Gladiators: A Day in the Life

The Colosseum packed with roaring crowds, the sand stained with sweat and blood. But today, you’re not watching - you’re fighting. Welcome to a day in the life of a Roman gladiator. In this episode of The Ancients, Tristan Hughes is joined by historian and author Dr Harry Sidebottom to uncover the brutal reality behind Rome’s most iconic fighters. From their training regimes and daily routines to the myths of gladiatorial combat, discover what it really meant to step into the arena. Were these warriors condemned slaves or celebrities of the ancient world? And did they really salute the emperor with the famous words: “We who are about to die salute you”? MORE The Roman Gladiator https://open.spotify.com/episode/6wlBwL1Tw7cpcd8Iy83v6K?si=74rjmQ7sQz2R7S7QAVktQw Roman Beast Hunts https://open.spotify.com/episode/5BzUjSeAFoiyKawbZ3I0dl?si=IHbBmzfLTMSlybaFYJ3xKw Presented by Tristan Hughes. Audio editor is Tomos Delargy, the producer is Joseph Knight. The senior producer is Anne-Marie Luff. All music courtesy of Epidemic Sounds The Ancients is a History Hit podcast. Sign up to History Hit for hundreds of hours of original documentaries, with a new release every week and ad-free podcasts. Sign up at https://www.historyhit.com/subscribe. You can take part in our listener survey here https://insights.historyhit.com/history-hit-podcast-always-on: https://insights.historyhit.com/history-hit-podcast-always-on Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy https://acast.com/privacy for more information.

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Tristan Hughes?

  Ever wondered why the Romans were defeated in the Teutoburg Forest? What secrets lie buried in prehistoric Ireland? Or what made Alexander truly great? With a subscription to History Hit, you can explore our ancient past alongside the world's leading historians and archaeologists. You'll also unlock hundreds of hours of original documentaries with a brand new release every single week, covering everything from the ancient world to World War II. Just visit historyhit.com/subscribe. Hey guys, I hope you're doing well. I'm all good here, I'm just back in from a quick food shop and about to sit down and start putting forward some ideas for the rest of the team regarding upcoming Ancient episodes going into early 2026.

• 0:45Tristan Hughes?

  I've had a look at the stats, I've seen what episodes have been really popular with you and comments and feedback, what you've really enjoyed, and also certain suggestions that you've been sending in over the past few months, what you'd really like to see on the podcast. So we're going to be taking all of that into consideration when we plan out what we're going to be releasing on the podcast in the coming months into 2026, and I cannot wait to share them with you. In the meantime, today's episode, we're going back to ancient Rome and we're exploring a day in the life of a gladiator who was set to fight in one of those big spectacles of ancient Rome in an arena like the Colosseum, a gladiatorial fight, a day at the games. We're exploring all of that. What do we know about our day at the games from the viewpoint of a gladiator?

• 1:28Tristan Hughes?

  With our guest, Dr Harry Sidebottom. He is a lecturer in ancient history at Lincoln College Oxford. He's also a prolific writer of historical fiction, he's a bestselling author, and, as you're about to hear, he's a lot of fun. I loved recording this chat with Harry and I hope you enjoy it just as much as I did recording it. Let's go.

• 2:04Tristan Hughes?

  The Colosseum, one of the most majestic constructions from the Roman world. Imagine it full to the brim with spectators, Romans of all ranks eager to see the games. But today, you're not one of the viewers, you're the entertainment. You're a gladiator. Today, gladiators are one of the hallmark symbols of ancient Rome. These sexy, yet infamous fighters who clashed in sand-covered arenas to the roars of the crowd, who fought for the pleasure of others. So what do we know about the gladiator's routine? How did he prepare for an upcoming fight in the arena? What do we know about the fights themselves? And is there any truth behind them saying the phrase, "We who are about to die salute you"?

• 2:49Tristan Hughes?

  This is a day in the life of a gladiator, with our guest, Dr. Harry Sidebottom.

• 2:58Tristan Hughes?

  Harry, it is a pleasure to have you on the podcast today.

• 3:01Speaker 01

  Thanks very much, pleasure to be here.

• 3:03Tristan Hughes?

  Now, when someone thinks about Rome, it is a classic image that comes straight into your mind, isn't it? These macho fighters with sword and shield, or trident and net and so on. It has become such a clear image of ancient Rome. Now, why do we think that?

• 3:18Speaker 01

  Why is it so popular now? Why is a gladiator the iconic image? I think it's the alienness of it. We watch contact combat sports, but not ones where people actually die.

• 3:29Tristan Hughes?

  And do we also get a sense, both in ancient writers and with people today, there's a fascination with gladiators, but also a revulsion at the same time?

• 3:39Speaker 01

  Yeah, absolutely. And in the ancient sources, there is this weird paradox. They're both utterly reviled, they're the lowest of the low, they're slaves, or free men who've reduced themselves to the status of slaves, but at the same time, they're glamorous and indeed sexy in the ancient world.

• 3:56Tristan Hughes?

  Now, with your book, you've kind of explored the story of gladiators by plotting what 24 hours in the life of a gladiator might have looked like. To tackle this, and also, let's say it's the night before the games, and then they're fighting in the games themselves. What types of sources do you have available to reconstruct a day in the life of a gladiator?

• 4:15Speaker 01

  Well, you have to pull them together from lots of scattered places. And obviously, the main one, you couldn't create a story without the literary sources. Unfortunately, we don't have a single literary source that walks us through the 24 hours of the games. What we've got are anecdotes or stories scattered in literature. And then we've got the archaeology, gladiatorial barracks, the Colosseum and amphitheaters. Crucially important, a lot of visual material, lots and lots of images from the ancient world.

• 4:45Tristan Hughes?

  And do we find those visual objects much further than just Italy itself, given how far and wide the gladiator sport, it was exported across the Roman Empire?

• 4:55Speaker 01

  Yeah, absolutely. I mean, only this spring I was in northern Greece, in ancient Macedon, where there's a fantastic new museum in a place called Veria. And I didn't know it was there, but there's a whole wall of gladiatorial tombstones with images, absolutely fantastic. As you say, they're everywhere from York and northern Britain, right across the Ephesus.

• 5:17Tristan Hughes?

  And those objects themselves, you mentioned there. So you have things varying from gladiator tombstones to small, from what I can remember, almost these little gladiator figurines, almost little gift objects that you might take away from a day at the games.

• 5:30Speaker 01

  Yeah, absolutely. And people think that's what they are. Some of the small ones and the lamps with gladiators on, literally, it's a souvenir of your big day out at the games.

• 5:39Tristan Hughes?

  Before we go into the 24 hours themselves, a bit of background. Do we know much, first of all, about the origins of gladiatorial combat and how it comes to ancient Rome?

• 5:49Speaker 01

  Kind of yes and no, because the ancient writers claim to know where it comes from. And the trouble is, they give us two different stories. So some ancient writers go, yep, it's definitely from Campania in the south, it's an import. And others go, yes, it's an import, but it's from Etruria in the north. And we have no real way of knowing which is actually true. The key thing is that Romans thought gladiatorial combat was imported from somewhere else. And that's probably not, you know, shifting the moral responsibility as we would if we had something, you know, as violent and bloody as that. It's actually more a weird Roman idea that we Romans, we take things from the rest of the world,

• 6:33Speaker 01

  people we've conquered. We take the best things and we adopt them and adapt them. Do you know, we make them even better.

• 6:39Tristan Hughes?

  And so do we know what the original purpose then was of these gladiatorial fights when the Romans first encountered them, whether it be further north, as you mentioned, in Etruria, like Tuscany area, or further south in Campania, so near modern day Naples today?

• 6:53Speaker 01

  Yeah, we do. Unfortunately, none of the evidence is contemporary. It's Romans looking back. But they're all insistent, originally gladiators fought at funeral games, which of course opens up endless modern speculation about why are they in offering to the dead? The ancient Romans, by the time they're writing the anecdotes, they don't know themselves. So the odds on us finding out are pretty much, I think, entirely zero. But yeah, there's a strong link to funerals.

• 7:20Tristan Hughes?

  I don't suppose you've ever been to Pestum, have you, Harry?

• 7:23Speaker 01

  I have, many years ago, yeah.

• 7:25Tristan Hughes?

  And have you seen those beautiful wall frescoes you have from that site? And I think when you get to the Lucanian period, so in the, in the 4th century B.C., there are some beautiful images of warriors fighting each other.

• 7:36Speaker 01

  Yeah, there are. And they seem to be remarkably gladiator-like, and they seem to be matched pairs, fighting each other, rather than battle sequences.

• 7:44Tristan Hughes?

  But it's fascinating, isn't it, that kind of debate about where gladiators came from, whether it was an ancient Greek city like Pestum, or further north in Etruria. But just to have that visual evidence there, long before the gladiators become the dominant kind of blood sport of ancient Rome, that you have it elsewhere in ancient Italy.

• 8:02Speaker 01

  Yeah, absolutely. And looking at it the other way around, it's amazing that visual images then, as you said earlier, spread all over the empire. They're really popular images to have. And, you know, kind of weirdly, in things like a mosaic in your dining room, which is not something probably any person would want. I mean, boxing promoters, I don't know, maybe they do have photos of boxing on the wall of their dining room, but guys and animals dying. But I think that homes in on really why the Romans did it and how they, they probably altered it. And the link with funerals remains down to the end of the Republic, down to the reign of Augustus. But it gets more and more tenuous. What it's really about is the guy giving the games.

• 8:47Speaker 01

  Trying to win popularity from the crowd.

• 8:49Tristan Hughes?

  I was going to ask, so what motivated senators and then later emperors to hold games? But is it that central P word? Is it popularity?

• 8:57Speaker 01

  I think it is. And under the Republic, the senators really need votes of the people. We often think of it as this kind of aristocratic oligarchic clique. And in some ways, yeah, they're the guys who hold high office. But we tend to forget that they only get into office because the plebs vote them there. And putting on gladiatorial shows is a way of getting votes. Getting that popularity you need to become the next rung up on your cursus honorum, as it was called, the ladder of officers. You start at Quister, see if I can remember it, Quister. Then Idyll or Tribune of the plebs, then Praetor, then you get to be one of the two consuls of the year. Hey, the year's named after you, you're immortal.

• 9:42Speaker 01

  Really hardwired into the psyche and self-fashioning of the senatorial elite.

• 9:48Tristan Hughes?

  And does that need for popularity from hosting gladiatorial games? Does it increase when you get to the time of the emperors? Even though maybe you could argue that they're safer in their position in the fact that they're not having to go to an emperor office or be elected to become emperor once a year?

• 10:05Speaker 01

  Yeah, I think it increases all the way through. I mean, under the Republic, the scale of gladiatorial fights put on, it's inflationary. You have to put on a bigger show than the previous guy. And you had to put on a more novel show, have different acts, you know, different animals in the morning, different types of gladiators, more of them. The emperors inherit that and they have to take it over because they've supplanted the senatorial elite as the patron of the Roman city plebs. And if they don't put on games, it will not necessarily completely undermine their regime, but it will make it deeply unpopular.

• 10:41Tristan Hughes?

  So let's now start going through those 24 hours of a gladiator at one of these great games, let's say of the early imperial period. If we could start with the night before, Harry, because I've got in my notes these two words, cana libera. What is this?

• 11:00Speaker 01

  Right, that's one of my favourite bits. Cana libera, I suppose you can translate it literally as the free dinner. It's not free in the sense that gladiators get it for nothing because their rations are probably given to them for nothing anyway. It's unlimited dinner. For once, they get a really, really nice, upper-class, fine dining experience. But the weird bit about it is the public can come in and watch them eating. And that really is quite odd. It's an odd social ritual. And there are any number of modern, really sort of deep theories about it. It's raising the status of the people who may die tomorrow. What it was really

• 11:40Speaker 01

  about, I think, is actually affecting the gambling odds. The guy who's scared, can't eat, can't choke his food down, he's out at sixty-sixers. Whereas the guy who's calmly ordering his affairs, eating a reasonable amount, not drinking too much, yeah, he's become the odds-on favourite. I'm sorry, I come from a racing family in Newmarket, I've just slipped into the language of tattersels there. But I think that's what it's really about. It's about gambling.

• 12:07Tristan Hughes?

  What types of people do you think then would come to watch these gladiators eat? So would it be the people who are making the bets, who are, you know, behind the stores at the games before they fight?

• 12:18Speaker 01

  Yeah, I think it's the real aficionados of the sport, you know, the diehard fans. There is another subgroup, which is utterly bizarre to our thinking. One of the places where we know about the Kenne Libra is Plutarch. We know him best as, you know, the guy who Shakespeare took the stories from for the tragedies. But what he's himself as was a moral philosopher. And there's this wonderful anecdote of going to the Kenne Libra to watch people, the gladiators eating, as a lesson in moral philosophy. Because you can learn about human nature when it's under extreme pressure. He says something like, well, you know, any student of philosophy has done this, haven't they? Which kind of implies

• 13:01Speaker 01

  there's a subgroup of people who aren't. You know, keen gamblers or keen aficionados, they're going there to learn a life lesson. And that really is utterly bizarre.

• 13:12Tristan Hughes?

  So you've got betting house owners, gamblers, you know, the diehard fans, standing alongside sage philosopher-like figures, watching all these gladiators eat this, we will find dining food.

• 13:23Speaker 01

  Yeah, I think the philosophers stand out easily. They're the guys who don't wear a tunic, have a long beard, long hair, their whole outward appearance going, look, the external world means nothing to me. I'm all about the inner man. Hence, I don't bother to get a haircut or wash too often sometimes.

• 13:40Tristan Hughes?

  Do we know much about the gladiators themselves that would have been partaking in this dinner? Would they have never seen these extraordinary foods presented to them before? Would they have come from quite a low background?

• 13:51Speaker 01

  Yeah, they would have done. Superficially, it depends how long they've survived, how many kenilibra they've gone through. There are four sources of gladiators. One, prisoners of war. Two, people convicted of really nasty crimes. And they actually, of course, being condemned to a gladiatorial school is an act of clemency because they could have just been killed outright. And they have a chance of survival. The third type would be slaves who are sold into gladiatorial school. And the fourth type is, surprising to us maybe, free men who volunteer.

• 14:27Tristan Hughes?

  And we do have a few examples of the free men who volunteer, don't we?

• 14:30Speaker 01

  Yeah, quite a few. I mean, it's, well, we can't do percentages. We just don't have enough. Tristan, you know, you can't do really do statistics for most ancient history. The numbers are statistically tiny. But yeah, I mean, if you kind of pretend the sample we've got, yeah, up to maybe 25% are free men.

• 14:49Tristan Hughes?

  Wow. And what would have motivated them to kind of throw away their freedom and become a gladiator?

• 14:55Speaker 01

  Right. You want the ancient answer from Horace, the poet.

• 14:58Tristan Hughes?

  Okay.

• 14:59Speaker 01

  He'll tell you what it is. He does tell you what it is. They're morally bad people. There you go.

• 15:05Speaker 01

  They're just very bad people. They're probably rich young men who have frittered away their fortune they've inherited on, on things like food, drink, women. And they now have no choice but be a carriage driver or become a gladiator.

• 15:22Tristan Hughes?

  A carriage driver or a gladiator? Those two options.

• 15:25Speaker 01

  Two options, both bad. If you're an upper-class Roman, can you get any lower? Probably if we'd strip out the moralizing, grinding poverty would be damn good reason. It's easy for us to think about the Romans as sort of terribly all eating dormice brains and wearing togas and being, living in lovely villas. Ninety percent of the population live on or all too often below the subsistence level. If you volunteer as a gladiator, at least you will be fed and really well fed for as long as it lasts. And maybe you will survive and come out the other end. Maybe you'll get rewards on the way. And maybe if you're good, you'll get adulation from the crowd. I argue in the book, thrill-seeking.

• 16:08Speaker 01

  Certain young guys are addicted to extreme sports. And what's much more extreme than fighting another guy with a bladed weapon? I wouldn't know, I've never done it myself.

• 16:18Tristan Hughes?

  No, we don't do that here on the Ancients podcast, at least not yet. We haven't gone to that, those extremes. But it is interesting though, isn't it? Kind of exploring the different ways that people could become a gladiator and also hearing more about them sitting around one of these last supper ideas with this beautiful food in front of them. Do we have much idea about how different the food was at that supper compared to what they had every day in the gladiator barracks?

• 16:44Speaker 01

  Yeah, we do actually. I mean, we don't have, which would be handy, a nice menu for the flash canolivera. But what we do have, we know their diet, their normal diet. And it's really unappealing. It's a bean and barley stew. And it's designed to bulk them up, to make them heavy. The idea being, put it in modern medical terms, would be to build up a thick layer of subcutaneous fat. So essentially, they can take a wound and bleed in a visual way. But the blade doesn't actually hit any vital organs because they're really, really chunky, heavyset guys.

• 17:23Tristan Hughes?

  So almost like natural body armour that they're adding with the diet that they were fed?

• 17:27Speaker 01

  Yeah. It also had various other unfortunate knock-on effects, according to the Austrian forensic pathologists who studied gladiators' remains from a cemetery in Ephesus, which now I'm on Turkey, obviously. Their diet also led to them having incredibly bad teeth, and hence very bad breath. And they've in a very sensible way compared it with the teeth of skeletons of the normal population of ancient Ephesus. Gladiators, lousy teeth.

• 17:54Tristan Hughes?

  Doesn't quite add up to the very sexy nature of gladiators that we have down to the present day, that they were also sex symbols.

• 18:00Speaker 01

  Yeah, they were. They're a million miles from the ancient ideal of male beauty and desirability, that they're heavy-set, if not fat guys with bad teeth, bad breath. Their rigorous training ends up, like tennis players, one arm and shoulder, much more developed than the other. They're covered in scars and the sort of warts where the helmet rests on their nose. But at the same time, they were thought of as sex symbols. Although, the pieces of evidence are always wheeled out in most popular books here. There's some graffiti from Pompeii about a Rhetiorius, an Anetan trident fighter who nets the young girls, and his mate, who's a Thracian type of gladiator equipment.

• 18:44Speaker 01

  And he, as it's put, sorts out the girls in the morning, the afternoon and the evening. These are quite often in serious scholarly research. These words are scribbled by a breathless groupie. Um, maybe not, because they're actually found in the gladiators' barracks. These words were scribbled by these guys themselves. This is two men indulging in sort of competitive sexual boasting. I get more women than you do. But having said all which, yeah, there's a lot of literary evidence that gladiators were seen as sex symbols. And that is odd, considering they are not conventionally attractive men in the classical view. The bites and the scars and the wounds is probably the hint.

• 19:29Speaker 01

  I mean, perhaps gladiators the ultimate bit of rough trade.

• 19:35Tristan Hughes?

  I might also ask, sorry, one last question on this supper, this Cana Libra, because it's so fascinating to hear about. What would the Roman elites have thought about it? Seeing, you know, these, these rough and tough gladiators of much lower status to them, seeing them all of a sudden eating the types of food that they would have been accustomed to in their own villas and great houses in the city?

• 20:00Speaker 01

  That's a really good question. I don't think they'd have been too disturbed because it's the one off nature of the thing. It's sort of like in some British regiments, the, once a year, the officers serve the men their food. It's the world turned upside down, but by turning it upside down just once, in a really defined time, you kind of reinforce what's normal?

• 20:23Tristan Hughes?

  So part of the ceremony idea, I guess, is that if it's been regulated, if it's been controlled, people perhaps are not as fast about it than they might otherwise be?

• 20:31Speaker 01

  Absolutely. Unless, of course, you're a Christian bishop. Saint John Chrysostom, the Golden Mouth, has, in one of his interminable and rather depressing homilies of being good, you Christian flock, he says, "If you see gladiators, not unfortunately in a Cana Libra, but in an inn, getting blind drunk and seeming to enjoy themselves, don't for a minute mistake them for being happy, because they will burn in hellfire," and so on.

• 20:58Tristan Hughes?

  All right. Well, let's move on from the Cana Libra and move on in the story. So they're going to go and fight in the arena the next day. Do we know what would happen next? I mean, where would they go to sleep? What do we know about that evening and that night just before they went to the arena?

• 21:14Speaker 01

  Security arrangements in those five gladiatorial barracks, as been archaeologically discovered, seem actually pretty minimal. Usually, the veterans were probably quite free to sleep anywhere they wanted. Which would of course further their sex symbol ambitions. The night before, yeah, they're confined to the barracks and closely watched. And presumably, under the emperors, in a school owned by the emperor, they're guarded by soldiers. In a private barracks, they're guarded presumably by veteran gladiators who are no longer themselves in the arena. And yeah, they're pretty closely monitored.

• 21:56Speaker 01

  There's a story in Seneca of a beast fighter who, the night before he's meant to go into the arena, actually goes into the communal latrine in the middle of the night. It's because it's the only place he isn't observed. And then he revoltingly chokes himself to death with the famous sponge on a stick that Romans wipe their bottoms with.

• 22:18Tristan Hughes?

  This is the famous sponge on a stick suicide story and it's linked to a beast hunter the night before a fight?

• 22:24Speaker 01

  Yeah, absolutely. And the weird thing is that Seneca wheels this famous anecdote out as an example of extreme moral goodness. The moral here is if you want to kill yourself, and Stoics are very keen on killing yourself if you do it rationally for the right reasons. You know, you're internally ill, you're in intolerable pain, you wish to spare yourself and your family something worse. And he's making the point, you can always find the means to take your own life, even as this gladiator did. And not only is he a beast fighter, he's a barbarian prisoner of war. He's a hairy German. I suppose the argument really underlying it, even a scum like that can show moral goodness at the ultimate test.

• 23:09Tristan Hughes?

  You mentioned earlier how there were five gladiatorial barracks that have been discovered. So presumably one of them is in Pompeii, isn't it? So do we know much about the layout of these homes of the gladiators and how they were structured?

• 23:22Speaker 01

  Yeah, there are actually two in Pompeii.

• 23:24Tristan Hughes?

  Ah.

• 23:25Speaker 01

  And there's of course the famous one just over the big modern road from the Colosseum, the ludus magnus, which actually you can see half of is exposed, it's wonderful. They all tend to have a similar pattern. They're not identical, mainly because some are converted from private houses or other buildings. It tends to be a central courtyard, ringed by gladiatorial. We always translate it as cells, I mean, sleeping quarters. Cells sounds more, you know, darkness, chains, Spartacus film. They don't seem to have been much worse than the barracks of soldiers in many ways.

• 24:10Speaker 02

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• 25:09Tristan Hughes?

  So they go to sleep at the barracks the night before. They're watched closely by, as you mentioned, either veteran gladiators or soldiers to make sure they don't kill themselves or try to run away. And then you get the day of the games themselves. Harry, do we know when the actual events would begin? Do we know what would happen early in the morning, both for the gladiators and, I guess, for the spectators who are about to arrive at the arena?

• 25:34Speaker 01

  Yeah, absolutely. The whole thing kicks off, well, for the spectators, before dawn. We have anecdotes of people queuing to get in. I think, I also put it in the book, imagine yourself as a gull flying over Rome, and you're looking down at the Colosseum. All the roads around it are going to be thronged with people getting in. Only the elite are guaranteed, you know, the right and best seats, their seat. The spectators need to be in because the first event at dawn is a big parade. We don't know where it went in Rome, but in Corinth and other places, we know it, wound through the town, ends up at the amphitheatre where the games are being held, and then comes onto the sand itself. You've got musicians, you've got floats, as it were.

• 26:17Speaker 01

  You've got the gladiators kitted out in their very best kit, and you've got incense and music. It has... It's not a religious parade per se, but it does have religious connotations to it. It's a big event. And then after the parade, there's the testing of the weapons, a ritual testing that the swords are sharp. We know quite about that because of two anecdotes about two supposedly good emperors. And rather worryingly, the stories are almost identical. The good emperor has discovered a senator or two is plotting against him. And so when the weapons are brought up to the imperial box,

• 26:58Speaker 01

  he gives the sharp swords to the men who are conspiring against him as an act of faith and trust. And then says, by the way, I know what you're up to. It's a way of pardoning them. So you've got this whole ritual in the morning. And then you have, I argue in the book, the famous gladiatorial oath. Those who are about to die salute you.

• 27:21Tristan Hughes?

  Ah, okay. So it's sorting fact from fiction. So do you think that the gladiators would have said that in their ornate armour, right in the centre? Everyone's taken their seat before any events have begun. The first thing they would do is do that over to the emperor.

• 27:34Speaker 01

  Yeah, I'm breaking ranks with virtually every scholar who's studied this recently. They're all going, no, no, we only hear about this oath once. And we only hear about it once because that's the one time it was ever said. But we learn about it in an anecdote about Claudius giving some games. And Claudius ruins the whole affair by then trying a badly timed joke. Yeah, they do the, you know, we are about to die salute you. And Claudius sort of giggles and goes, or not. And the gladiators go, great, it's a pardon. Well, damn weapons. And then Claudius has to bribe and threaten and limp round, cajoling them to fight.

• 28:15Speaker 01

  The anecdote's recorded because of Claudius's bad joke and that outcome, rather than, oh, it's the only time it's said. It's a wonderful act of theatre and the whole day is an act of theatre. That's a great way to kick it off.

• 28:29Tristan Hughes?

  So almost that oath part of the story, because it's not the central message almost, it's the fumbling around by Claudius. People who would have heard that story would have just kind of taken the oath as fact. You wouldn't need to explain this any further because they just knew that happened at the beginning of every gladiatorial combat that happens at the Colosseum.

• 28:47Speaker 01

  Absolutely spot on Tristan. It's not explained, it's just there. And then we get into the anecdote, bad jokes and limping.

• 28:57Tristan Hughes?

  I'd like to ask a bit more about this ornate armour because this also sounds really, really fascinating. So do we think that would have been when the gladiators awoke that morning in the barracks? I mean, we probably don't have the information available, but can we imagine almost a very ceremonial event of them donning on all of this beautiful armour that presumably they didn't wear that often when they were just training beforehand?

• 29:19Speaker 01

  Presumably either the Lannister, the man in charge, or the veterans, or their cellmates helped them arm and equip. And no, you're absolutely right, of course they wouldn't be wearing this to train. This is the sort of stuff that's too ornate and too valuable for anything other than the ring itself.

• 29:36Tristan Hughes?

  How long do we think they would have been training for before their Lannister, their master of the barracks, decided that they were ready to fight?

• 29:44Speaker 01

  Hard to give a hard and fast answer, but we know how long a man could be condemned to a gladiatorial school. And it is five years maximum, of which only three will they be fighting. So it depends how long out of, as it were, the first year they're being trained, which we don't know.

• 30:06Tristan Hughes?

  Shall we also highlight, I mean, they're an economic investment, aren't they? The fact that they're not being served the worst foods that, as you highlighted earlier, they're served foods that serve a purpose of armoring them up naturally. I mean, everything, you know, their accommodation, their food, their armour, and the Cana Libra that we mentioned earlier, it's all paid for, it's all covered. But because the gladiators themselves, they're an economic investment?

• 30:31Speaker 01

  Yeah, huge economic investment. We've got an inscription from the reign of Marcus Aurelius. Marcus Aurelius attempted a price cap on gladiators. Figures obviously, people take them as if, you know, this is how much a gladiator costs. Well, no, he's doing a price cap. Actually, presumably they cost rather more. I mean, if you're doing a price cap austerity in the age of gladiators, you you don't set it at the real high level. But yeah, they they can vary hugely. I mean, at the cheapest level, there are a couple of thousands of sestres. But they can go up to, you know, tens of thousands of sestres or more. They're a serious economic investment and you want to make sure they do you proud in the ring.

• 31:09Tristan Hughes?

  Okay, so it's the morning, this procession of gladiators and presuming the beast hunters, would they be there as well in the procession? Harry, at that time, do we think they will be together?

• 31:19Speaker 01

  Yes, we do, but we don't have any hard and fast evidence. The nearest we can get is some animals in the procession. If animals are there, it's highly likely the beast fighters. Beast fighters are kind of second string in popularity. The gladiators are the big deal in the afternoon, the beast fighters in the morning. They're important and indeed, you know, some provincial shows, they replace gladiators altogether. They're cheaper.

• 31:44Tristan Hughes?

  So if we've got that scene, first of all, when they're all together at that procession before the events themselves begin. They do their oath to the emperor or whoever's in the box. You've thrown your head above the power pet there, Harry, happy to say. What happens next, especially for those gladiators? They've got to wait until the afternoon. So where are they led off to? Where are they, dare I say, stored until their events take place?

• 32:08Speaker 01

  Well, we think they're stored in the Colosseum or the big arenas that have sort of substructure. We think they're stored down there, but of course, we don't actually, we'd have no actual evidence of where they're waiting. Presumably getting more and more keyed up before the event. We can't actually definitely say. We know the animals are stored down there, highly likely the gladiators, the human performers are as well.

• 32:34Tristan Hughes?

  Well, Harry. Talk us through the day at the games and the events that happen. Shall we start first of all with the events in the morning? And these are the beast hunts.

• 32:46Speaker 01

  Yeah, absolutely. Man v animal, trained men. I mean, this is, this is not executions. This is beast fighters, trained huntsmen fighting animals. It's also animals v animals. And the Romans really seemed to delight in making species of animals fight that in nature didn't fight.

• 33:07Tristan Hughes?

  Ah.

• 33:08Speaker 01

  So you can end up with some exotic mismatch. What's going on here, of course, is the Roman Empire symbolizing its control over nature. And similarly, the more exotic the animals you can put in the arena, the better. Have you a provincial show, I don't know, somewhere, somewhere in backwater like Britain? You've probably got a few bulls, maybe a couple of bears. But yeah, the big deal in Rome and the big centres, African animals, lions. Also from the east, you want, you want Panthers, you want Tigers, you want Crocodiles. If possible, rhinoceros would be great. It symbolizes the geographic spread of the empire.

• 33:49Speaker 01

  In fact, there's even one source that claims Arctic bears in Rome.

• 33:54Tristan Hughes?

  Wow.

• 33:55Speaker 01

  Yeah, I mean, probably means polar bears, but I guess, you know, Scotland is pretty Arctic if you're looking at it from Roman eyes. So maybe it's just a Scottish bear, a Caledonian bear. But yeah, the more exotic, the better for the beast fights of the morning. But not all the animals are actually going to die. Some are just exhibited because they're so rare and exotic and unusual. Or they can do tricks. The Romans have a soft spot for elephants. They love elephants, elephants that can, like a.

• 34:27Speaker 01

  The now long gone chimpanzees tea party thing, elephants that can have mime human diners, a civilized dining party, elephants that can juggle, elephants that can be mock gladiators, which is rather presumably with sort of some stage kit on and maybe balancing on their rear legs.

• 34:48Tristan Hughes?

  It's almost a bit of a circus event that you could have in the mornings as well as, you know, the actual more gory stuff of either beast on beast or trained hunter on beast.

• 34:56Speaker 01

  Yeah, absolutely. How about elephants that can write Greek in the sand with their trunks?

• 35:00Tristan Hughes?

  No, really?

• 35:01Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 35:01Tristan Hughes?

  Is there stories of that?

• 35:02Speaker 01

  Yep. How about tightrope walking elephants? One that walks a tightrope down from the top of, it's actually Pompeii's theatre, down to the sand. I mean, that would add a certain frisson of, well, fear for the people in the stands under it, surely.

• 35:16Tristan Hughes?

  Harry, I don't know if you're just mocking me now, or this is actually true. I mean, I've never ever heard those stories before. I mean, can we, should we take them with a barrel full of salt?

• 35:25Speaker 01

  Yes. Yes, they're in ancient sources. Did they actually happen? Actually, the tightrope walking elephant, yeah, probably. As always, in any ancient history, you have to judge each anecdote on the source it's in, the purpose it's serving in that source, and so on. But yeah, all those stories are in ancient writers, and some might be true.

• 35:49Tristan Hughes?

  Well, let's move on then to midday, because this also feels like another gruesome part of the events, but maybe one that even for Romans was a bit too gruesome for lots of them to stomach. What are we talking about?

• 36:05Speaker 01

  We're talking about the executions at midday, dehumanised criminals being executed in bizarrely inventive ways. I mean, usually if you're a criminal who's convicted of a capital crime. You get beheaded if you're a citizen, supposedly a nice, quick death. And if you're not, you get crucified. Now, neither of those are very visual. I mean, just beheading, guys, is not a big visual spectacle for lunchtime. Crucifixion can take days. So what they do is they come up with lots of other ways of killing people, throwing them to wild animals being one, burning them alive being another, and acting out bits from Greek

• 36:47Speaker 01

  myth, where the condemned criminal somehow or other is convinced to act out a myth. So we have Orpheus. Obviously, in the myth, he's torn apart by women who've been maddened by the god Dionysus. The Romans, however, don't do that. They have him torn apart by a bear.

• 37:05Tristan Hughes?

  Gosh.

• 37:06Speaker 01

  Yeah, it's odd. And then there's Icarus. You wheel him out on a crane, strap some wings to him and drop him.

• 37:13Tristan Hughes?

  Oh, oh, God.

• 37:15Speaker 01

  Tristan, that's the response of everyone I tell that anecdote to. It's just pure macabre. It's the blackest joke ever. It's pure Tarantino. It's just dreadful. Yeah, or the tunica molester, the evil or molesting tunic. These are criminals acting out the death of Hercules. Hercules, in the myth, his wife is tricked into giving him a poisoned shirt. The pain is so intolerable, he burns himself to death. In the arena, instead, you have a man with an inflammable tunic put on, which is then set fire to, and you watch him run around. Do I sound too much relish in the description there?

• 37:53Tristan Hughes?

  No, you don't, Harry. This is, this is the part, I think, doing a day at the games, and even before we get to the gladiators, it really highlights how different, you know, so many Romans were and what they expected at a day at one of these events. It is not just gladiators fighting each other. It is, it is so much more horrific than that at times. And I can understand why, even for some Romans, like, they would leave at lunchtime, right? Because they just couldn't stomach. It was almost, that was just one step too far for many of them.

• 38:19Speaker 01

  That's what we think, but we're basing it on just Seneca.

• 38:22Tristan Hughes?

  Right, okay.

• 38:23Speaker 01

  And Seneca actually says they throw the criminals to the crowd at lunchtime and it's a terrible thing. Actually, that has led to lots of modern online nonsense about the crowd actually ripping the condemned criminals apart themselves. No, no, no. He means he's thrown to their base passions. Some may well have left. He does talk of half-empty stands. In the same passage, he also talks about people who go specifically and enjoy the executions.

• 38:53Tristan Hughes?

  Half-empty, also half-full then.

• 38:55Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 38:56Tristan Hughes?

  What else would be happening in the crowds as these events going on? Especially if people had in mind, they knew that the big event was still to come, that the gladiators were still to come out. Would there be people going around just telling them who was about to fight and what the betting odds were and so on? Would there be that active economic kind of monetary aspect going on all the time?

• 39:16Speaker 01

  Yeah, I think there would, although there are no bookmakers, there's no pari mutuel or tote. They're not turf accountants, as they're called. It's more like, I don't know, 1700s horse racing in England. The bets are wagers, but you know, there are odds involved in the wagers. I think there would be a lot of people putting side bets, laying bets off and just talking about what was to come. Because the gladiators are the big draw. And of course, you've probably got a programme which lists, you know, at least the big name fighters who'll be on this afternoon. It's like when I went to Nevers and you sat through a lot of lousy bands to see the good ones at the top end of the bill.

• 39:57Tristan Hughes?

  I was going to say an analogy of, it's almost like a football match where you have the half-time entertainment to kind of keep you at your seats. But you're just waiting for the teams to get back out there. Maybe slightly different, but I know what you're talking about there, Harry. Well, then let's go on then to. It's after lunch, the moment has arrived, the gladiatorial bouts are about to begin. Harry, do we have any rough idea generally how long this part of the event would last? Did it take up the whole of the afternoon? Was it just a few hours? Do we know anything about that?

• 40:27Speaker 01

  The timings are tricky. I think it depends how many matching pairs of gladiators are fighting. We do know that probably didn't last longer than 10 minutes and a quarter of an hour. So it really depends how big the show is, how many gladiatorial pairs will be exhibited. Now, this is where Hollywood always, you know, gets it very wrong, is that in Hollywood, it's always a mass battle. You know, there's dozens of guys out there all at once and it's carnage, there's blood splatter everywhere, they all get hacked to bits. Yeah, there were mass battles, but they were incredibly rare. And the only ones we know anything about are incredibly rare ones given by emperors, where they wanted to put on a particularly spectacular show.

• 41:11Speaker 01

  Usually, any gladiatorial contest, there are two fighters, it's a duel, there are two referees out on the sand with them. And it's also really not necessarily about death. The outcome isn't always death. The intention is they should be exhibiting skill, endurance, courage, and they're quite likely to survive.

• 41:33Tristan Hughes?

  Now, Harry, you mentioned something really interesting there, which are the two referees. This is something you normally never, ever see. But there were alongside the two gladiators themselves, there were these officials, dare we say, keeping an eye on every sword and spear thrust and so on.

• 41:49Speaker 01

  Yeah, absolutely. Often found in visual representations, they have a special costume, as a referee in any sport does, so you know absolutely sure who they are. In their case, it's a white tunic with a couple of probably purple or coloured stripes down the front and a big stick.

• 42:06Tristan Hughes?

  It's a stick, isn't it? They always show the big stick.

• 42:09Speaker 01

  Possibly the big stick was used to kind of encourage some of the more reluctant fighters. But in visual imagery, the referee always appears at the key moment when one gladiator is submitted. One of the referees steps in and uses his stick. To either to symbolically hold back the victorious gladiator. So he doesn't kill the guy before the man who submitted could appeal to the giver of the games and the crowd.

• 42:36Tristan Hughes?

  It feels a pretty dangerous job if you've just got a stick and you're against two men who've been trained in their weapons for months on end, very sharp weapons who are also in the midst of maybe the the red mist has descended after fighting for so long and you're just trying to hold them back with the stick.

• 42:51Speaker 01

  Mind you, I suppose we do think that most of the referees would be ex gladiators themselves.

• 42:57Tristan Hughes?

  Oh, okay.

• 42:58Speaker 01

  These are the sort of super veterans, so maybe there's from the gladiatorial school with some instilled respect, just like rugby players, no matter what you say, you have to put the word sir on the end of it when talking to the referee. Maybe there's this kind of in drilled thing, hardwired thing. Actually, interesting, taking that slightly to one side, we only have one anecdote from the whole Roman Empire of a gladiator ever hurting a member of the audience.

• 43:25Tristan Hughes?

  Interesting. So what's that story?

• 43:27Speaker 01

  It's from Valerius Maximus and his collection of anecdotes. It's set in Sicily in the theatre in Syracuse. The story is that an equestrian, second rung down in the Roman social order, has a dream the night before a gladiatorial fight that he'll get killed by Retiarius, a Net and Trident fighter. And his friends go, don't be ridiculous, come along to the games. He sits in the front row and blimey, he sees the man from his dream and he tries to leave and his friends go, oh, it's a dream, don't be silly. And sure enough, the Retiarius mistakenly corners and doesn't kill his opponent, he kills the spectator. The whole story is really dubious because the Retiarius in this anecdote kills the

• 44:12Speaker 01

  spectator with a sword. Retiarius didn't carry swords.

• 44:16Tristan Hughes?

  Well, yes.

• 44:17Speaker 01

  So.

• 44:19Tristan Hughes?

  And a sword thrust has got to be pretty bad if you can miss your opponent to actually hit someone in the crowd, considering there must have been a bit of a barrier between them as well.

• 44:27Speaker 01

  Yeah, it's an unlikely anecdote, but it is the only one we have. Gladiators don't turn on the crowd, or even try to, because their lives depend on the crowd at this point.

• 44:37Tristan Hughes?

  You mentioned retiarius there, so let's explore some of the key classes of gladiator and what types of classes they would afford, because it's normally not same against same, is it?

• 44:47Speaker 01

  No, it's not normally. I mean, the basic division is big shield fighters, small shield fighters. It's Marcus Aurelius in his usual miserable, joyless way in his meditations, he goes, yeah, thank goodness my tutor taught me to never be a fan of either, along with everything else that's, you know, having fun, sex, the body, anything that makes human life bearable. He didn't like it. It's all about duty. Yeah, so you've got the small shield fighters, the hoplomachoi, they're men with a spear and a small shield. Then you have things like the momilo, who has a big shield and a sword, most are armed with sword and shield. The retiarii, the net and trident fighters, very distinctive, probably included under

• 45:29Speaker 01

  small shields, even though they don't really have a shield at all, but an arm guard. But yes, they tend not to fight the same armour type, although they can, and you tend to get match pairs.

• 45:40Tristan Hughes?

  Harry, is there any evidence for the rhino machoi, for the rhino fighter, that I'm sure many of us might have seen recently?

• 45:48Speaker 01

  Yeah, I know you're referring to Gladiator 2, even though I haven't seen it. No, there isn't. There's evidence for rhinos, very rarely in the Colosseum, but I believe in the movie they're riding them. No, no.

• 46:00Tristan Hughes?

  I think they got a big flair as well, it's quite something, but yes, maybe that's a bit too far. But they did have mounted gladiators, didn't they, or chariot riding gladiators, they could be on special occasions?

• 46:08Speaker 01

  Yep, they had both. Esadarii are the chariot riders, and anecutae's, mounted ones. They're fairly common throughout the Empire, because there's a super book called Artemidorus's How to be a Dream Diviner, from the 2nd century A.D., which has lots of people dreaming about fighting gladiators. The book's in Greek, the audience is Greek, and it shows the type of gladiator you dream of fighting. If you're an unmarried man, indicates the character of your wife. And there are nine types of gladiator, and eight of the nine are really bad, so you've only got one chance of having a wife who's at all agreeable. If it's an esodarius, the chariot riding gladiator, your wife will be incredibly lazy.

• 46:53Speaker 01

  If it's a retiarius, unfortunately, she'll be utterly promiscuous and wanton. And if it's a demarcheus, the one who fights with weapon in both each hand, this actually means your wife will be a cruel malicious witch.

• 47:07Tristan Hughes?

  So it's almost like Zodiac signs, but much more infamous and with different types of gladiators.

• 47:12Speaker 01

  Yeah, with much more sexism and violence.

• 47:16Tristan Hughes?

  Artemidoras is such a strange source. I think he also, a bit of a tangent, but I think he talks about the like, what types of sexual position were acceptable and which weren't. And then he kind of has a hierarchy of which are worse than others as well. He's a very bizarre source, that man.

• 47:30Speaker 01

  It's a bizarre source, but what a line into popular thinking. He claims, he claims all these dreams and case studies. He's either got from books or illiterate dream diviners in the marketplace. And essentially, in the Greek half of the Roman Empire, people were dreaming some seriously weird stuff. I mean, feeding cheese to your penis. And by the way, these dreams could be had by women too, which makes it even odder. Of course, Sigmund Freud was all over it, you know, hence the Oedipus complex.

• 48:09Speaker 02

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• 48:20Speaker 02

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• 48:43Speaker 02

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• 49:07Tristan Hughes?

  If we go back to the end of the fight, so it's been going on for let's say 10-15 minutes, one of the gladiators has finally been defeated, he's on the ground and the referee is kind of basically saying he's out for the count and holding the other guy back. What would happen next?

• 49:21Speaker 01

  Right, the defeated gladiator then should appeal to the giver of the games. The giver of the games in turn utterly expected he will listen to the opinion of the spectators and they will call death or life and then the giver of the games will do the famous turning his thumb bit and he will make that decision. And I can't believe it was really vague there about the turning of the thumb because modern scholars unanimous in their view that the modern idea of thumbs up means life, thumbs down death is the wrong way around. However, I don't agree.

• 50:00Tristan Hughes?

  Again, Harry, the two big things, you're going against the tide here.

• 50:05Speaker 01

  Well, I am, yeah, in this one because we have two sources that talk about turning the thumb and don't say which way it turns. The modern scholars, once you've got through the seminal scholarly article, which has a lot of weird stuff about phallic imagery in it, the argument is that thumbs up means death because the killing blow would be up into the throat. Now, the problem with that is it just doesn't fit the archaeological evidence. Once again, back to the gladiators cemetery in Ephesus, almost all the people who died there were killed with a blow from above and behind downwards. So I think the modern popular image, all right, Hollywood is right and in this case the scholars are wrong. Thumbs up did mean life, thumbs down...

• 50:51Speaker 01

  Does mean death. If you get the thumbs down as a gladiator, you're expected to meet that fate in a calm, stoical way. Cicero says, have you ever seen a gladiator begging for his life after that? He doesn't answer it. It's meant to be a rhetorical question. The answer's meant to be no. But I guess there is no way out at that point. So you might as well.

• 51:12Tristan Hughes?

  Maybe that goes into that idea of the referees being, you know, people that they respected, maybe veteran gladiators and so on, to potentially give them a bit of courage right at the end if they're right next to the people that they've lived alongside for so long.

• 51:25Speaker 01

  Yeah, I mean, I guess it's sort of in military history terms, you know, the buddy group bonding thing. You don't at the last moment want to appear unmanned in front of the guys, as you say, you've lived with, trained with, who've trained you. You might as well die. And there is always hope because, you know, you might at the last minute be spared. Cicero again, you know, there's always hope out on the sand.

• 51:48Tristan Hughes?

  And so the fights happen, some gladiators die, many others who are defeated are spared. And so it seems like the majority of gladiators would survive a day at the arena. Do we know what would happen to them next, once they're taken off the sand in the arena?

• 52:02Speaker 01

  The dead go out of apparently the gate of death and they are stripped of their armour. The winners and the spared go out of the gate of life and presumably go back to the barracks and get out of their armour, have a massage, eat a normal meal of horrible bean and barley stew. One of the weird bits is that there is a popular idea in the Roman Empire that the blood of a gladiator could cure epilepsy.

• 52:28Tristan Hughes?

  Wow.

• 52:29Speaker 01

  And their liver is very good for it. So they're kind of harvested for blood and livers, harvested for body parts, which is very strange. And it's clearly a real idea, which was almost certainly put into practice, because most of our sources are medical writers. And of course, as doctors, they're saying this is ridiculous, it doesn't work. But it shows there was something they had to argue against, so it was real.

• 52:56Tristan Hughes?

  Once again, sorting fact from fiction, if a gladiator was coming off the arena floor, you know, he's exhausted, he's tired, he's sweating. Could we actually imagine people running up to him straight away with a vial or two, trying to collect as much sweat as possible to sell?

• 53:10Speaker 01

  I love that story. There's a brilliant article by an American scholar. Apparently, this story goes back to an article in Sports Illustrated about 2000 AD. No, there is no evidence at all.

• 53:25Tristan Hughes?

  So it's a legend.

• 53:26Speaker 01

  Utter myth. It's a modern myth. It's a modern urban myth. Romans do odd stuff. The hair of a bride on her wedding day should be for good luck. Her hair should be parted with a spear that's killed a gladiator. But no, the sweaty aphrodisiac thing, nah, not really.

• 53:45Tristan Hughes?

  Oh, well fought. Well fought, mister. Now, let me just go and collect that sweat off your brow.

• 53:49Speaker 01

  Sweat from you.

• 53:50Tristan Hughes?

  Yeah, no, it doesn't sound quite right, does it? The final act of the games, the gladiators are off. Is there a last big act by the organisers of the games in the crowd, by the higher echelons of society?

• 54:03Speaker 01

  Oh, indeed, there is. I mean, this is what some people have come for. Ritual gift giving. The scattering of gifts to the crowd. And there's even a sort of mechanical device. It's like a rope pulley thing called the line of riches. So rope is can be wheeled out and with purses on or pouches in that can be emptied and things, gifts, are showered down on the spectators. Now, when emperors do it, if it's a bad emperor, Caracalla, Caligula, Helium Gavalus, the upper class elite riders go, they just do it because they love watching people fight, fighting over the gifts. No, everyone does. Every giver of games does it. And you can get sort of things like fruit or little bits of nuts or tokens. These are

• 54:48Speaker 01

  the good ones. You take the token in later and exchange it for the gift. You don't know what it is. And there's actually a black market in guys buying, taking a punt, speculating, you know, I'll give you Exostersis for that token, because it might be something really valuable, like £10 of gold, or it might be a joke, like a cabbage.

• 55:08Tristan Hughes?

  Oh, so it's always like a bit of a lottery, a raffle almost, is it?

• 55:12Speaker 01

  Yeah. There's a wonderful mosaic from North Africa, which includes an inscription. It's after a beast fight. It lists the gifts given and this, you know, this is what it's all about. The gifts to the audience. So you've got a complete day of, this rounds off the day really nicely. Although you need to get out of the amphitheatre really fast, according to Seneca. Cause people fight over things and you might of course get mugged on your way out in this holiday atmosphere.

• 55:42Tristan Hughes?

  Yes, exactly. There are also cases, isn't there, from Pompeii. You have different factions in the crowd, supporting different gladiators. And if your gladiator from your city that you come from hasn't done very well. That could also breed trouble as well when you're exchanging insults. It's like leaving a football match today and it's been quite a tense atmosphere. And then whilst you're walking down to the station, you might actually mingle with some away fans. And, you know, most people are absolutely fine, but there'll be a select few who try and start something.

• 56:09Speaker 01

  Yeah, absolutely. And as you, as you pointed out, there's a famous riot in Pompeii. When the Pompeians and the people spectators from a neighbouring town end up with a massive riot, which would kill a lot of people. Although weirdly, most riots that we know of from spectator events in the Roman Empire aren't gladiatorial. It's actually at the circus, the chariot racing or at the theatre. Especially pantomime artists who were actually kind of more like ballet than are pantomime. They had a lot of factionalism. I mean, it's very hard to imagine people rioting over ballet now, but once again, the alienness of Romans. I think the reason that the crowds tend not to riot, be a bit better behaved at the gladiatory shows is

• 56:53Speaker 01

  the high level of security that's there. You need troops there, because let's face it, lions and trained killers pose more of a threat than a pantomime artist.

• 57:02Tristan Hughes?

  Even men with sticks as well, you know, they could even be a bit of trouble.

• 57:05Speaker 01

  Well, they could give you a nasty whacking.

• 57:09Tristan Hughes?

  I could ask so many more questions, only a couple more. I will ask the gladiator freedom idea. I mean, was it regularly the case that some gladiators who won would be given their freedom? Or did it really depend on who that figure was?

• 57:22Speaker 01

  Well, some certainly are given their freedom there and then, which of course is incredibly generous to the giver of the games. He's giving away an economic asset. And we do know that they are free at the end. According to a ruling of Hadrian, at the end of five years, they are free if they've survived. It kind of depends, what are your rods on survival? And how often do you fight? I mean, if you only fight once or twice a year, and you're only fighting for three years, and the lethality of gladiatorial combat, modern estimates vary between one in four chance of dying, right out to one in 20. I of course go for a middle ground because I'm English, and go it's probably one in eight.

• 58:04Tristan Hughes?

  One in eight, one in 12, one or the other. Yeah, I always do the middle ground. Absolutely. Because they can't accuse you of going too far one way or the other.

• 58:12Speaker 01

  Exactly.

• 58:12Tristan Hughes?

  Just boring, but that's what we like. So you have that, the end of the games, let's say they don't receive their freedom. You've either won the bout, or you've lost, but then you've been spared. I mean, what would happen next? How long do you think before they'd be thrown back into the arena again?

• 58:28Speaker 01

  That's a really tough question. We do hear of a guy who fought during some games given by the Emperor Trajan. He fought four times in the same games. But the games lasted over 100 days, and it's the biggest games ever in recorded Roman history. It's hard to tell. But there is one really good tombstone, put up by the gladiator's widow. Of course, technically not his widow, because they're slaves, and they can't legally marry. But there was claimed to be the widow, the woman of the gladiator. And this guy'd been in the gladiatorial school for four years, and fought five times, once a year. Like modern boxers, there might be months and months between actually being in the arena.

• 59:08Tristan Hughes?

  And just eating that, you know, the same food again and again, conditioning themselves to get ready for that one day in the arena.

• 59:14Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 59:14Tristan Hughes?

  Harry, this has been absolutely fantastic. You've been on great form. Last, but certainly not least, with these gladiatorial fights, we started by exploring the mysterious origins of them. Is it a bit more clear cut as to why and when they end?

• 59:28Speaker 01

  Well, I think it is. But again, no, not necessarily. The most popular scholarly reason now is money.

• 59:36Tristan Hughes?

  Ah.

• 59:37Speaker 01

  In the third century A D, the great crisis, the Roman Empire, money becomes short. Yeah, I mean, an economic answer. I actually kind of think that may well be a factor, but I think it's really Christianity.

• 59:52Tristan Hughes?

  Christianity, okay.

• 59:54Speaker 01

  I think it's Christianity, not the thou shalt not kill bit of Christianity. It's much more that in the three hundreds A D, after the conversion of Constantine, against all the odds, his dynasty lasts for the best part of the next, that century. They're Christians, with the exception of Julian apostate. They offer tax breaks and advantages to the elite who convert to Christianity, career advancement, and once you're a Christian member of the elite, you show your open handedness, your munificence in different ways. You invest in different things and you sure as heck don't invest in paying for gladiatorial combat.

• 1:00:34Speaker 01

  So I think indirectly Christianity does seal the fate of gladiatorial combat.

• 1:00:40Tristan Hughes?

  So thou shalt not invest in gladiators.

• 1:00:43Speaker 01

  Yes.

• 1:00:43Tristan Hughes?

  Is the, okay, there we go.

• 1:00:45Speaker 01

  Yeah, thou shalt spend thy money in giving arms to the poor and building churches.

• 1:00:51Tristan Hughes?

  Harry, this has been absolutely fascinating, covered so much. Last but certainly not least, your new book, all about what we've talked about, The Life of a Gladiator, 24 Hours at the Games. It is called?

• 1:01:02Speaker 01

  It is called Those Who Are About to Die, Gladiators and the Roman Mind.

• 1:01:07Tristan Hughes?

  Harry, it just goes to me to say thank you so much for taking the time to come on the podcast today.

• 1:01:11Speaker 01

  Tristan, thank you so much for inviting me, it's been fun.

• 1:01:18Tristan Hughes?

  Well, there you go. There was the legendary Dr Harry Sidebottom, talking you through a day at the Roman Games and in the life of a gladiator who was competing at one of these great spectacles of ancient Rome. Harry, he is so much fun and I hope you enjoyed this episode just as much as I did recording it. No doubt, we will get Harry back on the show in the future. In the meantime, thank you for listening to this episode. Please follow The Ancients on Spotify or wherever you get your podcasts. That really helps us, you'll be doing us a big favour. If you'd also be kind enough to leave us a good rating as well, well, we'd really appreciate that. Don't forget, you can also listen to us and all of History Hit's podcasts ad-free, and watch hundreds of TV documentaries when you subscribe at historyhit.com/subscribe.

• 1:02:02Tristan Hughes?

  That's all from me, I'll see you in the next episode.