#356 - AMA #73: Preserving brain health, optimizing exercise programming, improving body composition, and more

View the Show Notes Page for This Episode https://peterattiamd.com/ama73/?utm_source=podcast-feed&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=250714-pod-ama72&utm_content=250714-pod-ama73-podfeed Become a Member to Receive Exclusive Content https://peterattiamd.com/subscribe/?utm_source=podcast-feed&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=250714-pod-ama72&utm_content=250714-pod-ama73-podfeed Sign Up to Receive Peter's Weekly Newsletter https://peterattiamd.com/newsletter/?utm_source=podcast-feed&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=250714-pod-ama73&utm_content=250714-pod-ama73-podfeed In this "Ask Me Anything" (AMA) episode, Peter addresses frequently requested topics, including brain health, exercise programming, and body composition. He explores the factors that influence dementia risk—including metabolic health, fitness, sleep, hearing, cholesterol levels, and more. He explains how to implement zone 2 training and VO₂ max intervals for cardiovascular fitness and also covers how to combine cardio modalities, how to stay in zone 2, and special considerations for women. Peter highlights the benefits of light movement after meals and offers strength training tips for those managing injuries. Additional insights include how to maintain fat loss, the truth about so-called "slow metabolisms," and how to set appropriate daily protein goals while managing the trade-off between lean mass and body fat over time. If you're not a subscriber and are listening on a podcast player, you'll only be able to hear a preview of the AMA. If you're a subscriber, you can now listen to this full episode on your private RSS feed https://peterattiamd.com/members/private-podcast-feed/?utm_source=podcast-feed&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=250714-pod-ama72&utm_content=250714-pod-ama73-podfeedor our website at the AMA #73 show notes page http://peterattiamd.com/ama73/?utm_source=podcast-feed&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=250714-pod-ama73&utm_content=250616-pod-ama73-podfeed. If you are not a subscriber, you can learn more about the subscriber benefits here https://peterattiamd.com/subscribe/?utm_source=podcast-feed&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=250714-pod-ama73&utm_content=250714-pod-ama73-podfeed. We discuss: Overview of episode topics on brain health, cardiovascular training strategies, and body composition [2:15]; Understanding dementia risk: modifiable vs. non-modifiable contributors to cognitive decline [5:00]; The causality between metabolic health and dementia [9:45]; How diet and exercise influence brain health: energy balance and exercise as key preventative tools [13:30]; Why combining aerobic, resistance, and cognitively engaging activities offers the most comprehensive benefits for preventing cognitive decline [17:00]; Additional lifestyle factors that influence dementia risk: smoking, head trauma, alcohol, and sleep [19:45]; The link between hearing loss and dementia: dose-dependent risk and the case for correction [25:15]; How poor oral hygiene may contribute to neuroinflammation and dementia risk [27:30]; Supplements for brain health: which ones matter and when they're worth considering [28:45]; Low LDL cholesterol and brain health: debunking the myth of cognitive risk [33:45]; How to approach zone 2 training: the importance of staying in zone 2 and tailoring intensity based on your time and goals [38:00]; Lactate testing for zone 2: clinical protocols and at-home approaches [43:00]; Combining modalities in zone 2 training: balancing enjoyment and efficiency [47:00]; Zone 2 training for women: addressing the misconception that zone 2 training is unnecessary or ineffective for postmenopausal women [49:30]; Effective strategies for VO₂ max training: short vs. long intervals [51:45]; The benefits of post-meal walking for glucose management, and why spikes in glucose during exercise aren't harmful [56:45]; The role of stability training in supporting resistance work and healthy aging [1:00:15]; Adapting strength training to manage chronic back injuries and train for longevity [1:02:00]; The role of aerobic exercise (like zone 2) in fat loss, metabolic health, and weight maintenance [1:06:30]; Debunking the "fast vs. slow metabolism" myth: why energy balance and protein matter most for fat loss [1:09:45]; Lean mass vs. body fat: why both matter for health and longevity [1:12:15]; How protein intake impacts muscle mass and why pairing it with resistance training is significantly more effective [1:15:15]; and More. Connect With Peter on Twitter https://twitter.com/PeterAttiaMD, Instagram https://www.instagram.com/peterattiamd/, Facebook https://www.facebook.com/peterattiamd/ and YouTube https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8kGsMa0LygSX9nkBcBH1Sg

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:10Dr. Peter Attia?

  Hey everyone, welcome to a sneak peek Ask Me Anything, or AMA, episode of the Drive Podcast. I'm your host, Peter Attia. At the end of this short episode, I'll explain how you can access the AMA episodes in full, along with a ton of other membership benefits we've created. Or you can learn more now by going to peterattiamd.com/subscribe. So without further delay, here's today's sneak peek of the Ask Me Anything episode.

• 0:39Dr. Peter Attia?

  Welcome to Ask Me Anything, AMA, episode 73. For today's AMA, we're answering a mix of the most requested listener questions, covering some of our most popular topics, including brain health, optimal exercise programming, and body composition strategies. Specifically, we discuss modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for dementia, and how exercise, sleep, alcohol, hearing, oral hygiene, supplements, and cholesterol levels influence brain health. How to implement Zone 2 training, why it matters, how to lactate test if you choose to use it, combining cardio modalities, and special considerations for

• 1:19Dr. Peter Attia?

  peri- and post-menopausal women. Talk about strategies for how to increase VO2 max, including optimal interval length when shorter HIIT workouts can help, and why power or rate of perceived exertion is preferable to heart rate training or heart rate targets during these efforts. The benefits of light movement after meals for glucose control, and why exercise-induced glucose spikes are expected and harmless. Finding the right mix of strength and stability work, adjusting for workouts for sore or sensitive backs, and weighing the pros and cons of lifting heavy weights that press down on the spine. Talk about exercise's role in maintaining fat loss programs, debunking the slow metabolism

• 2:02Dr. Peter Attia?

  myth, and setting daily protein targets, and managing the lean mass versus body fat trade-off over time. If you're a subscriber and want to watch the full video of this podcast, you can find it on the show notes page. And if you're not a subscriber, you can watch a sneak peek of our video on our YouTube page. So without further delay, I hope you enjoy AMA number 73.

• 2:30Speaker 01

  Peter, welcome to another AMA. How are you doing?

• 2:33Dr. Peter Attia?

  Doing great. Thank you for having me back.

• 2:35Speaker 01

  I really sense that greatness in that tone of your voice right there. I think you really sold people on it. Before we start, for those watching and for those listening, do you want to explain the T-shirt that you're rocking today?

• 2:49Dr. Peter Attia?

  Normally, you are the one that designs all of our T-shirts. This is the first time I've designed a T-shirt. I'm really happy about this. I guess for those who can see it, it's got F of X equals a big fluffy sheep. And then d by dx of F of X equals a big pile of fluffy wool. And then d two dx squared of F at X is a wool sweater, which I just think is so great. And I made it so that my daughter would have something to look forward to when she got to high school calculus.

• 3:24Speaker 01

  Yes. And as someone who's never taken high school calculus, I still don't quite know what the letters mean, but I did understand the pictures. So I have that going for me. Today's AMA, nothing to do with math or sheep. Instead of focusing on one topic, what we did is a little bit more of a rapid fire style where we're going to have a variety of questions. And so we went to the audience on social media, through the website, through the AMA portal, gathered some of the most common questions we're asked, the questions we see come through all the time. And also some of the questions on topics that we know are interesting to people, which is brain health, exercise, body composition. For today, we'll cover questions around all the different variables interventions people can do

• 4:10Speaker 01

  in order to prevent cognitive and neurological decline, obviously of interest for anyone who has a brain and hopes to keep it intact. We'll dive into the most common exercise questions, which are a lot around zone two, including questions around if females should be doing zone two training, as well as some VO2 max training questions. And then we'll look at some body composition and diet questions, which kind of focus a little bit on exercise, but also around losing fat mass, building lean mass, the role of protein. With all that said, anything you want to add before we get rolling?

• 4:43Dr. Peter Attia?

  Take it away.

• 4:44Speaker 01

  You think you're going to be able to work your math into it throughout that?

• 4:47Dr. Peter Attia?

  If there's a way to get a first or second derivative into this, I will find it.

• 4:51Speaker 01

  A story for a different day, but a throwback for people who have listened to you for a while. I didn't even put together till just now. The T-shirt also fits when you're at parties and you explain to people what you do for a living, which is a shepherd.

• 5:04Dr. Peter Attia?

  You don't think that wasn't deliberate, my friend?

• 5:08Speaker 01

  This is now your social gathering T-shirt. So, oh, nice to meet you. What do you do? Oh, let me tell you about my shirt. Smart. It's well played.

• 5:16Dr. Peter Attia?

  This is what I do.

• 5:17Speaker 01

  Yeah, that's good. I'm really kind of disappointed in myself that I didn't put that together till just now. It's probably why I didn't take calculus. With that, let's roll. So, questions around cognitive neurological health. Mainly what we see a lot and this comes through is preventing cognitive decline. It's something people care a ton about. We did a previous AMA on it, AMA 46, which we went into a lot of detail. We're not going to go into that detail. This will kind of be a primer. Answer some questions at a high level, but if anyone wants to dive deeper, that's a great resource. But I think a place to start that's really helpful for people is understanding what even puts someone at a higher risk for dementia cognitive decline.

• 5:59Dr. Peter Attia?

  I guess there's different ways one could think about this. I do like to think of it through the lens of modifiable and non-modifiable things. So we can just briefly, briefly touch on non-modifiable things and say very little about them, frankly, because they're not modifiable, but they're worth acknowledging. Age, sex, genes are not modifiable, and yet they all play a role in the risk of dementia. And I think people who are not strangers to this podcast will know exactly what each of those things implies. So obviously, as age rises, so too does the risk of cognitive decline, inclusive, of course, of all forms of dementia. That rise is monotonic, meaning it never abates and it just keeps going up and up and up.

• 6:41Dr. Peter Attia?

  We also see this profound discordance between men and women where women have twice the risk of Alzheimer's disease to men. There are lots of theories as to why that's the case, but it is not solely explained by the slight gap in life. Expectancy between men and women. We've explored this in great detail in other podcasts, so I don't want to say too much more on it here. My personal point of view is that much of that risk is probably explained by sudden estrogen withdrawal during menopause, which of course would suggest that HRT might be a way to close that gap, but it's too soon to tell. And then, of course, we have the genetic risks, and the most notable of these is, of course, the APOE4 genotype. But of course,

• 7:22Dr. Peter Attia?

  there are many other genes that are associated with that. Okay, so let's put the non-modifiable risks off to the side, and let's talk about modifiable risks. So when we talk about modifiable risks, what we are talking about is metabolic disease, specifically obesity type 2 diabetes, talking about hypertension, and we're talking about dyslipidemia. All of those things factor heavily into the development of dementia and Alzheimer's disease specifically, and they are all modifiable, which is the good news. I think I could spend the entire discussion on those things, but we've done that elsewhere. So I just kind of want to give a couple of the high points. So obesity is associated with about a 60% increase in the risk of dementia. That means in any given year, an individual who is obese compared to

• 8:07Dr. Peter Attia?

  somebody who is not is going to have a 60% relative increase in risk. So at a young age, that doesn't mean anything because the absolute risk is so low. But as you get older, this number gets higher. For every 1 millimole per liter increase in LDL cholesterol, which is about a 40 mg per deciliter increase, that's about an 8 to 10% increase in all-cause dementia. And so the added risk for dementia with type 2 diabetes or hypertension is actually similar to that of obesity. Diabetes increases the risk by about 50%, and hypertension increases by about 60%. In other words, having diabetes for a longer period of time increases the risk.

• 8:50Dr. Peter Attia?

  We see that, of course, when we see that for every five years that a person is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, their risk increases by almost 25%. So again, it's kind of like one of these area under the curve problems, not to keep bringing it back to calculus. There are some other nuance to this, which Again, maybe deeper than we want to go into it for kind of a rapid fire, but it turns out that if you're an APO E4 carrier, you become even more susceptible to these modifiable risk factors. In other words, if you take an APO E4 carrier versus a non-E4 carrier, both of whom have diabetes, there's a significant increase in risk for the APO E4 carrier.

• 9:32Dr. Peter Attia?

  And it's about a five to five and a half fold risk difference between these two individuals. So all of this is to say, if your objective is to prevent cognitive decline, which obviously would be everyone's objective, you want to manage what is manageable. You want to be normotensive to blood pressure 120 over 80 and below. You want lipids as low as possible, although we'll talk about where that plateaus out. You want to be as metabolically healthy as possible and be as insulin sensitive as possible.

• 10:01Speaker 01

  One follow up there, which since you brought up math is another math problem, is you ran through obesity, diabetes, hypertension. What do we know on do those cause dementia? Or are they just correlated with dementia?

• 10:15Dr. Peter Attia?

  Yeah, always the important question. How would one answer that question? So there are really only two tools we have at our disposal to address causality in humans. And one is the randomized control trial, and that's the gold standard. And then I'd say a slightly lesser standard, and it varies dramatically by indication, is the Mendelian randomization. So when you consider this particular question, we have fairly robust evidence that hypertension, type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolemia can cause heightened increase in dementia risk. And we say that because when you look at RCTs

• 10:55Dr. Peter Attia?

  that specifically treat those things with a primary outcome being dementia risk reduction, we see those benefits. Now, sometimes those are secondary benefits. So we have trials that are conducted, for example, to address coronary artery disease as the primary outcome, but a secondary outcome is dementia. And you have to be a little bit careful. Because you don't always have a trial designed exactly to identify all the conditions around secondary findings. But nevertheless, when you have robust and significant volume of RCT datas that are treating constitutive elements within this, and you see benefits, that becomes pretty powerful. You also then have to look at what are the mechanistic reasons why these might be the case?

• 11:38Dr. Peter Attia?

  And again, I think in all of these cases, high blood pressure and the endothelial damage that comes from it, hypercholesterolemia and the endothelial damage that comes from that and type 2 diabetes, you see common things that occur in all of these things. You see inflammation, you see oxidative stress, you see amyloid buildup, you see insulin resistance, and all of these things mechanistically also make sense. So again, all of this is to say that I think we're very confident that there is not just correlation here, but causality. Now, one of the challenges, and this is why I don't find myself memorizing what the risk factors are here and saying, "Well, gosh, the relative risk here is 60% versus 55%."

• 12:21Dr. Peter Attia?

  These things don't travel by themselves. So it's not uncommon that a person with type 2 diabetes often will have hypertension and dyslipidemia. And while statistically, we can try to identify the impact of each of those, it does become a bit muddy. And therefore, I think we shouldn't find ourselves worrying about whether it's a 50% increase or a 60% increase. The bottom line is we want to manage these things. Again, I think in the show notes, we'll link to some of the various trials and recommendations around these things. But again, suffice it to say, we have a pretty good sense of the idea that having, for example, systolic blood pressure below 120 millimeters per mercury, even compared to 140 millimeters per mercury,

• 13:04Dr. Peter Attia?

  doesn't just lower the risk of dementia over a relatively short timeline, three, four years, but also lowers even mild cognitive impairment. Doesn't seem like a stretch to understand why that's the case when you understand just what kind of capillaries are in the brain and how sensitive they are to anything that disrupts their lining. Similarly, lipid low Lowering with statins, which by the way are probably my least favorite way to lower lipids, is still associated with a 20% decrease in the risk of dementia. Again, this is identified in RCT studies where the primary outcomes tend to be cardiovascular disease, but along the ride, you're seeing this. By the way, all cause dementia, when you look at Alzheimer's disease, that increases to about a 30% reduction in risk.

• 13:50Speaker 01

  Obviously, you talked about obesity there, and we know things like diet and exercise or lifestyle changes can also impact obesity. Do we know anything specifically around diet and/or exercise on can it help prevent cognitive decline, the risk of dementia? It's a question that we see come through a lot outside of just the obesity piece.

• 14:13Dr. Peter Attia?

  Thank you for listening to today's sneak peek AMA episode of The Drive. If you're interested in hearing the complete version of this AMA, you'll want to become a premium member. It's extremely important to me to provide all of this content without relying on paid ads. To do this, our work is made entirely possible by our members, and in return, we offer exclusive member-only content and benefits above and beyond what is available for free. So if you want to take your knowledge of this space to the next level, it's our goal to ensure members get back much more than the price of the subscription. Premium membership includes several benefits. First, comprehensive podcast show notes that detail every topic, paper, person, and thing that we discuss in each episode. And the word on

• 14:57Dr. Peter Attia?

  the street is, nobody's show notes rival ours. Second, monthly Ask Me Anything or AMA episodes. These episodes are comprised of detailed responses to subscriber questions, typically focused on a single topic and are designed to offer a great deal of clarity and detail on topics of special interest to our members. You'll also get access to the show notes for these episodes, of course. Third, delivery of our premium newsletter, which is put together by our dedicated team of research analysts. This newsletter covers a wide range of topics related to longevity and provides much more detail than our free weekly newsletter. Fourth, access to our private podcast feed that provides you with access to every episode,

• 15:40Dr. Peter Attia?

  including AMAs sans le spiel you're listening to now and in your regular podcast feed. Fifth, the Qualies, an additional member-only podcast we put together that serves as a highlight reel featuring the best excerpts from previous episodes of the drive. This is a great way to catch up on previous episodes without having to go back and listen to each one of them. And finally, other benefits that are added along the way. If you want to learn more and access these member-only benefits, you can head over to peterattiamd.com/subscribe. You can also find me on YouTube, Instagram, and Twitter, all with the handle PeterAtiaMD. You can also leave us a review on Apple Podcasts or whatever podcast player you use.

• 16:24Dr. Peter Attia?

  This podcast is for general informational purposes only and does not constitute the practice of medicine, nursing, or other professional healthcare services, including the giving of medical advice. No doctor-patient relationship is formed. The use of this information and the materials linked to this podcast is at the user's own risk. The content on this podcast is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Users should not disregard or delay in obtaining medical advice from any medical condition they have, and they should seek the assistance of their healthcare professionals for any such conditions. Finally, I take all conflicts of interest very seriously. For all of my disclosures and the companies I invest in or advise,

• 17:07Dr. Peter Attia?

  please visit peterattiamd.com/About, where I keep an up-to-date and active list of all disclosures.