Cloud atlas

It’s surprisingly hard to predict how clouds form, move, and change, but it’s essential to try. Because how clouds react to a warming world helps determine how hot our future will be. (Originally aired in 2021) Guests: Vox contributor Umair Irfan, scientists Scott M. Collis, Angeline Pendergrass, and author Gavin Pretor-Pinney For show transcripts, go to ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠vox.com/unxtranscripts⁠⁠⁠ ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠For more, go to ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠vox.com/unexplainable⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ And please email us! ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠[email protected]⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ We read every email. Support Unexplainable (and get ad-free episodes) by becoming a Vox Member today: ⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠vox.com/members⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠⁠ Thank you! Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:01Speaker 00

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• 1:28Speaker 02

  Hi, I'm Christian Ialla, and I'm the sound designer for Unexplainable. This episode is one of the first ones that I worked on when I joined the team. Imagine showing up to a new job and someone asking you to figure out what a cloud sounds like. And not just a cloud, lots of clouds. Fluffy clouds, stormy clouds, all kinds of clouds. People kept comparing the clouds to the ocean, so I added the sound of waves. But it didn't quite have the right texture. So after some thinking, I settled on adding some lava bubbles to sell the slow-moving nature of clouds. Look out for this while you listen to the episode. Enjoy.

• 2:18Speaker 03

  I had flown many different aircraft and planes for the Air Force, but never had the opportunity to fly an aircraft that's kind of in that World War II era, you know, 1949 vintage.

• 2:34Speaker 03

  Big old propeller, big old radial engine on the front. Once the storm started to form, we would get notified that the storms were starting to build in this area to get ready, and so we'd prop the aircraft. And when it was time to launch, then we'd fire it up and then take off. And then you kind of look ahead and see this huge towering cumulonimbus ahead of you. That's, I mean, to me, that's the ultimate cloud, the cumulonimbus, the thunderstorm. It's capable of so much power and so much beauty at the same time. And it can boil, you know, with the updraft. It just looks like it's alive. You briefly ask yourself, "I can't believe I'm gonna go fly through this thing." That is no place for an aircraft to fly, but this aircraft was modified.

• 3:17Speaker 03

  It was capable, it did it for over 30 years. So to me, it was not about the adrenaline, it was about getting the opportunity to witness the power, the beauty, the strength of severe weather from inside a thunderstorm. And not many people have had that opportunity. We would aim right for it, it would be sunny and calm on the outside, and then as soon as you hit that wall, the aircraft would start to rise on its own. We could keep climbing at 2,000 feet per minute. This is when you would really find out if you didn't have your straps tightened down. Lots of rain and hail, and that was one thing that was just remarkable to me,

• 3:59Speaker 03

  was just how noisy it was, how loud the hail was when you got into the hail shaft.

• 4:06Speaker 03

  And as charge built up on the aircraft... It starts creating what we call St. Elmo's Fire from the communication antenna. And so you start hearing this buzzing sound over the radio. And it increases its intensity and its frequency the more charged it builds up. And turn up, bam. There'd be a bright flash. And when it attaches to the pillar, that plasma flows right over you. It doesn't get inside the aircraft because the aircraft's metal and it acts like a Faraday cage. And it usually didn't do any damage except for just melting a little bit of metal on the trailing edge of the tail or wing or put a little pit on the propeller.

• 4:49Speaker 03

  So we'd continue out the forward flank of the storm and eventually break out of the storm. Get out of the storm, assess how the engine is doing. And then we'd set up and do 180 degree turn and go back and do it again.

• 5:19Noam Hassenfeld?

  It's unexplainable. No, I'm Hassan Feld. And I'm here with Umair Irfan, Vox Science reporter. And obviously, my first question after listening to that is, why is this guy flying an old tiny plane straight into a thunderstorm?

• 5:33Speaker 05

  Well, it turns out that even though clouds are ubiquitous and found everywhere on Earth, there's still a lot we don't know about them. Sometimes the best way to actually understand what's going on is to go straight into the middle of them. So I decided to start talking to a bunch of cloud scientists about this. And well, one of the first things you learn talking to cloud scientists is they really love clouds.

• 5:53Speaker 06

  It is amazing how much science you can do just by looking at clouds.

• 5:59Speaker 01

  I love deep corrective clouds. Those are the really puffy and tall and juicy clouds that happen all the time in the tropics.

• 6:06Speaker 07

  The asperitas cloud, it looks like crazy waves, as if you're beneath the sea snorkeling and you're looking up on a really rough and turbulent day.

• 6:16Speaker 06

  Momatus is this droopy, angular kind of cloud. And when you get a sunset and those warm red colors of the sunset reflect on the bottom of a momatus cloud, it looks like looking into the mouth of a giant.

• 6:32Speaker 05

  Clouds are where the rubber meets the road in terms of weather. You know, things like rainfall, things like temperature, wind. A lot of that is mediated and governed by cloud formation, where the clouds are and how quickly they move. So, understanding them is to fill in a crucial blank with whether we have enough water available to grow crops, or if we lose clouds in a given area, will that cause heat to accumulate in that area? So, a lot of our real world interactions, a lot of the things that we do day to day, are affected by clouds in really profound ways.

• 7:05Noam Hassenfeld?

  Okay, so clouds are really important. They impact crops and rainfall and temperature, but are they unexplainable? Like, what do we still not know about them?

• 7:16Speaker 05

  Well, it's really hard to anticipate them. You know, because they are so important, we really want to be able to get ahead of them. And, right now, there's still a lot that we're still trying to figure out. You know, at the molecular scale, you know, we understand basically how cloud particles form, and then at the overall planetary scale, we kind of understand how clouds spread over continents and over the oceans. But connecting those in the middle, that's really difficult, and without being able to connect those dots there, it's really hard to predict how clouds are going to form and the effects that they're going to have on us.

• 7:49Noam Hassenfeld?

  Okay, so we've got this small-scale understanding, this very large-scale understanding. We're sort of missing the connective tissue there. Let's start small. What exactly is a cloud? Like, what's the stuff of a cloud?

• 8:03Speaker 05

  It's pretty simple. You know, it's just water vapor condensing around a tiny particle.

• 8:10Speaker 06

  Tiny, tiny little particles we call aerosols.

• 8:14Speaker 05

  I talked to Scott Collis, who's this atmospheric scientist at Argonne National Laboratory.

• 8:19Speaker 06

  Aerosols are about one millionth of one meter in diameter. So, these things are absolutely tiny, and they act as a surface that water can condense onto and make droplets.

• 8:35Speaker 05

  So it can be a piece of dust. It can be salt spray from the ocean. It can be pollen. It can even be pollution. And it can be synthetic chemicals that, you know, people deliberately try to seed clouds with.

• 8:46Noam Hassenfeld?

  That's interesting because I would have thought of a cloud as a gas. And you're basically telling me that a cloud is actually a mixture of solids and liquids, like solids at the core and liquids kind of coalescing around those small solids.

• 9:04Speaker 05

  Right.

• 9:04Noam Hassenfeld?

  That's really weird.

• 9:06Speaker 05

  I mean, if you think about it, if you look up at a cloud, they look almost weightless.

• 9:09Noam Hassenfeld?

  Yeah.

• 9:10Speaker 05

  But if you were to imagine, say, a cloud that's, you know, a kilometer on each side, like, say, a cubic cloud that's like 1 kilometer on each side, that's about a million pounds of water right there.

• 9:20Noam Hassenfeld?

  Huh.

• 9:21Speaker 05

  You know, we're talking, you know, ponds and lakes worth of water directly above your head. And the very low density of it helps keep it afloat in the air.

• 9:29Noam Hassenfeld?

  We got, I just, I just am kind of astounded at the fact, like, I get why a bunch of gas could stay above us and not fall down. But if you're telling me that there's a bunch of solids and liquids in the sky that are the amount of water as a pond, and it is not falling on me all the time, like, how?

• 9:50Speaker 05

  I mean, it's, it's the amount of water even as giant rivers. Like, there's more water in the air above the Amazon than there is in the Amazon River. Yeah. It's a tremendous volume of water, you know? Like, every tree in the rainforest can move about a bathtub's worth of water into the air every day. And they effectively help generate about half of the rainfall in the rainforest. So the trees are kind of watering themselves.

• 10:14Noam Hassenfeld?

  How does the water, like, stay up there?

• 10:19Speaker 05

  Think about like a spray bottle, right? Like, if you've ever used like a mister, that water doesn't necessarily fall out of the air. Now, if you could make those particles that come out of a mister even smaller, they can stay suspended in the air for a very long time.

• 10:31Noam Hassenfeld?

  Huh.

• 10:32Speaker 05

  But, you know, we can have those ingredients and still not get clouds. You know, you can have dust in the air and still have it where the atmospheric conditions won't lead to cloud formation. And it's, it's really hard to tell exactly what that is because it can change from moment to moment, from place to place.

• 10:48Noam Hassenfeld?

  Okay, so clouds are made up of tiny bits of water that surround particles. And if being able to predict how they move and form is so important, how do scientists go from this kind of small-scale understanding to larger-scale questions like predictions?

• 11:05Speaker 05

  Well, I talked to the scientist about just that. You know, this is a scientist named Angie Pendergrass. She's a climate physicist at Cornell University. And she told me that the moment you start talking about more than one droplet, it gets really complicated really quickly.

• 11:18Speaker 01

  There's just these hard limits to what it is that you can say, especially about the specifics of how things are going to change in the future.

• 11:27Speaker 05

  Angie describes these as, you know, billions of droplets moving together, kind of like a double pendulum.

• 11:34Speaker 01

  So if you have a pendulum hanging from another pendulum, and you start spinning one of them, you stop being able to predict what it's going to do.

• 11:44Speaker 05

  You've got these layers and layers of complexity that keep building up.

• 11:47Speaker 01

  And you can't know what it's going to do because small differences grow really quickly and dominate the system.

• 11:56Speaker 05

  So when you have these layers of complexity building on each other, it becomes harder and harder to model and predict what's going to happen next.

• 12:03Speaker 01

  When you have a really small effect, it grows.

• 12:06Speaker 05

  So then these tiny subtle changes that happen at the microscopic level suddenly become really, really difficult to scale up. And they have huge effects as they ripple out from the microscopic level to meters and kilometers and then over entire continents.

• 12:21Speaker 01

  The atmosphere is chaotic. And when you make one tiny change, that can grow exponentially and change everything.

• 12:32Noam Hassenfeld?

  So you're saying, basically, we can't necessarily predict what kind of effect pumping a certain gas into the atmosphere in one place might have on rainfall or weather in a different place?

• 12:43Speaker 05

  It's really difficult. And right now, it's beyond a lot of our capabilities. I mean, I'll give you an example, you know, think about the boundaries of a cloud.

• 12:52Speaker 01

  So like when you're underneath a cloud and you see its bottom, it looks pretty solid and it looks pretty flat a lot of times, but really it's a lot more complicated than it looks.

• 13:02Speaker 05

  You know, it's not as though there's a sudden line where you go from cloud to not cloud, you know, the atmosphere is filled with water vapor. And so it's this constant churn of evaporation, condensation, movement, freezing, thawing, all happening at the boundaries and within these clouds.

• 13:18Speaker 01

  It's not quite always clear what even you mean by a cloud and it's not always what it looks like it might be.

• 13:26Noam Hassenfeld?

  I wonder if this is an appropriate analogy, but it almost makes me think of like a wave in an ocean, thinking of a wave as like a thing, but it's almost the rest of the ocean may be coming into a certain shape, but there's not necessarily a moment where the wave becomes the rest of the ocean.

• 13:45Speaker 05

  That's right. You know, scientists kind of describe these things as emergent phenomenon. And this is this idea that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, or behaves in a different way. So if you were to look at an individual water droplet, you would expect some very predictable behaviors, you know, how it would roll or how it would move around in space if it was like a suspended aerosol. But when they're all aggregated together in clouds, those properties begin to shift and change. Then they began to behave as an aggregate. Clouds then move together, they fuse and they create layers in the sky, or they form columns where they move up and down, or they condense and that water then precipitates out of the sky as rain and snow. So it has all these other properties that you wouldn't

• 14:29Speaker 05

  necessarily be able to extrapolate from just its constituent parts. And that's why you have to look at clouds both at a very tiny scale, but then also at this massive scale over kilometers and even over continents to fully grasp the influence that they're having on the planet. And clouds, you know, while they have important effects in the near term over the course of days and weeks in our lives, they also have an even bigger effect over the long term. And that's where the picture gets even more complicated, particularly if you're concerned about climate change.

• 15:07Noam Hassenfeld?

  Clouds might mitigate climate change, but they also have the potential to make it worse. We just don't really know which outcome we're going to get. That's after the break.

• 15:20Speaker 00

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• 18:43Speaker 06

  Popular pie plant pictured here.

• 18:51Noam Hassenfeld?

  All right, Wednesday morning cloudy with a chance of unexplainable.

• 18:57Noam Hassenfeld?

  Umer, we're back. In the first half, you were talking about how clouds are this sort of... Hard to explain emergent phenomenon. I mean, we know what they are on a very, very granular level, but it's very hard to really explain how they move and change and behave. And you left off on this note of how difficult it is to predict the future and what impact that could have on climate change. So what are we talking about here? Like, what is the potential impact of clouds on climate change?

• 19:27Speaker 05

  So there's a lot of far-reaching effects that are going to change depending on how the clouds change as the climate warms up. You know, if you look at climate models, one of the biggest sources of uncertainty is what humans will do, whether we will actually get our act together and curb greenhouse gas emissions or just keep doing what we're doing. But after that, clouds are almost always the largest source of uncertainty in those models.

• 19:49Noam Hassenfeld?

  So where could this cloud uncertainty take us?

• 19:52Speaker 05

  Well, it can go in two directions. You know, you can see clouds that make climate change worse and enhance warming, or you can see clouds that sort of offset it and mitigate some of those effects.

• 20:02Noam Hassenfeld?

  Oh, so clouds could actually like help us out on global warming?

• 20:05Speaker 05

  That's right. Scott Colas, the atmospheric scientist we heard from earlier, explained this pretty well.

• 20:10Speaker 06

  So the basic way our climate works and climate change works is visible light comes in, heats the surface of the planet, and some of that radiation gets radiated back to space. Now, low clouds that sit very close to the surface of the Earth and look very white and fluffy, that are mainly made up of liquid water, they do a really good job of reflecting that incoming solar radiation back out into space.

• 20:37Noam Hassenfeld?

  Okay, so the low-altitude clouds might be like, I don't know, wearing white on a hot day in the summer? Like, keeping the heat out, reflecting it?

• 20:46Speaker 05

  Right. On the other hand, when you have some of the more high-altitude clouds.

• 20:50Speaker 06

  You know, above 30,000, 40,000 feet in the Earth's atmosphere are mainly made of ice. And they can actually appear to be kind of translucent. They let some of that sunlight through, but they're very effective at blocking the outgoing infrared radiation, so they act more like a blanket.

• 21:08Noam Hassenfeld?

  So you're saying more high-altitude clouds, more heat on the planet, right?

• 21:12Speaker 05

  Yeah.

• 21:13Noam Hassenfeld?

  And I guess the issue is here that we don't really know. On a large scale, whether we're going to get more of these blanket clouds or more of these cooling clouds?

• 21:23Speaker 05

  It could quite easily go either way.

• 21:25Noam Hassenfeld?

  Right.

• 21:25Speaker 05

  It can go both ways at the same time. You know, we've only really been measuring clouds and observing them scientifically in an era where we've been also modifying them extensively. Like, we've been doing this since the Industrial Revolution, when humans have been pumping greenhouse gases into the air as well as pollution. We don't have a good sense of what clouds were like before humans started drastically interfering in the atmosphere. And that's because we don't really have a good record of clouds. There's no fossil record. We have ice cores that we can use to sample the atmosphere from decades, centuries, and millennia ago. We have tree rings that we can use to look at rainfall patterns. We can look at the geological record. But clouds themselves, they have barely a footprint.

• 22:09Noam Hassenfeld?

  Right.

• 22:10Speaker 05

  And so we don't really know what they looked like and how they behaved before we started spewing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, before we started emitting particles of soot and sulfur from our industrial facilities.

• 22:24Noam Hassenfeld?

  It's almost like if scientists are trying to predict how clouds will change over time and how that'll impact climate change, they don't really have a before picture.

• 22:34Speaker 05

  Exactly, and that makes it really hard to get a sense of what we're doing to the planet now. We don't really have something to compare it to. We've only seen it under our influence. And the best records we have to go on are just what people told us back in the past.

• 22:52Speaker 05

  For instance, sailors and navigators for a long time keep very accurate track of weather because, you know, weather and wind is very important for sailing.

• 23:01Speaker 06

  And so now scientists are really trying to delve back into old handwritten records, especially from ships' logs, to try to understand pre-industrial cloudiness.

• 23:13Speaker 05

  We have maritime shipping logs going back centuries that some researchers are working on digitizing so they can actually get a sample of what clouds were like over the ocean hundreds of years ago.

• 23:25Noam Hassenfeld?

  Hmm.

• 23:26Speaker 05

  You know, like even sailing. Sailors legends about like how they look for certain types of clouds as heralds of bad weather or good weather.

• 23:33Noam Hassenfeld?

  Red sky in morning sailors take warning, red sky at night sailors delight.

• 23:36Speaker 05

  Exactly. And you know, there's truth to that.

• 23:39Speaker 06

  You're really looking for those high cirrus clouds, usually generated, they're created by thunderstorms. When a thunderstorm happens, the vertical winds in that storm push up water vapor and cloud droplets and ice. So if you see that cirrus cloud coming to you in the morning, you know, you've probably got a storm coming at you.

• 24:03Speaker 05

  Another thing that some scientists have suggested we should look at is art and literature.

• 24:08Noam Hassenfeld?

  Hmm. What do you, what do you mean? Like how people wrote about clouds?

• 24:11Speaker 05

  Well, exactly.

• 24:12Speaker 07

  They have been rich metaphors and rich inspiration for poets and artists throughout the ages.

• 24:20Speaker 05

  This is Gavin Pretor-Pinney. He is the founder of the Cloud Appreciation Society, a group with more than 55,000 members across the world.

• 24:27Noam Hassenfeld?

  The Cloud Appreciation Society?

• 24:29Speaker 05

  Oh yeah, there's a lot to appreciate about clouds. And one thing that he built my appreciation for is just how profoundly clouds have influenced art and literature and culture.

• 24:39Speaker 07

  You can see carvings on stones in Mexico showing cumulonimbus storm clouds with recognizable features to them, you know, thousands of years old.

• 24:53Speaker 05

  Like, you know, how were clouds depicted in paintings from centuries ago? Does that provide a useful signal?

• 25:00Speaker 07

  You know, zoom right forward to the romantics of the 19th century and you have landscape painters like John Constable said that the sky is the chief organ of sentiment in a landscape.

• 25:15Speaker 05

  Have you heard of that painting, The Scream by Edvard Munch?

• 25:18Noam Hassenfeld?

  Yeah.

• 25:18Speaker 05

  The Norwegian painter?

• 25:19Noam Hassenfeld?

  Yeah, I love The Scream. It's sort of like the predecessor to Macaulay Culkin in Home Alone.

• 25:24Speaker 05

  Exactly.

• 25:24Noam Hassenfeld?

  With his hands on his cheeks, kind of looking like a, like a ghost skeleton.

• 25:28Speaker 05

  Well, if you look past the eerie skull shaped character in the front and into the background, you can see these vivid red streaks in the sky. And some scientists say that this was Actually, what the sky looked like in Norway about a decade before he painted this. This was due to the Krakatoa volcano eruption that spewed soot into the air all over the world and caused these amazing sunsets. Now, some scientists dispute that. They say the time gap was too large. Others will say that this is actually another type of cloud that you actually see in the northern latitudes called Nakarius clouds that are actually seen in and around Arctic and polar regions that actually reflect sunlight in these vivid colors.

• 26:06Noam Hassenfeld?

  Seriously?

• 26:07Speaker 05

  So this may have actually been an early depiction of a phenomenon that we've only now begun to appreciate.

• 26:13Noam Hassenfeld?

  So some people might be looking at that Munch painting and seeing, oh, wow, this is just some really weird portrayals of clouds with this sort of like red, orange, yellow colors. And then other people might be like, oh, no, he's totally serious. Like, that's actually what the clouds were like then.

• 26:30Speaker 05

  Well, maybe in that particular moment or that specific memory that he was evoking.

• 26:34Noam Hassenfeld?

  I mean, that's fascinating.

• 26:35Speaker 05

  But the other thing to caveat is, of course, this is art and there is some artistic license.

• 26:39Speaker 07

  Paintings and art, they're constructed a lot of the time. You know, they're not photographs of the sky. They don't give you a real indication of how many of them there were, how often they were around. All these quantifiable factors, which are important in understanding how our climate has changed. We get glimpses at the sky throughout history, but that's all we can get from human culture, really.

• 27:07Noam Hassenfeld?

  So what have scientists learned from all of these glimpses of cloud history?

• 27:12Speaker 05

  I think we, I mean, I think it's a process right now, like especially with like the digitization of nautical records.

• 27:18Speaker 07

  The impossible to read handwriting of the crew of some whaling ship in the 18th century to try and pick out references to the weather.

• 27:31Speaker 05

  It's going to take time to actually get enough useful information out of them. Eventually, you know, you could use this to sort of put together a picture, a spotty picture, but a picture nonetheless of what the oceans and the skies looked like centuries ago.

• 27:47Noam Hassenfeld?

  You know, it strikes me, Mair, that we're talking here about how there's so much we don't know about how clouds might change and behave in the future. There's probably even more we don't know about how clouds behaved in the past. Where does that leave us right now?

• 28:04Speaker 05

  I think it should leave us here with a little bit of humility to understand that, you know, there's a lot we still don't know and that there's still some things beyond our control. But it should also give us, you know, inspiration and motivation to study this further, that we know that clouds are going to be something that's hugely consequential for us, that these are really important blank spaces that we really need to fill in, and we should, you know, redouble our efforts to try to understand them.

• 28:32Speaker 07

  Our relationship with our atmosphere is a crucially important one going forward. And one way to help that is to be more connected to the atmosphere, to realize that we don't live beneath the sky, we live within it. And the sky is an ocean that we inhabit. We just happen to live on the bed of that ocean.

• 28:59Speaker 05

  So, once you start appreciating clouds, you start appreciating your role in the world and your role as both an observer and a participant in the atmosphere.

• 29:08Speaker 07

  And so, what we put into that ocean is not something separate from us. It's not something that happens above us. It is something that happens to us.

• 29:18Speaker 05

  And that may help you sort of center yourself in the world.

• 29:22Speaker 07

  When you notice out of the corner of your eye, something interesting or beautiful appear above you, be prepared to stop and look up. Just allow your imagination to drift along with the breeze for a few moments. To do that, to have a few moments with your head in the clouds, helps you keep your feet on the ground.

• 29:51Speaker 00

  Thanks to all the cloud experts we heard from in today's episode: Tom Warner, our fearless flyer from the beginning; Scott Collis, Angie Pendergrass, and Gavin Pritter-Penny. This episode was produced and co-reported by me, Meredith Adenot, and edited by Brian Ryan Resnick, Bird Pinkerton, Gillian Weinberger, and Noam, who also made the music. We had sound design and mixing from Christian Ayala. Mandy Nguyen did the fact check for this episode, and Liz Kelly Nelson is the VP of Vox Audio. If you want some juicy, undulating pictures of clouds, video of Tom Warner's plane getting hit by lightning, or more information on the Cloud Appreciation Society, sign up for our newsletter. You can do that at vox.com/unexplainable.

• 30:36Speaker 00

  And send us your thoughts on the show. Email us at [email protected]. We read every email, and we'd love to hear what you're thinking. And if you like the show, tell a friend. Leave us a review or a rating. Do whatever you can to help bring new Unexplainable listeners into the fold. Unexplainable is a part of the Vox Media Podcast Network. Thank you for listening.

• 31:21Speaker 03

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• 31:50Speaker 01

  LinkedIn is pretty amazing at helping you grow your small business. We cannot stop your new clients from emailing you at 3 a.m.

• 31:59Speaker 01

  We can help you sell, market, and hire in one place. We cannot help you be in three places at once. And while we can't help you organize your calendar, LinkedIn can help you land more clients so you have a calendar to organize. Grow your small business on LinkedIn. Learn more at linkedin.com/smallbusiness.