Are the kids alright? Part 1

Being a kid—or raising one—has never been tougher. From AI in classrooms to social media pressures to economic stress, kids are navigating a minefield. In this two-part series, host Manoush Zomorodi explores what today’s young people are up against and what they need most from adults. This episode is Part 1 of TED Radio Hour's two-part series: "Are the kids alright?" Part 2 will be out on September 5, 2025. TED Radio Hour+ subscribers now get access to bonus episodes, with more ideas from TED speakers and a behind the scenes look with our producers. A Plus subscription also lets you listen to regular episodes (like this one!) without sponsors. Sign-up at plus.npr.org/ted http://plus.npr.org/ted. See pcm.adswizz.com https://pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for sponsorship and to manage your podcast sponsorship preferences. NPR Privacy Policy https://www.npr.org/about-npr/179878450/privacy-policy

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Manoush Zomorodi?

  This episode's sponsor is HubSpot, which offers the following message: What if instead of updating your CRM, your CRM updated you? HubSpot's self-updating CRM keeps your customer context current so you can win more deals. Learn more at hubspot.com. This is the TED Radio Hour. Each week, groundbreaking TED Talks.

• 0:24Speaker 01

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• 0:25Manoush Zomorodi?

  Delivered at TED conferences.

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• 0:46Manoush Zomorodi?

  Yes.

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  Do you feel that way?

• 0:48Manoush Zomorodi?

  Ideas worth spreading. From TED and NPR. I'm Manoush Zomorodi. Today on the show, kids, young adults, and some of the biggest pressures they're facing these days.

• 1:04Speaker 06

  I mean, I feel like AI explains things sometimes better.

• 1:08Manoush Zomorodi?

  Like how to use artificial intelligence.

• 1:10Speaker 07

  It's really good at visualizing certain tasks and can give you a much better understanding than certain teachers explaining something to you.

• 1:18Manoush Zomorodi?

  These are students at Francis C. Hammond Middle School in Alexandria, Virginia, talking about the pros and cons of using chatbots to help them with their schoolwork.

• 1:28Speaker 06

  Using AI doesn't help us to be a good writer because in essays you need to use your own ideas. But like, if you need an idea and you're gonna make the rest of the essay by yourself, but you're using the AI to get like a concept of something, it would be OK.

• 1:43Manoush Zomorodi?

  You just heard from Aman Amde Langston Young, Adiba Sadie, and Sarah Nagus. And as a new school year starts, the hot debate going on right now is how much AI is supporting or hindering students' ability to learn? As you just heard, kids have differing opinions. They're teachers, too.

• 2:05Speaker 07

  Well, it depends on how you look at it.

• 2:07Manoush Zomorodi?

  Chris Hudson is the library media specialist at the school. He's dismayed at how quick his students are to trust the information AI spits out and outsource their own thinking.

• 2:18Speaker 07

  They gravitate toward the AI overviews for pretty much everything. So anything they do a Google search for, the AI overview they think is gospel. So they're taking that information and toss it into papers, whether it's accurate or not. And in some cases, when they feel a little stressed regarding something that requires their own creativity or their own brain power, and they don't necessarily think they'll do the best job, they'll pull something from a Chat GPT or Gemini and try to pass that off as their own work.

• 2:48Manoush Zomorodi?

  But Chris's colleague, Dominique Jones, she admits that keeping up with growing class sizes and growing demands on her time, well, AI can be a huge help.

• 3:00Speaker 06

  One of the programs that we actually have a license for, they have AI built in to grade the students' writing. It will generate the comments, the feedback to the kids. I don't have the capacity to grade 98 papers and give you a long response to something you did well, something you need to work on, and then just the overall nice statement. So it saved me hours.

• 3:25Manoush Zomorodi?

  AI is just one of the forces shaping young people's lives right now. Today's kids are growing up in a world of economic upheaval, social media pressures, and a future that often feels precarious. So over the next two weeks, we are asking, are the kids all right? How are they coping? Are parents, educators, and the systems around them helping or hurting? And what is coming fast around the next corner?

• 3:54Speaker 04

  Your kids, kids may not read and write. They'll be watching and listening instead.

• 3:58Manoush Zomorodi?

  This is Victor Riparbelly. He's the co-founder and CEO of Synthesia, a company that uses AI to create video lessons led by lifelike avatars.

• 4:09Speaker 01

  Hey there, learners. Today, we're diving into the world of critical thinking. Let's introduce you to the exciting world of neural networks. In this quick video, you'll learn about some real-life examples of Newton's Third Law.

• 4:22Manoush Zomorodi?

  These digital instructors can teach anything, in any language, at any time. Riparbelly believes the traditional classroom and the way we've taught for centuries could soon be obsolete. Here he is on the TED stage.

• 4:37Speaker 04

  Your grandchildren will be the last generation to read and write.

• 4:44Speaker 04

  I know that sounds strange, almost unthinkable. But today, I'm gonna make the case that humanity's relentless pursuit of better ways to convey ideas and preserve knowledge doesn't end with text.

• 5:00Speaker 04

  I think we're at the dawn of a new era of AI-enabled communication. And I think that future generations will slowly replace text with more intuitive forms of communication, like audio, video, and eventually immersive technologies. And one day, I think we'll look back at reading and writing as historical artifacts, like we do with papyrus scrolls, or hieroglyphs, or cave paintings.

• 5:25Manoush Zomorodi?

  This is a huge claim to make that brings up a lot of feelings for people. And on the one hand, I'm thinking, you know, no, I love to read. I feel connected to the words on the page. When you hear me say that, do you just hear nostalgia? Or do you hear a deeply human feeling about how we communicate?

• 5:49Speaker 04

  You know, that statement obviously is a statement I made to provoke on purpose. I don't necessarily think that all reading will go away. I think things like fiction, for example, I think we'll enjoy that. But I think when we talk purely about teaching and education and information exchange, I do think that we as humans are better off with video and audio content. And I do think that if we look back in 50, 60, 70, 100 years' time, the way we consume information will not be text-driven. It'll be driven by video and audio, and maybe at some, at that point, like VR and immersive technologies. What is the most effective way to teach someone something? Most people would agree that that's probably himself or herself teaching the kids something in front of a whiteboard or with a computer in front of them. And why is that the best way of teaching someone something? Well, you can adjust the learning to their pace, right?

• 6:34Speaker 04

  Some may be very quick to pick up some things, or maybe a little bit more time and more examples. A lot of the time, you probably want to show them a visual example. That's how you teach someone really well. How can you use these technologies to do the same thing? Because it's pretty hard to do this every day, right? But what if you do a lecture and it's half an hour of you teaching in the classroom? And then it's fifteen minutes where every student talks to an AI agent. And that agent then assesses how well the student comprehenses that knowledge. It takes some notes, it shares that note with the teacher. And the teacher can then decide what the path is for that particular student, right? It's really like sitting down with a teacher that has infinite time and responds immediately to you. And I think that is just absolutely magical.

• 7:16Manoush Zomorodi?

  Do you mind walking me through exactly how this transition? You you picture this transition going for the next ten, twenty years.

• 7:24Speaker 04

  It is very obvious that especially the young generation today, they prefer to consume their content by watching and listening, videos, podcasts, et cetera, than reading long books. If I want to learn something now, I go on YouTube and I'll watch a thirty minute video. And most of the time, depending on what you learn, but I'd say it's very few topics that you read, you you learn better through pure text. Most of the time, right, you you you learn something better by watching videos, seeing diagrams, animations. It stimulates more of your brain, feels more like how you consume information in in the real world. And that is like gonna be a big trend in society.

• 7:58Speaker 04

  Do you want to learn music theory from a long book or from a video on YouTube that has audio? Do you want to listen to the news on a podcast on the way to work? Or fold out this physical piece of paper somewhere? Most people feel like this, but we all have this guilt. I feel guilty when I watch videos instead of picking up a good old fashioned book. You hear the commentary in this, young people are unable to focus anymore. They need constant dopamine hits from cheap content that they scroll through on their social media apps. They don't get outside their room anymore, right? I have a provocative idea.

• 8:36Speaker 04

  What if we're all just tired of overly dense, slow information? Books with too many pages? Newspaper articles with filler? What if we become much more sensitive to the quality and the conciseness of the content that we consume because we now have infinite choice? What if the current generation of kids are able to learn and absorb information much faster because of technology, not despite it? Is it a problem of us or is it a problem text? With AI, we can get both speed, scale, accuracy, and engagement. AI can create highly photorealistic content digitally. Computers can learn what the world looks like and it can replicate it and remix it in amazing details.

• 9:18Speaker 04

  This is going to usher in a new wave of creativity, and it's not going to be driven by Hollywood. It's going to be driven by YouTubers and young people with great ideas who'll take these tools and tell amazing stories.

• 9:31Manoush Zomorodi?

  So I'm trying to picture this. Do you see like a kid, instead of writing a short story, maybe they would use software that creates an entire video of a short story that looks real? Like, instead of writing, "There was once a family," you would literally see a family that looks completely realistic coming together in a living room as the opening scene that they would have written previously, like that?

• 9:55Speaker 04

  Exactly like that. With AI, the kind of last frontiers of content creation, the things that have been really difficult to put into software is happening, right? And so I think the best analogy to this really is music. With the advent of samplers, right? You could take pieces of things from the real world and you could combine them together to create music. When I was 14 years old, I could sit in my room at home and I could make any song I could think of. The only limit was my imagination and putting enough hours into understanding how all these like pieces of software work together for me to be able to bring that vision to life, right? And that's why what we've seen in the music industry over the last 20 years is a Cambrian explosion of new genres, talent from anywhere. But if you look at filmmaking, for example, you probably have to go study film first.

• 10:38Speaker 04

  You have to get millions of dollars if you want to create anything. You have to know all the right people. Where you are in the world matters a lot. And essentially, what AI is going to do now is like that last frontier of working with video and audio and a lot of these disciplines will become kind of a fully digital workflow. And not just that, but it'll also become so easy that anyone can do it, right?

• 10:59Manoush Zomorodi?

  Okay, so I have questions. How does a kid get to the point where they can imagine this whole world brought together by video if they haven't done the work of learning how to put together ideas? We're seeing that now with AI and large language models. Professors are saying that kids are handing in papers written by these chatbots that the kids don't even know how bad they are because they haven't developed the critical skills.

• 11:35Speaker 04

  Well, I think that's all part of society developing around these technologies. And I think the jury will be out whether those kids today who have access to GPT will do better or worse than the pre-internet generation in terms of overall intelligence and knowledge of the world. And I mean, none of us know this, right? But my guess would be that the generation that grows up today will be much more informed and much smarter than the generation that grew up 50 years ago. I think we always worry about these things being the end of education, the end of like critical thought. And I think there's always a kernel of truth in them. But I think, you know, kids are smarter than we think they are. And I'm not saying that we shouldn't, you know, think twice about how we do these things.

• 12:17Speaker 04

  But I think if you look historically at how technology has impacted learning and education all across the world, I think it's very difficult to make an argument that it's not going one direction, which that we become smarter and smarter and we know more and more. And I think as much as some of these problems are caused by LLMs, I think a lot of them can also be solved with AI. And I think of like how people get the imagination to make a story, I think, do you need that to make a story? Can't you just make 100 stories? You'll kind of slowly figure out what you like and what you don't like.

• 12:47Manoush Zomorodi?

  When we come back, more from Victor Rittbarbely on AI in education and a middle school teacher's thoughts on AI companies edging their way into the classroom.

• 12:58Speaker 06

  Students are very dependent on human interaction, so it will become a very disengaged environment.

• 13:08Manoush Zomorodi?

  Today on the show, kids, the future, and whether it's going to be all right. It's NPR's TED Radio Hour. I'm Manoush Zamirodi, and we'll be right back.

• 13:30Speaker 01

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• 14:05Manoush Zomorodi?

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• 15:08Manoush Zomorodi?

  It's the TED Radio Hour from NPR. I'm Manoush Zomorodi. Today on the show, we're looking at the pressures that kids and teens are facing, whether it's navigating mental health, tech in the classroom, or the rise of AI. We were just hearing from technologist Victor Rippa-Belly about how AI and video technology are making it possible to create avatars that teach and train humans in new ways.

• 15:36Speaker 04

  Today, our avatars already interact with millions of people every single day. They teach school subjects, they onboard restaurant workers, provide health guidance, and sell products in more than 130 different languages. And they're getting really good. Very soon, they'll be very difficult to distinguish from reality. So with these technologies, we can create anything without the need for cameras. We can bring our imaginations to life without the traditional barriers of skill and cost. With AI, everyone is going to be able to be a director, producing Hollywood-grade video without needing any training at all. Once we combine AI video with reasoning systems like language models, we're going to unlock an entirely new type of media that's going to be interactive and personalized.

• 16:19Speaker 04

  It's going to be able to think and narrate and personalize content for us. If you're learning music theory, you'll have an assistant that knows your skill level, knows your taste in music, and build a curriculum around that. All of your kids, maybe will have their favorite celebrities, teaching them math in school.

• 16:38Speaker 04

  And they'll do it in a context that's interesting for your kid. Maybe that's soccer or sci-fi or whatever. Education is going to be turbocharged with these new AI systems.

• 16:50Manoush Zomorodi?

  I've been playing around a lot with Claude and ChatGPT and other AI, and I'm noticing that it'll come up with something so quickly. And at first, I'm like, this is amazing. This paragraph is quality. And then I'll sit down and like get through the sentences and realize it's just a load of nonsense and incredibly simplistic and basic. So how do we begin to make sure that kids don't just think this is magic and assume it's correct? We need to have some sort of barometer of what is quality, what is vetted.

• 17:29Speaker 04

  I mean, obviously, we should teach kids about critical thinking and evaluating media content and all these things, and not at all saying we should do that, right? I think that's probably more important than ever, but... I think, you know, in the big picture, this is probably the most amazing technology we've ever invented. They will equalize the world of education. Everyone will get their own private tutor, no matter if you're rich or poor. But there's so much upside in how we do education and training with these technologies. And again, of course, we have to be aware of the pitfalls. I just find it so difficult to not be extremely optimistic when you see how these technologies will impact the future of them and how be, I think, one of the greatest equalizer we've ever seen.

• 18:11Speaker 06

  There's no video, AI, robot, not even the videos we use to teach in class that can replace a teacher. Students are very dependent on human interaction. And even if we try to give them videos to preview a topic or to introduce them to something, they will still reach out to us for support.

• 18:40Manoush Zomorodi?

  Dominique Jones teaches language arts at Francis C. Hammond Middle School in Virginia.

• 18:46Speaker 06

  Teaching during COVID was a disaster. Everything was using a video. That's, that was the first idea I had to get engagement. And did it work? I had never had so many Fs in my gradebook in all of my career. I could give students a video to watch for the lesson and say, okay, this is the topic. This is what we're learning. And they would often come back and say, I don't know what the video was talking about. Can you explain it to me? That's when I got the idea of what, what school really meant for kids. It was about the human interaction. So I imagine if we had an AI teacher

• 19:29Speaker 06

  that was their favorite athlete, you know, if I had LeBron teaching me how to write my essay, that's cool and all, but what happens when I don't understand? I 100% think that kids would lose all ability to analyze anything. They're looking for Fast, quick answers to everything. Because now I can just go online and say, hey, tell me, tell me what this means. It will become a very disengaged environment and that becomes stressful for the teacher. We've gone through all these years of school, got master's degrees and all the things for what? To watch kids sit on a computer? That's not cool.

• 20:15Manoush Zomorodi?

  Back in the classroom, we asked eighth grader Noah Janda, as well as his classmates Sarah and Langston, what they think it would be like to be taught by the avatar of a movie star or a professional athlete.

• 20:28Speaker 02

  I think I'd find it like very weird to be taught by like a famous person.

• 20:33Speaker 05

  A lot of people like they get bored easily in class and they don't like pay attention. But if they see like somebody they look up to teaching them, I feel like it would help them pay attention more.

• 20:41Speaker 07

  For me personally, I don't think that worked well for me because I do like seeing how how other teachers teach and just exploring what how they think of the subject and stuff like that.

• 20:52Manoush Zomorodi?

  I want to go back to the kid question. Victor, do you have any kids in your life? Are you an uncle? Are you a parent?

• 20:59Speaker 04

  I'm an uncle.

• 20:59Manoush Zomorodi?

  You're an uncle. So if you showed those, your nieces and nephews, what your technology can do, how do you explain it to them now? And what would you encourage them to do or caution them to do?

• 21:14Speaker 04

  Well, my niece is not even a month old, so I think I'll probably

• 21:19Manoush Zomorodi?

  Early days.

• 21:20Speaker 04

  I would probably wait, wait a few years.

• 21:22Manoush Zomorodi?

  Yeah.

• 21:22Speaker 04

  But no, but I think, you know, advice is always the same. I think you want to get kids and everyone else for that matter, also adults, but you want to get them to use these technologies. What are they good at? What are they bad at? I would give the same advice that I give to CEOs. I would say buy ChatGPT for your company. Let people play around with it. Let them tell you what they do with it. What does it work for? What does it not work for? We don't learn that from reading books about how AI could go wrong or articles that that talk about how GPT technology works, right? We learn by doing.

• 21:55Manoush Zomorodi?

  That was Victor Riparbelly, CEO of Synthesia. You can see his full talk at ted.com. Thank you so much to the students and staff at Francis C. Hammond Middle School in Alexandria, Virginia. As the technology advances, of course, so will the debate over its effects on kids, their brains, and how they learn. And meanwhile, we are already seeing that AI companies are responding to those concerns. ChatGPT, for example, recently rolled out Study Mode, a chatbot that doesn't give kids answers outright, but acts more like a tutor. We'll be watching this space.

• 22:40Manoush Zomorodi?

  Today on the show, we're talking about kids and young adults and asking if they're all right. The US has long pitched itself as the land of opportunity, a place where if you worked hard, sacrificed, you could build a better life for yourself and for your children and your children's children.

• 23:01Speaker 01

  I think that's right. I don't even think he thought about it. It was just a given.

• 23:05Manoush Zomorodi?

  This is Scott Galloway.

• 23:07Speaker 01

  When my parents came to the US on a steamship, 150 quid each, and it was just a natural assumption that, given the opportunity that America offered, that you would just inevitably end up doing better than your parents. That was just part of the American compact.

• 23:25Manoush Zomorodi?

  It was definitely the case for Scott. He's now a professor at New York University, a popular podcaster, and bestselling author. And he's written a lot about the success of America's brand of capitalism, the rise of the middle class through the last century, the spread of wealth and financial stability to more people. But now, Scott says, that American compact, that each generation will prosper more than the previous one, it is broken.

• 23:54Speaker 01

  At the end of World War II, about 92% of children did better than their parents by the time they were 30 economically. For the first time, it dipped to 50%. So now it's a coin flip. So for the first time in our nation's history, it's no longer a given that your kids will be better off than you at the same age or at the age of 30.

• 24:17Manoush Zomorodi?

  The latest generation of young adults, Gen Z, have come of age with crushing student debt, unattainable housing, and stagnant wages.

• 24:27Speaker 01

  And my thesis is that these have been purposeful decisions, that the economy has actually been incredibly robust the last 30 or 40 years. Our growth has been consistent, if not remarkable. And every year, we figure out a way for the markets to go up in value. But we have purposely transferred wealth and opportunity from young people to old people. So who owns stocks and houses? People my age. Who makes their money from current income or working at a job and rents? Young people. That's nothing but a naked transfer of wealth and prosperity from young to old.

• 25:01Speaker 02

  You're constantly working, and for what?

• 25:03Manoush Zomorodi?

  You can hear this situation playing out all over social media.

• 25:06Speaker 02

  I cannot envision ever owning a home.

• 25:09Manoush Zomorodi?

  Between random cute dog videos. Thousands of dollars. There are clips of young people who are deeply distressed. I can't even afford, like, the chicken. Angry. Struggle to survive. That so much of the economy seems stacked against them. Every day for the past eight years has been nothing but an absolute living nightmare. And recent budget and policy changes may make that reality even worse. There have been cuts to higher education grants, less loan forgiveness, new Medicaid cuts and restrictions, and an increasing federal debt, which could make tax and interest rates go even higher. So Scott, this means an absolute lack of compassion for our youngest generations.

• 25:55Speaker 07

  Okay. I start us with a question. Do we love our children?

• 25:59Manoush Zomorodi?

  Here he is on the TED stage.

• 26:02Speaker 07

  Sounds like an illegitimate question, right? Well, I'm going to try and convince you otherwise. Essentially, as we go down generations, we're seeing that for the last two generations, people are making less money on an inflation-adjusted basis. In addition, the cost of buying a home, the cost of pursuing education, continues to skyrocket. So the purchasing power, the prosperity, is inversely correlated to age. Simply put, as we get younger, we're taking away opportunity and prosperity from our youngest. A decent proxy for how much we value used labor is minimum wage. And we've kept it purposely pretty low. If it had just kept pace with productivity, it'd be at about 23 bucks a share. But we've decided to purposely keep it low.

• 26:43Speaker 07

  Out of reach, median home price has skyrocketed relative to median household income. As a result, pre-pandemic, the average mortgage payment was $1,100. It's now $2,300 because of acceleration in interest rates and the fact that the average home has gone from 290,000 to 420,000. Why? Because guess what? The incumbents that own assets have weaponized government to make it very difficult for new entrants to ever get their own assets, thereby elevating their own net worth.

• 27:14Speaker 07

  This has resulted in an enormous transfer of wealth, where people over the age of 70 used to control 19% of household income versus people under the age of 40 used to control 12. Their wealth has been cut in half. This isn't by accident. It's purposeful.

• 27:33Manoush Zomorodi?

  Consciously purposeful? Or how did this happen?

• 27:37Speaker 01

  Well, the demo in democracy is working really well. And that is, old people vote for even older people who vote themselves more money. So we now spend about 40% of our total government spending on programs for seniors. That's the greatest it's been in history. But wait, it gets worse. In 10 years, at the current rate, it's going to be over 50%, meaning the majority of our government spending and tax revenues will go to programs supporting seniors. And this crowds out investments in technology and in education and things that are a little bit more forward leaning, show a greater return on investment and, quite frankly, benefit younger people. So our democracy, if you will, is working well, but it's a series of older people voting themselves more money. Old people vote.

• 28:19Manoush Zomorodi?

  I guess what I find confusing about this is I recently read in The New Yorker that since 2020, US growth per person has been more than 2%. And that actually, people in their 20s are richer than prior US generations were at their age. So why doesn't it feel that way for younger people?

• 28:39Speaker 01

  So I think the study you're referring to is the following, there's some nuance here. And that is, we have basically kind of the zeitgeist, and this goes to cultural mores. We have decided to embrace a winners and losers economy, or a Hunger Games-like economy. The good news is, if you think it's good news, is that there are now millionaires in their 30s. When I was growing up, and I imagine when you were growing up, you didn't really hear about that. So, the actual number of people in the top 10%, that number's got much higher. But if you look at the quote-unquote "bottom 90", the vast majority of these individuals, two things have happened. Their purchasing power's gone down. Inflation in housing, inflation in education, two things that young people save for and need to get ahead, have skyrocketed.

• 29:24Speaker 01

  And their wages, on an inflation-adjusted basis, have consistently gone down. I used to make, on an inflation-adjusted basis, people in my generation made $85,000, then 20 years ago, $65,000, this is at the age of 25. Now it's about $55,000. And so you have a lot of young people who've essentially given up on buying a home. The travel industry is booming. And my thesis is that people have just given up on saving for a house, and so they pick up and head to Thailand for a month, or they go to Coachella. So live events and travel have never been stronger. But people are struggling to kind of cover, I think, the basics or the essentials, whether it's getting a college degree, paying off their student debt, saving for a home, or deciding to have a child.

• 30:08Speaker 01

  The great intergenerational theft took place under the auspices of a virus. I know, let's use the greatest health crisis in the century to really speedball the transfer. This is the NASDAQ from 2008 to 2012. We let the markets crash. And by the way, you need churn, you need disruption, because it seeds and recalibrates advantage and wealth from the incumbents to the entrants. It's a natural part of the cycle. But wait, lately, no, a million people dying would be bad, but what would be tragic is if we let the NASDAQ go down and guys like me lost wealth. So we pumped the economy, which again, increased the massive transfer of wealth. The best two years of my life, COVID, more time with my kids, more time with Netflix,

• 30:52Speaker 01

  and my value of my stocks absolutely exploded. And who has to pay for my prosperity? Not me, future generations who will have to deal with an unprecedented level of debt.

• 31:07Speaker 01

  Key to getting wealthy or establishing some wealth as a younger person is that in 2008, as an example, we allowed the markets to fall. We bailed out banks, but we didn't bail out the economy. And guys like me, who were coming into the prime income earning years, got to buy Netflix at $12, got to buy Amazon at $8. So when you bail out the boomer owner of a restaurant, all you're doing is robbing opportunity from the 26-year-old recent graduate of a culinary academy, who wants her shot to buy a restaurant on the cheap. Disruption is a cycle and a churn that seeds advantage from incumbents to entrants. And so I think politics have become very much, I need to get mine. This happens across

• 31:51Speaker 01

  the entire ecosystem in my industry. Every year, we take pride in rejecting more and more applicants, meaning that the incumbents who already have degrees see the value of their degrees go up. When I applied to UCLA, it was a 76% admissions rate. This year, it'll be nine. When you own a home, you get very concerned with traffic, and you show up to the local review board and make sure no new housing permits are approved. We have 1.5 million fewer homes than we need for household formation, which again, has taken the value of homes way up. So we have embraced this rejectionist exclusionary culture that crowds out the opportunity for entrance.

• 32:31Manoush Zomorodi?

  But at some point, all the old rich people are going to die. Is there going to be a redistribution of wealth happening then?

• 32:39Speaker 01

  So a lot of people will say, but Scott, you're about to see the most massive transfer back to young people in the form of inheritance. I would argue that's a really unhealthy way to live life and build a society. What you're talking about is Downton Abbey, that, oh, you don't need to work or worry because you're going to inherit this estate. Waiting around for your mother and father to die so you can buy a home and have a family is just not a way to live a life, does not build a healthy society, and quite frankly, doesn't work, and just results in dynastic dynamics that the American culture has tried to avoid.

• 33:14Manoush Zomorodi?

  When we come back, more with Scott Galloway and what he says is the link between economic uncertainty and Gen Z's politics. On the show today, are the kids all right? I'm Manoush Zamirodi, and you're listening to the TED Radio Hour from NPR. Stay with us.

• 33:42Speaker 01

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• 34:04Manoush Zomorodi?

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• 35:07Manoush Zomorodi?

  It's the TED Radio Hour from NPR. I'm Manoush Zomorodi. Today on the show, we are asking, are the kids all right? And we were just talking to NYU professor Scott Galloway. Scott says that today, younger generations cannot afford to pay off their debt, buy a home, or invest in their retirement. And he blames older generations for withholding the financial opportunities from them. The effects, he says, are more than just economic.

• 35:37Speaker 01

  Well, the repercussions are, at a very basic level, disappointment and rage. A lot of these folks are living at home. A lot of them have been told their whole life they can do anything. And then that 210 times a day, they get a reminder of their failure on their phones with a series of notifications where people vomit their personal possessions and amazing lives that they're supposedly leading. And they're reminded every day that they're not doing well. And also, there's a false impression out there that everyone is vacationing at the Amen Hotel and owns a Ferrari. And if you don't have all of those things, that you're somehow failing. It creates incendiary that is poured over every issue. And I think it just creates a general level of rage.

• 36:19Manoush Zomorodi?

  I'm curious, you know, what young people think when you link their dissatisfaction with life and what feels like really big gaps between the generations. How do they respond when they hear these things?

• 36:35Speaker 01

  I think that sometimes that feels like I'm infantilizing or patronizing them. But what I've generally, the feedback is, you know, "Thank you. You said the quiet part out loud." And who I really hear from is parents. If you're a boomer, or if you're, say, not even boomer, but you're Gen X and you've done well, and you see your kid, your kid's a good kid. She's worked hard. She's graduated from the right schools. And her and her fiance have been saving for a house for 10 years, and they just have given up. They can't buy a house. They're thinking about not having kids. It's just not viable for them. I mean, this is what you want. The whole point of an economy is to create a middle class. The whole point of a middle class is to create a thriving society, a

• 37:17Speaker 01

  democratic society that's prosperous. But the reason we all want prosperity at the end of the day, when we get a little bit older, is we want our kids to do well.

• 37:26Speaker 01

  This is my last slide. It is an emotionally manipulative slide to try and get you to like me more.

• 37:32Manoush Zomorodi?

  There's a moment in your TED Talk when you put up a slide of yourself and one of your boys at a sporting event.

• 37:39Speaker 01

  But it does have a message. This is the whole shooting match. Anybody here without kids, ask someone with kids. Your whole world shrinks to this.

• 37:49Manoush Zomorodi?

  And you got pretty emotional up on stage. And you laid a lot of guilt on the people in the theater. You asked them, you know, do we love our children, implying that if we do, they need to make changes.

• 38:06Speaker 01

  Well, Manoush, do you have children?

• 38:07Manoush Zomorodi?

  I do.

• 38:09Speaker 01

  So without knowing you or your children, I'm fairly confident that you love your children. I bet you are fairly confident I love mine. The question I ask is, do we love our children? And that is, have we entered an economy where it's sort of a winner-take-most attitude and everyone's grabbing for their own? We ignore, because we're all believe we're going to be in the top 10%, that's never done better than previous top deciles, that we'll be in that top 10% and we're not willing to make the sacrifices and the hard decisions such that other people's children, who might be in the bottom 90, do better. I think that America has kind of lost the script, and that is, what is the point of any of this? You know, on your radio hour, you're going to talk about AI, you're going to talk about the environment, you're going to talk about the climate.

• 38:54Speaker 01

  Anyone who has kids, something comes off the tracks with one of your kids, you're not thinking about the climate, you're not thinking about AI, you're thinking about that kid.

• 39:05Speaker 01

  And economic anxiety, as someone who went through economic anxiety as a kid, I can tell you, we aren't treating our children well, we aren't treating other kids well. The resting blood pressure of kids in low-income homes is tangibly higher than kids in middle and upper-income homes. There are more kids depressed, more admissions of self-harm, more anxiety. So the question is, what is the point of any of this? If your kid is anxious or depressed? And people have this feeling, well, I'm going to be successful, I can take care of my kids. Okay, I know you love your kids, but do we love our kids?

• 39:43Manoush Zomorodi?

  That was Scott Galloway. He's a marketing professor at NYU and hosts of the podcasts Pivot and the Professor G Pod. We spoke in 2024. Scott's latest book is called The Algebra of Wealth: A Simple Formula for Financial Security. You can see his TED Talk at TED.com. So despite what some technologists may be predicting, kids are still being taught to read. In the US, however, a third of eighth grade students don't meet national standards for reading comprehension. This is the largest slice of pizza in the entire world. The average teen spends nearly five hours a day on YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram.

• 40:26Manoush Zomorodi?

  And so many suspect that books are taking a backseat to what's on their phones.

• 40:31Speaker 04

  Oh, you don't compete with that. That's where we lose, right? You work with it. You work with it. And the truth is, there's no reason to fight against it. My job is to fight alongside it.

• 40:44Manoush Zomorodi?

  This is children's author Jason Reynolds.

• 40:46Speaker 04

  You like two-minute videos, and too many videos was holding your attention. Cool, I get it. I'm going to write a book of short stories. I'm going to write a book that's inverse. I'm going to figure out how to use the thing that you already are interested in. So I can, I can literally operate and live alongside.

• 41:03Manoush Zomorodi?

  Reynolds has made it his business to meet kids, especially middle schoolers, where they are, in his books, and when he talks to them in person.

• 41:12Speaker 04

  All right.

• 41:13Manoush Zomorodi?

  For three years, Jason served as the ambassador for young people's literature through the US Library of Congress.

• 41:19Speaker 04

  There's so many not-so-young people here. And I'm trying to figure out how to best serve everybody.

• 41:25Manoush Zomorodi?

  We asked him to kick off our conversation by reading us the first page from Look Both Ways, a tale told in 10 blocks, stories from the perspective of 10 different kids as they walk home from school.

• 41:38Speaker 04

  This story was going to begin like all the best stories, with the school bus falling from the sky. But no one saw it happen. No one heard anything. So instead, this story will begin like all the good ones, with boogers. If you don't get all them nasty half-baked gobblers out your nose, I promise I'm not walking home with you. I'm not playing. Jasmine Jordan said this like she said most things, with her whole body, like the

• 42:07Speaker 01

  Words weren't just coming out of her mouth, but were also rolling down her spine. She said it like she meant it. Said it with the same don't play with me tone her mother used whenever she was trying to talk to Jasmine about something important for her real life. And Jasmine turned the music up in her ears real loud to drown her mother out and scroll on, scroll on. If you don't take them ear pods, earbuds, airphones, or whatever they called out your coconut head, it's gonna be me turning up the volume and the bass, and I ain't talking about no music. That tone.

• 42:44Manoush Zomorodi?

  Jason Reynolds, how many award winning books do you think start with a description of boogers?

• 42:53Speaker 01

  One, for sure.

• 42:56Speaker 01

  I got one for sure, one for certain.

• 42:59Manoush Zomorodi?

  That's the one. That was from your book, Look Both Ways. What was it that you want, wanted your readers to know about you, about this book, about the characters that they're going to meet right from the start?

• 43:13Speaker 01

  That they are just like them. You know, I'm constantly thinking about how we can explore the everydaeness of childhood, the mundane idiosyncrasies that it is to be a young person, no matter where you are in the world.

• 43:29Manoush Zomorodi?

  I thought it was so interesting, though, because you're having this light, it's this lighthearted conversation between two friends walking home from school who are in middle school. And then you kind of sneak it in that, well, the reason why one of the girl's backpack was so heavy, why she had so many books and extra homework in there was because she'd been hospitalized with sickle cell anemia. You kind of sneak it in there that there's something very serious going on.

• 43:55Speaker 01

  I do, and I think to sneak it in there is the best way to do it. I think I'm always curious about the way that we portray young people and portray tough stuff for young people. Because I think we sometimes lay the burden on the back of the child. We're really, things happen in our lives, but children always find time to laugh, right? Children always find time to talk about boogers or to talk about potato chips or to crack jokes or to tease each other, despite some of the heavy things happening in their lives. I think they have a resilience that actually shines brighter sometimes than we give credit to. And I think I'm always curious, and I think this is the reason why I write for kids so much, is because I think as adults, what happens is

• 44:36Speaker 04

  When we go through tough times, uh, we'll be bummed about it and we'll, we'll let it drag on for a moment. And we'll use the excuse of like responsibility as the thing that forces us to move forward. Young people don't always have the excuse of responsibility. They just have the excuse of life. And there's something about that that I find absolutely profound. That the reason that they continue moving forward is not because they gotta go to work or take care of their kids or, or pay their bills. It's because they recognize that life is a thing that belongs to them and every day is a day that is new. That's a special thing.

• 45:12Manoush Zomorodi?

  Can we talk about the kids, the people who you wrote the books for?

• 45:17Speaker 04

  Yeah.

• 45:17Manoush Zomorodi?

  What do they tell you? Because, correct me if I'm wrong, you have spent the last several years touring around the country, whether it's in real life or virtually, talking to them. What do they say that they like about you? And do they ever tell you things they don't like?

• 45:36Speaker 04

  Oh, of course.

• 45:40Speaker 04

  What they say they like? I think, um, first and foremost, when I walk into the building, when I walk into the room, especially at the beginning of my career, they were always so surprised by what I looked like. Hello, hello, everybody, y'all right? Y'all good? I am a big guy, right? Six, three, you know, a, a big man. I've got long hair, very long dreadlocks, and I have tattoos everywhere. I always have one, t-shirt, jeans and sneakers, right? I, I mean, this is it. I look like their, their older brothers. I look like their uncles and their older brothers. And, and that's just who I am, right? I don't, I don't, I can't pretend to be anything that I'm not. I just go into the school as me. We're gonna talk about something else. We're not gonna talk about books for a second.

• 46:25Speaker 04

  And then, when we talk and when I give my lecture, when I give my speech, when we do my presentation, it's like talking to your, your big cousin.

• 46:32Speaker 06

  What's your favorite sport?

• 46:33Speaker 04

  What's my favorite sport? I grew up playing basketball and I was lucky to grow up in a time of joy. I'm not a formal person. I don't find value in formality, especially as it pertains to those I refer to as family. Don't make sense to be formal around family. And for me, these young people are my family. What's your favorite thing they like to do with your mom? You know what? So like my mom and I spend a lot of time together when I'm not all over the place. And you know, we live, we like to do really simple things, you know. My mom, one of these people who live in Costco, you know what I'm talking about? And we laugh and we joke, right? Because what a young person wants to know is that you are who you say you are, so that I can trust you. But I can't come into a school and talk about reading some books and they're looking at me like, but who are you?

• 47:17Speaker 04

  Let me tell them who I am. Let me show them who I am. And then they'll show me who they are. And then we can talk about maybe reading these books.

• 47:26Speaker 02

  What was your favorite book that you ever made? What inspires you the most when you're writing? Like where do you go for ideas? We're currently writing our own book.

• 47:34Speaker 04

  And well, what I want to ask is, would you like to come to our book lodge? How long does it take you to write books? And the truth is, is that they go and they read everything because they trust me. That's it. Simple. It was a very simple concept from the beginning. What advice would you give to future writers? What advice would I give to future writers? What they tell me is that they appreciate me speaking to them like humans. And whether you want to be a writer or whether you want to be anything is that excellence is a habit. Never forget this, okay? Excellence is a habit. It's not something you can turn on or turn off. You either gonna be excellent or you're not gonna be excellent. Like human beings, not as half-formed things or whatever sort of pejorative coding we attach to childhood or to being a child, right?

• 48:18Speaker 04

  Or you're being childish, you're being kiddy, you're being a baby. Nah. I talk to them like human beings. And nine times out of 10, there's always one who says, man, I just appreciate you just giving it to us straight. Just talking to us like people. We can handle it.

• 48:35Speaker 04

  Now, there have been moments in my career, valuable moments for me, when a young person will say, you know, for instance, when I was the greatest, a kid comes up to me and says, you know, I wanted to give you a note on when I was the greatest. And this is like a 12-year-old, right? And this is good. And this is where I think some of us adults, I think this is where we lose out is that we sometimes forget to humble ourselves in the presence of children and take their critique, which is valuable. It's valuable because they know what they feel, they know what they think, right? And this kid says, you know, I read When I Was the Greatest, loved it. I wish that you would have given Needles, the character who has Tourette's Syndrome, I wish you would have given him-

• 49:16Speaker 07

  More speaking lines.

• 49:18Manoush Zomorodi?

  Hmm.

• 49:18Speaker 07

  He has Tourette's syndrome. That doesn't mean that he's mute.

• 49:23Speaker 07

  Right? That doesn't mean there's anything wrong with his ability to speak.

• 49:25Manoush Zomorodi?

  Jason, it sounds like a good note.

• 49:27Speaker 07

  It it was a brilliant note. And the kid was absolutely right. And you know what I said? And they said that you do it on purpose because you're gonna write a sequel? And in that moment, I could have lied to protect my ego. I could have lied. I could have said, yeah, man, I thought I'm gonna work on another one where it just focuses on needles. I could have lied, but that that would have, in fact, been a lie. And I don't believe that kids. I I just, the kid deserved the truth. And so I said, you know what? Honestly, it was an oversight. It was a blind spot.

• 49:58Manoush Zomorodi?

  Hmm.

• 49:59Speaker 07

  Um, and thank you. And every time I get those those moments where a young person calls me to the mat, I'm grateful. I'm not offended and I'm not all broken up and sensitive. I know. I'm grateful that a young person could say, hey, man, I love you and I know you love me. And that's why we're gonna have this conversation about what I need you to do moving forward in your work that is meant to serve me. What a gift.

• 50:22Manoush Zomorodi?

  Yeah. I mean, it sounds like you're getting as many ideas and feeling energized by them as much as they are getting something out of your visiting.

• 50:33Speaker 07

  Oh, yeah, yeah, yeah, I I get way more. You know, it's it's uneven, trust me.

• 50:37Manoush Zomorodi?

  Hmm.

• 50:37Speaker 07

  You know, there are occupations, but this is vocational.

• 50:41Manoush Zomorodi?

  Hmm.

• 50:42Speaker 07

  I actually just like to be around them. I enjoy having conversations with them. I like to be a child. I like to be childlike. I don't think we should ever lose it. I'm too old to be childish, even though I am sometimes. But you're never too old to be childlike.

• 50:59Manoush Zomorodi?

  Yeah.

• 51:00Speaker 07

  Right? And I think what they do is they remind me over and over again that actually we'll be OK. That that that the only reason that one can even begin to maintain an inkling of hope is because of the possibility that reside in the youth. And so to rob yourself of that is to rob yourself of the antidote to hopelessness.

• 51:23Manoush Zomorodi?

  That was author and MacArthur Genius Award winner Jason Reynolds. We spoke in 2021. His latest work is an audiobook called Soundtrack. Next week, we've got the second half of our series where we're asking, are the kids all right? Psychologist Lisa Demore is a teen expert and parenting icon. She'll be here to talk us through what adolescence is really like these days.

• 51:49Speaker 02

  Today's teenagers are so much more aware of the world around them, what's happening politically, what's happening socially. And so if we talk about teenagers as fragile or lazy or totally at the mercy of their phones, well, then we're going to not do them justice and we're probably going to see more of that.

• 52:09Manoush Zomorodi?

  That's next Friday. If you are into this episode, this series, please leave us a comment on Spotify. We would love to hear what you think. This episode was produced by Rachel Faulkner White, James Delahoussaye and Matthew Cloutier. It was edited by Sanaz Meshkhanpour and me. Our production staff at NPR also includes Katie Monteleone, Fiona Giran and Harsha Nahada. Our executive producer is Irene Noguchi. Our audio engineer was Jimmy Keely. Our theme music was written by Ramtin Arablouei. Our partners at TED are Chris Anderson, Roxane Highlash and Daniela Balorozzo. I'm Manoush Zamirodi and you've been listening to the TED Radio Hour from NPR.

• 52:55Speaker 05

  Stay tuned for the following announcements and messages from our sponsors.