civil rights lawyer. But I think it's also true, you know, for large corporates who were abandoning things before. So yeah, you can debate whether it's a social good to have more litigation. But if I'm speaking on behalf of a law firm that has a large litigation department, I do think that the increased, or the potential for increased litigation does outweigh the, the loss of really boring mundane hours reviewing documents.

• 35:22Speaker 05

  In the, I'll go back to the patent example I gave you earlier, where we do see over time, the cost of being able to prosecute a patent application coming down dramatically through the use of AI. And that, that same client who told me two weeks ago that they've really noticed an increase in the quality of our work product, also told us that because they're using AI in their own work, they're seeing a quadrupling in the number of inventions that their engineers and scientists are coming up with. And the number of patent requests that they're getting internally from their engineering team has quadrupled.

• 36:03Speaker 05

  And we're going to ultimately be able to lower the cost of each of those. So the clients are able to do more and create more economic activity, which is virtuous. And a lot of that will require some legal work, even though each unit of legal work will cost less, I expect we'll be doing more of it. So, you know, that should preserve the ability of lawyers to, to do okay economically.

• 36:33Tracy Alloway?

  Well, how do you see AI shifting, I guess, the balance of power or balance of work between external law firms versus in-house lawyers? Because you could imagine a scenario where I'm a big company, I have a couple, or maybe five, big, ex-big law lawyers who work for me. And because so much of the work is now automated, they can use AI, they don't need to go to a big law firm to do a lot of the grunt work, as you put it earlier.

• 37:01Speaker 05

  Yeah. And I think you're going to see the, the, so the, the other side of the Jevons paradox is you will see larger clients that have dedicated legal teams, keeping more of the routine legal work in-house. You know, you mentioned ISAs before. Most banks have, for example, have brought all their ISDA and derivatives work in-house. You'll probably see more of that. And you'll see more end users on the fun side doing that internally rather than sending it out, although we have a terrific, you know, derivatives group. You may see that in some other areas as well.

• 37:41Speaker 05

  But again, where you really need market breadth and you need market knowledge, I think outside law firms will still be able to provide a lot of value and a lot of outside kind of independent perspective and independent advice that is hard to do inside.

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• 40:20Joe Weisenthal?

  Let's talk about your tech stack, so to speak. You mentioned lawyers talking to Claude. I know that there are applications or companies like Harvey, which are sort of like built on top of some of the frontier models. There are questions about, do you need these application layers? I'm also interested in whether, like, when it comes to ingesting your own internal data?

• 40:45Speaker 05

  Yeah.

• 40:46Joe Weisenthal?

  Whether like open source AI models will play a role in that. What do you give us like the overview of your firm? Like, what is the sort of essence of your tech stack that you're using?

• 40:59Speaker 05

  So you actually want me to name products?

• 41:01Joe Weisenthal?

  Yeah, sure. Yeah, why not?

• 41:03Speaker 05

  Okay.

• 41:03Joe Weisenthal?

  Yeah, you mentioned Claude, but I'm really.

• 41:05Speaker 05

  I did mention Claude, but we also, so, you know, we use a lot of different products at the moment, probably too many. And over time, that will narrow. We are, we are Harvey Shop.

• 41:16Joe Weisenthal?

  Okay.

• 41:17Speaker 05

  We, almost all of our users, our lawyers use Harvey regularly. We also use Microsoft Copilot in the Outlook suite or the Office suite.

• 41:27Joe Weisenthal?

  Can you, for our non-lawyer listeners and me, and I assume most of us, like, what does a Harvey offer that is not offered when someone interfaces with the model directly?

• 41:39Speaker 05

  With the model being a frontier model?

• 41:41Joe Weisenthal?

  Yeah.

• 41:42Speaker 05

  Like a chat GPT or.

• 41:43Joe Weisenthal?

  Instead of using Fable or Open 4.8 or GPT 5.5, what happens when I use a model that's sort of like, that powers Harvard?

• 41:50Speaker 05

  Within Harvey, and I think this is true of Legora as well. Legora is the other big one. Yeah, you can pick which frontier model you want to use. You can choose chat or Claude.

• 42:00Joe Weisenthal?

  Yeah.

• 42:01Speaker 05

  For example, and I think Gemini and some of them as well. But what, what a Harvey adds is number one, a security layer that is much more robust than the other models.

• 42:14Joe Weisenthal?

  Yeah.

• 42:16Speaker 05

  And that is super important for a law firm. We're able to control our own data set and make sure that it's not going up to the internet and that our client information is not going out to the internet at all. We have sessions that do not even connect to the internet. It is much more robust. And one of the things that our clients often don't realize is that if they're using, especially a consumer grade Claude or chat GPT, they often are losing attorney-client privilege by asking a consumer model their questions. We are number one focused on the security layer and the ethics layer, and that's super important.

• 42:57Speaker 05

  And a Harvey or a Legora or, you know, Westlaw has co-counsel, all are very, you know, security-conscious. So it gives us that. It allows us to have playbooks that we can share among, among our team so that people can see the projects that we're building, which I think is harder to share in some of these other models directly. And what at least Harvey provides is basically a rag layer on top of the AI frontier model.

• 43:28Joe Weisenthal?

  Retrieval augmented generation?

• 43:30Speaker 05

  Wow. Okay.

• 43:32Joe Weisenthal?

  I don't know.

• 43:32Speaker 05

  Yeah, I don't know what the, I barely even know what it means, but I think it's cool to say it's a rag layer. Right. That the, that has been trained on legal stuff.

• 43:42Joe Weisenthal?

  Okay.

• 43:42Speaker 05

  Right? So it's much more fine tuned to law. And out of the box, it comes with some of the things lawyers like to do, like look at clauses, merger and acquisition agreement. It has a better understanding of nuance in reviewing deposition transcripts. But we're seeing, you know, some of the main uses are creating a project for, if you're a litigator, I'll give some litigators some airtime too here, not just talk about deals, loading all of the pleadings, the briefs, all of the transcripts and the back and forth between lawyers into a project in a Harvey. And then when you are drafting a pleading or a brief, it's able to retrieve for you

• 44:25Speaker 05

  the quotes in the deposition transcripts that support what you're trying to argue. So rather than spending, you know, tens or hundreds of hours trying to find those, it's using the intelligence to find it for you. Claude could do that as well, but Harvey does it, I think, a little better. And it's collecting knowledge and allowing you to share the playbooks more easily.

• 44:50Tracy Alloway?

  Yeah, I wanted to ask you about the security and privacy aspect of all of this. So how much of AI adoption in the legal industry is actually, I mean, law is a very heavily regulated industry itself. So how much AI adoption is, I guess, constrained by things like malpractice risk, you know, data concerns, accountability? Is that a real limitation for you?

• 45:19Speaker 05

  So two years ago, the, and I, in my role, I talked to our malpractice carriers and our underwriters out of Lloyds of London and go visit with them. And they always ask questions about the things that they're worried about. Two years ago, they were worried about, are you, you know, are you letting your lawyers use AI? And, you know, is that creating risk for us? Now they're asking, you let your lawyers use AI, right? To make sure they're doing things right, right? Because it's becoming part of mainstream.

• 45:55Tracy Alloway?

  Yeah.

• 45:56Speaker 05

  And it is becoming an assumption that you're not going to be doing some of these tasks without having AI assist you in doing them. So it's going from a, a insurers saying, oh, don't use that stuff until it's proven, to you have to be using it. And the clients are doing the same thing, right? Clients that 18 months ago were saying, don't use AI for our work. And now saying, well, you got to be using AI to try to cut down the cost of the work. So, you know, we've seen that shift over the past two years pretty dramatically. That has changed, but clearly, you know, we emphasize to our lawyers all the time that you got to be double checking this stuff.

• 46:39Speaker 05

  And there is no excuse for filing a brief or pleading in a court that cites, you know, made up hallucinated cases. They're just too.

• 46:50Tracy Alloway?

  Embarrassing.

• 46:50Speaker 05

  It is, it is embarrassing. We have too many tools at our immediate disposal to be able to catch, catch that. And yeah, systems break down and, and somebody's trying to draft something and file it, you know, in an hour. And they get hallucinate, hallucinate cases slip in, but it's not.

• 47:12Joe Weisenthal?

  So I want to ask you a question. I asked Goldman CEO David Solomon this on an episode. One of the things we're seeing, actually, in a lot of industries, including the legal industry, is like the rise of like these superstar hires, right? And you see them like reported in various publications. Some big name lawyer gets some crazy salary to go to or signing bonus or whatever, kind of like, you know, like we see in some of the hedge fund space. When I see these things and when I think about AI and you mentioned, it's like, oh, here's this knowledge pool or here's every, we're going to, the junior lawyers are going to get access to all these templates. And I'm thinking like, if I'm this guy, like, do I want to share all my templates and knowledge with the firm?

• 47:54Joe Weisenthal?

  But if I don't, if, if everyone thinks that, then you, these tools don't really work, right? If you don't have like a culture of like contributing insight and knowledge back to the firm, there's no franchise value and you're definitely not going to get anything out of AI or in terms of like meaningful, I would think. Maybe you'll get some. Does this create any tensions? And when you're thinking about the firm, maybe not this year, but down the road, how to make sure that the interests of the firm are aligned with the interests of the partners?

• 48:21Speaker 05

  That is a huge issue. It's not a technological issue. It's a human issue, right? Lawyers tend to be highly autonomous creatures.

• 48:30Joe Weisenthal?

  Yeah.

• 48:30Speaker 05

  Right? And successful law firm partners tend to be even more highly autonomous and generally take the view, you're not going to tell me how to practice law.

• 48:40Tracy Alloway?

  My husband used to get calls from, when he was a junior lawyer, he would get calls from one of the partners out on their fishing boat.

• 48:46Joe Weisenthal?

  Oh, yeah, right.

• 48:47Tracy Alloway?

  On weekends, assigning work. Very autonomous.

• 48:50Speaker 05

  Your husband worked at our firm?

• 48:52Tracy Alloway?

  No, not.

• 48:53Joe Weisenthal?

  You think like an evil, you kill environment in many cases, like, yeah.

• 49:00Speaker 05

  Right. And, you know, many people would say, especially at our firm, that one of the secrets to our success is that we, a term we use often is we let the horses run, right? You let people go do their thing and clients love that and love the entrepreneurial energy. And now with AI, we're saying, we need you to share all your knowledge. So the culture, the culture clash there is significant.

• 49:27Joe Weisenthal?

  Interesting.

• 49:28Speaker 05

  And I think that's, I think that's a real challenge. Now, when you talk about the NBA type hires or NFL type, you know, salaries that you're seeing, perhaps some of the motivation for that is getting their knowledge into their, into the systems, right? If you can, if you can get some of these superstars and kind of put their name on the, on your AI tools and say that, you know, so and so recently did a deal that had these terms, you know, how's the client's going to be super impressed by that? And maybe that's part of the value add. And, and maybe that creates even higher comp numbers for superstars.

• 50:10Tracy Alloway?

  I want to go back to, I guess, my first question about billable hours. In the age of AI, if we're seeing pricing actually compressed, if we're seeing a sort of maybe democratization of legal tools, maybe uncertainty over case results starts to collapse as well, would you maybe finally see a shift away from the billable hours thing?

• 50:34Speaker 05

  Maybe. So, and you should, right? We should be able to move to project-based pricing or outcome-based pricing. I think that, that that will finally take off. There will still be a lot of instances where hourly rates apply. And I think you're going to see a continuing huge increase in hourly rates at top-tier firms. And I think we've, we're already seeing it. If you look at data from 2025, as published by The American Lawyer, average hourly rates in 2025 went up by 10.1% at the largest firms in the United States. And at the top, the top 20 firms by profitability, they went up even more.

• 51:19Speaker 05

  And that doesn't make sense in a year when CPI went up by around 3%, right? I've never seen that kind of gap between CPI and average rates. One of the things that might explain it is that the billable hour has actually become more productive and more valuable because of AI tools. And I think you'll see that continuing at an ever faster pace. So I would expect those hourly rates will continue to go up. Yet, the price for the things that clients will actually want to buy, which are solutions to their business problems, are going to come down because they will take far fewer hours.

• 51:54Joe Weisenthal?

  I want to ask you one more question about your, your tech stack, you know? There's a couple other things that are sort of happening. One is obviously this idea that, well, if you use an open source model, unlike, say, some Claude, then you can really like train, bake all your knowledge into the model itself. And so you're not just sort of doing the retrieval augmented generation where the model essentially is like combined with a search engine, but it's actually like baked in. And you can actually do that. And you, there was a really interesting article, paper from Bridgewater, et cetera, recently, where they talked about doing this.

• 52:37Joe Weisenthal?

  And then, of course, like, just in general, setting aside open source versus closed source and model, it's like, we do see this thing. And we mentioned Kirkland Ellis in the beginning. Eventually you hit a scale where it's like, no, you want to just, you know, you don't just want to be, or you build your own Harvey or whatever it is, and actually internalize some of the infrastructure or spend and like actually truly customize this, et cetera. And arguably, it's never been easier to buy, build software, et cetera. I'm curious, like, okay, as a 400-person firm, obviously in your view, getting a lot of value already out of AI, what comes the point where you would think, you know what?

• 53:18Joe Weisenthal?

  We want to start building some technology in-house, including perhaps a homegrown version of one of the models trained on your proprietary data?

• 53:30Speaker 05

  So we definitely want to connect these proprietary models to our data.

• 53:35Joe Weisenthal?

  Absolutely, sure.

• 53:36Speaker 05

  And use that to help train the model.

• 53:38Joe Weisenthal?

  Yeah.

• 53:38Speaker 05

  But, you know, training from scratch.

• 53:41Joe Weisenthal?

  Yeah.

• 53:42Speaker 05

  A model, doesn't, I mean, Kirkland announced they're spending $500 million over five years, right? It costs something like a billion and a half dollars to train a model, one and a half billion, right? So even that would take Kirkland 15 years of investment. I don't see us really training our own models.

• 54:00Joe Weisenthal?

  Okay.

• 54:00Speaker 05

  I see us doing some customized solutions on top of existing models. I see us certainly doing our playbooks so that there'll be the Lowenstein Sandler M and A playbook for, that's customized for our firm and our market knowledge. But I don't, I don't think we're going to really build our own as much as modify and customize.

• 54:23Joe Weisenthal?

  Lowenstein LLM.

• 54:25Speaker 05

  That's right.

• 54:25Joe Weisenthal?

  That's not happening.

• 54:26Speaker 05

  We've always, I mean, we may, you know, we might white label an existing one and come up with a fancy name, but I don't think that's realistic for a firm of our size. I don't think it's even realistic for a Kirkland. So we'll, you know, we'll see how that shakes out. But I don't see us building our own. I do want to mention one thing, though, that's related to both of your points. All of these models that law firms have been using have been, at the enterprise level, have been basically all you can eat pricing.

• 54:55Joe Weisenthal?

  Yeah, yeah.

• 54:55Speaker 05

  Right? They're all going to be switching to token-based pricing. You know, Claude is doing it first, but, you know.

• 55:04Joe Weisenthal?

  Do you think you could see Sicker Shock is like, oh, you know what? I thought we were getting, I thought we were able to do all these trusts at 30% of the cost.

• 55:10Speaker 05

  Right.

• 55:11Joe Weisenthal?

  But it turned out that was subsidized. It turns out there's actually going to be 130% of the cost or 90% of the cost.

• 55:17Speaker 05

  So I don't think we yet know what the actual cost is. That's not, if it's not subsidized by outside investors, right? I don't know that we really know what the optimal combination of labor and capital and, you know, robot capital is, because we don't know the true cost, especially if we, you know, kind of hit this energy grid wall. Where it just gets more and more expensive to run these models.

• 55:46Joe Weisenthal?

  July 8th, you do not yet have visibility from any of your partners into like the true cost of this stuff.

• 55:52Speaker 05

  I mean, you know.

• 55:53Joe Weisenthal?

  If it's like, if it, if they have to make a profit per token?

• 55:56Speaker 05

  Right. I, we don't know. You know, I know from, from my IT person who I was talking to yesterday, that so far this month, I've, my use of Claude has used up $36.

• 56:10Speaker 05

  But that's what July 4th weekend in there, right? And it was only the, on the 7th, there were only three business days that I was actually using it. But, so that's not, not, not so much.

• 56:19Joe Weisenthal?

  Two minutes of your billable time.

• 56:21Speaker 05

  Yeah, exactly, exactly. But I don't know where that pricing is ultimately going to go. And so we don't, we don't know how that story is going to play out two years down the road.

• 56:32Joe Weisenthal?

  Gary Wiggins, thank you so much. That was a really helpful conversation. Really appreciate it.

• 56:36Speaker 05

  Great being here. So thanks for having me.

• 56:52Joe Weisenthal?

  Tracy, it's really interesting that we really don't even know anything about the economics of AI yet because of like how much like, you know, these all you can eat models and like what, how that's all going to shake out. I, I don't know.

• 57:04Tracy Alloway?

  Well, it reminds me a lot of, you know, what happened with Uber and the food delivery apps where basically venture capital was subsidizing everyone's ability to order food at home. And then when it actually came time to prove the business model and generate some profit, we saw the cost of food delivery go up and use of it go down.

• 57:24Joe Weisenthal?

  Yeah. Also same with oil.

• 57:27Tracy Alloway?

  Yeah.

• 57:27Joe Weisenthal?

  And the fact that like capital markets subsidized losses for years and years with oil. And now we're getting, you know, similar examples there. And then on the flip side, so let's say that like, you know, the historical prices, like token prices continue to drop at a very high rate. On the flip side, we get a lot more lawsuits. And so on the flip side, like, this is like, okay, this is, you know, the Jevons paradox is like, good news, it turns out there's going to be plenty of human labor in the future. Bad news, there's going to be 100 more frivolous lawsuits and patent counter challenges that you never had to do, and that's what we're doing now.

• 58:06Tracy Alloway?

  This is what I worry about on a wider scale, because if we talk about AI as this productivity enhancement, you could have a situation where AI is just used to expand bureaucracy forever and ever and ever. So not just frivolous lawsuits, but like maybe human resources, things like that. I always wanted to write an article about how like human resources ate the US economy.

• 58:28Joe Weisenthal?

  Yeah. Well, think about like, you know, you could imagine like, okay, every worker at a firm gets access to Claude or something like that. And on day one, it's like, oh, this is great. I like, I just condensed eight hours of labor into two hours of labor, et cetera. But then suddenly like all of the other people that they're working with, who are fighting for the same promotions, also just condensed eight hours of labor into two hours. And so it's like, well, I'm trying to get that promotion.

• 58:55Tracy Alloway?

  You just find new work.

• 58:56Joe Weisenthal?

  And you just like find more and more work. That scenario in which like all of us suddenly feel like life is easier because of AI, like, I gotta say, that feels like, you know what? I did actually have a, I needed to change a flight recently and change a, a round trip ticket to a three-way ticket at the last minute. And that was like a very daunting thing to me to do on the delta.com website.

• 59:21Tracy Alloway?

  Okay.

• 59:21Joe Weisenthal?

  And so like, I asked like, chat GPT the steps, like what, and it like was really helpful. It was like, go to this page and the bottom right, there will be a thing. This is what you click to like change one leg of the thing. And like, it worked exactly as it. So it's like, there was an example where it's like, okay, this actually eased some psychic attacks. But generally speaking, this future where it's like, life just gets much easier because of AI feels like at a minimum, it's a long way off.

• 59:48Tracy Alloway?

  No, the future is a Jevons paradox for like administrative overhead and busy work. That's, that's how I feel at the moment. Shall we leave it there?

• 59:56Joe Weisenthal?

  Let's leave it there.

• 59:57Tracy Alloway?

  This has been another episode of the Odd Lots Podcast. I'm Tracy Alloway. You can follow me at Tracy Alloway.

• 1:00:02Joe Weisenthal?

  And I'm Joe Weisenthal. You can follow me at TheStalwart. Follow our producers, Carmen Rodriguez at Carmen Armand, Dashell Bennett at Dashbot, Cale Brooks at Cale Brooks, and Kevin Lozano at Kevin Lloyd Lozano. And for more Odd Lots content, go to Bloomberg.com/oddlots or the daily newsletter and all of our episodes. And you can chat about all of these topics 24/7 in our Discord, discord.gg/oddlots.

• 1:00:25Tracy Alloway?

  And if you enjoy Odd Lots, if you like it when we talk about the future of the legal industry, then please leave us a positive review on your favorite podcast platform. And remember, if you are a Bloomberg subscriber, you can listen to all of our episodes absolutely ad-free. All you need to do is find the Bloomberg channel on Apple Podcasts and follow the instructions there. Thanks for listening.

• 1:01:16Speaker 08

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