Therapy, Treating Trauma & Other Life Challenges | Dr. Paul Conti

My guest this episode is Dr. Paul Conti, M. D., a psychiatrist and expert in treating trauma, personality disorders and psychiatric illnesses and challenges of various kinds. Dr. Conti earned his MD at Stanford and did his residency at Harvard Medical School. He now runs the Pacific Premiere Group—a clinical practice helping people heal and grow from trauma and other life challenges. We discuss trauma: what it is and its far-reaching effects on the mind and body, as well as the best treatment approaches for trauma. We also explore how to choose a therapist and how to get the most out of therapy, as well as how to do self-directed therapy. We discuss the positive and negative effects of antidepressants, ADHD medications, alcohol, cannabis, and the therapeutic potential of psychedelics (e.g., psilocybin and LSD), ketamine and MDMA. This episode is must listen for anyone seeking or already doing therapy, processing trauma, and/or considering psychoactive medication. Both patients and practitioners ought to benefit from the information. For the full show notes, visit hubermanlab.com. Thank you to our sponsors AG1: https://athleticgreens.com/huberman LMNT: https://drinklmnt.com/hubermanlab Waking Up: https://wakingup.com/huberman Momentous: https://livemomentous.com/huberman Timestamps (00:00:00) Dr. Paul Conti, Trauma & Recovery (00:02:48) Sponsors: AG1, LMNT (00:07:00) Defining Trauma (00:14:05) Guilt & Shame, Origins of Negative Emotions (00:21:38) Repeating Trauma, the Repetition Compulsion (00:28:23) How to Deal with Trauma & Negative Emotions/Arousal (00:37:17) Processing Trauma, Do You Always Need a Therapist? (00:45:30) Internal Self-talk, Punishing Narratives & Negative Fantasies (00:51:10) Short-Term Coping Mechanisms vs. Long-Term Change (00:53:22) Tools: Processing Trauma on Your Own, Journaling (00:57:00) Sublimination of Traumatic Experiences (01:02:34) Tool: Finding a Good Therapist (01:07:20) Optimizing the Therapy Process, Frequency, Intensity (01:14:51) Tool: Self-Awareness of Therapy Needs, Mismatch of Needs (01:16:35) Self-talk & Journaling, Talking to Trusted Individuals (01:19:00) Prescription Drugs & Treating Trauma, Antidepressants, Treating Core Issues (01:28:35) Short-term vs. Long-Term Use of Prescription Drugs, Antidepressants (01:32:18) Attention Deficient Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) & Prescription Drugs (01:37:31) Negative Effects of ADHD Prescription Drugs (01:40:37) Alcohol, Cannabis – Positive & Negative Effects (01:44:53) Psychedelics: Psylocibin & LSD, Therapeutic Uses, Trauma Recovery (01:54:32) Sentience, Language, Animals (01:55:48) Psychedelic Hallucinations, Trauma Recovery (02:00:01) MDMA (Therapeutic Uses) (02:04:47) Clinical Aspects of MDMA (02:07:28) Language, Processing Trauma, Social Media, Societal Divisions (02:15:09) Defining “Taking Care of Oneself” (02:21:13) Dr. Conti, Zero-Cost Support, YouTube Feedback, Spotify & Apple Reviews, Sponsors, Momentous Supplements, Instagram, Twitter, Neural Network Newsletter Disclaimer Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Andrew D. Huberman?

  Welcome to the Huberman Lab Podcast where we discuss science and science-based tools for everyday life.

• 0:09Andrew D. Huberman?

  I'm Andrew Huberman and I'm a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of Medicine. Today, my guest is Dr. Paul Conti. Dr. Conti is a psychiatrist who did his training at Stanford School of Medicine and then went on to be chief resident at Harvard Medical School. He now runs the Pacific Premier Group, which is a collection of psychiatrists and therapists focusing on solving complex human problems, including trauma, addiction, personality, and psychiatric disorders. Today, we discuss trauma in detail and the therapeutic process in detail. For instance, we discuss what is trauma? How do you know if you have trauma? Dr. Conti shares with us, for instance, that not every experience that we think is traumatic is necessarily traumatic, and yet, many people might have trauma without even realizing

• 0:54Andrew D. Huberman?

  it. We also talk about the therapeutic process generally. For instance, how to pick a therapist, how to best approach and go through therapy, and how to evaluate whether or not therapy and your relationship to the therapist is working or not. We also talk about self-therapies because we acknowledge that not everyone has access to or can afford therapy. And we talk about drug therapies. For instance, antidepressants, antipsychotics. We talk about alcohol, cannabis, ketamine, and the psychedelics, including psilocybin, LSD, and we talk about the clinical use of MDMA and what the future of that looks like. The reason for bringing Dr. Conti onto this podcast is because I see him as the person

• 1:34Andrew D. Huberman?

  who has the greatest and most holistic view of therapy, trauma, drug therapies, talk therapies, and how self-therapy and work with others can be integrated for both healing and growing from difficult circumstances. Dr. Conti is also the author of an exceptional book entitled "Trauma: The Invisible Epidemic: How Trauma Works and How We Can Heal From It." That book describes trauma and its many features and many tools, some of which we discuss on the podcast today. So whether or not you have trauma or not, By the end of today's episode, you will have a much deeper understanding about what trauma is. In fact, I'm confident that you will gain insight into whether or not you have trauma or not, whether or not people close to you have trauma or not, and the

• 2:17Andrew D. Huberman?

  various paths to recovering and indeed growing from trauma that we can all take. As you'll soon learn, Dr. Conti is an exceptional communicator and has a unique window into the trauma and therapeutic process that I know that all of us can benefit from. Before we begin, I'd like to emphasize that this podcast is separate from my teaching and research roles at Stanford. It is, however, part of my desire and effort to bring zero cost to consumer information about science and science-related tools to the general public. In keeping with that theme, I'd like to thank the sponsors of today's podcast.

• 2:48Speaker 01

  Mr. President, my company informed me of the explosion on our rig on October 2nd. Causing massive water displacement and triggering a tsunami. They all keep the blame on me. Tom Cruise is.

• 2:59Speaker 02

  Digger got us into this mess, and Digger's gonna dig us out. From the director of Birdman and the Revenant.

• 3:05Speaker 01

  What would happen if I stopped drilling? You're stalled, you're freezing there, that's what.

• 3:09Speaker 02

  With great power comes great deniability.

• 3:12Speaker 01

  I'm not the first daddy.

• 3:13Speaker 02

  Digger. See the trailer online. Only in theaters October 2nd. Rated R. Under 17 not a minute without parent.

• 3:19Speaker 03

  There is so much NFL on ESPN right now. Monday Night Football, plus pregame and postgame. NFL Live, NFL Primetime. Everything you need to stay on top of every game, every week. Unbelievable. And now, NFL Network is on the ESPN app. More football, more coverage, more ways to watch. Football's on, all season long, on ESPN and streaming on the ESPN app.

• 3:51Speaker 04

  You could try to find the perfect coffee to water ratio, or you could press a button. With Keurig, each K-Cup pod is precision measured for a perfectly delicious cup. No effort, no grind, no math required. Great coffee without the grind. Keurig.

• 4:15Speaker 05

  Every mile matters, whether you're driving your dream car or your daily commuter. The Mobile One team knows that. It's why we created Mobile One Advanced Clean Motor Oil. It cleans your engine in one oil change and helps extend engine life, delivering performance, protection, and cleanliness for vehicles of all ages. All to help keep your engine running like new, whatever you're driving. Visit mobileone.com/advancedclean to learn more.

• 4:43Andrew D. Huberman?

  And now for my discussion with Dr. Paul Conti. Paul, thank you so much for being here today.

• 4:49Paul Conti?

  Thank you so much for having me.

• 4:50Andrew D. Huberman?

  I've been looking forward to this. And I've received a ton of questions about trauma, about therapy, about how to assess where one is in their own arc of problems and addressing familial issues and relationship issues and so forth. If we could just start off very basic and just get everyone oriented.

• 5:13Paul Conti?

  Sure.

• 5:13Andrew D. Huberman?

  How should we define trauma? We all have hard experiences. Some of them we might ruminate on more than others. But what is trauma?

• 5:25Paul Conti?

  To make the definition relevant, I think we have to look at trauma as not anything negative that happens to us, right? But something that overwhelms our coping skills and then leaves us different as we move forward. So it changes the way that our brains function, right? And then that change is evident in us as we move forward through life.

• 5:48Andrew D. Huberman?

  So how do we know if we have trauma or not? I've heard before, everyone has trauma. For instance, I've heard that if we are a child or when we are a child and we request love from a parent or attention from a parent, if they dismiss us, that that's a micro-trauma. Is that overstating or unfair to the real issue of trauma? Do we all have trauma? What are micro-traumas? What are macro-traumas?

• 6:15Paul Conti?

  Right. I think... Traumas that we might categorize as disappointments, right, or things that are negative but not deeply impactful, I think is not a helpful definition. I think the helpful definition is something that rises to the magnitude of really changing us and something that we can see, both in how we behave, we can see it in mood, anxiety, behavior, sleep, physical health. So we can identify it and we can also see it in brain changes. So the fact that we become say more hypervigilant, right, more vigilant, and then we can see that different parts of the brain are more active. So that definition, that definition captures how trauma,

• 6:59Paul Conti?

  if it rises to a certain level, like what we would say, trauma that makes a post-trauma syndrome, right, leaves us different, I think is the helpful definition of trauma because it's a clinical definition, right? It's changes in us as people and we can map those changes to identify able shifts in our brain function.

• 7:20Andrew D. Huberman?

  How do we know if we've been changed by something? I mean, I can think back to childhood events where some kid on the playground or in the classroom said something I didn't like, something negative about me. I think most people can do that. We have a great memory for the kid that said something awful or the parent or teacher that said something awful that really felt like it hurt us or at least it stuck with us. So clearly, one's brain, my brain in this example, has been changed by that event such that I remember it. But how do we know if something has actually changed the way that we are? Because, of course, we don't know how we would be otherwise.

• 7:59Paul Conti?

  Right, that's difficult, right? It's doable, but it's difficult because the response. So if the trauma rises to the level of changing our brains, and I don't just mean like we have a new memory, right? So we can have memories of something that was negative, right? And in that sense, it changes the brain because now there's something we can call to mind, but it doesn't change the functioning of the brain, right? If trauma rises to the level of changing the functioning of our brains, then there is almost always a reflex of guilt and shame around the trauma that can lead us and often leads us to Bury it, right, to avoid it, right, to, to feel that now there's something negative

• 8:41Paul Conti?

  inside of me and it feels shameful, or it feels like no one else would accept it, right? So, so what happens is people tend to avoid looking at the change in them, right? Which is exactly the opposite of what needs to be done, right? The idea of, in a viral pandemic, right, we wanna stay away from one another and isolate, right? But, but with a trauma epidemic, we need, we need to communicate with other people. We need to communicate and put words to what's going on inside of us. And, and very often, a person knows. I mean, I've done so much clinical work over about 20 years that, that has focused on trauma, and a lot of the times, the person knows, right? But they're not admitting it to themselves, because they're afraid of it, right?

• 9:26Paul Conti?

  They don't know what to do. But if they start talking, then they'll, they'll talk about the event or the situation. It could be something acute, or it could be something chronic, that really has been harmful to them, right? And then they feel different afterwards, like, oh, after that, I started thinking differently, feeling differently. But that doesn't always happen. Sometimes it's a process of exploration, you know, through dialogue, right? Whether, whether it's written, or whether it's spoken, of, of the person sort of exploring the changes inside of themselves, maybe changes to their self-talk inside, changes to their thoughts about the world, and whether they can navigate safely and readily in it. And, you know, it anchors, as I talk about this, the example I'll use at times is the

• 10:09Paul Conti?

  example of my own life, where, you know, when I was much younger, in my early twenties, my younger brother took his life by suicide. And, you know, the response of guilt and shame, and, and hiding all of it inside of me, was, was, it's just very dramatic, but...

• 10:28Paul Conti?

  But I wasn't acknowledging it, right? Because I didn't know what to do about it. And I felt guilty and I felt responsible and I felt ashamed. So there was an avoidance inside of me. And then I wasn't saying to myself, hey, before this, like you thought that you could be effective and you could make your way in the world. And, you know, if you were a good person and you worked hard, you could make a difference. Right? And then afterwards, I thought, I can't get anywhere. The world's against me. And, you know, I felt like, oh, my options are all gone. And, you know, I was like 24 years old, right? So I didn't see that the change was in me. But I was taking care of myself poorly. Like, there was enough going on that was unhealthy that I couldn't avoid the realization that like, hey, I'm different now.

• 11:12Paul Conti?

  And in these ways that are automatic, you know, my reflex to, can I make my way in the world? Can I have a good life? Can I be happy? Well, my reflexes to that were all different. And they were coming through the lens of heightened anxiety, heightened vigilance, a sense of guilt, a sense of shame, and a sense of non-belonging in the world. And was ultimately good and helpful people around me. And my own realization, and hey, things are not going well. Right? That led me to then get some help and to be able to talk about it and realize like, oh, my gosh, like, I need to face these things that are going on inside of me.

• 11:46Andrew D. Huberman?

  From a psychoanalytic, psychological, and maybe even a neuroscience perspective, two questions. Why do you think that when we experience trauma, these things that we call guilt and shame surface? You know, everything you're telling me is that in the end, that's not adaptive. Why would we be built that way? So that's the first question. And then the second question is, you know, how should we conceptualize, you know, guilt and shame? You know, I think that we hear guilt, we hear shame. You know, how should we think about it? I mean, those emotions must exist in us for some reason.

• 12:31Andrew D. Huberman?

  But in this case, it seems like they don't serve us well. So maybe in that order or in reverse order, you know, what is guilt really? What is shame really? And why is it that we seem to be reflexively wired to? Feel guilty and feel ashamed when that's the exact opposite of what we need to do in the case of trauma.

• 12:52Paul Conti?

  Right, right. No, I think these are great questions. And I don't think anyone knows the answers for sure. But my read of all of that is that there's something adaptive that has happened in us through evolution that now becomes maladaptive in the way we live in the modern world. Right. So if you think of through most of human development, you know, people weren't living that long, right? And the idea was to survive and reproduce. So traumatic things that happened to us, it would make sense for them to stay with us. Right. So, you know, if you ate a new food and got really, really sick, it's like you better remember that, right? You know, if you see someone from the group of people, you know, a couple of miles away, right? And one of those people attacks you, right?

• 13:36Paul Conti?

  It's like you better remember that. So, so the traumatic things that are sort of emblazoned in our brain are built to last, right? Things that are positive will generate some emotion inside of us. But things that are profoundly negative are much more likely to stay with us. And I think that that was adaptive, right? When all of that was about survival, right? And I think the same thing is true with, with say shame, right? So I think here it makes sense to talk a little bit. And actually, I'm interested if your, your thoughts about this, right? That, that the limbic system, right? So the system often is called the emotion system, right? In our, in our brains has actually, of course, varying function, right? And one aspect is affect, right?

• 14:20Paul Conti?

  So affect is aroused in us, which, which I think the meaning then is it's created in us without our choice, right? So if, if we're walking down the road and someone jumps in front of us or pushes us, right? Then there's a response of fear, anger, right? Heart starts beating faster, you know, more blood to the muscles. We, we're getting ready to, to fight, right? Or, or run, right? And then we become aware of it, right? So, so the aroused affect in us is also about survival, and it has a very deep impact upon us. And shame is an aroused affect. So, it can be raised in us without our choice, and it's very powerful.

• 15:03Paul Conti?

  Which, if you think about that, is an extremely strong deterrent, right? So if you had, you know, imagine a tribe or a group of people, right, that are sheltered together and, you know, someone eats half the food at night or something, right? And like, there's a very negative response, right? And that person feels shame, because shame is so powerful to control behavior, right? So the way that trauma can change our brains and, and stay with us in a way that says, be more vigilant, look at the world in a different way, act more defensively, right? And, and how that links to shame and to guilt. And then guilt, guilt becomes what gets called feeling technically,

• 15:45Paul Conti?

  where we relate the aroused affect to ourselves, right? So, so shame, the aroused affect, and guilt, the next step, right? When we, when the shame gets related to self, are such profound behavioral interventions and deterrence, right? That you can see, I think, how evolutionarily kind of all makes sense. If we're fighting for survival, you know, and we're an elder statesman, if we make it to 20, right? This makes sense, but it doesn't make sense in a world where we live much longer, right? We navigate in all sorts of different ways. And there's so much coming at us that can be traumatizing. I mean, if you think about the news, right? I mean, how many times have I written a prescription for someone that says, "No more news," right? You've actually written those prescriptions?

• 16:30Paul Conti?

  Yes, yes. So glance at the news, like, look at the news for news. Anything going on, I need to know, right? But, but what are people doing is, they're looking at it, and they're clicking, and they're clicking, and there's a, there's a sense of being like enthralled in a very frightening way with the horrors that are in front of us. And, and it shows how, yes, trauma can come through acute things that happen to us. Trauma can come through chronic things, chronic denigration, whether it's based upon socioeconomic status, immigrant, immigration status,

• 17:03Paul Conti?

  race, religion, sexuality, gender identity. These chronic... Traumas, right, of being denigrated by the society around us or treated as less than can change the brain, but vicarious experiences can too, right? And we know this is not theoretical. We know that the changes in the brain can come from vicarious experiences too, which is why people who are glued to the news and then feeling like, oh, my goodness, like, what is happening? You know, the mothers in the Ukraine who've, you know, lost babies in the war. Like, there are things that are so terrifying that if we spend so much time with that, it has a similar effect. So our brains are built to change from trauma,

• 17:44Paul Conti?

  but not in the way we experience trauma and not in the way that we live life in terms of the nature of living life and the duration of life in the modern world, where these traumas that happen to us are often so bad for us because they, they change how our brain is functioning and then our entire orientation to the world is different. And that could be for, you know, years and years and decades and decades. It brings so much misery and suffering and at times it brings death. If you think about 100,000 overdose deaths in this country in a year, 100,000. Where is so much of that arising from? As a person who's treated addiction very intensively over many years,

• 18:28Paul Conti?

  I think that, well, I feel sure that the majority of addiction that I see and treat arises ultimately, the roots of it are in trauma and aren't trying to soothe something that's stuck inside, that the person isn't letting outside because of the guilt and shame, but it's running around in their head and is tormented by it. And, and now there's a pull for, for these drugs or sometimes medicines to soothe. So, you know, the opiates that were given after a minor surgery, right? Are like, okay, yeah, they help the pain from the minor surgery, but what they're really helping is the pain inside, right? But that very quickly turns into addiction, danger, risk. And we see that over and over again and, and not, and not in a theoretical way.

• 19:11Paul Conti?

  Like, I see that in people who have been in my practice with addiction arising from trauma, who have subsequently died. So it's sort of writ large in our existence in the modern world.

• 19:23Andrew D. Huberman?

  Incredible to me that this is the way it works. And what, what I mean by that is...

• 19:31Andrew D. Huberman?

  This idea that I've heard about before, I think it was a Freudian concept of a repetition compulsion. Yes. That, you know, this is what boggles my mind as I'm hearing this. Something happens to us or we observe something traumatic. And instead of acknowledging that and trying to distance from it, there seems to be a reflex of shame and guilt in many cases and stuffing it away. And then a repetition of behaviors to continue to try and to stuff it away. Yes. Like you're trying to pack, I don't know, recently I was packing at home and trying to get a sleeping bag back into the bag. It's, it's, it seems like it's always trying to mushroom out the top, this kind of thing. It takes a lot of ongoing effort.

• 20:14Andrew D. Huberman?

  And at the same time, that if this thing really exists, this repetition compulsion, people will return over and over again to the kinds of scenarios, or at least the kinds of emotional states that look just like the trauma or resemble it in some way. So the question I have for you is, is the repetition compulsion a real thing? And why would we be wired that way? My understanding of this concept of the repetition compulsion is that we all want to solve our traumas and it allows us to put ourselves into micro or again, macro versions of that over and over again. We get to run the experiment again and again in an attempt to solve it. Right. In the case of taking a drug that it's clear, certain drugs like opioids, it's

• 20:59Andrew D. Huberman?

  clear how that would not allow us to deal with it. Right? It's just masking the emotional state. But why is it, for instance, that somebody who experiences sexual trauma then places themselves into circumstances of more sexual trauma? Why is it that somebody who is in an abusive relationship goes on to have a second and third or fourth verbally or physically abusive relationship? I mean, on the face of it, you just go, that makes no sense. And yet. We see this over and over and over again.

• 21:27Paul Conti?

  Yes, the first thing I would say about the validity of the repetition compulsion concept, right, is is a strong yes. Like, yes, we see that over and over. It's not necessarily in everyone, but boy, it is in a lot of people who have suffered trauma. And I think there's a very good reason. On the face, on the surface of it, it's like, it makes no sense. But then if we think, well, how does the, how does our brains actually function, right? We're sort of trained, at least in Western society, I think, to think of ourselves as logical creatures, right? That like, oh, we're logical and ultimately, everything in us can just boil down to logic. And if we think about it enough, we're gonna, we're gonna understand how to make the right

• 22:11Paul Conti?

  decisions, which is completely not true, right? That the limbic system, right, the emotion system, so to speak, inside of us, always trumps logic, right? If you think about, does it ever make sense to run into a burning building? I mean, logic says no, right? But if someone you love is in the burning building, people run right in, right? Because the limbic system says yes. So when logic and emotion come head to head, emotion wins all the time. If emotion is powerful enough, it will always win. And so the limbic system is so important. And the limbic system does not care about the clock or the calendar, right? And that's the answer. And I'll sort of say why to the repetition compulsion.

• 22:55Paul Conti?

  So the limbic system doesn't know, like, oh, it's now, it's today, it's May, it's 2022. It just doesn't care at all, right? So, so how I would relate that to the repetition compulsion is, is when people are repeating, what they're trying to do is to make things right, right? With the idea that if we can repeat the situation and make it right, it will fix everything, right? Which makes perfect sense if, if we think, well, where is that concept coming from, right? It's coming from the emotional part of the brain that wants relief from suffering of the trauma and does not understand the clock or the calendar. So if I can solve something now, I will also solve something in the past, right?

• 23:40Paul Conti?

  Which is why I can't tell you how many times I've sat with someone and said, we're starting to do therapy, right? And a person will say, oh, gosh, like, I know, look, you just can't help me. Right? I mean, you know, my last seven relationships have been abusive, right? And I'll say back something sometimes like, well, look, if you tell me that you've had seven relationships that have been abusive in different ways, I'll agree with you. Like, I only say that because that's never what someone says, right? But I think what you're going to tell me is you've kind of had the same relationship seven times. It's not seven things, it's one, right? And that's always, I don't think one time yet, it is, that has failed to be the case.

• 24:21Paul Conti?

  And that's how, so if you think about it, that's how we start to elucidate what's going on. So the light bulb that goes off, like, I have not had seven different abusive relationships. I have had one that I have repeated seven times. And now we start getting to what's really going on, or what needs to happen. That person needs to face what happened in that original abusive relationship. And it always comes down to the same sort of concepts of, of the person feeling terrified while the abuse was going on, feeling guilty, feeling ashamed, feeling like, oh, they brought it on themselves, they deserve it, they don't deserve anything better, right? Because the brain is trying to make sense of it, right? Or, I thought I could make that okay, but I couldn't, right? And then there's more guilt and more shame.

• 25:06Paul Conti?

  And if that's stuck inside of someone, like, that's bundled up inside of someone, you know, like a medical abscess inside a person, you know, a walled-off infection inside the body. This is the same concept in the brain, then of course, the limbic system is going to want to fix that, and, and it fixes it by trying to, let's recreate that situation and make it right this time. And that's, I mean, it's, I think, one of the best examples of how the right approach, of how like, well, let's look at that, let's talk about that, right? What's really going on there? Wait, who should feel guilty and ashamed? Is it the person who was abused, or the person who was abusing, right? And, and we can get at what's going on inside the person, and that's what changes that. And then the eighth relationship can be entirely different than the first seven, right? And I see that all the time.

• 25:49Paul Conti?

  I mean, this isn't esoteric or soft, like, I see that play out clinically over and over again. And why do things get better? Because we go to the trauma and we unlock it. It's not hidden inside where it can control things, right? We bring it to the surface and then we can take away its power.

• 26:10Andrew D. Huberman?

  I keep hearing in this narrative that so much of our reflexive response to trauma, both emotional and the repetition compulsion in terms of behaviors, is about some very deep attempt to change the past.

• 26:28Paul Conti?

  Yes.

• 26:29Andrew D. Huberman?

  And in fact, in an offline conversation, I recall you saying something about this, that, you know, the number of behaviors and thoughts and avoidance of behaviors and avoidance of thoughts that human beings put in to try and change the past is remarkable and eerie and maladaptive, it sounds like.

• 26:51Paul Conti?

  Yes.

• 26:52Andrew D. Huberman?

  And that really stuck with me because I think we all want to feel like we're in control of our future and how we feel in the moment. And to some extent, it works for a brief while. You know, there's this thing that happened and it just evokes some internal arousal and then you have to know what to do with that arousal. And I think for many people, including myself, there's this fundamental question, okay, the thought about the thing, the event, or events, plural, evokes this arousal, this internal state, makes some people feel sleepy and exhausted, other people feel really anxious, other people feel angry. I mean, arousal has all these different dimensions, as you know.

• 27:35Andrew D. Huberman?

  And then there's this question of what to do with it. And I'd love to hear a, maybe even just a top contour prescriptive of what does one do? I'll even just put myself in it. What do I do? So I'm feeling upset about something. I feel like my options are healthy catharsis, I could tell the story, feel it, I could, I can pack it down. We hear that it's bad to pack it down, but of course, one has to be functional in life and deal with things and we have responsibilities, work and relational responsibilities, et cetera. We need to sleep at night. So catharsis, healthy catharsis, packing it down at the other extreme, telling the story.

• 28:20Andrew D. Huberman?

  And yet, I think a lot of people are afraid to tell the story because it's, in that telling, there's a, perhaps a reemergence of the arousal. The arousal can become greater. I mean, is that what people mean when they say things are going to get worse before they get better? I mean, so I guess the simple version of this long-winded question is,

• 28:38Andrew D. Huberman?

  It's clear we need to confront these things. We can't change the past by a reflexive response isn't going to do that efficiently. And so how do we deal with arousal? How does one take what they feel inside about something shameful? What do you do with it in a moment? And does that have to be done in the presence of a skilled, trained therapist? Or as I'm driving to work in the morning and something comes up, I can't deal with this right now, comes to mind. What do I do? Do I deal with it right then? I know this is a big, multi-dimensional question, but I think it's the one that a lot of people grapple with. We want to deal with things. How do we deal with that internal arousal?

• 29:17Paul Conti?

  Yeah, yeah. We so often try and change the trauma of the past in order to control the future. And what that really adds up to is the trauma of the past dominates our present. Right? And it doesn't have to be that way. And remember, we're talking about traumas that rise to the level of changing the brain. So as you're saying, that involves re-experience. It involves hypervigilance, increased arousal. It changes in mood states, changes in anxiety, changes in sleep, changes in behavior. So, so these are all changes that in a sense, push towards dominating our present. Right? And then we're not really living in the present, right? As we're trying to control the future.

• 30:01Paul Conti?

  We're not going to do a great job of controlling our future if we're not really living in the present. Right? And so the way to come at that, again, in the moment, if we're saying, okay, in the moment, if I need to fall asleep, right? I might say, okay, let me try and put that out of my mind. Let me try and thought redirect. So, so there's short-term strategies that can let us be functional in the context of these changes. But the answer is to go look directly at that thing. Right? Look at that trauma, explore that trauma. And sure, that can be done with a professional. And sometimes that's what makes sense. But not always, right? Sometimes it can be done by talking to another person, right? Writing it down, right? Looking at what's going on inside of me that my mind is so stuck to this?

• 30:46Paul Conti?

  Let's explore that because it's almost as if we're, we're so afraid. So often of looking at the trauma that has changed us, that we'll look anywhere but at that, right? It's like it's hidden in a closet and we'll shine the light everywhere else, but we're not going to open that door. And that's where, you know, people will say the same as I've heard over and over. And I myself have felt this at times like, oh, if I talk about that, I'm going to start crying and never stop, right? Or I'm going to just fall apart, right? Which is never what happens. No one ever starts crying and never stops, right? What ends up happening is when the person puts words to it, right? It could be in writing, it could be talking to a trusted other or with a therapist, right? Things start to change. I mean, just the fact that you can talk about it,

• 31:31Paul Conti?

  you can put words to it and other people don't recoil, right? I mean, how many times has someone said something for the first time, right? And, and when they're telling me about the trauma, there, there's such an anxious like, looking like as if I'm going to be, I'm going to recoil from it, right? Meaning I'm going to recoil from them, right? And then there's a sense of surprise if the person says, well, you know, I was abused by, you know, this coach when I was a kid, right? Or so, and, and there's not, okay, there's, there's not a response of recoiling. You can see the change and people will say a lot like, wow, like I'm, I can't believe like you can like hear me say that and be okay with it, right?

• 32:13Paul Conti?

  I mean, so you think about what's going on inside of them, like how, what a sense of shame, a sense of, you know, this is something awful about me for people to recoil from. And it's just not true, but, but there, here's where trauma is. It's insidious, right? And it's pervasive, right? Because if that convinces us to continually hide it away, then how do we explore it? Like, you know, that example of, of the person who says, okay, I was abused by a, a coach when I was a child. I mean, I'm thinking of, of a couple very real cases, right? People that I've taken care of. And once they start talking about it, then they start talking about how. You know, they were just innocent kids, right?

• 32:56Paul Conti?

  Like, they didn't know, and like, they really wanted to be on the team, where this coach was treating them as special. And now, they can look at themselves from the outside, right? They can look at themselves like they would look at someone else, right? You think it's so easy for us to see what's real and true if it's someone else, right? If you ask someone, "What do you think of someone who's 10, 11 years old, who's abused and manipulated and abused by an adult?" He's, "Oh, my goodness, I feel compassion for that person," right? But if it's us, right, then, "Oh, no, it's guilt and shame, and we have to hide it away." And when the person starts looking at it, they can sort of see it from the outside, and it starts to take the energy out of it, right? Then, well, who should feel guilty about that? Who's done something wrong?

• 33:39Paul Conti?

  And like, so now, the conceptions come together, which is often a reflexive, "That was my fault. Oh, I did it, I went back to it, I still stayed on the team, I went back next season, right? I let it happen again." Right, all the guilt and shame inside the person gets juxtaposed to like, "What really happened there?" And then they say, "Right, I was a terrified child, right? I didn't understand at all." And they can come to a place of compassion, and now, we are working against the guilt and shame. And if the person cries about it, that's great, right? I mean, crying is one of the best coping mechanisms we have. It doesn't hurt us, and it lets us grieve things. Yeah, we can't grieve if there's guilt and shame inside of us. It just blocks grief, right?

• 34:21Paul Conti?

  We have to, it has to be a clean slate, in a sense, in order to feel sadness. And then, you see that it shifts from anxiety, anger, and frustration, usually directed towards the self, guilt and shame, towards, towards being able to process it, and being able to bring to bear some compassion, and being able to direct the negative emotions, so to speak, where they're warranted. And, my goodness, the changes that happen. I mean, it's not like people are miraculously cured, right? But it's remarkable how just getting it out there, and having like, one hour of talking like that, like, what we're talking about now, can, can leave a person feeling immensely better.

• 35:02Andrew D. Huberman?

  It seems to me, in hearing this, that there's this... Weird wiring that we have, because what I'm hearing is when traumas happen to us or we observe them, what we need to do most is to confront those and the emotions around that directly.

• 35:17Paul Conti?

  Yes.

• 35:17Andrew D. Huberman?

  But instead, our system defaults to guilt, shame.

• 35:21Paul Conti?

  Yes.

• 35:21Andrew D. Huberman?

  And trying to hide it.

• 35:22Paul Conti?

  Yes.

• 35:22Andrew D. Huberman?

  And this repetition compulsion of placing us back into things similar to those traumas, or even maybe even worse traumas.

• 35:31Paul Conti?

  Yes.

• 35:31Andrew D. Huberman?

  In an attempt to resolve it. It's like the most maladaptive.

• 35:34Paul Conti?

  Yes.

• 35:35Andrew D. Huberman?

  Wiring diagram I could possibly think of. Emotional and presumably physiological wiring diagram.

• 35:41Paul Conti?

  Yes.

• 35:42Andrew D. Huberman?

  And this notion of trying to change the past by doing things now when the exact opposite is what's going to be beneficial also seems like the complete, the whole system seems completely backwards. And I'm chuckling, as I said, it's not because I'm amused, it's because I'm just baffled once again at how our wiring can often not serve us well.

• 36:03Andrew D. Huberman?

  But it raises what I think is an important and interesting question, which is earlier you were talking about how, you know, people will seek out media that's really disturbing. They'll traumatize and re-traumatize themselves on a daily basis. So that could be viewed as the repetition compulsion, where the person will have the same relationship with seven different, same abusive relationship with seven different partners in sequence.

• 36:29Andrew D. Huberman?

  Seems terrible, and yet, as I say this, it also is becoming clear to me how this almost seems like a poor but desperate attempt to resolve it in some way. And so the fork in the road, if I understand correctly, is to really get to the seed incident, really get to the thing that started it all, as opposed to repeating it all.

• 36:53Paul Conti?

  Yes.

• 36:55Andrew D. Huberman?

  Does that have to be done in the presence of a therapist?

• 36:59Andrew D. Huberman?

  Is there benefit to taking a walk and thinking about these things, breaking down and crying, if that's what's necessary, or feeling angry if that's what comes up? The reason I ask it this way is because

• 37:15Andrew D. Huberman?

  I worry, I'll just speak to my own experience. I worry that in reactivating or touching into the emotions around something, that that is itself a form of the repetition compulsion, because you're feeling it all over again. You're not seeking out something to evoke that feeling. So I realize this is a little bit of a circular argument or question, but I think it's one that I really struggle with in trying to parse all the outcome-based therapies that I hear about and the recommendations that people make. I mean, how should we conceptualize this? Something happens, it sounds like we need to deal with that thing directly. Do we need to do that with somebody else? Can we do that on our own?

• 37:58Andrew D. Huberman?

  If we don't have resources and we have to do it on our own, can't hire someone, can't pay someone to work with us, how do we do that in a way that isn't re-traumatizing ourself in a major way or in a minor way? How do we know where we are in that landscape?

• 38:16Paul Conti?

  Right. Again, I think it's great questions, and I think it starts with real introspection. When things are bouncing around in our minds, often it's very non-productive. It's the same thing over and over again, and that's not helpful for us. So there's an idea which sometimes gets called an observing ego. The ability to stop and look at what's going on inside of ourselves. And so if we're just thinking about it, and we're thinking in the same way we, in a sense, always think about it, then all we're doing is reinforcing the trauma. But if we can distance enough to be like, "Hm, I'm interested in what's going on inside of me." Like, I can think of a certain person who really loves music,

• 38:59Paul Conti?

  and then at some point in our therapy work, I learned that she was taking long drives, but the radio wasn't on. And I was like, "Well, what's going on?" And I asked, and what was going on is she was running over and over again in her head, like, "I'm a loser, I'm a loser." And she didn't want the music on, because the music would drown out what she felt she had to say to herself. And it was that like, wow, that's interesting, right? And then her ability to observe that and to think, why am I doing that? When it comes into her mind, like, what is that trace to? When did I start doing that? Like I say, you know, I'm saying it for a point of exaggeration. Like, nobody comes out of the womb, you know, programmed to think I'm a loser, right? So we don't, we don't think that when we're born, right?

• 39:44Paul Conti?

  So where does that come from? Then we can think in ways that allow us to have new thoughts, right? That we weren't having, it's not just bouncing around in our minds. And if we speak or write, there are even more mechanisms that come online in our brains, right? That are then sort of monitoring mechanisms. We think in a different way if we're using words, right? And we are better able often to bring in that observing ego, like, what's going on inside of me? So, so it can be very helpful to think. It can be helpful to talk to someone, to a trusted other, you know, friend, family, clergy, to write. I mean, these are things that can be done without expending any resources, right? And, and sometimes it can make really a big difference, right?

• 40:28Paul Conti?

  It was a wait, when did I start thinking that? And like, interestingly, in this case, okay, we did it in therapy, but it became very clear what that was rooted to, right? And then in the, the therapy, which was still relatively young, but we'd done several sessions and we, we weren't talking at all about what we needed to talk about, right? But that's what got us to what we needed to talk about. And when did that start? And now we're in that same place of exploring that. And what was the reflex to it? And the sense of guilt and sense of shame. And it's where all of that came from. It just got boiled down to, I'm a loser, right? Which, which this person didn't even have in their mind. Like, I didn't think about myself that way, right? And it's, it's so interesting, right? That our memories don't in and of themselves have meaning.

• 41:12Paul Conti?

  It's like they're flat or, you know, or colorless, right? And, and they're colored in by the emotions that we attach to them, right? So, so the idea that, that certain memories now before the trauma were changed, right, by the trauma. So, so I tell the story sometimes of a person who like won an award when they were in high school. That they thought was, oh, my gosh, like it shows like I can do it, right? I get out there that after trauma, they saw the award with a negative emotion attached to it. That was like, oh, it was given to me and I didn't deserve it. And almost it was barking like there's going to be the greatest achievement in my life. And I was 17 or so, right? And to have someone think like, that's not how they felt about that at the time.

• 41:53Paul Conti?

  It's the trauma that changed the self-talk, the internal state going forward. And you talk about miraculous in a negative way also change that going backward. Right? And, and when we can really look at like, where did that come from? And we can start unraveling it, it changes. So in those cases, you know, often it's helpful to have a good therapist. It's not always necessary and, and it certainly, it's not always possible. Right? So we, we need other strategies. And some of those, I write about some of those in the book of how, how can we sort of get at trauma? Without those formalized mechanisms. And sometimes if the symptoms are significant enough, like we really do need to talk to somebody professional

• 42:36Paul Conti?

  who can, who can help us get to the root of the trauma. And there's so many times that's the answer to what's going on with people. And people I've seen have had five residential stays. I'm not exaggerating this for mental health reasons, for substance reasons. And no one's ever taken a trauma history. And then when you take a trauma history, you say, well, that's obviously where this is all coming from. Right? Like, that's when the drug use started truly thereafter, the negative self-talk and the negative feelings that led to the drug use. Then you go after the trauma and, and you can change things. Whereas trying to change things without looking, introspecting, talking about the trauma, I, I think of course was futile.

• 43:16Andrew D. Huberman?

  Do you think that people can start to have negative fantasies? I mean, you mentioned this woman who would take these long drives to berate herself. I'm not familiar with that, but I'll, I'll give a little bit of personal disclosure here. I've felt several times in my life that I will start to create a narrative about something that truly hasn't happened, about something terrible that somebody is going to do.

• 43:40Paul Conti?

  Yes.

• 43:41Andrew D. Huberman?

  That's going to upset me.

• 43:42Paul Conti?

  Yes.

• 43:43Andrew D. Huberman?

  And for the longest time, I would wonder, why am I doing this? And, and I have a couple of ideas about why. One, Is that I was attempting to just avoid thinking about other things. It's just, you know, anger is such a, an attractive emotional force. And it's an attractant. It's not attractive. We don't like it. And yet oftentimes anger is a great way to replace feeling some, something else.

• 44:06Paul Conti?

  Yes.

• 44:07Andrew D. Huberman?

  Feeling sad or having to come up or to do work or to do something useful. So it has this kind of a, like gravitational force to it. That was one idea. The other idea was in imagining kind of worst outcomes, then actually that relationship were, could actually seem a lot better in reality. It's almost like creating this negative contrast.

• 44:29Paul Conti?

  Yes.

• 44:30Andrew D. Huberman?

  It's like, oh, well, then it's not that bad. And, and then the third possibility is I have no idea why, but it seemed like a reflex. And I spent some time thinking about it. I can't say I've resolved it completely. But why would somebody have a narrative, a default narrative when driving or when walking of, I'm, I'm just gonna spend some time and, and think about how terrible this thing is gonna turn out, or how someone's going to upset me or harm me, or how terrible I am. It, it seems again, like maladaptive thinking, maladaptive wiring. And yet I have to assume that it serves some purpose.

• 45:04Paul Conti?

  Yeah, yeah. I mean, I think there are three factors there and they're all bad. And I, and I think you spoke to at least two of them, right? They're, they, they, I think, speak so powerfully to how insidious trauma is and how these are real brain changes inside of us. So, so I would say the, the three factors, punishment, avoidance and control. Right? So, so the trauma inside of us that, that makes the guilt and shame so often, so often leads to a desire to punish oneself. Right? And the idea that, oh, that was my fault or I deserve that. Well, what, what do we do if something is someone's fault and someone now deserves punishment? Right? I mean, we, we, we punish them, right? We send them to jail.

• 45:49Paul Conti?

  We give them a fine, right? We punish them. And so what, what we do is punish ourselves, right? And we, if we tell ourselves we're a loser or this awful thing is gonna happen, right? Then part of what we're doing is saying to ourselves, see, right? You deserve that. You're not gonna have anything better, right? It's a, it's a negative, it's a very negative way that the brain. Tries to make us, in a sense, do better by hurting us more for the things that we couldn't and shouldn't have been able to, weren't expected to be, to control in the first place, right? The second is distraction. As you said, anger, that kind of fantasy can distract us from affect, feeling and emotion that can be much more negative. You know, anger, it can be more gratifying than, certainly than guilt or shame.

• 46:33Paul Conti?

  Although guilt and shame can serve a punishment purpose. But if anger is directed also towards ourselves, right? Then it can serve punishment too. So punishment, avoidance and the sense of control. That if you think ahead to something awful that you're imagining is going to happen, well, maybe that will let you avoid it, right? I mean, you can see the brain here, in a sense, really confused. I mean, part of the brain wants to punish. Part of the brain doesn't want to think about it at all. And part of the brain wants to make it better. And then how all of that resolves? If we're not aware that, hey, this is in the context of our brains being deeply impacted by trauma. So what's going on here is all maladaptive, right? Because these negative fantasies of the future, they may help us feel better about something in the present,

• 47:18Paul Conti?

  but they don't help us make anything better, right? They don't help us make anything better. So this is the kind of the sequelae. This is where trauma and all this reflexive stuff that happens after trauma ultimately lead us. And you can see how we get lost, how I've seen over and over again in my own life, in the lives of other people, how, man, we get stuck in those situations. And that's why I see people sometimes, this has been going on for 30 years, 40 years, right? And it's just been going on over and over and over again because there's no natural end to any of this, right? Unless we look at it in a different way, that we have knowledge and information like, whoa, this isn't the way it has to be.

• 48:02Paul Conti?

  Let me bring a novel perspective to this. It doesn't change on its own.

• 48:07Andrew D. Huberman?

  I'm struck by your statement that these thoughts or behaviors can make us feel better, but they don't actually make anything better. In that way, this mode of imagining terrible outcomes starts to immediately seem like taking opioids. You know, you feel better in the moment, but it doesn't actually make anything better, and it probably makes things worse.

• 48:30Paul Conti?

  Yes.

• 48:31Andrew D. Huberman?

  And just as a question of how much worse and in what direction?

• 48:37Paul Conti?

  Yes.

• 48:39Andrew D. Huberman?

  And so I just want to just pause on that on that concept, because I think that concept of makes us feel better, but doesn't make anything better. I think it answers an earlier question about the this what seems to be a totally maladaptive wiring diagram. You know, we need to confront the thing, but we don't want to go into the repetition compulsion. So there's a there's it's a it's a knife edge there to navigate through trauma.

• 49:03Paul Conti?

  Yes.

• 49:05Andrew D. Huberman?

  Working with a very skilled clinician like yourself, I think, is the ideal circumstance for for people. And of course, there are people who can't access support from somebody for whatever reason. You've talked about journaling.

• 49:20Paul Conti?

  Mm hmm. Yes.

• 49:21Andrew D. Huberman?

  As a useful tool. Could you maybe you highlight some of the other things that people can do on their own? And then I'd also like to talk about what makes for a good therapist? What should people look for for those that are seeking therapy, especially nowadays, when a lot of therapy is being done remotely? But let's just start with the the let's just call them self generated or zero cost sorts of things. Journaling being the first, and then what are some of the others? And what kind of structure would you recommend someone put around journaling? Carry a journal around all day and jot things down as they come up, or sit down and spend an hour writing in complete sentences, for instance?

• 50:00Paul Conti?

  If I could add something to what you had just said before the question, right, that we have these short-term coping mechanisms in us, right? And in a way, it makes sense, right? If we find ourselves in just terrible situations, you know, then a short-term coping mechanism can get us through them, right? So our brains are built that way, and that's part of survival too, right? And whether now in the modern world, whether it's food, it's drugs, it's sex, it's alcohol, right? Or it's negative thoughts, right? This is short-term soothing. Even the negative thoughts and anger is short-term soothing at the expense of long-term change, right? And that's where, you know, addictive pathways can come into play.

• 50:44Paul Conti?

  And that's where, again, our... How we're built evolutionarily for survival doesn't help us, you know, in the way humans have evolved. Like, we haven't lived this way throughout, you know, 99.9 something percent of human history, right? So we're not adapted to this. So I wanted to just make a point of saying that about the short-term soothing at the expense of any of long-term change, you know? And then the question you had asked about, say, journaling or what can we do that's outside of a professional? I think the hallmark of it has to be bringing new eyes to it, right? Like, thinking about self with a curiosity instead of just a simple automaticity or repetition, right? Like, why am I thinking about this? When did this start?

• 51:29Paul Conti?

  Why is this in me? Right? It's that, whether it's words or whether we're writing, that's so important. So I think for journaling, it depends on the person, you know? I mean, we don't want somebody carrying around a journal all day if then there's a compulsion to, I need to write about everything that's going on in my mind, right? Like, that might be good to, okay, write a little bit at night, right? Or someone who might think, you know, sometimes this really comes into my mind in a strong way, and it could be unpredictable, right? I want to have the journal with me. So, ah, that thing is back in my mind now. You know, let me write about it, right? Because then putting words to it and then being able to read those words, right? And when people read, even do a little bit of journaling, and they read...

• 52:09Paul Conti?

  Like, oh, I thought again about how I'm a terrible person who can't have a good life because I was in such a bad car accident, or because that person attacked me, or because when I was in school, I was bullied because I looked different than everyone else, right, or acted different for everyone else. Wow, you know, to actually see that written out, it's a little bit of that, it's a little bit of that, like when you're saying it to someone as if it were someone else, right, because now there's enough distance from it. Like, I'm looking at the words I wrote, right, that we get some distance and we can start to integrate some of the, not just the compassion, but integrating compassion and logic, right? Of like, okay, I feel a sense of compassion. Now, wait, what does this mean?

• 52:54Paul Conti?

  What really happened here, right? And, gosh, I did start thinking differently after that. I started, that's where this came from, right? That's why I'm saying this. It's those kind of revelations that we can have through, again, the written or spoken word. And I think, again, that involves a trusted other, you know, or writing. And I think that those are ways we can do this, where we bring some de novo perspective to something that often has been bouncing around inside of us. And it's amazing to me that I can see such intelligent, empathically attuned people who've had the same thing running over and over again in their mind for years. And it just points out that our brains don't automatically say, hey, wait a second.

• 53:39Paul Conti?

  You know, I've been spinning wheels here for a long, long time. Like, was there another way to look at this? We need something from the outside, which can just be knowledge, right? Which is why I think what we're doing here, or the reason I wrote the book that I wrote, was like apprehending this like amazing surprise to me, right? Which is like, wow, like some huge percentage of everything I'm treating is rooted in trauma and the opacity of trauma, right? Which is why we don't see that, oh, the depression, the panic attacks, the life change, the addiction, the, you know, the maladaptive choices, like, oh, this is all coming from trauma because it hides itself in that opacity. So we need a de novo perspective.

• 54:22Paul Conti?

  If we're doing it on our own, and we need that if we're doing it in therapy, which might link to like finding the right therapist, right? Which is also part of your question.

• 54:30Andrew D. Huberman?

  Yeah, I definitely want to know about how to assess and find the right therapist. Before we cover that, however, something came up in the course of your answer. I can immediately relate to this idea that, you know, certain behaviors are really maladaptive and are stuffing things down or avoiding the topic is problematic. And bringing a curiosity and an introspection and almost a third personing of the experience that we've had in order to try and address it from a truly from a new perspective. It occurred to me as we were discussing this, however, that some people, and yes, maybe I'm talking a little bit about my own experience.

• 55:14Andrew D. Huberman?

  We have a sense of our own identity and how people view us and our ability to be functional in the world in ways that we like. Effective at work, or a good brother, or a good mother, or father, human being in the world, we have relationships. And I think that one thing that I have heard, and maybe I've experienced, is that sometimes those maladaptive thoughts or behaviors, the things that generate a kind of a repetition of anger or of arousal or activation or sadness, that we have some internal process where we funnel that into a functionality in the world. So I'll give a more concrete example. So in thinking about things that have upset me in the past

• 55:59Andrew D. Huberman?

  and in imagining bad outcomes in the future, there's a certain internal state of arousal that comes about. And for many years, I was able to use that, not to feel angry, but rather to work an extra three hours a day. Or to pack my schedule with work and social engagements so I could show up in a way that I, you know, hopefully was a very good brother to my sister, for instance. So in a way, it was a transformation of something negative inside of me into a functionality in the world that was actually very rewarding and beneficial. And yet, in describing it, I can immediately see how it would be wonderful if I could source from something else.

• 56:39Andrew D. Huberman?

  And yet, you can imagine, and I can imagine how one would be reluctant, maybe even terrified of giving up that source. It's a fuel. And I think In knowing some of the traumas of other people and their reluctance to work through those, obviously, I'm not a therapist, I sense this over and over again, that one's positive identity can often be linked to something difficult in their past. And so people are reluctant to give up this fuel.

• 57:08Paul Conti?

  Yes.

• 57:09Andrew D. Huberman?

  Because it's, in that sense, it's functional. The only thing that allowed me to kind of start to address this and why I'm still so curious about this, because I don't think I've worked through this process completely, again, a little more self-disclosure there, is that I was told that these words, just imagine how much better it would be if you could source from a different fuel, a fuel that felt better.

• 57:37Paul Conti?

  Right.

• 57:37Andrew D. Huberman?

  Maybe it was on the, it was on this, this sentence, it was maybe you could actually be much more effective.

• 57:45Paul Conti?

  Yes.

• 57:46Andrew D. Huberman?

  Maybe you could be 10 times the better brother.

• 57:48Paul Conti?

  Yes.

• 57:48Andrew D. Huberman?

  Maybe you could have 10 times more insider work capacity, et cetera. So it's on that hint of a promise that I, at least I was inspired to start looking into these things and reading about trauma in your book and elsewhere and start to think about this. So again, I realize this is a long-winded question or a somewhat complex idea, but I think, or I hope that people will be able to resonate with this idea that sometimes we want to stay attached to the, this short-term soothing, that the punishment, distraction, or control, because it evokes this arousal and then we can apply that arousal.

• 58:21Paul Conti?

  Yes, yes. I think what you're describing maps, I think clinically, to what gets called sublimation. So there's something negative inside of us, but we sort of transfer that energy, we transfer that into something that is adaptive or that is positive, right? So the idea of anger, right? When I think of that thing and it makes anger in me, I channel that into harder work, right? Or I channel that into like, I'm gonna go be nicer to my brother, something like that. And, and there's validity to that, right? And, and but it can become like self-justifying. If a person thinks, well, like, look at what this is doing for me, right? I wouldn't work as hard without it, right? Now, we start to become attached to the trauma, whereas I think what you had said is absolutely

• 59:04Paul Conti?

  true, that just because we can sublimate some of the negative affect-feeling emotion that comes from trauma into something productive, doesn't mean that that's best. Right? I mean, you know, we can get to our destination by taking a very circuitous route, right? We might waste an hour getting there, but we get there. That doesn't mean that that's best. And it also doesn't look at all the negative, right? In this example, the wasted fuel, the wasted time, right? We get somewhere, but we are not optimizing. And I have yet to see one person who, who has addressed the trauma and become less functional, right? It's always, either they're just as functional, but they're happier, right? Or more functional,

• 59:47Paul Conti?

  because as you said, like, just because we may be able to sublimate, well, maybe what's going on will be 10 times better, right? If, if we, if we weren't sublimating, because the sublimation limits us, right? It limits our perspective to only what we can see and do through the lens of the trauma. And that is never better than the alternative.

• 1:00:08Andrew D. Huberman?

  Thank you for that.

• 1:00:09Paul Conti?

  Yeah, you're welcome. Yeah.

• 1:00:12Andrew D. Huberman?

  Let's discuss how one could or should go about finding a really good therapist.

• 1:00:20Andrew D. Huberman?

  Typically, this, in my experience, this is done by word of mouth. You know, there's this person, you might want to work with them, they're really great. But what are some of the characteristics that one should look for? And should we take into account whether or not we are a person who, you know, for instance, I've heard this from, from listeners, although I'm clear, I'm definitely not talking about myself here in cloaking something. Some people will say, you know, I want to work with a somatic therapist because I've actually heard someone say, I think in feels, they, you know, I feel stuff in my body, so I want to work with someone who can really acknowledge that. Or someone else will say, you know, I want to work with somebody who has this orientation

• 1:01:00Andrew D. Huberman?

  or that orientation, or is open to my particular lifestyle, or isn't going to tell me that I have to leave my relationship, you know? I feel like people already show up to the question of who to work with, with all these, you know, things internally, some of which are voiced and some of which aren't. So I'd love for you to talk about maybe some of the, the core features of a really good therapist, and then how to, how to look for a therapist, and also how to think about oneself in looking for a therapist because of these kind of predispositions.

• 1:01:29Paul Conti?

  Right, right. Well, There's a lot of data about this over the years that if you look at what are the top 10 important factors to find in a therapist, just repeat rapport 10 times, right? I mean, that's the key. And if you think about that, it's pretty amazing, right? Because therapeutic modalities can be so different, right? And I think what that's telling us is, in a way, something very obvious, right? Like, what does rapport mean? Like, you know, it's somebody's paying attention, right? It's trust, it's a back and forth. It's like, yeah, even I'm doing, I'm doing something difficult. I'm doing it with someone who's really helping me, someone who's in it with me, right? Someone who's really paying attention, wants me to be better. That's indispensable. I mean, it's just indispensable.

• 1:02:13Paul Conti?

  And I write in the book, if someone, a therapist is not making eye contact, or this is the way they do it, right? And you know, you gotta fit into the box of the way they do it. That is not going to be helpful. And then, what I, what I think about that is, the different modalities, it doesn't actually tell us that, oh, the modalities are relevant. I think that's not true. I think that good therapists are not pigeonholed by a certain modality. They may, you know, come at the world largely through a psychodynamic, or a CBT, or a DBT lens, there's lots of different, you know, ways to do therapy. But when you really talk to those people, really good, experienced therapists, it's all coming through the vehicle of the rapport, but they're practically shifting to what the person needs.

• 1:02:58Paul Conti?

  You know, I don't understand the idea that like, oh, I just do this, right? I don't do that. And when people are pigeonholed that way, I don't think they help their patients very well, right? We have to be diverse enough to say, hey, I want all the arrows in the quiver, right? And even though there might be one that I favor, and that's the lens I see things through, no, I can be versatile, I can shift, I can adapt to what this person needs. And I think if you have that, you've got a, if you have that, you've got a winning combination.

• 1:03:27Andrew D. Huberman?

  Great. So people should perhaps try a few therapists, and maybe have a session, or two, or three, to see if they, the rapport feels like it's taking root. Is that, do I have that right?

• 1:03:36Paul Conti?

  Yeah, and I think that's why word of mouth is important, right? If someone you trust tells you, hey, this is a good person, that says a lot, right? It already makes the pre-test probability, you know, is quite high. But yes, it's interesting to see when people... Have a therapist or they called their insurance and they're assigned a therapist. This thought that like, oh, that's the person I have to have now. And it's like, no, you should look at that like anyone, you know, you would be interviewing, right, for, you know, for a job, right? But, but you gotta bring again, the right set of thoughts to that to be helped, right? Which is like, I want someone who has rapport with me. I don't want someone who's gonna make it easy, right? Who's like, well, it's gosh, it's kind of pleasant because then that means they're not talking about the difficult things, right? So if one brings like, I know this isn't gonna be easy.

• 1:04:20Paul Conti?

  I gotta talk about difficult things, right? Even if one doesn't recognize, oh, I gotta talk about the trauma in me, right? But to go to therapy thinking, no, it's, I mean, sometimes it's enjoyable, but a lot of times, right, it's not, right? It's hard work. It can be excruciating. We can cry during it. But to say, right, that that's how I'm gonna be helped and I want someone who's gonna do that with me, you know, who, who's really looking at what's going on inside of me? How do we help me? And I can feel sort of the robustness of that. If one brings that approach and then looks at the therapist through that lens, you're, you're very likely to then move on from someone who's not a good choice, right? And really stick with someone who is, even though that doesn't mean it's always like pleasant and enjoyable. I mean, it has to not be that sometimes.

• 1:05:05Andrew D. Huberman?

  Right. Maybe we could drill a little deeper into the mechanics of therapy. I put out a few questions to audience, asking what they want to know about therapy. And it was amazing. I got hundreds, if not thousands of responses saying, how should I show up to therapy? So for instance, should people take a five-minute meditative drop-in before? Or should they just show up cold and let it emerge? During therapy, is it a good idea to take notes or to not take notes? And then post-therapy, how should clients, patients, as they're sometimes called, one or the other, I never know which, how should they process that information? Should they take some designated time afterwards? And, you know, in an ideal world, take a 30-minute walk afterwards and think about

• 1:05:50Andrew D. Huberman?

  the material? Or should they set it aside and come back to it? Of course, there are constraints, work and family, et cetera. But, you know, we, there's a lot of knowledge out there about how to best show up to a workout, warm up for five, 10 minutes, then do this, et cetera, and then the cool down. I mean, here we're talking about hard psychological work aimed at bettering oneself. So to my knowledge, I've not ever seen this information anywhere. It'd be very useful to hear your thoughts on this.

• 1:06:17Paul Conti?

  Yeah. Well, I'm not trying to duck the question, but I think it varies so much by person. So if you think about the first part of your question, I think was how to show up to therapy, right? And I think the answer would be whatever lets you be fully present when you're in therapy. Now, for some people, that's gonna be, I show up early. You know, I sit, I calm myself, I meditate a little bit. I mean, that's how then they're present, right? For other people, you know, they just, they would show up, walk into the room, they could stop another present, right? Because whatever works for that person so that they're really there, their thoughts, their energy is really in what's going on. And the same thing applies on the other end. You know, there are people who are really well-served by, you know, going for a walk if they can, or sitting quietly after therapy, kind of putting that in order, right?

• 1:07:02Paul Conti?

  Otherwise, they lose some of it, right? Or like some of the ah-hahs, right? Or the, oh, that's an interesting thought, that they really need to put it in order. Maybe that involves taking some notes during therapy, right? For other people, they need to do the exact opposite. They need to like leave, not think about that at all, and then they can reflect on it later and learn from it. So, you know, we're so different. You know, human beings, there's such a diversity in us that I think there's no hard answer to that. It was like, being present when it's happening, then being able to sort of consolidate and retain what's been gained is most important. And I think we have to figure that out person by person. I mean, I try and do that in the work of like, what's serving this person best?

• 1:07:44Paul Conti?

  And sometimes we, you know, sometimes it evolves and sometimes we talk about it, but it varies so much.

• 1:07:50Andrew D. Huberman?

  If someone were thinking about embarking on therapy or more therapy to address trauma or just general issues of life, what is the frequency that you recommend? I could imagine two extreme models. One is, okay, I'm gonna finally tackle this trauma. I'm going to do therapy three times a week, but for a shorter period of time, you know, six months, you know, over and out. Versus this open-ended model of once a week typically for as long as it takes.

• 1:08:19Paul Conti?

  Right, right. I think that also varies. And I work with people in varied ways, from, oh, someone who's doing well and like we meet for a half hour every six months, right? To doing week-long, hourly sessions, to spending three intense days with someone in a row, right? So I think as far as...

• 1:08:42Paul Conti?

  Like kind of guiding principles. What I have found in my own life, because I value my own therapy tremendously. So I found in my own life and in my own clinical work that if it's less than once a week, then it's hard for us to retain, really. You know, we spend a lot of time kind of catching up. Okay, what's happened? Let's get back to the place we were at before, right? Which is why I think if we're really going to get somewhere, we're not just trying to maintain something, right? Then I think once a week for an hour is really kind of the minimum, right? But more intensive work, it's like the more intense it is, it's not linear, right? It's an exponential gain. Like, we do a lot of intensive work, right?

• 1:09:26Paul Conti?

  Where someone will come and do 30 clinical hours with us over the course of a week. So five or six different clinicians, 30 clinical hours. And, you know, we've found that the benefits of doing that are immense. It's like, I'd say a year's worth of therapy consolidated. And you think, well, 30 hours, let's say, you know, we go almost every week. Maybe that's 45 or 50 hours. But 30 hours with that kind of intensity is worth probably 60 hours, you know, done in a different way. Because then it's in us in an active way, right? It's in the therapist in an active way. It becomes very, very dynamic. So I think turning up the intensity, if there's something that we really need to process, absolutely makes sense. And I do that in my own life.

• 1:10:11Paul Conti?

  There's something now, it's like, whoa, it's really, something is really distressing me. And it's linking into prior trauma. And I can see what's going on in me. Now I start to have ruminative thoughts, you know, with negativity, like, I gotta go more, right? Because I gotta do that processing so I can get to the place that I am, which is not that, it's not that the trauma has no impact on me, right? It's that the impact is much less than it was before the therapy. And that I most often, more often than not, have an ability to see when it's now intruding into my thoughts. And it's taking me away from like what I really think and believe, or being able to draw logic and emotion together and make good decisions. Turning up the intensity then absolutely makes sense.

• 1:10:53Andrew D. Huberman?

  This very deep, intensive work of thirty hours in a week. What brings somebody to some, the type of work of that sort? Is it a suicide risk or a severe addiction situation? I mean, how does one gauge how much therapy they ought to be doing? And should it always be on the therapist to decide that frequency? What would bring someone to a situation of five therapists in thirty hours a week? In one week?

• 1:11:25Paul Conti?

  Right, right. It's usually a person who is really distressed by something. You know, whether that's, it's so negatively impacting their life, their life. Or sometimes a person comes to realization, I just can't take this anymore, right? I'm sick of this cyclical depression. I gotta stop having panic attacks. Like, I need help, right? But it's usually some, you know, crisis point with the idea of crisis and the meaning of, okay, something comes to a head and after it, things are going to be different, right? Not a crisis and things are going to be negative afterwards, but a point where then that cognitive flexibility comes to the fore of like, well, I need to do something different, right? So that's often what brings us. You know, sometimes it's other people pointing it out, or if somebody's had an intervention somewhere,

• 1:12:10Paul Conti?

  or yes, that person's been hospitalized after a suicide attempt, or they've gone back to rehab again for the third or fourth time and their life is really in danger. Sometimes it's that and sometimes it's a person realizing, yeah, I just wanna, I wanna look at myself, wanna understand myself better. You know, I know that what's going on in me isn't as good as it can be, right? So I think people can come to it for all sorts of different ways. And I think, yes, I think a lot of times it would be the therapist to say it looks more work, you know, more intensive work or can make a difference. But I think the person also needs to. You know, take ownership, right, of their own therapy and say, if I don't feel helped enough, well, I have to think about that, right, and talk to the therapist about that because maybe

• 1:12:54Paul Conti?

  maybe that therapist isn't a match, right? Or maybe you talk to the therapist and the therapist can change his or her approach, right? Or maybe you talk to the therapist and increase the frequency, right? But the idea is to be aware of it, right? And if one's needs aren't being met, to acknowledge that, right? Because people can get into a rhythm of therapy where it's really not helping them, right? But they either feel sort of nihilistic about it, like, oh, I'm no better and I'm going to therapy, right? Or sometimes there's a sense that, well, I'm in therapy, so I'm kind of checking that box of doing something for myself, but it's not really getting me anywhere. And then the part of the brain that's controlled by the guilt and shame and avoidance thinks that's a great idea, right? So again, this ability to observe ourselves and like, what's going on?

• 1:13:37Paul Conti?

  Am I being helped in the way I, do I feel helped, right? Am I, in some ways, even like happy that I'm not feeling helped because I don't have to face this thing I don't want to face, right? Or am I too afraid to say, I need more help, right? Do we really need to look at ourselves? And this is where the insurance systems often are very difficult because it's hard sometimes for a person to say, oh, I need more therapy because that may not be possible, right? So, so there are sort of negative factors in the world around us, but ultimately, I think the answer to the question comes down to observing ourselves and taking ownership of like what's going on in us and how we're feeling and, and then feeling that, that commitment to self or to self-care to say, I need to go change this.

• 1:14:19Andrew D. Huberman?

  And for those that maybe don't have the means or insurance or access to do even one day a week therapy in the journaling model,

• 1:14:27Paul Conti?

  Yes.

• 1:14:28Andrew D. Huberman?

  Could one perhaps take an entire day, as awful as it might seem, to do a lot of journaling and thinking and walking, you know, do a self-generated intensive? Do you think there's utility to that?

• 1:14:42Paul Conti?

  I mean, there could be, but again, it depends by person because there could also be something negative about that if it's someone who's not at the point, not ready for that, right? I mean, we don't come at, you know, we don't come directly at the trauma immediately. At least most of the time, we don't do that, right? And we often don't explore it in depth, like this idea that, oh, that person now has to go through every second of the trauma is actually not true. I mean, sometimes it is, but that's, that's not the common situation, right? It's more often that person has to acknowledge, like the example of like, I was sexually abused and have to acknowledge that and to, and say, okay, like, gosh, what has that done to me? That doesn't mean, well, let's parse out every moment of like, how that was and the terror of that, right?

• 1:15:27Paul Conti?

  So that can lead people to a worse place, right? So, so I think the idea of biting off small pieces, so to speak, where a person is writing, right, or is talking, but I think if one is writing, it is good to communicate with another, right? Another trusted person. And if there's not someone in one's personal life, you know, they're clergy members, even if one isn't affiliated with an organized religion, you could probably go places and get a clergy to want to help you, right? I mean, there are people out there who want to help other people. So we say, what if someone has no one? I mean, almost never do we have no one here, right? Because we could probably go find someone, but we, we need to take that in pieces. So there's some risk of trying to do the intensive thing, you know, on one's own.

• 1:16:12Paul Conti?

  And, and that's where I would put in if, if a person's having suicidal thoughts or even thoughts of death, of not wanting to be alive, I don't deserve to be alive. I mean, these are warning signs for really getting help. So there are some signs that say, hey, don't try and do that on your own, right? Go, go try and find a resource and it's, you know, things that get to that level of severity of, and often a person knows that. I mean, am I in a place where I know I'm not healthy and I'm, I'm having, you know, kind of scary thoughts, then, then we need, that's a person who really shouldn't be doing that on their own.

• 1:16:42Andrew D. Huberman?

  Great, thank you for that.

• 1:16:43Paul Conti?

  Yeah, you're welcome.

• 1:16:44Andrew D. Huberman?

  So we've been talking a lot about talking. And now I'd like to talk a little bit about chemistry.

• 1:16:51Paul Conti?

  Yes.

• 1:16:51Andrew D. Huberman?

  Drugs.

• 1:16:52Paul Conti?

  Yes.

• 1:16:53Andrew D. Huberman?

  So maybe first we could talk prescription drugs. You're a psychiatrist, so you're approved to and presumably do prescribe medication where appropriate. And this is a vast landscape, of course. We've got ADHD. And I should just tell you, I get more questions about ADHD and the drugs related to ADHD and dopamine than any other topic. Any other topic. So there's ADHD, there's OCD, there's depression, there's antidepressants and so forth.

• 1:17:24Andrew D. Huberman?

  Is there some way that we can wrap our arms around all of that as a way of wading into this drug question? And just address, you know, how does one decide when medication is useful? Because in the end, the dissection tool that the psychiatrist or therapist has is language. And at some point, one has to make an assessment about dopamine or serotonin or whether or not a given drug would help. And most therapies, I believe, don't involve putting someone in a brain scanner. And to my knowledge, there still is not a very good blood test to assess, oh, is this person's dopamine low or high? Correct me if I'm wrong. And ultimately, that, and I know there are companies out there, so I'm not trying to undermine those companies, but if I happen to do that in the statement, if you take

• 1:18:08Andrew D. Huberman?

  a blood test and find that your serotonin metabolites are low, my understanding is it's possible that you are too low in serotonin in the brain, but that's a very indirect window into what's really going on. So how does, how do you think about prescription drugs in the context of treating trauma and other, and other conditions? And then maybe we'll drill into some of the more specific conditions.

• 1:18:31Paul Conti?

  Sure. I mean, I would first comment that, right, there aren't tests for these things. And I think the test for metabolites, I mean, things are so different. You know, by the time, what we're talking about has been metabolized, you know, often to some very significant extent, left the brain, now it's in the peripheral blood, that we really don't learn from that. And I think that We tend to over utilize medicines in this country because we have a healthcare system that often that's so based on throughput that we want to polish the hood when there's a problem in the engine, right? So we over utilize medicines often as an endpoint, right? Oh, we're going to make that person's depression better with an antidepressant. Well, I mean, maybe, right?

• 1:19:12Paul Conti?

  But most of the time, for that person's depression to really get better and stay better, they need to unravel what's driving the depression, right? So the first step is, I think there are two steps to it, right? The first assessment step is, is there a diagnosis that the vast majority of the time, if not sometimes, all the time, really warrants a medicine? So bipolar disorder, OCD, ADD, right? These are diagnoses that we understand more about them and what's going on in the brain and how medicines can treat or stabilize them. Which doesn't mean the medicine is necessarily, it's not a substitute for therapy, right? But sometimes the medicine and therapy can go hand in hands.

• 1:19:56Paul Conti?

  So for OCD, for example, warrants therapy, but it almost, not always, but it almost always warrants medicine too, so that you can ease the systems that are making the rigidity and the repetition in the brain. So the first kind of branch point can be, what is the diagnosis? What is the level of severity, right? And I think that's very, very important. Where I think it's a little more, maybe even interesting, is using medicines to help the person engage in the therapy as productively as possible. And here's where I think we're so limited by how we categorize medicines and this sort of pharmaceutical insurance-driven

• 1:20:41Paul Conti?

  medical system we have that I think throws us off in tremendous ways. So you think about how medicines are categorized, so antidepressants. And the vast majority of people who are helped by antidepressants, they're not, they don't have clinically severe depression, right? Those medicines create more distress tolerance in us. And if you think about how helpful that can be, if you're gonna go, now you're gonna do something difficult, or you're gonna bring that trauma or the stressors to the surface, and you're gonna process, and you're gonna try and make life change. If we can make more distress tolerance in us, that can be so, so much better, right? And think about the category of medicines that are called antipsychotics, which really puts people off, right?

• 1:21:24Paul Conti?

  But, but most of the prescriptions for antipsychotics are not for psychosis, right? And there are ways in which low dosing of some of those medicines can help intervene in negative pathways, right? In pathways that are about distress, and, you know, sending out those tendrils of neurons that are about hypervigilance and avoidance, right? In our, in our brain, and we can often get at that. And if you can improve someone's distress tolerance, and you can use medicines that, that take away what clinically is rumination, right? Not a, not the standard meaning of that word, but the clinical meaning of it, where there are distress centers in our brain that are overactive, and then we get stuck in these maladaptive negative pathways,

• 1:22:07Paul Conti?

  where we think about something over and over and over again with no real chance of solving it, because that's not what's going on inside of us. So medicines can help that, but we have to have some flexibility around their conception. And the, the modern medical system of like 15-minute visits, you know, to a psychiatrist that are, that are weeks apart, I mean, I don't understand how, how that goes well, right? In the vast majority of times, I think it doesn't go well, because it's not enough time to do the therapy, to even generate the understanding. So then medicines get thrown at the person. This is how. You know, we use, I think approximately five times as much medicine, I think, across the board, as, say, the Dutch population, right?

• 1:22:48Paul Conti?

  And they think, well, why is five times more is a lot more medicine, right? And, you know, they have a healthcare system and a cultural system that, to the best of my understanding, is more rooted in taking responsibility for oneself, right? So if a person comes in and cholesterol is high, right, their first order of business is, hey, you take better care of yourself, right? Like, this person really needs to lose some weight, exercise more, right? They're not just jumping to, like, let me give you a medicine and, you know, and shift you through the healthcare system and out the other side of the door, right? And the same thing is true in mental health, you know? And I'm not trying to be critical to psychiatrists, the nurse practitioners, or people who are practicing in that way, because oftentimes, there is no choice, right?

• 1:23:32Paul Conti?

  If they're working in a healthcare system, that the standard is highly spaced, or spaced apart 15-minute visits, what alternative is there, right? But to look at, okay, I'm gonna use medicines because I don't have another tool to bring to bear. So I think the healthcare system and its focus on throughput and its short-term, talk about, you know, we talk about short-term response, right? There are short-term soothing at the expense of long-term health, and I think that is the metaphor for, that applies to our healthcare system, right? Where if we are gonna try and treat a symptom in a short term, we're gonna do it in a 15-minute visit, that we're gonna do it in a way that maybe it soothes the symptom, maybe it doesn't, but it does not get at the problem.

• 1:24:17Paul Conti?

  We need to invest more resources to get at the problem, and I think that's where a sort of protest, you know, of people, as a society, we say, look, we don't like the way our healthcare is going, like, we need more focus on what the actual problems are, that, yes, we would spend more money. You know, treating people and taking care of people because it's more human time. But ultimately, less suffering, less death, right? And ultimately, more productivity. I think as an economy, we would save so much money if we spend money on the human aspects of mental health care because people would be more functional. They're spending less time in the hospital, right? They're more productive when they're working. There's less entry into the criminal justice system.

• 1:25:00Paul Conti?

  So I think medicines get overused in part for systemic reasons, in large part for systemic reasons, and also for some of these categorization reasons. Oh, that person meets some technical criteria for depression. We've got to give them this medicine instead of really thinking, wait, what's going on in this person? And I see this over and over again. I see someone who's on seven medicines, and they're on seven medicines to treat seven different symptoms, and now they have side effects from all those seven medicines. Maybe two of them are to treat the side effects from the other five, right? And that's bad, right? And if you really get at what's going on in them, now they're doing much better and maybe they're on two medicines, right? So I don't know if that's a helpful answer to that.

• 1:25:43Andrew D. Huberman?

  It is. It's a very helpful answer. I mean, I think, at least in the spheres that I run these days, I hear a lot of negative statements about antidepressants. I think, you know, I'm old enough to remember the book, Listening to Prozac, and I remember when Prozac and it's, and things like it first started showing up and the excitement. And then nowadays, I hear more about the problems with all these drugs, you know? And maybe that's just because I have arms in the, both the scientific, but also in the kind of wellness community where people think a lot about behavioral change. Fortunately, I think that they do that. But of course, these drugs, as you mentioned, can have enormous utility as well. I'd like to just pick up on one theme that I haven't heard a lot about anywhere else, which is the short term versus the long term use of these drugs.

• 1:26:28Andrew D. Huberman?

  Because I could imagine You know, someone feeling like they're finally gonna tackle something that's been inside them for a long time, either because they're really struggling or because they're just done with not working it through. And, um, and they decide to start a medication that would give them higher levels of distress tolerance for a short while. I mean, is there anything to say that someone couldn't take a properly prescribed medication for a week or for the first three months of the work and then know that they can come off it? Because I think that the black and white model of, okay, you're either gonna start this drug and stay on it forever or be taking some drugs forever. Or you're not gonna take anything.

• 1:27:12Andrew D. Huberman?

  I mean, that just seems to, life doesn't hap, does life have to work that way?

• 1:27:16Paul Conti?

  Right.

• 1:27:17Andrew D. Huberman?

  Is there, is there short-term use that can be effective?

• 1:27:18Paul Conti?

  Yeah, absolutely, yes. Yes, in American medicine, we are so much better at starting medicines than we are at taking them away. Right? And part of that, I think, is driven by such a strong presence of the pharmaceutical industry. And the pharmaceutical, pharmaceutical industry does a lot of very good things, right? But, you know, there's such thing as too much of a good thing, right? And then as a society, when something seems positive, this, I think, also is human nature. We can over-invest in it, right? So if you think about when Prozac and those kinds of medicines came out, they were safer medicines, they're billed as antidepressants, and the thought was, well, they're gonna fix depression, right? And it's not how that works, right?

• 1:28:01Paul Conti?

  So if we look at them as tools, right? Then we can deploy them sometimes for the longer term, because sometimes that's necessary, but absolutely for the shorter term. I mean, absolutely. If we thought of Prozac and those kind of medicines, not as, oh, they're antidepressants. We thought, look, what they do is they, they... They seem to make there be more serotonin in certain circuits that are important for mood regulation, anxiety regulation, distress tolerance. So those medicines can really help somebody if they're very severely depressed and we want to sort of get them feeling better. They can also help someone if they could use more distress tolerance in a discrete period of time, right? When we think about them that way,

• 1:28:45Paul Conti?

  we think about them as tools that we could apply for short term or long term. We don't see them as fixes, right? And we don't see them as then substitutes for the human to human work that needs to be done. I mean, I've, you know, been in sort of in my training at times in healthcare systems and I've seen in many other circumstances that look at medicines as answers. And this idea that, oh, that person is a, and a lot of times there'll be a number, right? Right? The number is the diagnosis and that number gets this medicine. And like, I'm not sure we could be more misguided than that. And that's what leads to adding medicines, adding medicines. It's not working. Of course it's not working. You know, because no one's really paying attention to what's going on. So add more medicines and then medicines for the medicines.

• 1:29:30Paul Conti?

  And I mean, we know this is true. We know this is true, but we haven't had the wherewithal as a society to say, like with a lot of things in society to say, like, this isn't okay, right? I mean, we need more, like, give these people who are trying to help us. They need more latitude to help us. We need more human to human contact to get at what's really going on. And yes, that's an investment of time and energy and money in the short term. And sometimes that's money from the systems, right? But if we do that, my goodness, look at the, look at the payoff of that.

• 1:30:04Andrew D. Huberman?

  What is your thought about anxiety and ADHD as a separate phenomenon in terms of medication? Again, ADHD is the thing that seems to come up most in questions. I can't tell you the number of especially students, but also young working professionals and even people who are, you know, outside those categories who are interested in or are taking.

• 1:30:32Andrew D. Huberman?

  Ritalin, Adderall, Modafinil, Armodafinil, or Vyvanse, because they seem to struggle focusing without it. Or, and I don't know, because I'm not one of those individuals, or because they seem to just like how well they can focus when they do take those compounds. And so my understanding is these compounds mainly increase dopaminergic transmission in the brain, also adrenaline, epinephrine in the brain. So they're more or less stimulants. They look a lot like, at least chemically, they look a lot like cocaine and amphetamine, although they're not quite cocaine and amphetamine. So should we be concerned about this? Is this a different sort of epidemic? Can these drugs be used to train the brain to focus? And then people can withdraw from these drugs?

• 1:31:16Andrew D. Huberman?

  I mean, I think this is a huge topic and one that maybe warrants its own episode entirely. But as long as we're on the topic, what are your thoughts about medication for ADHD?

• 1:31:25Paul Conti?

  Sure. I think medication for ADHD can be extremely effective. And the studies show, show us that, right? They show us that if there is ADD, then medication for ADD is very, very helpful. And that's true in youths. It seems to be true if adults have adult ADHD or ADD. We kind of know that's true. But all attention deficit is not attention deficit disorder, right? And there we go to the reflexive 15-minute visits, throw medicines at things, right? Attention deficit can come from many, many places. And one of them is anxiety, right? There's so many other reasons. Depression affects attention. Poor sleep affects attention.

• 1:32:10Paul Conti?

  Poor diet can affect attention. Stress in life can affect attention. So, and certainly trauma and the thing, the problems that trauma spins off can affect attention. So, you know, this is really, this is really the truth that while teaching once about medicines and pharmacology, I was frustrated about how the answer to everything was like, what medicine do we use? What medicine do we use? As opposed to like, this is just one piece of the puzzle. And I told an anecdote, which I think it was a clinical anecdote, like, what do you think is going on? And I think that if I told that to... I don't know, middle school students or something, they would probably say, "You just told the story of a person with a rock in their shoe,"

• 1:32:52Paul Conti?

  which is what I, the story that I was actually telling, right? But several people I was talking to, they're physicians, right? Who were like, "ADD." It's like, no, every time the person steps down, the rock hurts, and they're not able to maintain attention, right? Like, that's what's going on. But we're so programmed to think about medicines and inappropriate use of ADD medicines. As you said, there's dopaminergic impact. There's epinephrine, norepinephrine impact. We're affecting what are called prefrontal alpha two receptors that like really need to be helped if there's real ADD. But if there isn't, that is not a good thing to do. Which is why it is quite fascinating that when people have ADD, they tolerate generally stimulants very well,

• 1:33:37Paul Conti?

  without the other problems that can come of stimulants. And again, I don't know, I don't claim to know why that is, but we see that phenomenon. But when people are being treated for ADD and they don't have ADD, which sometimes they know they don't have ADD, but the stimulants make them function better, so they go to somebody and get the stimulants. That's, that's not a good thing to do, right? Because stimulants, when they're not needed over time, they do affect our physical function. They affect our judgment, right? There are a lot of negative things that come from that. They can affect the vigilance inside of us. So, so, yes, it's a valid diagnosis, but it gets made when it's not present, very often, which we see with a lot of diagnoses that you can throw medicine at. We see the same thing with bipolar disorder.

• 1:34:21Paul Conti?

  True bipolar disorder is extremely important to utilize medicines effectively. But how many people are diagnosed with bipolar disorder who have, they absolutely don't have bipolar disorder? But it's a, it could be a catch-all diagnosis because there's, in a sense, "something to do for it," in quotes, right? And you can throw medicine at it, right? So, I mean, what do we expect, right? If we have, if we have a healthcare system where you have 15-minute visits with your psychiatrists, of course, we're going to throw medicines at everything. And then the training paradigms are going to look at it through that lens. And then, very often, again, I give the example of seeing somebody on seven medicines. I mean, the first thought I have is, how many of those medicines are actually counterproductive? And a lot of the time, it's not like, oh, every now and then, one is counterproductive.

• 1:35:06Paul Conti?

  No, that's the case. That's the case a lot of the time. And again, I come back to, if we're not putting thought into it, what other result would we expect?

• 1:35:17Andrew D. Huberman?

  Thank you for that answer. I'm very curious what constitutes negative effects of stimulants. So if somebody's taking Adderall or Ritalin in order to work longer hours or focus because they have attention deficit, but not necessarily ADHD. And again, I'm not recommending anyone do this. I've just heard the numbers that have come back, at least from surveys and discussions with colleagues at Stanford and elsewhere, other college campuses, that upwards of 75% of college students use semi-regularly these drugs off, not by prescription, just to study and to learn.

• 1:35:50Paul Conti?

  Yes.

• 1:35:51Andrew D. Huberman?

  I can imagine sleep issues because these are stimulants. What sorts of other issues can they create for people, problems they can create?

• 1:35:59Paul Conti?

  I mean, I think a touchstone maybe for, that's running through our conversation, right, is prioritizing the short-term benefit over solving a long-term problem, right? Which we might say is a human tendency, and we see it across the topics that we're discussing. So, so, short-term use of stimulants, sure, people are more alert. They can stay awake more. They can study more intensely and longer. Okay, there's some short-term benefit of that. Oh, there, even there, there can be problems, right? But we can, we can say, let's just say for sake of argument, that in the short term, there's something to be gained by doing that, right? But, oh my goodness, there's so much that is, there's so much risk to that, right?

• 1:36:40Paul Conti?

  And how many times have I seen someone who they're doing that, and they're just doing that to study, right? And now they're addicted to the amphetamines, and their behavior changes, and they don't know it. Talk about shifting our brain towards a more defensive, you know, sort of suspicious outward look, you know, view of the world, that we see a lot of that. So we see judgment impairment, we see heightened levels of anxiety, we see more impulsivity in decision-making, and sometimes we, it can get to the point of seeing Frank psychosis. Now, that's not common, but if I seen... Young people who've done exactly what you're describing, right? They're using Adderall or they're using Ritalin to study.

• 1:37:22Paul Conti?

  And then I see them when they're coming into the hospital, they're screaming about how someone's trying to hurt them. Boy, then it's the worst case scenario, but it shows like that's where that can go. And how much is there between the, oh, I'm just using it to study and that severe, you know, outcome that is actually quite negative for a person and might change how they think about that friendship or that relationship, right? A lot negative happens when we change our brains without an ability to see like, what is it actually doing to us? So, which is part of my, my whole theme about trauma, right? It changes our brains and we don't know it, right? Well, the same can be, the same is often true of amphetamines used inappropriately. It shifts our brain and, and we don't realize that we're a little bit more impulsive in

• 1:38:07Paul Conti?

  our decision-making, a little bit less trusting. These are significant negative things that if we don't know it, the person will just say, well, I'm just using it to study, I'm using it to work more. It's not, you know, that's not without its high level of risk.

• 1:38:23Andrew D. Huberman?

  What are your thoughts on cannabis? I've said it many times on this podcast before, I'll say it again. I feel fortunate that I've never really been attracted to alcohol or drugs of any kind. In, in so much so that if all the alcohol and all the marijuana and all the cocaine and amphetamine disappeared, I, I wouldn't notice any change in my life, right? And I feel lucky in that way because I know a lot of people feel an attraction to these things as almost a gravitational force from their first drink, they just feel, I once heard it described in this, I think it was in Gustan Burrows' book, Dry, where he was an alcoholic. He said that the first drink he had, it felt like this magic elixir that, that meshed with the physiology of his blood in the most seamless way.

• 1:39:07Andrew D. Huberman?

  And as I was reading this, I thought, oh my goodness. First of all, that's the most foreign experience for me in terms of alcohol. And second, gosh, that must be terrible and, and you can, but at the same time, you could really understand why someone would be drawn to that. So cannabis nowadays is legal or decriminalized in many areas of the US.

• 1:39:27Andrew D. Huberman?

  A lot of people seem to use the argument it's not, it's better than drinking. Or they only do it for sleep or anxiety management. I'm not looking to demonize or support the cannabis. So what are your thoughts about cannabis for anxiety management, depression, and maybe even for ADHD for that matter?

• 1:39:48Paul Conti?

  Sure. If I could make an alcohol comment, right? The number of times I've seen alcohol, like having been a good idea for coping with something approaches zero, right? The alcohol for coping is just never good. And there's an additional risk factor that there's certain genetic profiles where people respond strongly to alcohol, like as you're saying. It's not just, oh, there's a little bit of short-term relief of distress, but there's this sort of euphoric response. And those genetics, we don't understand them completely. They seem to be in Northern European populations, more prevalent as you had West in Northern Europe. So we understand that where risk factors are demographically, but we can't pinpoint that for any one person.

• 1:40:33Paul Conti?

  And there's a tremendous risk of that when a person responds so strongly to alcohol or habituates coping to alcohol. Cannabis is a little bit of a different story. I mean, how I have seen that play out, and again, this isn't coming from any expertise around the neuropharmacology of it, like how is this really working in the brain? It comes from an observation that what it seems to do is to narrow our attentional perspective, right? So it's why people will say, well, they wanna, you know, they wanna use cannabis before watching a movie with friends or something, right? And I think, okay, I think why people are doing that is because our cognitive spectrum narrows and then instead of worrying about that thing at work or that relationship issue, one can just be present, right?

• 1:41:17Paul Conti?

  For it gates out other attentional intrusions, right? So in some ways, I mean, I've absolutely seen it be helpful to people. I mean, it's been legalized in Oregon, which is where my, I spend a lot of my time. And it's not where all of my practice is. But what I have seen is it is at times helpful, say around sleep, right? Because a person can gate out other intrusive thoughts and they can just relax and go to sleep. But there can be another side of that, too, that at higher levels of distress, at higher levels of tension, what it can do is narrow the focus of cognition to the thing that is negative, right? So, so the idea that, oh, like, oh, this is a treatment for, you know, depression, anxiety, trauma, is not true, right?

• 1:42:02Paul Conti?

  Can it be helpful under certain circumstances? Like, I think the answer to that is yeah. I mean, I know the answer to that is yes, because I've seen it play out clinically that way. But I think it can also be harmful, too. So there again, like, anything that has any power, power to influence our brains, we want to be thoughtful and careful about it. I mean, do I think that it's safer than alcohol? Yes, I mean, I mean, like, we so clearly see that. Does that mean, oh, it's just uniformly safe? No, right? So we want to be respectful of anything that can change how our brain is working. And I think that includes, certainly includes alcohol. And I think it certainly includes cannabis, too.

• 1:42:39Andrew D. Huberman?

  I'd love to talk about psychedelics for two reasons. One, there seems to be a tremendous amount of interest in psychedelics as a therapeutic clinical tool. I know there's also recreational use. And I'll just preface all this by saying that my stance is, we absolutely know for sure that these are controlled substances. They're illegal to possess, sell, or use in most of the country. There are a few areas where they are decriminalized.

• 1:43:07Paul Conti?

  Yes.

• 1:43:08Andrew D. Huberman?

  And psychedelics is a broad category, of course, and we can touch on some of the different, different ones. But whereas five years or so, five years ago or so, I was truly afraid to say the word psychedelics in any kind of public venue. There are laboratories at Stanford working on ketamine, psilocybin, MDMA, mostly in animal models. There's terrific work going on at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and Matthew Johnson's lab, and others, looking at the clinical applications mainly of high dose psilocybin and LSD. There's the MAPS trials with MDMA. So nowadays, it's safe for an academic like me to say the word psychedelics. And I'd love to approach this question of psychedelics

• 1:43:51Andrew D. Huberman?

  from a place of true exploration and curiosity, but with the preface that we're talking about this in a legal clinical setting. And the legality is something that's now in process. I don't think it's completed, but that's my understanding. But there are trials. You can go to clinicaltrials.gov and put in MDMA, and you'll see a bunch of clinical trials that are happening in the recruiting subjects. So I think it's safe to have the conversation now. And I'd love your thoughts about psychedelics. Maybe we could start with psilocybin and LSD as a broad category of drugs that, at least my understanding is, they touch on mainly the serotonin

• 1:44:34Andrew D. Huberman?

  system, some specific receptor activation and modulation, tend to change notions of space and time, adjust internal state. Maybe we could start there, and then maybe venture into some of the other ones. So what are your thoughts on these drugs for therapeutic potential? Also, potential hazards, et cetera?

• 1:44:53Paul Conti?

  Yeah. I think if we look at the true psychedelics, so psilocybin and LSD, because ketamine and MDMA, they're different categories of medicine. They're these sort of novel tools to bring to bear. But if we start with psilocybin, LSD, true psychedelics, I think why they have gained so much momentum over the last several years is because the data coming from the labs and the academic centers is so powerfully positive. And as someone who's, I'm interested in anything that's potentially helpful, right? And I want to learn and understand that, because a lot of things that are potentially helpful, you know, you go and look at the data and you see that

• 1:45:34Paul Conti?

  that's not helpful, or that's harmful. I think what we have seen with psychedelics is That they're so helpful, right? And, and the trials are bearing that out. And of course, these are used in professional hands and with the right kind of guidance are extremely powerful tools, but used in the right way by, by someone who knows how to utilize them in the right set and setting can have an immense positive impact. And that's why I think that, that the thought is there across people and more and more people feel comfortable saying it and talking about it. I mean, we're in the state of Oregon now where, where the, the thought is we're moving towards legalization of psilocybin early in 2023. And it's part the new data, right?

• 1:46:17Paul Conti?

  And how it meshes with the older data, right? How it meshes with data from the sixties and seventies that showed such a strong, powerful impact of these medicines. And I have a whole set of thoughts about what's happening there. And they're just, they're conjectures, right? But, but my read of, you know, as best I can try and understand the neuroscience and, and the, and the clinical applicability and the changes is, you know, what happens is we see less communication, less chatter in the outer parts of the brain, right? The outer parts of the cortex. And I think that as human beings, we sort of glorify the parts of the brain that only we have. I mean, certainly in my growing up, right? I mean, what did I learn?

• 1:47:01Paul Conti?

  Even if you think about like learning about the brain in high school, right? I learned that like, wow, we're, we're great as humans because we have language and other animals don't, and we can use tools and like, aren't we so great? Because we have this part of the brain that other animals don't and it lets us function, right? Okay, there's some truth to that, right? That, that, that we can do things others can't do, but we, we get lost often in the outer parts of the cortex, which I think are about survival, right? So we come back to the things you and I talked about early on of like, why are these trauma mechanisms in us, right? So, so much of what's going on in our brains is about survival. And I think living, so to speak, in the cortex, right? In the outer part of the brain.

• 1:47:46Paul Conti?

  Is consistent with a focus on survival. So if you think that's where language is, that's where vision is, that's where executive function is, so planning and task execution. So, so much of that is about making our way in the world around us. So we tend to glorify that and think, well, that's, in a sense, where our existence is, right? And I believe that is not true, right? And again, can I say that for sure? Of course not, right? But my read of 20 years of doing clinical work and thinking about all sorts of medicines and, and thinking about the psychedelics with, in a lot of depth, I think that what they do is they take us out of the cortex, right? Because that's where we run into these problems. That's where we bounce things over and over again,

• 1:48:29Paul Conti?

  that the distress centers deep in our brain, in the brainstem, kind of ally with the outer parts of the cortex. And they say, right, we're in distress, we want to stay alive. You know, often, a lot of us have had trauma that makes these changes in the brain. And then we're thinking all the time, like, what would I do if, if there were war? What would I do if there's civil war? If someone bombs us? What will I do if the, if the economy collapses, right? What will I do if somebody gets sick? We're, we're thinking all this future projection that is all coming from a place of fear, right? It's all coming from a desire to think about things and control the future with this part of the brain that is so uniquely human, right? And I think when we take the neurotransmission out of those places, right?

• 1:49:13Paul Conti?

  And we set it in a part of the brain and say the insular cortex, right? The parts of the brain that are sort of in the middle, right? Which, which I think, I believe is where our humanness really is. So the psychedelics make there be less chatter, communication, these other parts of the brain. And then we become seated in the part of the brain that I, I believe is most about our experience of true humanness. Which is why, when you read about, you know, people who have experiences, and I've heard about them, people talk to me about this, right? They've, they've utilized it, they talk with me. So whether it's someone telling me their story, or it's coming from research data, you know, it's why people can sort of see with clarity that, oh, that trauma... That thing is not my fault.

• 1:49:58Paul Conti?

  We feel a sense of compassion for ourselves. We relieve ourselves, release ourselves from guilt. And it's like, why is this so helpful to people? And I think it's because it can do what we are trying to get at in good therapy. But it can really catalyze that by just putting a person in that part of the brain that can see it for what it is without all that chatter in the cortex about, "You gotta think it's your fault, or you won't avoid it again." And that makes the repetition compulsion. "How do I think ahead to the next thing that might happen? And what else bad might happen?" We don't get anywhere doing that. And I think where we get somewhere is when we seed ourselves deeper in the brain, which I think we do if we're like doing really good therapy. And we're in the deep parts of the brain.

• 1:50:42Paul Conti?

  But these psychedelics, the medicinal value, I believe, is putting us in that part of the brain where a person can really find truth. And that's why I think that it's come so far in these few years, because I think that is very clinically evident. And I think we're going to see more and more the value of that. And what the psychedelics do can become, I believe, a heuristic for understanding, like, wait, how are our brains really functioning? And what are the parts that really matter to our experience of being human? It's those parts of the brain, right? The deep parts of the brain, the insular cortex and the areas around it

• 1:51:22Paul Conti?

  that say, light up when a person has an experience of spiritual ecstasy or an experience of connection with another person, right? We kind of have these telltale markers that something is going on there that's very important and very special. And I think we're more attracted to the outer parts of the brain in part because they're easier to study, right? I mean, as you know better than I do, we started studying the brain through lesion studies, right? Because it's easier to see if a person got hurt in this part of the brain or had a stroke in that part of the brain, what changes? So we look at the cortex because, one, it's easier to study, and we tend to glorify it. And I think that has been misguided. And I think that we're learning about how that's been misguided

• 1:52:05Paul Conti?

  through the study of these novel modalities from Western perspectives, which of course they've been used for a long, long time in other cultures, but novel from our perspective.

• 1:52:16Andrew D. Huberman?

  Yeah, I'm fascinated by this idea that the, in these middle brain structures is, is where our humanity lies. And, and as you said, I also wonder whether or not

• 1:52:26Andrew D. Huberman?

  other animals experience life more from that orientation with less chatter. We, we can only guess, but um, you know, that about dog lover and, and being in the presence of animals that seem to just be present in what's happening in their immediate environment, not too much anticipation.

• 1:52:44Paul Conti?

  Right. I mean, what you're talking about is sentience is important. And like sentience is extremely important, right? And if we're going to overvalue, say, language, then I think we undervalue sentience. Right. Which is why I think we tend to undervalue animals, right? And, and their suffering, because well, they're not saying anything about it, right? And, you know, they're not writing about it. So, okay, it's easy to ignore. And, and we think about again, the hubris of that, right? That, oh, because we can think and talk and write, like, we must be feeling more than, than species that don't do that. I mean, I think, I, I, I think that is so true. And that we're going to understand more about sentience in other species and how, you know, that's at the core of existence. And my hope would be that we value more humans and animals, right?

• 1:53:29Paul Conti?

  Through, through the evolution of that understanding.

• 1:53:32Andrew D. Huberman?

  The hallucinations that accompany psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin have such an attractive force to them as, as a concept and, and as an experience. And so I think most often when people hear hallucinogens, they think, and psychedelics, they think about hallucinating. And it makes sense why they would. But what's so interesting to me is nothing in your answer about psychedelics, psilocybin and LSD focused on hallucinations per se. It was more about feeling states, accessing a feeling state or a relation to an event or to a person or to oneself. Maybe even I, I caught hints of maybe even empathy for oneself for the first time.

• 1:54:15Andrew D. Huberman?

  None of that had to do with seeing, seeing sounds or, or hearing colors. And, you know, these kind of cliche statements about hallucinations. So I am aware of laboratories, one at University of California, Davis in particular, but a few others that are trying to generate. Chemical variants of psychedelics that lack the hallucinogenic properties, but maintain these other properties as therapeutic tools. And as I say that, I realize that people in the psychedelic community are probably thinking, "Oh, that's horrible. That's the dismantling of the core thing." But the simple question is, do you think the hallucinations are valuable for anything?

• 1:54:56Paul Conti?

  And I think we're really getting into the philosophical, right? The ontological, right? There's this sort of trying to understand being, right? And I don't claim to know the answer to that. I think that at times, it seems like the hallucinations have a metaphorical or a symbolic way of being helpful, right? Because people will come to understand things that they hold dear and true after the experience, right? That often, not always, come through the lens of the hallucination. So are the hallucinations necessary? Are those hallucinations sometimes important, sometimes not? I think we don't understand that.

• 1:55:41Paul Conti?

  And I think we want to be respectful of the sort of mystery of that. But what I think is fascinating is, you think about like substance abuse and what that means is, well, one aspect of that is that a person has experiences, thoughts, conceptions of self in the world with the substance that without the substance, they know are wrong, right? People talk about, you know, liquid courage, right? And, "Okay, I feel better about myself and I feel courageous because I've had a couple of drinks." Now, when I, after that, I feel like normal about myself and that was false, right? And we see that, like, that's part of what substance intoxication means, right? But what we see with the psychedelic medicines is something that's incredibly different, right? That people are having experiences that are so de-linked

• 1:56:24Paul Conti?

  from our normal experience of reality. And then when they come, in a sense, back online with, in a normal cognitive way, they realize like, "Wow, now I'm applying all those mechanisms of trying to understand truth and to that." And what I see is that it's true. And wow, it's true. Like, I mean, we hear that all the time, which tells me, hey, something different is going on there. And of course, these are powerful tools, so misused, like, very bad things can happen. But you think about the clinical utility and what does it mean that so many people change for the healthier, or even change their lives after an experience, because it so resonates as like, oh, now I understand something that's true. And it's not

• 1:57:05Paul Conti?

  something bizarre. It's like, I wasn't responsible for being raped that time, or, you know, I, you know, I'm not less than, even though my sexuality or my gender identity is different from some silly binary concept, right? Like, people kind of can often get it, and they feel differently about themselves, and guilt and shame are impacted. So I think we're likely to see that they are powerful anti-trauma mechanisms, again, used clinically in the right hands. And, and I think that we're also going to see that they're heuristic for understanding our brain that goes against what I see as some of the reflexive hubris of, well, the outer parts must be the best, because that's what makes us human, and other animals don't have it, and we're better because we're human. It means it makes no sense, you know?

• 1:57:46Andrew D. Huberman?

  I'd like to talk about MDMA. And I'll preface this by saying I was a participant, actually, technically, I'm still a participant in a clinical trial. So I have experience of doing it twice. The trial involves three separate dosings of this. I was reluctant to do it outside of a clinical trial, mostly because I was aware there can be some cardiac effects, and I liked the idea there'd be a clinician on hand. And I'll just say that I found the experiences to be profound, beneficial, and very different from one, one session to the next. The first one felt

• 1:58:28Andrew D. Huberman?

  a whole collection of, of ideas and relational things came up that felt very powerful and transformative. And I, I do think that I learned there. I exported a number of things. My particular experience isn't relevant here. But the second time, I expected it to be the same way. And it was

• 1:58:47Andrew D. Huberman?

  Mellow and relaxing and was deeply tied to kind of notions of acceptance. So there weren't all these revelations and wow, new insights. It was very much about sort of grounding into a kind of a calmer state. So I have the personal experience of benefiting from these in ways that I think still benefit me. And was very struck by the power of MDMA and my very crude understanding of the pharmacology and the state that is being under MDMA is that it encourages or increases dopaminergic transmission, but also serotonergic transmission, which is to my knowledge, a kind of a rare state for the brain to be in that typically it's more of a seesaw of dopaminergic drive

• 1:59:30Andrew D. Huberman?

  towards external goals or more serotonergic drive towards, you know, more placidity or comfort with what one already has. And so with both those systems amplified, the only way I can describe it subjectively is that it everything sort of funneled back in and it was almost like a pursuit of inner landscape. And I can only imagine what it would be like in the context of doing this with somebody else also taking MDMA. I have no idea what that's like. That's my report of the experience. I know that the experience can vary. What are your thoughts about the chemistry and what sorts of states do you think MDMA

• 2:00:09Andrew D. Huberman?

  is creating that can explain why it's a useful therapeutic tool in some cases and what sorts of cases those might be?

• 2:00:18Paul Conti?

  Sure, sure. To clarify, I think part of what we're starting with is like this is very different than the psychedelics, right? Which are seeding our consciousness in these deep centers of the brain, right? Whereas what MDMA is doing is sort of flooding with positive neurotransmitters, right? In certain parts of the brain. And I think what that creates is a greater permissiveness inside to entertain or approach different things, right? So I think where we see it's tremendous, my read of the data is around potentially, and we're seeing in some of the trials, right? Tremendous benefit for trauma, right? And you think about what we were talking about earlier, how this reflexive guilt, shame, hypervigilance, avoidance, right?

• 2:01:02Paul Conti?

  And when these systems are flooded with these neurotransmitters, it's more permissive to sort of think about that, right? And to think about that without, again, all the chatter of that's your fault, or you're never going to get anywhere because of that, or you know what that means, or right? They could kind of go away and then we can think about it in a way that isn't through the lens of fear, right? And I think that's the power there is that it's permissive of approaching something, contemplating something, you know, a different, a novelty. As we talk about a de novo approach. And I think that's also why the experience can vary, because you could also see how if you're not thinking about something, right? So there's not a clinical guidance to it.

• 2:01:44Paul Conti?

  You could, you could be in a state where like, I just feel good, right? And I'm thinking about good things and like, that can feel good, right? But it, but that's not necessarily problem solving, right? So the clinical guidance says, hey, let's take that state and do something with it, right? Let's now, now that you're in this state, let's, hey, let's make, hey, well, the sun is shining, right? You're in a state where we can look at things that are traumatic, right? We can approach them from a de novo perspective. And I think it's part, I think that explains why you had these different experiences from one to the other, because your brain is just in a state that's conducive to something, right? But if there's not the, the mechanism to have that thing happen, like conducive to something therapeutic, then you might go there on your own or you might just be in a state where you have a sense of well being

• 2:02:29Paul Conti?

  and, and you sit with that.

• 2:02:32Andrew D. Huberman?

  Which sort of seems like a waste to me. I mean, this is what I tell people when they ask about MDMA. I said, I said, at least from my experience, that the, the potential hazard there is that in that very high dopaminergic, serotonergic state, there were moments where I felt like I could get excited about any one specific concept that I might even just think about. For instance, you know, water and how nourishing it is, and really just go down the path of water and the world and all the water. And you can, you know, you're in a A state that is very prone to suggestion.

• 2:03:04Paul Conti?

  Yes.

• 2:03:04Andrew D. Huberman?

  Internal suggestion. And so the guidance turned out, the guidance from the clinician turned out to be immensely valuable in allowing me to go into my own heads for bits of time, but then also to resurface and share and exchange in a way that to, I'm trying to really get something out of it that was useful and that I could export, because of course, water is wonderful, but I'm not really interested in growing my relationship to water. And I really felt like I could understand for the, I never went to raves or anything. Growing up, I never did MDMA recreationally, but I understood for the first time how people could get really attached to an environment and feel connected to things, because I think with all that serotonin, you just feel connected to everything around you. So I think it's a slippery slope there.

• 2:03:46Andrew D. Huberman?

  And I don't know what the future of the clinical use of MDMA looks like, but I would hope that whoever's thinking about guiding these sessions is really thinking carefully also about evolving the practice to help people really move through in a sequential way, so they can leave with something valuable.

• 2:04:04Paul Conti?

  Yes, 100% and 100%. These are such powerful tools. And if they're powerful tools and we're using them without respect for them, right? Without clinical guidance, we incur risk, right? I mean, you know, getting obsessed with water, well, it probably isn't going to hurt you, right? But if someone is out using it, there's around other people, what one can feel positively about or become sort of obsessed in the short term about can be very counterproductive, right? There can be a lot of risk to that. So I think it anchors back to, these are very powerful tools. We're coming to understand them much, much more, and we're coming to understand that they have immense potential to be helpful to us.

• 2:04:44Paul Conti?

  But I think and hope that that only also increases our respect for those modalities and what can come, what negative can happen if we're not respectful.

• 2:04:57Andrew D. Huberman?

  It's going to be very interesting to see where all of this goes in the next few years, not just in Oregon, but elsewhere. It's, one way or another, it's happening. It seems to have a momentum that is not going to stop. So very exciting area, to be sure.

• 2:05:11Paul Conti?

  I agree.

• 2:05:12Andrew D. Huberman?

  I have a question about language. In your book, you talk about how we need to be careful about the use of language around trauma, maybe problem solving and problem describing in general. You know, on, at one extreme, you hear that your brain and your body hear every word you say, and you know, we have to be so careful with language. And that actually frightened me for a number of years because I would hear that and I thought, gosh, if I just think that something is bad, now it's going to hurt me worse, which itself is part of that whole, you know, packing down of an issue. Very hard to avoid thoughts without distraction. So that's one extreme.

• 2:05:53Andrew D. Huberman?

  On the other hand, you know, I, I can say, I can tell somebody I love them with a tone of hatred. I can tell somebody I hate them with a tone of love. So how should we think about language in parsing trauma? And in your book, you talk about, you give some cautionary notes about talking about depression, trauma, and PTSD in terms that, that might diminish their real severity in some cases. And, and I was really struck by that. So maybe just touch on, you know, how should we talk about these things in a way that doesn't diminish them for ourselves or for other people? And at the same time honors the fact that there's a lot of trauma out there.

• 2:06:36Paul Conti?

  Right.

• 2:06:37Andrew D. Huberman?

  And there's a lot of depression out there and, and we need to talk about it.

• 2:06:40Paul Conti?

  Yeah. I think this is a very complicated and in many ways convoluted topic. Like, I think it's wonderful that we have language, but boy, language leads us astray often too. When you think about how we, how people define words, like what, what, someone says a word, what is it? Does a person know what that word means? What nuance are they taking from it? We just have to be very careful what we're saying and what we're communicating. And I think this doesn't mean, because you know, there's a sort of... Phenomenon now where people are trying to control language, I think, too much. Like, you can't say anything that someone else might find hurtful. You have to refer to people in ways they choose to be referred to, even if those are ways that others don't understand, or ways they themselves have decided,

• 2:07:24Paul Conti?

  or ways that might be psychologically or clinically unhelpful. So I think the over-control of language is not good. But I think the specificity of language, of what are we trying to say? How are we defining it? Even the word "trauma," right? We're talking about trauma, so we wanted to find what that means, right? It doesn't just mean, like, anything kind of negative, right? Because then that dilutes it down to meaning nothing, right? It also doesn't just mean, you know, injury in combat, right? We have to talk about what that is. So I think anchoring it to something that rises to the magnitude of overwhelming our coping skills and changing us, like, then at least I define it that way, and I can communicate that to you, and we can understand what we're talking about, right? I think that another aspect of language,

• 2:08:09Paul Conti?

  while, again, we need this middle ground, and I don't think that it is okay for the over-control of language to shut down expression, but we also have to acknowledge, you know, how we're so much less distant from each other through social media. And I think social media can do very, very good things, as hopefully we're doing now, right? But it can also be used to harm people from a distance, right? And how much hatefulness is there out there that I think comes from anger and frustration in people? Again, back to trauma, right? Where people just want to be angry, and it's not really issues that they're talking about, but then there's a target of that anger. And, and, you know, people feel beleaguered by that.

• 2:08:51Paul Conti?

  And the words that people use sometimes are so awful that someone reading that, like, if you're in the demographic that's being targeted, right? And you're reading that, I mean, how does a person not feel, not feel... Be set upon, vulnerable, right? And then I think that also fuels, you know, things like we just had this terrible shooting in Buffalo, right? Like just hate motivated, right? And I think that, because that kind of language becomes very real to people who may take it in. It fuels their hate and then they do something to enact it, which of course creates greater fear and vulnerability. And I think there was some civility and decorum that was in our world not that long ago, right? I mean, you know, I'm in my early 50s. I'm not that old, right?

• 2:09:36Paul Conti?

  But I remember a time when, when in political discourse, say, people were civil to one another, right? Now, so much, I mean, it's not all of it, right? But there's an acceptance of things that are just bombastic, right? It's like it's a circus sideshow sometimes of, of people being just angry and aggressive. And, and it's not really linked to anything, although it's allegedly linked to something. But then other people's anger can attach to it. And it's not about what it's about, but it's about aligning with the anger. And, and I think that there is so much damage that comes from that. And, and I think, you know, should we have, should it be okay that people sometimes are talking, communicating, using language in ways that would like

• 2:10:20Paul Conti?

  get us suspended from middle school, right? Ways I don't want my eight-year-old to see. I mean, is that really okay? Or do we need to take a stand for rational use of language? I don't want my use of language to be over-controlled by someone who thinks they sort of understand better than the rest of us, how to communicate with us. Okay, I don't want that. What's stereotypically a sort of idea of the left, say, right? At least in our society. But I also don't want language, it can be so angry and so aggressive that it is perpetuating or spreading vulnerability and that it facilitates trauma. And, and I think we could set standards as a society where we say, look, I don't, I don't want anybody in power who's, who's going to behave that way, right?

• 2:11:05Paul Conti?

  I don't care if their whole agenda is like, make Paul Conti's life better. I'm still not going to vote for you, right? If you're behaving towards others in a way that's denigrating, you're behaving in a way that I feel essentially ashamed of, right? And, and I feel that a lot, right? See the politics. You know, I see things play out. It's not always political, of course, not always political, but I see things play out and I think, oh, my gosh, I feel embarrassed. Like, we're somehow okay with this. Well, it doesn't matter which side of the political spectrum it's coming to. And I think that's an indicator that what we're doing is really hurtful to us. People become more angry. They attach to the anger. People feel more beleaguer. There's more divisions between us. And it seems more and more like, well, we can only really identify

• 2:11:49Paul Conti?

  with people who are just like us. And like, what does that really mean? I mean, the divisions that it creates between us. And that, you know, that promotes so many negative things, right? I mean, think about ways in which it promotes white supremacy, right? It's just one example, right? And we've seen that play out, that this is really bad for us. And we've got to look at that. I mean, if we don't look at that, I don't think it's always something is going to happen. Like, something is happening, right? It's happening now.

• 2:12:16Andrew D. Huberman?

  Yeah, and it really, to my mind, it really seeps down into the soil of everything that we're talking about on all sides.

• 2:12:24Paul Conti?

  Yes.

• 2:12:25Andrew D. Huberman?

  People are activated. People are upset about one thing or the other.

• 2:12:30Paul Conti?

  Right.

• 2:12:31Andrew D. Huberman?

  Right? No one is immune from upset, regardless of political affiliation. And everybody seems to be upset nowadays. And as I was hearing you talk about this, I feel a lot of resonance with what you said. And I also am hoping you run for office.

• 2:12:46Paul Conti?

  Thank you. I don't think I have the gumption for that, but thank you for that.

• 2:12:52Andrew D. Huberman?

  That would be wonderful.

• 2:12:53Paul Conti?

  Thank you.

• 2:12:54Andrew D. Huberman?

  I'd like to talk about a concept of taking care of oneself. This comes up in the book.

• 2:13:01Paul Conti?

  Yes.

• 2:13:01Andrew D. Huberman?

  And this is something we talk a lot about on this podcast. I mean, I think people have heard me blab endlessly. And I'll probably go into the grave telling people to get sunlight in their eyes when they can, and to try and get proper sleep, and to have a few tools for reducing their anxiety in real time, and on and on and on. You know, we hear about this concept of taking care of oneself. And I think at a surface level, it can sound a little bit light, you know? Oh, take care, take care, take good care, you know, we... But to me, it's a deep and powerful concept. And I was very happy to see it in your book, and also to learn a lot of...

• 2:13:39Paul Conti?

  Thank you.

• 2:13:41Andrew D. Huberman?

  Of ideas about what that really looks like. Because whether or not somebody is in the early stages of considering whether or not they have trauma, or is in the deep stages of working that through, or has made it through the tunnel some distance, taking one care of oneself is an ongoing process.

• 2:14:00Andrew D. Huberman?

  I'd love for you to just describe what taking care of oneself means to you as a clinician. And of course, the practices and things that you encourage people to do, but, but how we should, how should we think about taking care of oneself? Because on one extreme, you could imagine massages or treats, vacations, and chefs for hire that take care of everything for ourselves. And on the other extreme, you could say, you know, leaning into life in a way that you're paying attention to small things while working very, very hard. So it's such a big concept, but how, how do you think about taking care of oneself? How should I take care of myself? How should people take care of themselves?

• 2:14:42Paul Conti?

  Sure. I see here what I think is a very fascinating dichotomy, right? That in some ways, like think about how complex our brains are, right? How complex our psyches, our unconscious minds are. There's so much complexity there. But on the other hand, psychological concepts that are consistent with health are often very simple, right? Which, by which I don't mean light, right? But, but simple, straightforward, right? And I think self-care is absolutely one of them. I mean, how much is talked about, how to take care of oneself? That just skips over the basics that are necessary as a building block for all else. Or it doesn't matter how many chefs or vacations or whatever a person has, if the basics of self-care aren't squared away.

• 2:15:26Paul Conti?

  And it's not a light concept to say, like, look, are you sleeping enough, right? Are you eating well? Are you getting natural light? Are you interacting with people who are good to interact with, right? Are you accepting negative interactions in your life? Are you living in circumstances that make you feel okay or not? They're very, very basic premises, but so often, we're not looking at them at all, right? We're not looking at them at all, because we tend to skip over them. And we tend to skip over them either because, again, in some automatic way that sometimes is trauma-driven, or we're not going to look at. That, right, and often not taking care of ourselves can have the punishment,

• 2:16:08Paul Conti?

  distraction, right, there's so much that can come into that. Or our sense of power is tied to not taking care of ourselves. I mean, I'll give you an example is I tend to, for whatever reason, do reasonably well with very poor self-care, right? And like, that was very adaptive when I was in some medical training, right? And I'm like, okay, I can, I can eat a lot today, I can not eat, right? I can sleep two hours, I can sleep eight, right? I mean, overall, that's not good. And it hasn't been good for me as I've aged. But then I realized at some point, look, I'm doing all these things to make myself healthier, but like, what, I ignore that, right? And why am I ignoring it? That was a key question. Why am I ignoring it? Because somewhere inside of me, as it was, and still to some extent is,

• 2:16:52Paul Conti?

  this idea that my ability to be really functional, right? To generate success in the world around me is tied to my ability to do that, right? That, oh, but if I stop doing that, and now I'm like, I'm eating and sleeping regularly, then I'm gonna lose some edge. And so, and even I think about this all the time, but I realize, hey, I'm also, I'm not doing it inside, you know? And, and I think it's really grounding to the basics that really help us of like, what are the basics of what I'm doing and not doing in my life? Diet, exercise, sleep, people, circumstances, leisure activities, I mean, sunlight. I mean, I think immensely important and dramatically undervalued.

• 2:17:32Andrew D. Huberman?

  I want to thank you for that, and I want to thank you for today's discussion. I found it to be incredibly informative, and I know our listeners will also. I also want to thank you for the work you do. I mean, you obviously run an incredibly robust clinical practice that I'm aware that you're constantly trying to improve, even though it's operating at the highest levels already.

• 2:17:54Paul Conti?

  I appreciate that.

• 2:17:55Andrew D. Huberman?

  And I really, the reason why you're here today is because I, I've done a wide and deep search for people in these areas, and there are so few who have the background in medical training and physiology in the psychoanalytic and psychiatric realm, and also have a grounding toward the future, you know, what's coming? And who can encapsulate so many different orientations and bring them together into a coherent piece. So I really, thank you. Yeah, and for your book, which is incredible, I We'll go on record saying, I think this is the definitive book on trauma.

• 2:18:36Paul Conti?

  Wow.

• 2:18:36Andrew D. Huberman?

  And I really encourage people to read it. And we'll continue to encourage people to read it. It's so many valuable takeaways and insights and tools there. So on behalf of the listeners and myself, thank you so much for joining us today.

• 2:18:51Paul Conti?

  You're very welcome, and I take that to heart, and I'm very appreciative of being here. So you're very welcome, and thank you as well.

• 2:18:58Andrew D. Huberman?

  Thank you. Thank you for joining me for my discussion with Dr. Paul Conti. I also highly recommend that you explore his new book, which is Trauma: The Invisible Epidemic. How Trauma Works and How We Can Heal From It. It's an exceptional resource, both for those that have trauma and those that don't have trauma, or those that suspect they might have trauma. Again, it's a deep dive into what trauma is and offers many simple tools that anyone can apply with a therapist or not in order to heal from trauma. And if you'd like to learn more about Dr. Conti and the work he does directly with patients, please check out his website, pacificpremiergroup.com. We've also provided a link to both the book and pacificpremiergroup.com in the show note captions.

• 2:19:42Andrew D. Huberman?

  If you're learning from and/or enjoying this podcast, please subscribe to our YouTube channel. That's a terrific, zero-cost way to support us. In addition, please subscribe to the podcast on both Spotify and Apple. And on both Spotify and Apple, you can also leave us up to a five-star review. On YouTube, you can leave us comments or suggestions about content that you'd like us to cover, as well as suggestions of future guests that you'd like us to host on the podcast. We do read all those comments. Please also check out the sponsors mentioned at the beginning of today's episode. That is the best way to support this podcast. Not so much in today's episode, but in many previous episodes of the Huberman Lab Podcast, we discuss supplements. While supplements aren't necessary for everybody, many people derive tremendous benefit from them

• 2:20:25Andrew D. Huberman?

  for things like improving the transition time and the depth of sleep each night, for improving focus, for managing anxiety, and for many other aspects of mental health, physical health, and performance. For that reason, the Huberman Lab Podcast has partnered with Momentous Supplements, because first off, they are of the very highest quality. They also ship internationally, which many other supplement companies do not. And we wanted to have a one-stop location where people could find and access the supplements that are discussed on the Huberman Lab podcast. So if you go to livemomentous.com/huberman, you will find many of the supplements that are commonly discussed on the Huberman Lab podcast. I should just mention that the catalog of supplements there will be expanding in the

• 2:21:07Andrew D. Huberman?

  weeks and months to follow, but already a number of them for sleep and focus and other aspects of mental health, physical health and performance are already there at livemomentous.com/huberman. If you're not already following Huberman Lab on Instagram and Twitter, please do so. There I cover science and science-based tools, some of which overlaps with the content of the Huberman Lab podcast, but much of which is distinct from the information covered on the Huberman Lab podcast. We also have a newsletter called the Neural Network Newsletter where we offer distilled information, so lists of protocols and key takeaways from podcast episodes. If you want to sign up for the newsletter, all it requires is your email. Please know that we do not share your email with anybody. We have a very clear privacy policy. You can find all that by going to hubermanlab.com.

• 2:21:51Andrew D. Huberman?

  There's a menu there where you can sign up for the Neural Network Newsletter. You can also immediately get access to some example newsletters, so you know what the newsletter is all about. So thank you once again for joining me for my discussion with Dr. Paul Conti. And last, but certainly not least, thank you for your interest in science.