697. The Troubles: Murder in Belfast (Part 1)

How did the Troubles break out in Northern Ireland in the 1960s, and how far back does the dispute really go? Why did the conflict intensify as it did? And, what did it really mean to be a Catholic in Northern Ireland? Join Dominic and Tom as they discuss one of the darkest and most contentious periods of British history: The Troubles. *The Rest Is History LIVE: The Ultimate Victorian Adventure* The maddest expedition in history and it’s NEVER been heard before on the show: join Tom Holland & Dominic Sandbrook LIVE at the Southbank as they tell the bonkers story of Queen Victoria ordering one of history’s most daring assignments ever. ⁠⁠⁠⁠Tickets available for Friday 4th September⁠⁠⁠⁠, the Saturday show is SOLD OUT. To read our new newsletter, sign up at: ⁠⁠therestishistory.com/newsletters⁠⁠ _______ Advertise with us: ⁠[email protected]⁠ _______ Twitter: @TheRestHistory @holland_tom @dcsandbrook Video Editors: Jack Meek, Harry Swan + Adam Thornton Social Producer: Harry Balden Producers: Tabby Syrett & Aaliyah Akude Senior Producer: Callum Hill Executive Producer: Dom Johnson Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

• 0:03Speaker 00

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• 2:38Speaker 02

  Oh God, we pray for a great smashing of the chains of apostasy in this land. Open the eyes of thy people. Open the eyes of the Protestants of Ulster. Help them to see that through hegemonism, their heritage is being bartered. Their liberties are being sold. And Lord, may they shake the dust from off their feet and come out and join with us in this battle, that we may stand together in the name of the Lord of Hosts.

• 3:23Speaker 02

  We thank thee that thou didst bless the reformers as they fought this battle in the 16th century, as thou blessed the covenanters as they refought this battle in the era of the Puritans. And thou wilt bless us in the 20th century, for God is still the same. And he has not changed, nor ever will. And his truth shall reveal, and his word is quick and powerful and sharper than any two-edged sword.

• 4:06Speaker 02

  And these Irish Presbyterian ministers and Methodist clergymen and Church of Ireland rectors, if they need to be rectified, they would all take us back to Rome. Well, we're not going. We're not going. You can go if you want, but we will not go.

• 4:41Speaker 01

  So to anyone under the age of 40, that will sound as though I have been having a stroke. But to anyone who grew up in the 1970s and 1980s, that I hope will be a very familiar sound because it is the Reverend Ian Paisley, and he was giving a sermon there entitled, Why I Am a Protestant, on the 1st of March, 1965. And Dominic, he was the voice of hardline Protestant Ulster fundamentalism, wasn't he? He was the sworn foe of that whore of Babylon, the Church of Rome, and the champion of the Ulster loyalist cause.

• 5:25Speaker 01

  And the thing that's sensational about Ian Paisley is that, I mean, he really does sound like he is ringing all the Reformation greatest hits. He sounds like he, you know, he stepped out from the pages of a 16th or 17th century anti-Papist tract. But the amazing thing about that, I mean, he made it in the year that Help was released, when London was starting to swing, when the miniskirts were coming out, NASA's preparing to send a mission to the moon, the 60s are turning very, very groovy. But I mean, Ian Paisley, he's not groovy, is he? Whatever else you say about him, he's not groovy.

• 6:07Speaker 00

  No, and I don't think he would wish to be called groovy, Tom. I have to say, that was tremendous. That was a tremendous version of Ian Paisley. So you were, you were riddled with uncharacteristic self-doubt before that recording.

• 6:18Speaker 01

  I've been practising quite a lot this morning.

• 6:20Speaker 00

  I think fair-minded observers would agree. That was tremendous performance.

• 6:24Speaker 01

  I woke up my friend Loz with the stentorian tones of my rhetoric.

• 6:31Speaker 00

  Lying in bed like a slattern.

• 6:36Speaker 01

  That's what I told her.

• 6:38Speaker 00

  Well, we'll come back to Ian Paisley later in this episode. I mean, he is an extraordinary character. I mean, it's amazing to think that he ended up as First Minister of Northern Ireland in coalition with Sinn Féin, by the way.

• 6:47Speaker 01

  Yeah, and they were with Martin McGinnis, wasn't it? They were the Chuckle Brothers, because they just spent the whole time chalking with each other.

• 6:53Speaker 00

  That's a twist, a twist that actually nobody could possibly have expected.

• 6:58Speaker 01

  No.

• 6:58Speaker 00

  Anyway, for four decades or so, his was one of the sort of identifiable trademark voices of a conflict that claimed thousands of lives, including the lives of almost 2,000 entirely innocent civilians, British and Irish. And today, we call this conflict, The Troubles, which is a very euphemistic way to talk about one of the darkest episodes in modern British and indeed Irish history. To give people a massive overview, it began with sectarian rioting in the streets of Northern Ireland, but it escalated into something much more sinister. Effectively, a low-level civil war between rival paramniture groups and the British Army, and indeed murderous bombing campaigns, both in Ireland and in Britain.

• 7:43Speaker 00

  And at the peak of the violence in the early 1970s, which is a period we'll be talking a lot about in this series, almost 500 people were being killed every year and a bomb was going off in Belfast every single day. And the victims of The Troubles included not just British MPs, but as viewers of The Crown will know, the Queen's second cousin, Lord Mountbatten, the last viceroy of India, who was killed by a bomb in 1979. And of course, it also killed shop assistants and barmen and singers and hairdressers and housewives and schoolchildren who were shot and blown up because they had the wrong name or they had the wrong, they belonged to the wrong church, or because they just happened

• 8:26Speaker 00

  to be in the wrong place at the wrong time. So this series is going to look at the first years of The Troubles, how they came and how they reached their peak at the end of 1972. And of course, it is a very contentious subject. I mean, lots of listeners, whether they're British or Irish or indeed from elsewhere, they may have very strong views and they may remember or have people who were involved in the, in the conflict. And Tom, obviously, we should say right at the beginning, we are obviously British and we lived through it, so it's not like we don't have preconceptions. But there are an awful lot of books now about this, written by, you know, very fair-minded, balanced historians, both British and Irish, and indeed people from Northern Ireland. And I think it is actually perfectly possible to try to give a balanced, fairly balanced account, and that's what we're going to try and do.

• 9:11Speaker 01

  I think, I mean, I think that that is true. I think a certain degree of distance has enabled studies of The Troubles.

• 9:19Speaker 00

  Yeah.

• 9:20Speaker 01

  I mean, so there was that brilliant series on the BBC, Once Upon a Time in Northern Ireland, that I just thought was impeccably balanced.

• 9:26Speaker 00

  Yeah.

• 9:26Speaker 01

  And unfair. And I know that you are an impeccably balanced and fair man.

• 9:30Speaker 00

  Oh, that's, that's kind.

• 9:31Speaker 01

  So I look forward to you emulating that.

• 9:34Speaker 00

  Wow, no pressure then. So actually, even where you start the story is a political choice in itself.

• 9:40Speaker 01

  Right, because the coming of the Normans.

• 9:42Speaker 00

  Right, you could go really far back. I mean, a lot of people in Britain, when they tell the story, they sort of assume that the violence just exploded out of nowhere and it was carried out by psychopathic extremists who were motivated by or exploiting ancient hatreds. And it's senseless, inexplicable, all this kind of thing. Now, of course, if you're an Irish nationalist, you would start the story much earlier. You would say, well, you shouldn't start in the 1960s. You should start with, maybe with the Normans arriving in Ireland, maybe with Elizabeth I or Oliver Cromwell, the plantation of Ulster, the importation of tens of thousands of English and Scottish colonists. And they would say, you should start the story there. Unfortunately, we no longer live in a world where the rest of history can do 13-part series, and we have done the story of Ireland before.

• 10:27Speaker 00

  So I think a sensible compromise is if we just pick up the story at the end of our last Irish series that we did, which is the early 20th century. For people who haven't heard this series, at the beginning of the 20th century, in 1900, there are about four and a half million people on the island of Ireland, and they are subjects of the United Kingdom. And most of them, three quarters of them are Catholic and a quarter of them are Protestant. And the Protestants are mostly concentrated in the north eastern part of the island. So that is in the province of Ulster and around the city, the industrial city of Belfast, the place where the Titanic was built. If you want to hear more about that, we did a whole series about the Titanic and its origins in Belfast. And in the first 20 years or so of the century, massive controversy about Ireland's political future.

• 11:11Speaker 00

  The nationalists, who are mostly Catholic, want home rule or independence. But the unionists, who are typically Protestant, want to stay part of the United Kingdom. And the unionists in the North East are so bitterly opposed to the prospect of home rule from Dublin in a Catholic dominated Ireland, then in 1912, almost half a million of them, led by Sir Edward Carson, sign a covenant pledging to use all means necessary to fight against home rule. And the legacy of this will reverberate down the generations long into the 1970s and beyond.

• 11:49Speaker 01

  I suppose it kind of offers a historical precedent for paramilitary activity, doesn't it?

• 11:54Speaker 00

  Absolutely, it does.

• 11:55Speaker 01

  It's a kind of heroic model of, well, if you're not a paramilitary, you'd call it gangsterism.

• 12:00Speaker 00

  Yes, of course. And almost all of the paramilitaries we will meet in this series would look back to the events of the 1910s and 1920s and say, I'm doing as my forefathers did before me. So absolutely, the history really matters. So 100,000 of these people who signed the covenant organized into the paramilitary volunteers. And they smuggled tens of thousands of guns into Ulster and they were preparing for civil war. But then the First World War intervened and a lot of the volunteers went off to fight. A lot of them fought at Gallipoli or indeed at the Somme, which became a kind of sacred moment for the Protestants of Ulster, 1916. But also in 1916, at Easter, there was a nationalist uprising in Dublin.

• 12:43Speaker 00

  And that was followed by guerrilla campaign largely in the south of Ireland, the Catholic bits of Ireland, that undermined British authority completely.

• 12:52Speaker 01

  So Dominic, I'm sure you've been to the Shankill Road and the Falls Road. So the Shankill Road is the Protestant, you know, the street that runs through the Protestant heartland of Belfast. And the Falls Road is Catholic. They're separated now by peace walls, aren't they?

• 13:05Speaker 00

  Yeah.

• 13:06Speaker 01

  But if you, there are kind of checkpoint Charlie type places where they, they join. And on one side, there are murals of the Battle of the Somme, poppies, graveyards, British military heroes.

• 13:19Speaker 00

  Yes.

• 13:20Speaker 01

  And on the other side, all up the Falls Road, there are kind of murals of, of the Easter Rising. And it's like, kind of, the history is literally written onto the bricks.

• 13:29Speaker 00

  It is absolutely. Two rival histories describing the same period, but in completely different terms. Exactly right. So anyway, back to the story, 1922, the British agreed a treaty that would turn Ireland into a free state, a dominion under the crown, and basically put it on the road to independence as a republic, which it becomes in 1949. But there was a catch. Two years earlier, the British had allowed six counties in the North East to form a separate entity called Northern Ireland with its own parliament in Belfast. And the treaty that they do in 1922 allows this entity to opt out of the new free state and to remain as part of the United Kingdom.

• 14:12Speaker 00

  And the Parliament of Northern Ireland immediately says that's what it wants to do. And so this is what gives you the partition of the island of Ireland.

• 14:20Speaker 01

  Dominic, can I just ask, there was never, there was never any question that they would just become a kind of independent statelet?

• 14:26Speaker 00

  No, too small to be a statelet and dependent on money from Westminster. So this is the sort of theme that comes up again and again in the seventies where British prime ministers will say, we're giving you all this money, why can't you, why can't you do what we want you to do?

• 14:37Speaker 01

  But it is a theme, isn't it also, that the Protestants of Ulster don't really like Britain? Or they don't really like British governments?

• 14:46Speaker 00

  They like the idea of Britain, but not the reality of British governments, I think is fair.

• 14:50Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 14:50Speaker 00

  So I think they think the British governments are not good at defending British interests and that they're better at it.

• 14:55Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 14:56Speaker 00

  And they regard the British as weak and they think the British don't understand their unique situation.

• 15:00Speaker 01

  Which I guess is kind of true to a degree, is probably true.

• 15:04Speaker 00

  So anyway, the partition of Ireland in the south, you have 26 counties, overwhelming Catholic majority, capital in Dublin. This in 1949 becomes the Republic of Ireland. And then in the North East, there are six counties, Northern Ireland, it's a self governing bit of the United Kingdom, capital in Belfast, parliament at Stormont on the Stormont Estate in Belfast, and a two thirds Protestant majority. Now, Ian Paisley, in that reading, he called it Ulster and lots of people do call it Ulster. Actually, it's only six of the nine historic counties of the province of Ulster. So this is a very good way to annoy Irish nationalists, if you call it Ulster, because they will point out it's actually not all of Ulster.

• 15:46Speaker 01

  Every geographical expression in this story annoys people.

• 15:49Speaker 00

  It does indeed.

• 15:50Speaker 01

  So British Isles, Ireland, whatever, I mean, always pregnant with annoyance for everyone.

• 15:56Speaker 00

  Every name is a choice, basically. And I'm sure there were lots of people who say, well, you got this wrong, you should have said this, you should have said the other. I mean, we're going to try our best.

• 16:04Speaker 01

  And I speak as the man who uttered the word London Dairy in the Dublin GPO.

• 16:10Speaker 00

  Yeah, you corrected Paul Rouse when we did a series about Ireland. You, you corrected a professor of history, University College Dublin.

• 16:18Speaker 01

  Just, I was just, you know, striking up for Ulster.

• 16:21Speaker 00

  Yeah, you were.

• 16:22Speaker 01

  Reminding him that there are two words for it.

• 16:24Speaker 00

  Ian Paisley would have been proud of you. So to nationalists, partition is the original sin of modern Irish history, a blight that should be rectified. I think most historians, including most Irish historians, would agree that partition was probably inevitable. That basically, once the Ulster volunteers had, you know, as it were, signed their covenant, they'd armed themselves. They were never going to be forced into a united Ireland without a civil war. And that basically that was the choice, you partition the island or it all kicks off and you have a civil war.

• 16:56Speaker 01

  But even if you had a civil war, what do you do?

• 16:58Speaker 00

  Yeah, where are they going to go? There's, you know, a million people or whatever it is.

• 17:02Speaker 01

  With guns?

• 17:03Speaker 00

  Yeah.

• 17:03Speaker 01

  I mean, that's not good.

• 17:04Speaker 00

  No. So at the time when Ireland was partitioned, I think a lot of nationalists just assumed that over time, it would wither away, partition would wither away. The six counties one day would agree to join a united Ireland, it was their destiny. And obviously that didn't work out. Northern Ireland as an entity proved much more resilient than they had expected. But that said, from the start, there's a serious fracture line that runs through Northern Ireland. So the unionist leaders, when they basically took six counties, they had guaranteed themselves a two thirds Protestant majority. They could have asked for more counties, but of course those counties had a lot of Catholics, they didn't want them. So they've got their two thirds majority.

• 17:45Speaker 01

  So they're Jeremanding.

• 17:46Speaker 00

  I mean, you could say effectively, yes, yeah. But what that means, of course, is that one third of the people in this new state are not Protestants, they are Catholics. So this is half a million people who are not best pleased at the idea of living in a majority Protestant unionist state.

• 18:04Speaker 00

  And partly as a result of this, this whole process was accompanied at the time by considerable violence. Now, the early twenties is a very violent time across Europe. There are all kinds of ethnic conflicts and there are border disputes and all of these kinds of things. And by those standards, not a lot of people die, but by the standards of the islands of Britain and Ireland, a lot of people do die. So between the summer of 1920 and the summer of 1922, there's this intense street fighting between the IRA and the security forces, especially in Belfast. And by the time it's over, more than 500 people have been killed, most of them Catholic civilians, 10,000 Catholics driven out of their jobs, 25,000 Catholics

• 18:46Speaker 00

  driven out of their homes by violence and by arson and so on and so forth.

• 18:50Speaker 01

  I mean, one difference between North, between Ireland and other parts of Europe in the wake of the First World War, that the violence in Ireland is kind of, it's a continuity. And doesn't Churchill has that kind of famous phrase about the flood, isn't it? And as the waters subside, we see the dreary steeples of Fomana and Tyrone, that they're still there. And that, I guess, is part of what gives the story around this, the sense of ancient hatreds. The idea that there's no solution to the situation.

• 19:23Speaker 00

  Well, to some extent, people are the prisoners of history and the stories they tell and the, the lessons they learn when they're children. And you have generations of people who have grown up being told stories of separatism, of separate identity, of antagonism and so on. History is woven into the texture of life in Northern Ireland. It will come to the parades, the marches, the celebrations of battles of the 17th century and things. I mean, it really, really matters and it cannot simply be put aside or wished away. I mean, and that's one of the lessons of this story, that continuity kind of gives you a context that people find it very difficult to escape, I suppose.

• 20:00Speaker 01

  But also that politicians in London view this with a kind of frustrated sense of battlement, which is kind of what Churchill is saying there. You know, nothing has changed.

• 20:11Speaker 00

  No, exactly. And in fact, the longer time goes on and the more that the Irish question is, as it were, which had been so big in the late 19th century, the more that it recedes, the less that people in London understand it. So by the time you get to the sixties and seventies.

• 20:24Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 20:25Speaker 00

  You have a generation of politicians in London, take someone like James Callaghan, we'll talk about him later on. He was the grandson of somebody who had left Ireland in the famine, but his family had ended up converting from Catholicism to baptism. Does James Callaghan understand Ireland? No, not really. He's not really interested in it. It's something that happened a long time ago to him. But to people in Belfast, this is going to live in history, it's real.

• 20:46Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 20:46Speaker 00

  And the fact that the British don't understand it is enraging to them because it matters so much to them.

• 20:53Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 20:53Speaker 00

  Anyway, back to the state of Northern Ireland. All this fighting in the early twenties had two obvious consequences. First of all, if you're part of the one third Catholic minority, you do not regard this state as a safe space by any means. It's actually a very unsafe space for you.

• 21:09Speaker 01

  It's their emigration.

• 21:10Speaker 00

  There is some emigration, yes, there are thousands of people who cross the border.

• 21:13Speaker 01

  To the Republic.

• 21:14Speaker 00

  Again, by the standards of European population transfers of the twenties, it's not enormous, but it's not nothing. You know, there are people who definitely move south because they think it's, this is going to be a very unwelcoming place for us.

• 21:25Speaker 01

  And Protestants moving from the south to the north.

• 21:27Speaker 00

  Not so much, more so that Protestants, I think, would move from this, from the, the south to Britain.

• 21:33Speaker 01

  Right, okay.

• 21:33Speaker 00

  Here are people who'd lived in the big houses, the Anglo Irish kind of Protestant ascendancy and so on. So obviously, if you're Catholic, there are loads of families who sort of bear the scars, sometimes physically of the fighting. There are a lot of people, actually later on, who were involved in the IRA or whatever in the sixties and seventies, who had parents and grandparents who'd been, who'd told them stories about what happened in 1920 or 1921. But then for Protestants, for the Protestant majority, they don't regard this as an entirely safe space either, because although they're a majority in their own state, they are not a majority on the island. They feel we're surrounded by Catholics, we're besieged

• 22:13Speaker 00

  by Catholics, there is a state to the south that aspires to a united Ireland, so that wishes us ill and wants to destroy our state, that's how they see it. And they say, we've also got this fifth column inside our own borders, we've got, you know, a third of our population are Catholics and we can't trust them.

• 22:30Speaker 01

  And is there anxiety at this stage about the demographic potential of Catholic families tending to have more children than Protestant families, which is a kind of, people talk about that a lot now. Was it an issue back then?

• 22:46Speaker 00

  People talked about it a lot. They talked about it a lot throughout the 20th century. So Terence O'Neill, who was the Northern Ireland Prime Minister in the 60s, made a very contentious speech at the end of the decade, when he said, and he disregarded as him being too soft by a lot of Unionists, he said, we should treat the Catholics more nicely because they have loads and loads of children, and if we treat them more nicely, they will behave better and they will have fewer children, they won't overtake us demographically. Basically, nobody liked this speech.

• 23:13Speaker 01

  There's quite a lot to unpick there.

• 23:15Speaker 00

  Yeah, there's a lot going on. But yeah, absolutely. People often would talk about that. I mean, I don't think it's that they feel demographically we're going to be overwhelmed very quickly. What they feel is the people in Dublin want to undermine us, which a lot of them frankly do. They think, they look south and they say, well, you know, this newly effectively autonomous and going to be independent Ireland is turning itself into a kind of Catholic-run state with the church having overweening power. This is the one thing we dread, we don't want this, and we have all these people within our own borders who we don't think we can trust, who would like to, you know, who would like to undermine us. So that's why, I mean, there's a defensiveness that gives you the slogan, no surrender, which

• 23:59Speaker 00

  is of course one of Ian Paisley's favourite phrases, isn't it?

• 24:02Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 24:03Speaker 00

  So those tensions. So they're in the 20s. And then when most people in Britain tell the story, they sort of stop there and they say, well, let's fast forward to the 1960s, because nothing, kind of nothing happens in between. But that's actually dead wrong. Lots of stuff happens in between, it's just we don't ever learn about it in Britain. So for example, in 1935, I mean, this will surprise loads of people, there is massive rioting in Belfast, there are gun battles, there are snipers on the top of buildings, British troops have to be sent to clear the streets with armoured cars, 11 people are killed, 100 people are injured, 2,000 people are driven out of their homes. And then actually that inspired reprisals across the Irish border, so there were attacks on Protestant

• 24:43Speaker 00

  homes and shops in Limerick, there were burnings of Church of Ireland churches and Methodist chapels in rural Ireland and so on and so forth. And in the background, the whole time, the Irish Republican Army, so, you know, there's been all this stuff in the 1910s and 1920s with the IRA. The IRA had split in Southern Ireland, it had, in what became the Republic, it had fought a civil war. The IRA never went away, it's still there all this time. So most IRA men, once the British signed the treaty and the civil war was over, they did go home, they put their guns away, that was an end to it. But not

• 25:22Speaker 00

  all of them did. So at any given point, there are still a few hundred active IRA men with guns, and that is still enough to kill people, and they do kill people. So in January 1939, again, most people in Britain don't know this happened. In January 1939, the IRA launched a new campaign against Britain and they called it the S Plan, the Sabotage Plan. And when you go, I mean, it's astounding how little known this is when you go through what happened. There were bombs in London, in Birmingham, Bristol, in Liverpool, in Blackpool, all over. There were bomb attacks on railway stations, banks, post offices, there were bombs on the London Underground. Most notoriously, there was a bicycle bomb in Coventry City

• 26:04Speaker 00

  Centre in August 1939 that killed five people, the youngest of whom was 50 and the oldest 82.

• 26:11Speaker 01

  I mean, I suppose that further developments in Coventry City Centre the following year have slightly obliterated the memory of that bomb.

• 26:19Speaker 00

  Yeah, of course. Isn't it funny that Coventry is, you know, obviously bombed by the Germans, everyone remembers that. So this 1939 bombing, which otherwise would be very, you know, very well known.

• 26:30Speaker 01

  Very salient, yeah.

• 26:31Speaker 00

  Is basically been wiped from our national consciousness. But what happened to the IRA? In World War Two, both the British and the Irish governments massively cracked down, and they started interning IRA suspects without trial. Ireland actually executed six IRA men during the Second World War, including the Chief of Staff of the IRA, they executed him for killing a guard, an Irish policeman. So the Irish are just as tough on the IRA as the British are. Now, against this background, the people who run Northern Ireland, the Unionists, have absolutely no intention of loosening their grip. And the first Prime Minister of Northern Ireland was called Sir James Craig. If you look Google him, he really

• 27:13Speaker 00

  does look like a boiled egg and someone has painted a face on him.

• 27:17Speaker 01

  Does he have a massive moustache?

• 27:19Speaker 00

  He does have a moustache, yeah.

• 27:20Speaker 01

  Of course he does. I mean, with the name like Sir James Craig, you couldn't not.

• 27:23Speaker 00

  He undoubtedly has a moustache, yeah, no question. So he was very explicit about this. He gave a speech in the 1930s, he said, I'm not going to do the accent because my Northern Irish accent is not as good as yours. He said, in the south, they boast of being a Catholic state, all I boast of is that we are a Protestant parliament and a Protestant state.

• 27:42Speaker 01

  That's good, Dominic.

• 27:43Speaker 00

  Thank you. It's understated though, and it's a bit wobbly. He's not wrong, they are a Protestant state. The judges, the magistrates, the civil servants are almost entirely Protestant. The Royal Ulster Constabulary, the RUC, the police, who can play a massive part in this story, they're about nine to one Protestant. And the RUC has an armed kind of paramilitary reserve called the B Specials that people sign up for. And these are exclusively Protestant, really. They are the sort of, the bulwark, the enforcers of Unionist supremacy. When things kick off in the streets, you call for the B Specials and they come out of their Orange Order lodges with their guns, and they are the people who will basically restore order.

• 28:28Speaker 01

  So in the 70s and 80s, the comparison was often made between Northern Ireland and South Africa.

• 28:35Speaker 00

  Yeah.

• 28:35Speaker 01

  By nationalists and republicans. But I mean, there's kind of an element of truth there, isn't there, to a degree?

• 28:43Speaker 00

  It's a very inflammatory comparison.

• 28:44Speaker 01

  I mean, if the entire apparatus of the state is controlled by one faction, then it's not, I mean, there's no way you could describe it as a properly functioning democracy.

• 28:56Speaker 00

  No, no, you absolutely couldn't. We'll come on to this. You absolutely couldn't.

• 28:59Speaker 01

  And it's overtly sectarian. If not, I mean, it's not racist, but it's sectarian.

• 29:04Speaker 00

  It's not racist, it is a sectarian state, exactly. And Sir James Craig, or somebody like that would say, I mean, he might quibble with the word sectarian, but he would say, you know, we're a Protestant state, end of story. If you don't like it, go somewhere else. This is how we're going to run things, you know, we know what we're doing, pipe down. He would absolutely say that, and critics would say, well, that's what the Afrikaners or whatever say in South Africa. Some people in Northern Ireland would be offended by that. Some people would lean into that comparison, say, well, we kind of are like the birds. We are hardy frontiersmen, we've carved out a state in the face of overwhelming odds, you know, we've built something really precious and special and we want to defend it, and don't you tell us what to do.

• 29:48Speaker 01

  I don't want to plunge into this because it's murky waters, but on the Shankhill and Falls Road murals, the Shankhill is full of the Israeli flag and the Falls Road is full of the Palestinian flag.

• 29:58Speaker 00

  Absolutely right, absolutely. Yes. There is a self-image. The Unionists, especially some years ago, would have said, we are like the chosen people, we're like the children of God, the children of Zion, all of that kind of thing.

• 30:11Speaker 01

  Well, I mean, Ian Paisley definitely would have done.

• 30:13Speaker 00

  Ian Paisley undoubtedly would. And of course, among nationalists, the comparison with the Palestinians, you know, dates goes back to the 70s. So absolutely, yes. Two things about the RUC, the police, which is important for people to remember. Number one, they are much, much more powerful than a police force in Britain or elsewhere in Western Europe. There was special legislation in 1922 that gave them special powers. They can search without a warrant, they can arrest you without a warrant, they can intern you as a suspect without trial, they can impose a curfew, a ban on a march or a ban on a newspaper at will. So they have a lot of leeway. And the RUC, like their political masters, are very closely tied to a group called the Orange Order. And the Orange Order

• 30:57Speaker 00

  is basically a fraternal organisation, a fraternity, a brotherhood, was founded in 1795. It was dedicated to the defence of Protestantism and the union with Britain. It's of course named after William of Orange from the Glorious Revolution. And almost every single member of the B Special Reserves and almost every single Unionist MP is an Orangeman, belongs to an Orange Lodge. So where does that leave you if you're a Catholic? In 1967, The Times did a big investigation into the status of Catholics in Northern Ireland, and it described them as Ulster's second-class citizens. And actually, you can see why. So the Ulster Unionist leader, David Trimble, who ended up winning the Nobel Prize, didn't

• 31:42Speaker 00

  he? In 1998, in his Nobel Prize-winning speech, said that Ulster Unionists, fearful of being isolated on the island, built a solid house, but it was a cold house for Catholics, which is a sort of, a big concession for an Ulster Unionist leader to have said. And he was right. A lot of Protestant firms will not employ Catholics. If you have a Catholic name, if your name was, I don't know, Liam O'Hara or something, you probably would not get a job, you wouldn't even be interviewed for a job, given a chance of a job in the big Harland and Wolf shipyards. Roman Catholics are twice as likely to be unemployed as Protestants,

• 32:25Speaker 00

  and they have no political power really, because Northern Ireland has a first past the post political system in which the boundaries have been ruthlessly gerrymandered to ensure a permanent Unionist majority at stormont of the parliament. This is even more glaring at the local level. At the local level, you can only vote if you're a rate payer, if you pay local government rates. And you pay them if you own your own house, or if you rent a house, or you can vote if you're the spouse of somebody who, you know, the wife usually, of somebody who owns or rents a house. Now Catholics are poorer, they're more likely to live in extended family groups or with their parents, and as a result, lots

• 33:08Speaker 00

  of Catholics can't vote in local elections. As a result of that, in the cities or the places where you have, you know, Catholic majority, so the city of Derry, or County Tyrone, or County Fermanagh.

• 33:22Speaker 00

  Power is still controlled by the Unionists because they have more people who own their own homes. And that means they control public jobs and crucially, housing. It may sound very banal, but it's a massive deal in this story. Because the housing stock in Northern Ireland is terrible. It's really, it's Victorian, it's crumbling. You know, one in three houses either doesn't have running water or it doesn't have a flushing toilet. So, young couples in particular, they want to get out of their parents' kind of crumbling Victorian terrace and they want a new home of their own. But because giving people a home means giving them votes, Unionist councils don't like giving homes to Catholics because it gives them two more votes, right? Husband and wife, if it's a young couple.

• 34:07Speaker 00

  So, they don't like building homes in Catholic areas. Right, yeah. The chairman of NSK and Housing Committee, 1963, "We're going to see that the right people are put in these houses, we're not going to apologise for it." Now, it does work the other way around. So, in nationalist councils like Newry, they built lots of new houses in the early sixties and they gave only a tiny handful of them to Protestants. But the big losers from all this are the Catholics. And one place above all becomes emblematic of this, and this is the second city of Northern Ireland, a city in the far west of the country. It was originally a settlement called Derry. Then, in 1613, a consortium of London guilds, basically, was set up to colonise the area.

• 34:52Speaker 00

  They built a new walled city, and because they were London guilds, they called it London Derry. And hence, you have the name controversy, which actually, in this period, the sixties... Isn't really, is it? Everyone calls it Derry. Everybody calls it Derry. Yeah. It only really became a big controversy once the troubles kicked off, and then it became a kind of, um, a point of pride to call it either Derry, like Paul Rouse, our former guest, or London Derry, as you did in the general post office in Dublin. So, so we'll just call it Derry for short. Derry, in 1965 or so, is a two to one Catholic city. So, 36,000 Catholics, 18,000 Protestants.

• 35:33Speaker 00

  But, it's always been controlled by Protestants through gerrymandering. So, they're always redrawing the boundaries of the wards to give themselves a majority on the council. So, when I was, when I was thinking about this, I wondered whether you would say, "Surely the British government wouldn't stand for this, this is outrageous." But the truth is, we shall see, is the British have absolutely no interest in what happens in Northern Ireland at all. I appreciate that, I'm just wondering if it is, under British law, illegal? Uh, good question, I don't think it is. Some Catholic solicitor would have undoubtedly taken it to court. It's not illegal, I think, because the councils set the boundaries. The councils decide the ward boundaries. So, this is the devolution that Andy Burnham wants back. The right of councils to gerrymander. Right, well, we shall see.

• 36:17Speaker 00

  Anyway, so to go back to Derry, basically, almost every Protestant family who wants a house gets one, but there are 2,000 Catholic families on the waiting list for housing. And we will come back to this in the next episode, because it is no accident that this is where the troubles really kick off, in earnest, against this background. So, just to, um, finish by talking about the Catholics before we go to the break. Imagine, Tom, you're a young Catholic in the early sixties in Northern Ireland. What is your name? Seamus O'Murphy. Yeah, Seamus, whatever, exactly. So, you're identifiable by your name. You have no flats, you have no vote in local elections, you maybe don't have a job, you feel that the system is stacked against you, and it has been for the last 40 years.

• 37:03Speaker 00

  Where do you look for hope? The Virgin Mary. Yeah, you probably, well, maybe to the Virgin Mary, exactly. You, you might look to the sort of Northern Irish Nationalist Party, but they are very small, they're very ineffective. I mean, in 1962 and 1965, in the Stormont Parliament, they won nine out of 52 seats. I mean, they're, they're barely even on opposition, really. And they are generally seen as a bit old fashioned, very Catholic, very rural, not terribly effective. Kind of De Valera type. A little bit, yeah, but De Valera is a very wily and ruthless politician, and they are not. Right. Then you have the IRA. Now, the Unionist hardliners talk all the time about the IRA.

• 37:45Speaker 00

  You know, they're obsessed with the IRA, they say the IRA, you know, is always out there, which, I mean, to be fair, it kind of is. The IRA had rebuilt after the Second World War, and it had launched a new guerrilla campaign along the border in 1956 called Operation Harvest. And this campaign had been a complete and utter disaster. Both Belfast and Dublin, in fact, Eamon De Valera, reintroduced internment without trial. They interned loads of IRA people and they completely broke the back of the organisation. And so, in 1962, the IRA had called off this campaign, they dumped a lot of their weapons, and madly, a few years later, they sold a lot of their weapons to the Welsh. Oh.

• 38:30Speaker 00

  To the Free Wales Army. Great, so people thinking this is just about Ireland, it's about Wales as well. There's actually too much Welsh history, so much Welsh history and the rest is history. It just keeps going, I know.

• 38:42Speaker 00

  They're everywhere, it's unbelievable. Right, so, the IRA gets a new chief of staff who's from Dublin, called Catholic Goulding. And Goulding says, "Listen, we have been wasting our time here, this has been a terrible mistake." And he said later, "The notion that the IRA was going to rise up someday and free Ireland and get rid of the British was a ridiculous pipe dream." I mean, that's a hell of a thing for the guy running the IRA to say in the early sixties. And this bloke Goulding, he's actually very close to some Marxist academics and to people from the British Communist Party. And they persuade him, the IRA's future lies in socialist activism. So, he's listening to the British? He's listening to British academics, I know, which is mad. Never listened to a British academic.

• 39:27Speaker 00

  Instead of like blowing up post offices and stuff, why don't we work to build a non-sectarian workers' alliance that will fight both imperialism and capitalism? And the people who were running the IRA in the sixties say, "Yeah, actually, brilliant, let's do that." Because, of course, that goes with the momentum of the sixties, right? It feels right. Yeah, of course. So, do they start going to conferences and goldsmiths? They do, there's probably men with polo necks, they have a lot of seminars, there are a lot of, there's a lot of talking shops about smashing capitalism, they're massively into this. Now, if you're an older IRA veteran, you are not pleased about this at all. So, a lot of older IRA men are culturally conservative Catholics, they are not Marxists.

• 40:10Speaker 00

  So, Joe Cahill, who was an IRA veteran who had been jailed for killing a policeman in 1942, he said, "The movement was being led off the true path of republicanism, ultra-left politics were taking over, sooner or later, there would have to be a showdown." And he's right, and there will be a showdown. I mean, people say that Sinn Fein are doing the same at the moment, that they're, they're becoming Corbynist, really. Exactly, that they're sort of caught between, you know, this Catholic nationalism on the one hand, and a slightly woolly... Marxist internationalism. Yes, on the other. Now, we'll come back to this later in the series, but the, the point really is that they've gone very, very quiet. So, a future member of the provisional IRA, Billy McKee's quote from him, "I believe

• 40:51Speaker 00

  that it was dead, completely dead, and it was, except in the minds of myself and other old Republicans." So, to return to the original question, if you're a Catholic, where are you looking for help? There is an alternative, of course, you could look to Dublin. Now, in theory, the Republic of Ireland claims the whole island. Article two of the Irish constitution, "The national territory consists of the whole island of Ireland." And Irish politicians would always say if they're asked, "Well, our goal, of course, is unification of the entire island." In reality, since the 1920s, governments in Dublin have shown no interest in advancing this at all and done absolutely nothing about it. And again, this is something that will surprise, I think, a lot of listeners.

• 41:37Speaker 00

  Twice in the Second World War, the British said to the governments in Dublin, "We will give you a united Ireland if you abandon your neutrality and join the Allies." After Pearl Harbour in 1941, Winston Churchill sent an incredible telegram to Eamon De Valera, "Now is your chance, now or never, a nation once again." So, the nation once again is a kind of republican slogan, Churchill was using it. And De Valera just completely ignored him, didn't want to abandon neutrality. And also, of course, if you are a politician in Dublin, you don't really want those 1 million Protestants who have a tendency to sign covenants and join volunteer groups to fight you. I mean, that's an issue right the way up, to the present, really, isn't it?

• 42:23Speaker 00

  To the present, exactly, of course. So, in 1959, De Valera, the great champion of Irish independence and Irish republicanism, retired as Taoiseach, and he was, became President of Ireland, kind of kicked upstairs. And he was succeeded by a man called Sean Lamass. I mean, it's unbelievable he's called Lamass. I know, I know. I mean, anything more calculated to Alami and Paisley than Lamass. We shall come to this. Lamass had fought in the Easter Rising, and he'd also been in the IRA. But in private, Lamass said to people, "Come on, that the island's going to be partitioned for a long time yet. Like, there's no point in whinging about this, it's not going to change anytime soon." So, Dublin's not really interested in the Catholics in Northern Ireland.

• 43:06Speaker 00

  And if they're not really interested, people who are even less interested are politicians in London. Now, there are some Labour MPs, there are always Labour MPs who campaign against discrimination against Catholics. So this goes back to your point on how could this happen in Britain?

• 43:23Speaker 01

  Well, I kind of think, I mean, it's a massive blot on the British state that it's allowing this to happen, I think.

• 43:31Speaker 00

  But the British state, first of all, it's running an empire for most of this period. So I mean, it's not like there are other places where there are, you know, interesting local arrangements.

• 43:40Speaker 01

  But by the mid 60s.

• 43:41Speaker 00

  Yes. And people in the 60s start to say this. So you have a Labour backbench, what's it called, the Campaign for Democracy in Ulster that kicks off in the mid 60s. You have newspapers like the Times, the Sunday Times, the Guardian, drawing attention to this and saying it's kind of not right that these people don't get houses and they don't really get to vote in local elections and stuff like this. But here's why people don't get massively excited about it. Ever since the 1920s, most British politicians have worked on the assumption that the Irish question which had dogged Britain for so long has been solved. It's done. It's finished. The people in the North, we fixed it because they've got their own parliament. We'll just let them get on with it. It's not perfect, but

• 44:24Speaker 00

  we absolutely don't want to interfere because they have a tendency to start arming themselves and we don't want to stir them up again. What has happened in Britain is that Northern Ireland has vanished from the national consciousness. It virtually never appears in the newspapers. It's never mentioned in TV bulletins, news bulletins. Most people never think about it at all. I mentioned Jim Callahan before. Jim Callahan, grandson of Irish immigrant, and I quote, "Most members of parliament knew less about it than we knew about our distant colonies on the far side of the earth." And I think that's true. There's loads in British newspapers about Cyprus in the 1950s. There's loads about Kenya. There's loads about Malaysia. There's virtually nothing about Northern Ireland. And actually, people

• 45:08Speaker 00

  think, well, what's the point? Nothing's ever going to change. The Unionists hold every single Westminster seat. The nationalists, totally irrelevant. The IRA have been beaten. And frankly, most people in Northern Ireland, they might be Protestant, they might be Catholic, but this is the 60s. It's the affluent society. They're more interested in buying a new TV or a new washing machine than they are about refighting the kind of the battles of the past.

• 45:31Speaker 01

  So this is the Sandbrook perspective.

• 45:33Speaker 00

  Well, that would be the Sandbrook perspective and I would be wrong, all about washing machines. In this instance, my washing machine eccentric view of history would be absolutely discredited because everybody thinks life is going to go on, everything is going to be the same forever and ever. And they are wrong because things are about to change very dramatically indeed.

• 45:56Speaker 01

  And Dominic, we will find out how and why after a break.

• 46:05Speaker 00

  This episode is brought to you by Amazon. Tom, throughout history, change has often been driven by businesses and institutions that end up having a massive impact on society as a whole. And there's probably no better example than the Ford Motor Company. Henry Ford and his managers revolutionized production through their pioneering assembly lines and they influenced factories and working practices in countries all over the world.

• 46:32Speaker 01

  Another example of a business driving technological and social change is Amazon, which is increasing the number of its electric vehicles used for deliveries in Europe to over 10,000 by the end of this year, 2026.

• 46:50Speaker 00

  Now, on top of that, over 50% of Amazon deliveries now come with less packaging or sometimes no added packaging at all. It helps to avoid unnecessary waste and it makes recycling at home that much easier. Find out more at amazon.co.uk/sustainability.

• 47:14Speaker 00

  This episode is brought to you by Mint Mobile. Right now, all of Mint's plans are $15 per month, even unlimited. So go to mintmobile.com/history. Upfront payment of $45 for three months, $90 for six months, or $180 for 12 months. Plan required. $15 per month equivalent. Taxes and fees extra. Initial plan term only. Greater than 50GB may slow when network is busy. Includes up to 20GB of hotspot. Capable device required. Availability, speed and coverage varies. See mintmobile.com.

• 47:53Speaker 01

  This episode is supported by Anthropic, the team behind Claude. Now, history's biggest leaps started as hard questions that people didn't want asked.

• 48:05Speaker 00

  Yeah, there's a classic example of that at the end of the 15th century. And the hard question in particular was, what is out there beyond the Atlantic Ocean to the west? And as you will know, the man who found the answer to that question was the explorer Christopher Columbus. And he realizes, or rather, everybody else realizes, that there is a vast continent out there. And it is, of course, the Americas. So Anthropic knows the importance of questions. And it's why Anthropic is founded on one hard question above all. How can we ensure that the AI revolution really goes well for ordinary people?

• 48:35Speaker 01

  So they asked over 100,000 people and what came back wasn't just fear, there was hope as well. People wanted to know, will cancer ever be cured? Can kids have a better future? It turns out that there is hope in hard questions.

• 48:50Speaker 00

  Ask yours at claude.ai/RestIsHistory and keep thinking.

• 49:01Speaker 01

  There have been disappointments and frustrations, but progress has been so marked that there is no excuse for pessimism about the future. The six counties, unlike their neighbours across the border, belong to the British welfare state. They share too, as they richly deserve, many of the fruits of the affluent society. The processes of modernisation have been carried far and they are not halted. On the contrary, they are on the march. So welcome back to the Rest is History, and that ringingly optimistic, groovy 60s perspective was in the Times on the 12th of April, 1965, looking ahead to a bright

• 49:43Speaker 01

  new future for Northern Ireland. Great to see the Times with its finger on the pulse.

• 49:49Speaker 00

  Always.

• 49:50Speaker 01

  The paper for top people. And I suppose that top people, sitting in their gentlemen's clubs, reading those words, it would have seemed beyond the bounds of possibility to them that within a few years, there would be bombs going off everywhere in the streets of Belfast and Derry, British soldiers patrolling those streets, hundreds of people being killed every year, and the carnage of it all spreading to the British mainland.

• 50:16Speaker 00

  Yeah.

• 50:17Speaker 01

  So what goes wrong? I mean, what happens?

• 50:19Speaker 00

  What happens? But big question. That's what the series is all about, Tom. So let's start on the 25th of March, 1963. So this is the day that Captain Terence O'Neill becomes the fourth Prime Minister of Northern Ireland. So 1963, Harold Macmillan is Prime Minister in Britain. The Beatles are about to launch their greatest assault on the charts. You know, they're only months away from going to America. The swinging 60s are kind of poised to happen, all of this. And Northern Ireland is going to get a, an exciting, dynamic, modernising new Prime Minister. And this is Captain O'Neill. So Captain O'Neill is almost 50 years old. His father was an Ulster Unionist. His father was the first MP to

• 51:02Speaker 00

  be killed in the First World War. He was born in London, brought up in London. He went to Eton. He spent his summers in Northern Ireland. He served in a tank brigade in the Second World War. Two of his brothers were killed in the war, but he wasn't. And afterwards, he became an Ulster Unionist MP as his father had before him. And then he rose to become Northern Ireland's Minister of Finance. And then in 63, the party grandees, they chose him to succeed the elderly Lord Brookborough as Prime Minister. Now, O'Neill knows that when he takes the reins, he's facing a big challenge. But in his mind, that challenge is primarily economic. So in our previous series, when we talked about Ireland, or

• 51:45Speaker 00

  indeed when we did the Titanic, we talked about how Belfast was different from other cities in Ireland. It's made of brick, you know, not stone. It feels like a Northern English city transplanted across the Irish Sea. It's an industrial powerhouse. It makes all its linen in the mills and it's got its shipyards and it's got chimneys and smoke and the sound of hammers and all of that kind of thing. And of course, that's brilliant if you're in 1900. But if you're in 1963, this is the kind of place that's going to be left behind by the harsh winds of global competition. Even in the 50s, jobs in textiles and shipbuilding had been shrinking dramatically. And unemployment was going up. And unemployment was already higher than in the rest of Britain and earnings lower than the rest of Britain.

• 52:31Speaker 00

  So if you're an Ulster Unionist, this has political consequences. Because you look at the electoral map and there's a slow, steady advance of a Northern Irish Labour Party that's appealing to kind of working class people and saying, you know, times are tough. We're going to better represent you than the old stuck up Unionist grandees. And so for Terence O'Neill, he thinks, well, my priority is to revive the Irish, Northern Irish economy by getting new investment. And I'm going to look abroad for that investment. I'm going to get multinational companies, Michelin, Ford, ICI, these big names, they'll come to Northern Ireland because their labour costs are cheaper. But there are two issues with this.

• 53:13Speaker 00

  Issue number one, most of this happens in Belfast or the east of the country, the places that are more urbanised and have better transport links with the island of Great Britain. But in the West, which is more heavily Catholic, where unemployment is already higher, these companies don't want to invest there. So these places feel like they're being left behind. And people there say, well, Terence O'Neill talks a good game, but he only cares about the Protestants in the east, doesn't care about us at all. But then the other thing, a sort of more counterintuitive thing about all this new investment, it's very disruptive to Northern Ireland's existing arrangements. Because if you're, you know, Ford or Michelin or something, and you arrive, you're the

• 53:56Speaker 00

  sort of, you're like people from Mad Men or something. You know, you've got a kind of sharp suit, you like a graph and a table and all that stuff. You've got all these time and motion studies. And then people say to you, well, you know, we'll be wearing our bowler hats and we'll be going on a big march. And obviously, we can't have any Catholics. You stare at them in stupefaction and disbelief and you say, well, that's not, you know, the Ford Motor Company does not operate that way, or whatever. Get with it. Exactly. And so there's a, there's a degree of tension between the newcomers, you know, the, the new investment, the new companies, and then the people who basically are like, come on, we spend our evenings always at the Orange Lodge and we sing our sex songs about the Glorious Revolution. Now, this would not have been insuperable for a sort of populist politician, for a

• 54:40Speaker 00

  more skilful communicator to handle. But Terence O'Neill is not that man. As we said, he's an old Etonian, he's married to an English woman, and he has an English accent because he's been brought up in London. And so although he goes down quite well with the kind of country landowners, because he's very posh, the poorer, more conservative, working class Protestants, they see him as soft and as stuck up and as somebody who's totally oblivious to their concerns. So I already mentioned David Trimble, leader of the Ulster Unionist in the 1990s. He said of Terence O'Neill, "He never spoke or behaved as if he was one of us," which is, I think, true. He has a slight look of the former editor of the Daily Telegraph. Yeah. Charles Moore.

• 55:25Speaker 00

  And like Charles Moore, Charles Moore is the head of the Rectory Society or something. He loves an old rectory. Yes. And I believe Terence O'Neill lived in a Regency Rectory, and that's a very bad sign on the person. Is it not? Never trust a man who owns a Regency Rectory. No, they're terrible people. So, um, Terence O'Neill also lacks natural political skills. He's very aloof, he's very shy, he's cold. One of his own ministers said, "He was distant and uninspiring, I would not have felt like dying in a ditch for him." And I don't think that's ideal. You know, it's not an unfamiliar, I mean, we've had prime ministers like that. In fact, quite recently, we've had a couple of prime ministers like that, but it's, it's not the ideal, um, type for this moment.

• 56:06Speaker 00

  So actually, after a couple of years, more conservative Protestants are beginning to wonder whether O'Neill is really the man for the job after all. And he keeps doing things that worry them. So for example, in 1965, he became the first Prime Minister of Northern Ireland to welcome the Taoiseach, the Prime Minister of the Republic of Ireland. This is Sean Lamass. Now, Terence O'Neill said, "Well, it's good, good to have this bloke Lamass here because we want to build bridges with our neighbours, we want to build bridges with the Republic." And one of his critics, who was a Presbyterian minister, said, "A bridge and a traitor are very much alike, for they both go over to the other side."

• 56:48Speaker 00

  And the name of the man who said this was the man we heard in that introduction. Oh, Ian Paisley. The Reverend Ian Paisley. So he's back in the show. Great, great to have him back. So Paisley is really an incredible character. I did worry that he would slightly take over this episode, and maybe that would be no bad thing. He is this colossal figure in the life of Northern Ireland. He goes from the most sort of strident demagoguery to power sharing in the 1990s and 2000s, which just seems absolutely bonkers as a trajectory. And like everyone else in this story, he is profoundly shaped by history. So he's born in Armagh in 1926. His father was a Baptist minister, and his father had served in Sir Edward Carson's

• 57:33Speaker 00

  Volunteers. And Ian Paisley himself becomes a Baptist minister, and he preached his first sermon when he was 16. Wow. He's a massive bloke. He's like six foot four or something. Do you know what? He looks brilliant in a dog collar. Really, it really suits him. I think dog collars, when they're around a scrawny neck, look a bit, a bit weedy. But with him, he looks like, um, a Celtic warrior with a torque. I mean, he probably wouldn't like that comparison, actually. Yeah. He could look like a Saxon warrior with the torque, maybe he might take that, I don't know. Or a Scottish, Scottish warrior, I suppose. So he has this firebrand fundamentalist style.

• 58:12Speaker 00

  In 1951, he set up his own kind of Calvinist church, the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster. Uh, he believes in the literal truth of the Bible. He thinks the established churches of Ulster, which strike most observers as quite hardline conservative churches, but he thinks they are weak, soft, Rome-ish sellouts. There's an obvious parallel, of course, with southern evangelical preachers in the United States, and later in his life, he does forge very strong links with Bob Jones University in South Carolina. Bob Jones Universe. Are you aware of Bob Jones University? No. You're not? No. Bob Jones University is a big deal, because Bob Jones University was an anti-Catholic,

• 58:57Speaker 00

  um, ultra Protestant university, evangelical. I can't remember when it was set up, but George W Bush went and gave a speech there in 2000, when he was campaigning for the Republican nomination. Was it set up by a guy called Bob Jones? Or did they just? What? Let's think of a funny name. Bob Jones, you laugh at Bob Jones University and you're foolish to do so. It has 3,000 students, it has an endowment of $20 million, and the current Chancellor, Bob Jones III. Well, I take it all back. I apologise to Bob Jones. So anyway, Ian Paisley forged links with Bob Jones University. And so there's a sort of, there are lots of southern evangelicals who love Ian Paisley.

• 59:38Speaker 00

  His calling card, rather like that of Bob Jones, actually, is absolutely red hot evangelical, old fashioned anti-Catholicism. And if people enjoy anti-Catholic rhetoric, this podcast is the place for it. Shall I do it? You do it. Yeah, I think you should do it, because you do the voice.

• 59:56Speaker 02

  Through popery, the devil has shut up the way to our inheritance. Priestcraft, superstition and populism, with all their attendant voices of murder, theft, immorality, lust and incest, have blocked the way to the land of gospel liberty.

• 1:00:20Speaker 00

  That's, that's. Yeah. That's, that's. It's good. That's his take. That is, I mean, it's, it's a view. Now, people may have raised their eyebrows there about the, he's talking about priestcraft and its attendant voices of murder and whatnot, but also lust and incest. He takes it very literally, doesn't he? Yeah. Now, there's a lot of talk of lust and incest in Ian Paisley's sermons. He loves all this. So in his first prayer meetings, he used to, like sort of Jack in the Box, a nun would pop up, and he would say, "This nun has escaped from a Catholic convent, and she was being, she was the victim of sexual overtures from monks and other nuns, and I have rescued her

• 1:01:02Speaker 00

  and she has seen the light and she's going to tell us all about the evils of Catholicism." He had his own newspaper, The Protestant Telegraph, some of its headlines, "Priestly murders exposed, children tortured, monks turned out as sadists." Or one of my, probably my favourite thing that he said, "When the moderator of the Church of Scotland made a cordial visit to the Pope, the headline in The Protestant Telegraph was, 'The Church of Scotland, drunk with the wine of the fornication with the Roman whore.'" And of course, it's easy for us to mock him, it's very easy, and that's what we have been doing. But in Northern Ireland, where religious identity is so important, this finds a ready audience. And he's a brilliant, brilliant speaker. I mean, that is the thing, isn't he? Yeah.

• 1:01:47Speaker 00

  There is a power to those tones. A toast, there is. He's speaking with the timbre of John Fox and there's a kind of magnificent rhetorical Yeah. role to it. But you know who would agree with you? Somebody very unexpected, the actor Liam Neeson. "I will find you and I will kill you." You know, that guy, that guy. Yeah, he was an early impression, I think. Very early impression. He was born in a Catholic family, he was from County Antrim, but he was inspired by Ian Paisley to become an actor. He would go to see Ian Paisley at his gospel hall, and he said afterwards, "You could see this extraordinary performance, the charisma that he had, it was electrifying." And loads of people talk about this, so a man we'll be talking about a little bit later,

• 1:02:32Speaker 00

  one of Paisley's proteges, a guy called Noel Doherty. He was a teenage fundamentalist, he became a printer, and then he became a loyalist paramilitary. He said, "I was spellbound by his oratory. I felt this is a man that is doing the Lord's work and I'm going to do it with him. I saw him as a great Ulsterman and a second Carson." Again, harking back to the history of the early 1910s. Now, in 60s Britain, people laughed at Ian Paisley and they said, "He's, you know, bonkers, he's a clown, he's a freak, he's a relic or whatever." But actually, we have done so many people like this on this show, different time periods, you know, Savonarola, the Ayatollah Khomeini.

• 1:03:11Speaker 00

  Imposing, charismatic, striking, rhetorically brilliant speakers who have a gift for giving these electrifying addresses that channel the anxieties of their listeners. Well, I mean, it might sound shocking, but Martin Luther King on the progressive side. Yeah, a brilliant speaker. I mean, again, using, using the, the, the potency of biblical rhetoric. And like a lot of these people, Homini is a good example, you know, always dresses the same way. Ian Paisley has a costume. He, he's got a flair for publicity. So in this period, he always wears a black suit. He wears his white clerical collar, which you liken to a talk.

• 1:03:53Speaker 00

  And he had something that he doesn't really persist with later life, which is he has this trademark raincoat. Because the sixties is a great age for a, for a coat. This is a Gannex raincoat. I don't think it's Gannex like Harold Wilson's. It's more old fashioned than that. It's this huge, because he's so massive. It's this massive like white belted coat that he always wears. He does sometimes wear orange man's sash, doesn't he? Oh, yeah. He'll wear an orange sash when, when, when the time calls for it. And he's very good at publicity stunts that are very attractive to the newspapers and they look good on TV. So to give you some of his stunts, he first really came to public attention in 1956. He rescued a 15 year old Catholic girl called Maura Lyons.

• 1:04:37Speaker 00

  Maura Lyons had decided she wanted to join Ian Paisley's church and her parents forbade it. So he and his supporters smuggled her to Scotland. You know, this was a massive story. I mean, they basically kidnapped this teenager. And he was absolutely unrepentant. He called a big rally. Whenever he's in trouble, he calls a rally in the Ulster Hall in Belfast. And he said, they're, they're saying, I'm going to have to go to prison. I would be proud to do time for Protestant liberty. Like he always says this kind of thing. That was actually Richard Nixon's voice.

• 1:05:09Speaker 00

  Two years later, the Queen, he condemns, I mean, he's all, he loves putting the boot into the British when they let the side down. The Queen Mother and Princess Margaret made a courtesy call to Pope John the 23rd. He said, he said of them, they've been committing spiritual fornication and adultery with, with the Antichrists. I mean, accusing the Queen Mother of fornication and adultery is strong stuff, I think, especially with the Antichrists. I mean, it would get you in the papers, wouldn't it? It would. Saying stuff like that. Or when the Pope died in 1963, Terence O'Neill, a conciliatory gesture, said, we will lower the Union Jack as a mark of respect. Because after all, one in three of our citizens is actually a Catholic.

• 1:05:51Speaker 00

  Paisley went absolutely berserk at this. He said, I can't stand the lying eulogies now being paid to the Roman Antichrist by the Ascarites of Ulster. He said, the good news, though, he said, the Romish man of sin is now in hell. Well, that's, that's, that's something. Do you remember in the eighties, he disrupted the European Parliament? Yeah, he did. There was lots about, about the Antichrist and the horror of Babylon and stuff. He was an MEP at this point, wasn't he? Was he not? And the Pope, Pope John Paul the second, came to address the European Parliament. And Ian Paisley started, was bundled out of the hall, shouting, I denounce you as Antichrist. He had massive jowls by that point and they would kind of wobble all over his chest.

• 1:06:35Speaker 00

  Yeah. Well, anyway, we come to the Westminster general election of 1964. And this story, this really is the, the politics of Northern Ireland in microcosm. So we're in West Belfast, which is historically of the city's four seats, the most competitive. Because it contains the heavily Catholic Falls Road, which you mentioned earlier. And one of the candidates was a guy called Liam McMillan, who was an IRA man. He'd been active in the border campaign and he is standing as an independent Republican. And in the window of his election office in the Lower Falls, he hangs this big Irish tricolour flag.

• 1:07:11Speaker 00

  Now, under the Stormont Flags and Emblems Act of 1954, the RUC are empowered to take down any flags that they think are likely to provoke a breach of the peace. And this legislation was aimed specifically at people flying the Irish flag. But the police aren't completely stupid. When people fly it in Catholic areas, they generally leave it alone. You know, just let them get on with it. That's what they want to do. Paisley is horrified by this. He calls a big rally and he says, I do not accept that any part of Ulster is Republican. I do not want to see the tricolour flying here. And under this pressure, the RUC decide, fine, we'll take it down.

• 1:07:50Speaker 00

  So on the 28th of September, a group of heavily armed police constables smashed down the door of this bloke's office. And they carry off the flag through a crowd of 2,000 people who were sort of jeering at them and throwing stones at them and stuff. And this kicked off the worst rioting in Ulster since the 1930s. In some ways, you could say this is a possible departure point for the troubles. There are thousands of people throwing stones and petrol bombs. People set a trolley bus on fire and it ends with hundreds of RUC men armed with batons, supported by armored cars and water cannons, physically clearing the Falls Road. And 50 people end up in hospital as well as 18 RUC constables.

• 1:08:35Speaker 00

  And there's also copycat rioting or sort of tip for tat rioting, by the way, in Dublin. There's a crowd when they hear this, they assemble outside the British Embassy and they have to be held back by the Irish police and they're kind of throwing stones at them. And this is the first point really, since the war, that the British papers almost noticed Northern Ireland. So The Times, there is a sickening familiarity about all of this, it says. Let's hope we're not returning to the bitterness and savagery of the orange and green vendetta. But from Paisley's point of view, this has been very effective. It's got his name in the newspapers once again. He's made a stand. The Irish flag has come down. He is the champion of Protestant liberty, as he would call it.

• 1:09:16Speaker 00

  And two weeks later, when the Unionist candidate Jim Kilfeder wins West Belfast, he makes a point in his speech of thanking Ian Paisley for his support. So that sets the scene for two years in which Ian Paisley is becoming ever more strident in his attacks on what he sees as the soft, weak, English, untrustworthy Terence O'Neill. So the, the visit of Sean Lamass from Dublin, this is when Ian Paisley is going around shouting, no mass, no Lamass. And then he gets an even better gift a year later. It's going to be the 50th anniversary of the Easter Rising. And you said yourself, you know, on the Falls Road, there are all the murals to this day of the Easter Rising. They make a big deal of it.

• 1:10:01Speaker 00

  Of course, 1916, if you're a Unionist, is the year of the Somme. So it's like a history war, I guess, being played out in the streets of Belfast. O'Neill says, fine, let the Catholics have a, if they want to have a march to celebrate the Easter Rising 50 years on. Of course we'll let them do it. You know, it would be mad not to. It will just create great tension if we ban it. Paisley is horrified by this. He tells a rally that by allowing this nationalist march, O'Neill is supporting murder, treason and sedition. Our forefathers suffered from bullets and bombs and one, we will do the same. You know, Ian Paisley loves very violent rhetoric. Then there's another confrontation, June 1966.

• 1:10:46Speaker 00

  This time he's attacking the mainstream churches. So the mainstream Presbyterian church are holding their annual assembly. Paisley decides to lead 1,500 supporters to attack them for their Romanising tendencies, as he quotes it. Basically, you could never be hard enough on Catholicism, I think, for the Reverend Ian Paisley. And he leads his supporters through this very Catholic area deliberately. They're attacked by local youths and the melee ends with lots of stone throwing, fighting, people throwing bricks at the RUC, all of this kind of thing. The magistrates then order Paisley to sign a court order to keep the peace, a pledge to keep the peace. And he says, no, I'm not going to do that.

• 1:11:30Speaker 00

  And they sentenced him to three months in Crumlin Road Prison. And that provoked yet more rioting, thousands of his supporters going on the rampage, chanting his name. People attacking Catholic owned businesses, Catholic shops and so on and so forth. And at this point, Terence O'Neill, the prime minister of Northern Ireland, says, okay, enough. I've lost patience. I'm banning all marches, Protestant or Catholic, for the next three months. The RUC have the power to shut down all meetings with more than three people in. You know, no more of this. And he gives a very, very outspoken speech at Stormont. And he says Paisley and his supporters call themselves loyalists, but to whom are they loyal?

• 1:12:13Speaker 00

  To the Queen, whose personal representatives they revile? To the United Kingdom, in which their fellow citizens view their conduct with a mixture of ridicule and contempt? To Protestantism, many of whose leaders they have personally abused? I mean, it's, it's good stuff. But O'Neill all the time is losing momentum and it's Paisley who is attracting momentum. And part of this is the sort of ratchet effect of sectarian rhetoric. But it's also the economic context, the fact that people feel anxious about the future, the fact that Northern Ireland feels like it's a changing society. And a lot of people don't like that, all of these kinds of things. And all the time Paisley is attracting more recruits for his church and for its political wing, which was called Ulster Protestant Action.

• 1:12:58Speaker 00

  He had set this up, twofold reasons really. One, he'd said, this will deter the IRA. But he also said, we want to keep loyal workers in employment in times of deep depression. So there's an economic context to this too. But this is not the only group that he's associated with. There's a whole series of sort of a bewildering variety of factions and subgroups and whatnot. So I mentioned that he had a protege called Noel Doherty. In April 1966, with the anniversary of the Easter Rising coming, Doherty set up another group, a vigilante group called the Ulster Protestant Volunteers. The stated aim of this group is, we think the IRA are going to launch an uprising on the anniversary of the Easter Rising and we're going to be ready for them.

• 1:13:42Speaker 00

  We'll have cells all over Ulster and they will rise up on command. The name, the Ulster Protestant Volunteers, obviously is to evoke Carstens Volunteers from 1912. The motto is the same, for God and Ulster. And like Carstens Volunteers, they really want to get a hold of guns. So Doherty recruits very heavily among the B specials, the kind of police reservists. Because they have been issued with revolvers and submachine guns and they're allowed to keep their weapons at home. So this is a very useful thing for a paramilitary group. And Doherty said later, my aim was to have a private army, just like Carson did with the signing of the covenant.

• 1:14:22Speaker 00

  So Paisley would have had his own private army and he would have been a second Lord Carson.

• 1:14:28Speaker 01

  Can I ask Dominic, would the Protestants in Ulster at this point be ahead of the Catholics in terms of army?

• 1:14:35Speaker 00

  Well, given how many guns the B specials have, I would say probably yes. And actually, when the IRA re-entered the story, let's say 1970, they don't have that many guns. And getting guns, armalites as they end up getting, becomes a real priority for them. Because of course, they've made the cardinal error, which you should never do, giving lots of guns to the Welsh.

• 1:14:54Speaker 01

  Yes, of course. And the Welsh don't want to give them back.

• 1:14:58Speaker 00

  Have you ever tried to reclaim a gun from a Welshman?

• 1:15:01Speaker 01

  I can't say I have.

• 1:15:02Speaker 00

  It's impossible. It can't be done.

• 1:15:04Speaker 01

  Okay. Well, that is a mistake then.

• 1:15:06Speaker 00

  Yeah. So anyway, Noel Doherty, this guy is going round in the spring of 1966, trying to get guns and jet ignite. And he comes into contact at this point with another loyalist vigilante group that also looks back to Carson's volunteers. And this is a group called the Ulster Volunteer Force, the UVF. And this had been founded a few months earlier by a group of men who used to meet in the pubs in the working class Protestant Shankill area. And the chief among them, and a big figure in the story of the troubles, although he's not so well known in Britain as some of the other figures, is a man called Gusty Spence, who was in his early 30s. Spence's father had been Carson's volunteers. Spence's father had also served in the First World War.

• 1:15:51Speaker 00

  Spence himself had been in the British Army. He'd been in Cyprus. He came home to Belfast. He worked as a scaffolder at the Harland and Wolf shipyards. So he sort of ticks all of these different boxes.

• 1:16:04Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 1:16:04Speaker 00

  Spence is a very hard man. He's no stranger to a brawl in a pub or something. He's a very keen member of the Orange Order. People look up to him because he's been in the army. There's a bit of an element, I think, about him and his friends of the old soldiers who are hanging around in the pub, talking about their old days, trying to find something to do. They want a cause, basically.

• 1:16:26Speaker 01

  So in a way, that's kind of true of Mountbatten.

• 1:16:29Speaker 00

  Yeah.

• 1:16:29Speaker 01

  You know, all these kind of posh guys in the 70s wanting to, a military takeover.

• 1:16:35Speaker 00

  General Sir Walter Walker, David Sterling, all of these people.

• 1:16:38Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 1:16:39Speaker 00

  Yeah, they look back to the war or something and they say, God, that was brilliant. Wish we could have that back again. Instead of all these grubby political compromises and Harold Wilson's nasty raincoats. All of this. So I think with Gusty Spence and a lot of people like this, and this goes, by the way, for people on the Republican side, for people in the IRA. There was a sense of a romantic history of sort of outlaw violence and adventure and whatnot.

• 1:17:03Speaker 01

  It's all about the songs and the fiddles.

• 1:17:05Speaker 00

  And the stories and all of that kind of thing. And they are almost willing it back into being. Because at a time when, you know, jobs are scarce, life seems shabby and disappointing, this would give you a sense of excitement. And of course, if you, if you ally that to the fear of the others, then that becomes a very potent combination.

• 1:17:30Speaker 01

  The sense is that there is nothing inevitable about the troubles.

• 1:17:36Speaker 00

  People choose it.

• 1:17:37Speaker 01

  People choose it. They, as you say, they will it into existence.

• 1:17:40Speaker 00

  Yes, they absolutely do. And I think they, this look, this search for a cause, and it's a cause that they're very familiar with, is a really important part of the story. Spence said later, there was still a sense, like with the old Ulster volunteers, that you were for the cause. You would fight and die for it. Yes, fight and die for the cause. And that's so widespread among the people who join the different paramilitary groups, whether loyalist or Republican.

• 1:18:05Speaker 01

  Fight and die and kill?

• 1:18:07Speaker 00

  Well, this is the thing. So do you remember when we did the series about the Irish War of Independence with Paul Rouse? He said, all the ballads are about fighting and dying, but people don't write ballads about fighting and killing, but someone's got to do the killing.

• 1:18:19Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 1:18:20Speaker 00

  And actually, this brings us very neatly to May 1966 and the first, arguably the first casualties of the troubles. At this point, Spence and his pals have already started petrol bombing Catholic schools, Catholic shops and so on. In their minds, they are deterring IRA vandalism. This is their excuse. Of course, an external observer would say, this looks very much like drunken sectarian vandalism and bullying to me. On the 7th of May, they decide to target a Catholic owned pub just off the Shankill Road. They say, loads of Republicans hang out in this pub, we should blow this pub up. And they throw a petrol bomb through what they think is the landlord's window. But actually, it's the house next door.

• 1:19:02Speaker 00

  And it belongs to a Protestant grandmother called Matilda Gould, who was 77 years old. She was bedridden with severe arthritis. She can't get out of bed. She's horribly burned by this petrol bomb and she dies seven weeks later of her injuries. And a lot of accounts point to her as the first victim, first modern victim of the troubles. And obviously, this was a terrible, a terrible mistake by the UVF to kill a Protestant grandmother. But in a sign of what's to come on both sides, they don't back down. They issue a statement two weeks later. From this day, we declare war against the IRA and its splinter groups. Known IRA men will be executed mercilessly and without hesitation.

• 1:19:45Speaker 00

  We solemnly warn the authorities to make no more speeches of appeasement. So there's two issues there. One is the sort of omnipresent, gnawing fear of the IRA that is there in loyalist minds the whole time.

• 1:19:59Speaker 01

  But the IRA are a shadow at this point.

• 1:20:02Speaker 00

  They're very quiet at this point. I mean, a loyalist would say, come on, the IRA is still there, aren't they? And yes, they are still there, but, or even though they're not actively campaigning. But the other thing is the attack on the authorities for appeasement. You know, this rhetoric runs right through the 60s and 70s. And on the 27th of May, the UVF meet to discuss their next attack. They meet in a pub again. They say, there's a bloke nearby called Leo Martin. He's a Republican activist. He's involved with the IRA. Let's go off and shoot him. And they go off to the Falls Road to go and find him and they can't find him. And on the way back, having not found him, they see walking down the street towards them, a bloke who's been in the pub all evening, who's singing Republican songs. He's called John Patrick Scullion. He's 28 years old.

• 1:20:48Speaker 00

  And they say, well, well, this bloke will do. And they stab him and they shoot him. And two weeks later, he dies in hospital of his wounds and he's the second victim. And then a month later, a third victim. The evening of Saturday, the 25th of June, there are four young Catholics, four young blokes, they've been working in Belfast city centre, working late. They decide to go for a last pint at the Mulvan Arms just off the Shankill Road, because they know it stays open after hours. This pub, the Mulvan Arms, is a Protestant pub. But one of these blokes says, it's fine. I know the landlord. This guy's called Andrew Kelly. He says, okay, I know the landlord. Hell, I have no problem with us going there. They get to the pub at about midnight. The pub is very busy. The landlord does know him. It's fine.

• 1:21:33Speaker 00

  They have no problem getting served. Great. They sit down with their pints. Unknown to them, but sheer bad luck, the drinkers at the next table are Gusty Spence and his gang. And one of the gang said to the police later, the conversation came up about the religion of these fellows. Spence asked the company if they would be Catholics. Spence then went up to the bar beside the four lads to buy a drink. When he returned to our table, he said, I've been listening to their conversation. They're four IRA men. They're IRA men. They will have to go. Which they're not. They're not IRA men. They're absolutely not. The four Catholic, young Catholic guys have their pints. A couple of hours later, they leave the pub. And leading the way is one of them, Peter Ward, who is 18 years old.

• 1:22:17Speaker 00

  And as soon as they get outside, the shooting starts. Andrew Kelly again. He was dead, Peter Ward, when he hit the ground. I was shot too and I dropped down, but they kept on shooting at me. There were four gunmen. They didn't say anything. All I remember is the flashes and the shooting. So one of them, this guy Peter Ward, is killed. Spence and his gang were arrested and Spence and two others were sent to prison. Now Paisley always condemns shootings of this kind. He's very happy to ratchet up the tension rhetorically, but he almost always distances himself from actual violence. And that again is something, you know, he's not unusual in that regard.

• 1:22:58Speaker 00

  There are loads of people in this story who are very happy to kind of stoke the flames, but when the bullets fly, they always say, oh no, I don't agree with this, of course.

• 1:23:08Speaker 01

  Do you think that's a cynical take or is he acting on genuine principle when he condemns it?

• 1:23:13Speaker 00

  That is, I think, something that only he would know. That only he would know. If you're asking me my personal verdict, which not all listeners would agree with, I would say, I think there's an awful amount of cynicism from people in this story. So I'm not just talking about Ian Paisley, I'm talking about Gerry Adams or, or whoever. There are an awful lot of people who say, I don't really support violence, I don't really encourage it. But everything that they do seems designed to encourage it because they believe it's in their political interests, frankly.

• 1:23:44Speaker 01

  Okay, okay.

• 1:23:45Speaker 00

  So yeah, I would take a very caustic view of such people personally. And actually, to go back, just to finish on Spence and Co, these killings were just so terrible. To us, to some people, they give them a kind of outlaw appeal. They seem exciting. One writer later called Spence a loyalist folk hero. And there are lots of loyalist gunmen who joined paramedics later, who say, yes, he was my inspiration. I really looked up to this guy. He was the one person who had the guts to take up the gun and to actually do something positive to defend our people. So I think that that's an important thing to bear in mind. In Britain, what do people think of all this? Do you know what? Most people don't even notice. This is the summer of swinging London.

• 1:24:29Speaker 00

  It's the summer of England's World Cup win. Most people are completely uninterested in Northern Ireland. It doesn't really fit the mood, these stories. Who cares that some people in a faraway place have been shooting each other? If you're, you know, you're all your thoughts are of Carnaby Street and miniskirts and stuff. But of course, in Belfast, people don't think that way at all. Terence O'Neill had been on a visit to France for the anniversary of the Somme. And he cuts it short to come back to Stormont and to denounce the Ulster Volunteer Force. He says, it's abominable to compare yourselves to Carson and his volunteers. There's no connection between men who were ready to die for the country in the fields of France and this sordid conspiracy of criminals. And he ends with this really dramatic warning, O'Neill. He says, Northern Ireland must choose

• 1:25:14Speaker 00

  either the road to progress or return to the pointless violence of the past. And when he gives the speech, the London press say, oh, this is great. O'Neill is laying down the gauntlet and people will undoubtedly rally to him because people don't want to go back to the sectarian ages of the past. But the biggest newspaper in Belfast, the Belfast Telegraph, which has a much better sense of the local mood, is much less optimistic. It says, Ulster is in danger of being thrown back into a dark past thanks to those who have been sowing dragon's teeth and do not care how terrible the harvest may be. But Tom, that harvest will be much more terrible than anybody realizes.

• 1:25:58Speaker 01

  So next time, we'll be looking at the civil rights marches of 1968, the fighting in the streets of Derry. Your hero, Jim Callahan, deciding to send in the troops after a lot of prevarication and the IRA preparing to reemerge from the shadows. So club members can hear that episode and the entire series. And if you're not a member, you can, of course, get membership at therestishistory.com. And as we may have mentioned before, membership does come with an incredible rate of supplementary benefits, including our fantastic newsletter,

• 1:26:40Speaker 01

  which includes guest story and essays, book extracts, quizzes, prizes, just nonstop fun. So all of that and more in your inbox every Friday. So Dominic, another excellent reason to become a member.

• 1:26:56Speaker 00

  So many reasons.

• 1:26:57Speaker 01

  So many reasons. Anyway, thank you, everyone, for listening. Thank you, Dominic, and bye bye.

• 1:27:03Speaker 00

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