News in the Digital Age, with Dan Rather

Neil deGrasse Tyson and legendary CBS news anchor Dan Rather explore the future of journalism, news in the digital age, the Space Race, the importance of science and data in reporting, protecting the truth, and more. With co-host Paula Poundstone, Jeff Jarvis, Mona Chalabi, and Bill Nye. NOTE: StarTalk All-Access subscribers can listen to this entire episode commercial-free. Find out more at https://www.startalkradio.net/startalk-all-access/. Photo Credit: Brandon Royal.

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  From the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, and beaming out across all of space and time, this is StarTalk, where science and pop culture collide.

• 0:16Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  For the hall of the universe, I'm your host, Neil deGrasse Tyson, your personal astrophysicist, and tonight, we're featuring my interview with one of America's most iconic reporters, former CBS News anchor, Dan Rather. Yes, we discuss sharing science and knowledge through the news, from the space race to the White House, so let's do this.

• 0:42Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  All right. My co-host tonight is Paula Poundstone, comedian. Welcome. Oh, my gosh. I've followed you since the 80s, and I'd love you to death. It's the first time meeting you on this show tonight.

• 0:57Speaker 01

  Very nice to meet you. Thank you so much for having me.

• 0:59Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Thanks for doing the show, and you've got a new podcast called "Nobody Listens to Paula Poundstone."

• 1:03Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 1:06Speaker 01

  So if you decide to listen, you'll be nobody.

• 1:08Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  You'll be no-- oh, I hadn't thought about it that way.

• 1:11Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 1:11Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah, and also joining us on StarTalk is journalism expert Jeff Jarvis.

• 1:18Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Thank you, Doctor. Not your first rodeo with us. I'm honored to do that. I'm delighted to have you in. You are a professor at the Craig Newmark Graduate School of Journalism at CUNY. We'll be tapping your expertise tonight as we discuss my recent interview with broadcast news icon, Dan Rather. Dan has reported the news for nearly 70 years.

• 1:40Speaker 01

  Wow.

• 1:41Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Just that that sentence even exists is mind-blowing. He began in 1950 in Huntsville, Texas, and had spent 44 years at CBS, 24 years as anchor of the CBS Evening News, following Walter Cronkite after he retired. So I ask for his perspective on the evolution of news in the digital age. So let's check it out. You're basically a battle-tested journalist, something that you get less of today. What counts as journalism is somebody in their garage with a blog.

• 2:18Speaker 02

  In their pajamas.

• 2:20Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  In their pajamas. With a mama calling him for breakfast or dinner.

• 2:27Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  But that brings up something very important, that there was a day when we were all funneled through just a few channels of access to the news.

• 2:37Speaker 02

  That is true. When I first came to CBS News in 1962.

• 2:41Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Oh, did I say CBS News? That's a set.

• 2:45Speaker 02

  When I first came to CBS News. In 1962. It was primarily a two-network, national network situation. NBC and CBS News were seen as a kind of national hearth around which people gathered in the evening and got the delivery of, quote, "the day's news."

• 3:07Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So that created a commonality of outlook, understanding.

• 3:14Speaker 02

  That's true.

• 3:15Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Of trust.

• 3:16Speaker 02

  True.

• 3:17Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  And I want to be able to say that the more news outlets, the more perspectives become available and that that would be a healthy thing. But systematically, the number of news outlets has grown and it's, I'm not quite sure it has become a healthy thing, and I don't even know why I'm saying that.

• 3:37Speaker 02

  Well, I'm really sure it's, in some ways, healthy. There's a greater choice, far greater choice today. On the other hand, it has led to a kind of silo effect, which is people choose a place on the dial, whether it's cable television or over-the-airways television or radio, a place on the dial where they think they are hearing what they want to hear, and they don't experiment much with other points of view. And this is the downside now of having so many outlets for news. Let me note that many of these outlets advertise themselves as news outlets are in fact designed

• 4:19Speaker 02

  to be and are basically entertainment, which is another problem those of us in journalism have. Entertainment values overwhelming news values. Entertainment is very important to a culture, but it has its own value system, which is quite a bit different from the value system in news.

• 4:39Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah. Jeff, how should we balance news value and entertainment value?

• 4:46Speaker 03

  You know, that's so hard.

• 4:47Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  We care so much about entertainment here in the United States.

• 4:51Speaker 03

  We do, and it's so hard to answer that question now when the White House is a show. Uh, when entertainment has taken over reality, and reality is not reality anymore. But I think it's important for news to also have some level of entertainment, some level of relevance and compelling nature, so we can interest people in it.

• 5:08Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  When they have news panels, I always think it's kind of like news theater. Because everyone has a personality, and they have to disagree at some level of engagement. So I never really take it all seriously. It's just, I say, oh, this is fun to watch. Not as a source of my knowledge.

• 5:25Speaker 03

  There's a level of humanity to that that's kind of okay. Rather than having the omniscient anchor reading everything to you out of a teleprompter, that may be an improvement.

• 5:33Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Really?

• 5:33Speaker 03

  Yeah.

• 5:34Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So Jeff, is having more news sources a good thing or a bad thing?

• 5:38Speaker 03

  I think it's a good thing, because I think we hear diverse voices who were never represented before.

• 5:43Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Even if they get it all wrong?

• 5:45Speaker 03

  They don't all get it wrong. Uh, don't be such a pessimist. Uh, some do, but I think the problem is we're paying too much attention to those who get it wrong.

• 5:53Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Oh.

• 5:53Speaker 03

  And it's hard to figure out what's what. But we're out of this world, which Dan Rather was the king of, of having just one voice, a monolithic voice.

• 6:02Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Was there more or less trust in the news when we got it from only a few sources?

• 6:06Speaker 03

  I don't think we know. I think we presumed there was trust. But what's happening now is that the public is telling us, you know what? We really didn't ever trust you much.

• 6:17Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Well, Dan Rather, he's an, although he's an old-school journalist, he's actually embracing fully the tools of the digital age. Check it out. You may be the oldest person in the world with 2.5 million followers on Facebook.

• 6:33Speaker 02

  I hadn't thought of it.

• 6:35Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  But, but that's, that's an important fact because the internet leans young.

• 6:42Speaker 02

  It does.

• 6:42Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  But it means you have a voice of influence on a community that leans young. And your contributions are, they're literate, they're insightful, they're not too long, because who's got time, right? They're just the right length to get the job done, make the point, and then get out.

• 7:00Speaker 02

  Thank you.

• 7:01Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Okay.

• 7:03Speaker 02

  What I'm trying to do is get back to what I call my base camp. Professionally, who I am, what it is that I'm trying to accomplish. And I can truthfully say, widely believed it may not be, but true it is. I'm not left-wing, I'm not right-wing, I'm not chicken-wing. I'm a working reporter who's been at it for quite a while, who is dedicated to both the idea and the ideal, that our heavenly Father put me on earth, to try to find facts, try to make sense of those facts, what I call analysis, to do it as honestly as is humanly possible, and let people call me what they want to call me.

• 7:50Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So Jeff, Dan's been criticized over the years for being lefty, in spite of what we just heard him say. Is that true? Is it fair?

• 7:59Speaker 03

  I think that we in liberal media, I'm liberal, I'm media, we're not honest enough over the years about our worldview. And that's part of the reason that the conservative half of America doesn't trust us, because we couldn't be honest even about that.

• 8:11Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  How can you avoid claims of political bias?

• 8:14Speaker 03

  We are all biased, that's how. We're all human, we all have a view. I think transparency is the new objectivity. And being transparent about our worldview and our background is what can give us greater trust than acting as if we are above it all, up in the stratosphere, looking at Earth as if it's an alien.

• 8:31Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  That misrepresents the reality.

• 8:33Speaker 03

  Yes.

• 8:33Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So he said he's on Earth to find facts and to make sense of those facts as honestly as possible. Would you cite that as a journalistic credo?

• 8:43Speaker 03

  Certainly, I'm not gonna argue with that, but I think-

• 8:45Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Especially in a democratic society where we have free press.

• 8:48Speaker 03

  But if you look at this society today, especially in this country and some others around the world, we have a worse problem, I think, with civility. And I think civility is a precondition to being open to other people's viewpoints and indeed to facts themselves.

• 9:02Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  I don't the hell agree with you.

• 9:07Speaker 03

  I'll see you on Twitter.

• 9:09Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So, well, I asked Dan about our current president's approach to journalists and press in America. Just, I had to get his opinion, his point of view. Let's check it out.

• 9:20Speaker 02

  There's nothing like the Donald Trump presidency anywhere in American history.

• 9:25Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Nothing even close to it.

• 9:26Speaker 02

  Nothing even close in this sense. And I say this, whether you like President Trump, don't like him, or haven't quite made up your mind about it, this is different. We've never had a president so relentlessly attack the institutions that are supposed to be a check and balance on his power. He's attacked the courts, the free press, anti-science, anti-knowledge is part of it. That's what's new. So we find ourselves now, again by any objective analysis, there's possibly decisive battle for the soul of the country.

• 10:10Speaker 01

  Dan Rather has some breaking news there, which is that there's someone in the country who hasn't made up their mind about Trump yet.

• 10:20Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So, so Jeff, why does Trump attack the press?

• 10:25Speaker 03

  Well, you said earlier, you compare it to China and Iran and Russia. It's a trick of the authoritarian.

• 10:32Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So it's a playbook-

• 10:34Speaker 03

  Absolutely.

• 10:34Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  That preexists that he's playing.

• 10:37Speaker 03

  And it's also almost like being a cult leader, and cult leaders need enemies. And we are a very convenient enemy. And so, we've never seen-

• 10:47Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  We journalists.

• 10:48Speaker 03

  We journalists, yes. My fraternity. And, and we've never seen this kind of attack. Richard Nixon had his enemies list. I wish they were on it. But now to be called the enemy of the people is- The press.

• 11:03Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Paul, what do you think of Trump's approach to the press?

• 11:06Speaker 01

  Trump hates the press. He said so, and that's the one thing he said that I believe.

• 11:12Speaker 01

  Okay, now this brings us to a game show called Defeat the Press.

• 11:17Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Oh, okay.

• 11:21Speaker 01

  I'm gonna have you guys match the anti-press quote to the world leader. All right, first question. You're gonna identify who said this. "The press is your enemy." Enemies, understand? So is it Castro, Nixon, or Lenin?

• 11:40Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  I would say Castro. Lenin.

• 11:43Speaker 01

  Neither of you are correct, because it is Nixon.

• 11:45Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  It's Nixon.

• 11:46Speaker 01

  But I'm gonna give you a chance on another one. All right, the first thing dictators do is finish free press to establish censorship. "There is no doubt that a free press is the first enemy of dictatorship." Who said that? Castro, Nixon, or Lenin?

• 12:02Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  I'd say Lenin. I'll go with Lenin.

• 12:05Speaker 01

  Castro. All right, this is the last one. This is the last chance to redeem yourselves. Yeah, see if you can get your science tie around this. "The free press is a liability unto every sustaining government and should be kept under strict review."

• 12:23Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  I'd say Nixon. Lenin.

• 12:25Speaker 01

  Unfortunately, we're gonna turn over all the cards.

• 12:34Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So Jeff, Dan said he was in the midst of a battle for the soul of the country. It was poetic and deep and scary, but is that an overstatement?

• 12:44Speaker 03

  No, I think it's true, and I'll ask you, Doctor. Are we also in a battle for the intellect of the country? For the survival of the notion of intellect, of science?

• 12:56Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  I would say...

• 12:59Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  We're in a world where being smart is considered a liability and you're rejected from the table. By the way, I think the intelligentsia are partly to blame. Because they spent a lot of time walking around like, "Oh, you're not in our club, and we're smart, and we don't even have to pay any attention to you." And if you don't pay attention to the people who outnumber you in a democracy, then you lose. So who's gonna win this battle? We don't know yet. We don't know yet.

• 13:30Speaker 01

  Let's pass that on to Trump.

• 13:33Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  And our children. Up next, former CBS News anchor Dan Rather gets fired up for science when StarTalk returns.

• 13:49Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Welcome back to StarTalk from the American Museum of Natural History. We're featuring my interview with former news anchor and staunch science advocate, Dan Rather. Check it out. I got here one of your tweets. January 2018. I hear this in your voice, actually. "Listen, folks, science is national security. Period. End of story. You can't say you care about the health and safety of this country, let alone the planet, and be anti-science. Not buying it. Never will."

• 14:29Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  That's in your face.

• 14:32Speaker 02

  Well, it's true.

• 14:34Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  And it has the benefit of being true.

• 14:35Speaker 02

  It has the added advantage of being true.

• 14:39Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So generally, you expect a scientist to be all that in your face. So what gurgled up in you to say that? And let the record show, I didn't call him up, I didn't tell him. He did that all on his lonesome. So what were you thinking that morning?

• 14:55Speaker 02

  Well, what I was thinking about my experience in the world. I'm not a very smart person. What you're looking at here... And this, don't get us, is a reporter, a lifetime reporter who got lucky, very, very lucky. And part of that luck and being blessed is just I've been a few places, more places than most people have been, seen a few things, including, by the way, that period when we were racing the Soviets to the moon in 1916. Science has been a very important part of making our beloved United States of America what it is. We are an economic superpower and a military superpower, primarily because we've dedicated

• 15:38Speaker 02

  ourselves to being leaders in science.

• 15:41Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Joining us to discuss the role of science in society is data journalist Mona Chalabi. Mona! Welcome to the table. So Dan says that we became a global superpower because of our investment in science. To me, that's obvious, but is there clear data to back it up?

• 16:05Speaker 04

  Yeah, so the US currently invests about 2.8% of its GDP in research and development, but that actually places the US in ninth place behind a whole bunch of countries.

• 16:14Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Ninth place?

• 16:15Speaker 04

  Ninth place, behind Israel, South Korea, Japan, Sweden, Austria, Denmark, Finland, and Germany.

• 16:20Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  In that order?

• 16:21Speaker 04

  In that order, yeah. But I'm not sure about this claim about the US being a superpower necessarily anymore. Like, Trump has just signed a bill for $716 billion, right, for defense policy, and 13% of people in this country live in poverty. Does that really constitute a superpower if all of your investments are going towards the military? I don't know.

• 16:41Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  But if you define superpower as how much you spend on the military, we win that contest, hands down. So Dan rather mentioned the space race, shaping sort of an arc of science in America. So I asked him, what was it like to live through that period? Let's check it out.

• 16:56Speaker 02

  The Soviets had stunned the United States, and they had stunned the world by being the first to reach into the cosmos. The shock of Sputnik, the first Russian...

• 17:10Speaker 02

  Man-made thing in space was such a deep shock to the country that almost immediately, some of the best minds in the country said, "We have to reemphasize the teaching of mathematics, science, and engineering." And you could feel it, I mean, I was an adult at this time. You could feel the country moving. From kindergarten on, a reemphasis on first arithmetic, and later math, science, engineering, and it was sort of like the spirit of World War II. We either rededicate ourselves to science, math, engineering, the STEM, what we call STEM now,

• 17:55Speaker 02

  or we're all going to be speaking Russian.

• 18:01Speaker 01

  You know, I don't think we're quite out of the woods on that Russian thing yet, on that speaking Russian thing.

• 18:08Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So Jeff, is fear the greatest motivator for society's investment in science?

• 18:15Speaker 03

  I hope not. I hope that wonder is, I hope that utility is, I hope curiosity is.

• 18:20Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  But it's not. So I'm asking you about fear. Don't hope for what it isn't.

• 18:25Speaker 03

  Well, that's an interesting point.

• 18:26Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  No, no, no. Look, I love hope, don't get me wrong. But that's not what I asked you.

• 18:30Speaker 03

  I would think that now, the internet, connecting all of us around the world, connecting us to any piece of knowledge, would be a tremendous motivator to be curious and to build and to care about facts.

• 18:43Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Is it?

• 18:44Speaker 03

  And oddly, it's not turning out that way so far. But it's young, it's very, very young.

• 18:48Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  The internet is young?

• 18:49Speaker 03

  Yes.

• 18:50Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  You think it'll shake out and...

• 18:52Speaker 03

  In Gutenberg years, we're at the year 1474. We don't know what the internet is yet.

• 18:57Speaker 01

  Is that Steve Gutenberg?

• 19:01Speaker 03

  The dentist.

• 19:02Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So what you did was you took the year of the Gutenberg press, added to it the number of years

• 19:08Speaker 03

  We are from the commercial web.

• 19:10Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  And today. And then you got 14...

• 19:13Speaker 03

  Seventy-four.

• 19:13Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  1474.

• 19:14Speaker 03

  Martin Luther was not born until 1483. He didn't tack his theses until 1517. 500 years ago now. I think we're coming to the end of the Gutenberg age. And we're starting a new age. Now meanwhile, at the beginning of the Gutenberg age, we had a few wars. Few, like a century and a half of them. So this may not be an easy period, but we're in a period of tremendous change.

• 19:35Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Mona, what's the best data you have on the connection between the progress in science and conflict?

• 19:41Speaker 04

  It's actually really, really hard to measure. I think it's more likely that correlation isn't causation, as you well know. So I think it could be an intervening variable, right? We know that scientific progress happens faster in wealthier countries. And we know that wealthier countries are much less likely to be at war. So it could be wealth as the explanatory variable, rather than science.

• 20:02Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  All right. Well, up next, we'll discuss how and why America lost its science mojo. When StarTalk returns.

• 20:22Speaker 05

  Bringing space and science down to earth. You're listening to StarTalk.

• 20:40Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Welcome back.

• 20:42Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  StarTalk from the American Museum of Natural History. We're talking about news, science, and politics. Featuring my interview with veteran journalist Dan Rather. I asked his opinion on how we lost our science mojo in America after the golden age of the space race. Let's check it out.

• 21:00Speaker 02

  I think what happened is that once we reached the moon, we began to lose our mojo almost immediately after that. And here's why. It's actually a good story. You know, journalists love a good story. Love to tell a story. That President Richard Nixon, a very intelligent man, set aside the trouble he got into later, very intelligent person. He detested the Kennedys so.

• 21:27Speaker 02

  And he associated the space program in this whole period with the Kennedys. When we landed on the moon, Richard Nixon wanted to, in effect, do away with the space program, which had been the engine that pulled interest in science, mathematics, engineering, law. He saw it as a Kennedy deal. He really wanted to kill it. And I think that was the beginning of losing mojo because NASA had a plan. Okay, let's now let's make our next go going to Mars. And they came with one proposal after another, and President Nixon, "Ain't gonna happen, guys." There's one final thing I'd point out.

• 22:11Speaker 02

  The irony in all of this is that there is a plaque on the moon, and it has the name not of President John F. Kennedy, not the name of President Lyndon Johnson, who was a great champion of space exploration. That plaque has the name of President Richard Nixon because when man landed on the moon, the first Americans, the first humans on the moon, President Nixon was in office. Irony of ironies.

• 22:44Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So Jeff, Dan puts the decline, the beginning of the decline of science in America squarely on Richard Nixon as a consequence of squashing the space program, which was so inspirational. Would you say that's a fair assessment?

• 22:58Speaker 03

  It's never shocking to see how petty politicians are. It's by definition, that's why they're politicians. But I wonder if there's something more going on here in that it's said that science and technology are at their most useful when they're at their most boring. And I think to an extent, we conquered so much, and it was not a big deal anymore. It was a shrug, and we didn't see the next frontiers.

• 23:21Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So you're agreeing that politics messed up our path to science leadership?

• 23:28Speaker 03

  Yes, but I also think we got complacent about science.

• 23:31Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So...

• 23:32Speaker 03

  We, the people.

• 23:33Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So Mona, again, you're a data, data person here at the table. Is there any data on how science and politics are commingled?

• 23:46Speaker 04

  Kind of. We've got some evidence about which were the most science-friendly presidents.

• 23:50Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Oh, really? Okay.

• 23:51Speaker 04

  So we know that Nixon created the National Science Foundation, really important in the development of science in the US. Truman signed the National Cancer Act. But I think, given that if we don't tackle climate change, all the other questions are kind of a moot point, I would say that the most science-friendly president would have to be Obama for having signed the Paris Climate Agreement.

• 24:10Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Oh, I see. But so, when I think of science-friendly, I think of sort of money invested in the science portfolio, the science R and D. And what kind of, if that were the measure, what would, what?

• 24:24Speaker 04

  Oh, I'm not sure of those numbers. I'm sorry.

• 24:26Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Okay.

• 24:27Speaker 03

  Where do you think we should be investing in science?

• 24:29Speaker 04

  It's 2.8% of GDP at the moment. But I don't know how that's kind of varied over the, over.

• 24:34Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Okay. Me? Yeah. I think all science frontiers need attention.

• 24:40Speaker 03

  That was not an answer.

• 24:41Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  It is so an answer! Because, because great innovations arise from the cross-pollinations of frontiers. And if you only tunnel vision down one scientific pathway, you ignore possible crossroads that could give you leaps, not just evolutionary change in your field, but revolutionary changes.

• 25:09Speaker 03

  How much impact has the internet had? The ability to share with scientists around the world?

• 25:13Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Oh, it's great. It's without precedent. Yes. Just as the Gutenberg Bible enabled people to communicate in its day.

• 25:20Speaker 03

  Yes.

• 25:20Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  For me, the jury's still out. Which was more significant in its day? The Gutenberg, not the Bible, the Gutenberg press was stunning in what it could do and be. I'm still thinking this through.

• 25:32Speaker 03

  It took about 50 years for the book as we know it to emerge, about 100 years for the impact to be known.

• 25:37Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  For the bound book. We had books before then. Althea's Library had books.

• 25:40Speaker 03

  For the printed book, for the printed book. For movable type. So it was about 150 years before the first newspaper was invented. This is a long process.

• 25:49Speaker 01

  Where do you put 50 Shades of Grey in that? Just.

• 25:53Speaker 03

  At the end.

• 25:54Speaker 01

  Okay. Yeah, I think that's significant.

• 25:58Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So, I got more from Dan Rather on the decline of science in society, from like the Apollo era on to today. Let's check it out.

• 26:05Speaker 01

  Wait, you know, I want to make note of the fact that he has a little Russian coupling doll, is it not, on the shelf there?

• 26:11Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yes, it is.

• 26:11Speaker 01

  Because that worries me. If he has that and Facebook, then Putin's listening into your whole conversation.

• 26:17Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Wait, so that's my office.

• 26:18Speaker 01

  Oh, that's your office? Oh, man. Putin's got you bugged.

• 26:22Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah, no, that's my office.

• 26:24Speaker 01

  Did he ever give you a soccer ball?

• 26:25Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah, no, I...

• 26:26Speaker 01

  That's a trick, man. Put the soccer ball down. That's a trick.

• 26:29Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So the little nesting doll I got from Star City outside of Moscow.

• 26:32Speaker 01

  Oh, wow. Yeah.

• 26:34Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Was Trump inside? No, no, they have a version that doesn't have political leaders. It has spacecraft.

• 26:40Speaker 01

  Oh, wow.

• 26:42Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  And little ones, all the way down to the littlest one. And the littlest one is, guess what?

• 26:46Speaker 01

  Who?

• 26:47Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Sputnik.

• 26:48Speaker 01

  Oh, wow. There's one with...

• 26:50Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  It's a beautiful thing. And the biggest one on the outside is the International Space Station, because Russia is our partner in that.

• 26:56Speaker 01

  They have one that has Trump's lawyers.

• 27:00Speaker 01

  Open up the first one, and then he needs a lawyer, and then the next lawyer needs a lawyer.

• 27:04Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So, here's more from my interview with Dan Rather on the decline of science in America, taking it from the Apollo era to today. Let's check that.

• 27:12Speaker 02

  We had a slow erosion of the belief

• 27:18Speaker 02

  that, in science in general, to the point where we now are, where these same forces are attempting to move the society completely over into a post-truth political era, in which facts virtually, as we know them, don't really exist. Facts are fungible. Now, this is not true, but this movement is pretty far along. As you say, no, there are facts. Water does not run uphill. Two and two equals four. It doesn't equal five or seven, right down the line.

• 27:59Speaker 02

  But to my surprise, I'm frequently surprised, being a journalist means being surprised, I'm surprised how far this has gotten. I have such a confidence in the common sense of the American people, in the ability of most people to separate bullshin from brass tacks.

• 28:20Speaker 02

  But I have been surprised.

• 28:25Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Have you been surprised by this shift in the value of facts? Do you agree we're living in a post-truth political era?

• 28:33Speaker 03

  No, I don't. I think what we're seeing is a small number, and I emphasize "small number", of people who manipulate facts and media for economic reasons or psychological reasons. They're trolls.

• 28:47Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Isn't it irrelevant that it's a small number if they're as effective as they would be in big numbers?

• 28:51Speaker 03

  Well, we gotta look at why they're effective. And I have to be self-critical in my business that I think that we in our business are chumps too often. We have to get better at judging the larger information ecosystem. We used to hear just from Dan Rather, and that was a convenient world, and it was a packaged world.

• 29:09Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  It was easier.

• 29:10Speaker 03

  It was easier.

• 29:11Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Lazier.

• 29:11Speaker 03

  Could be, but now we have all this information, and now we all get to speak. We all get microphones. And I celebrate that all in all. But we don't know what to do with it yet. We don't know how to find new systems.

• 29:22Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  We're not trained how to sift

• 29:26Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  the bull shine from the brass tacks.

• 29:29Speaker 01

  Bull shine from brass tacks. Now, Neil, it is time for the game Bull Shine From Brass Tacks, where you have to guess what percent of the American population believes pseudoscience malarkey. So, what percentage of Americans believe that the moon landing is a hoax?

• 29:54Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  I say 10%.

• 29:55Speaker 03

  15, one five.

• 29:56Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  15. But this is Price of Right rule, so you're not allowed to go over.

• 30:00Speaker 01

  Right.

• 30:00Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Okay.

• 30:01Speaker 03

  All right, all right.

• 30:02Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Date a person?

• 30:03Speaker 01

  I saw the number. So you accuse yourself?

• 30:07Speaker 04

  I recuse myself.

• 30:07Speaker 01

  Wait till Trump hears.

• 30:10Speaker 01

  All right. It's 7%. So you both were over 7%. Neil, you were the closest. Okay, this one. What percentage of Americans believe that humans did not evolve in any way?

• 30:25Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Americans, I'd say forty percent. Jeff?

• 30:30Speaker 04

  Did you say forty percent?

• 30:31Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Forty percent.

• 30:32Speaker 04

  I would say thirty percent, thirty percent.

• 30:36Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Thirty. Jeff? Ten.

• 30:38Speaker 01

  Thirty-four percent, thirty-four percent. There we go.

• 30:42Speaker 04

  Based on, based on pure numbers about the number of religious people in America, I made a guesstimate.

• 30:47Speaker 01

  Oh, what is the number of religious people in America?

• 30:50Speaker 04

  Well, they, I mean, they look at different faith groups. But I think if you were to add together all of the people who are very strong believers in different faiths, maybe you'd get to about thirty-four percent.

• 30:59Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  And that's come, and that comes with the portfolio of beliefs, right?

• 31:02Speaker 01

  Yeah, yeah, I'm, I'm an atheist. I still go to church, I'm not a heathen.

• 31:10Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  What's that line in Blood, Sweat & Tears song? I know there ain't no heaven, but I pray there ain't no hell.

• 31:17Speaker 01

  I always figure if I go to hell, the music's gonna be better anyways.

• 31:21Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  I don't mind the heat of hell, it's the humidity, I think that.

• 31:26Speaker 01

  All right, so this one. What percentage of Americans believe that the earth is flat?

• 31:34Speaker 04

  Tining.

• 31:35Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  I don't know, three percent.

• 31:38Speaker 04

  Two percent.

• 31:39Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  One percent.

• 31:40Speaker 01

  Wow, our statistics guest is fantastic, two percent.

• 31:49Speaker 01

  All right, this one. What percentage of Americans believe that the earth is less than ten thousand years old?

• 31:56Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Let's gotta track the evolution numbers, I'd say thirty-five percent.

• 31:59Speaker 04

  Can I do the really cruel thing where I go one percentage point higher than you, just to get close to thirty-six percent?

• 32:04Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Ooh, she's being strategic.

• 32:07Speaker 03

  Ten percent.

• 32:09Speaker 01

  You know, Mona, once again, forty percent of Americans.

• 32:14Speaker 03

  Doctor Data.

• 32:16Speaker 01

  You do not clock out, do you? All day long with the statistics and the percentage. All right, here we go. What percentage of Americans believe that Bigfoot is real?

• 32:29Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  I'd say twenty-five percent.

• 32:32Speaker 04

  Fifteen percent, twenty-five is way too high.

• 32:35Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Jeff? Ten.

• 32:37Speaker 01

  Once again, statistician, 16%.

• 32:44Speaker 01

  She's good.

• 32:46Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Well, up next, Dan Rather has a question for me about the future of space exploration when StarTalk returns.

• 33:02Speaker 05

  Bringing space and science down to earth. You're listening to StarTalk.

• 33:17Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Welcome back to StarTalk from the American Museum of National History, right here in New York City. We're featuring my interview with American news icon, Dan Rather. Dan had a question for me about using the power of the atom to explore the cosmos. Check it out.

• 33:35Speaker 02

  Back in the day, back in the 60s, there was some talk, and we in the United States had a program of trying to harness nuclear fusion. Fusion, splitting the atom, led to the atom bomb. But nuclear fusion, as I understand it, is cleaner. And in the context of the 60s was, if we could conquer nuclear fusion, harness it, if you will, that would give us propulsion into outer space, into the cosmos, much faster, much deeper than anything else. So my question is, do you hear any scientists around still talking about propelling man exploration into the cosmos

• 34:19Speaker 02

  using the power of nuclear fusion?

• 34:22Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  No.

• 34:25Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Next question.

• 34:28Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  One of the challenges is, a rocket has unique needs. And for every increment of mass you want to put into orbit, or send to the moon, or send to... For every increment, you need that much more fuel to get it there. And that grows exponentially. Now, you want a nuclear fusion reactor, that itself has a certain mass associated with it. This was the big problem of airplanes. We had the steam engine, it produced power. Let's make an airplane with a steam engine. But to have a steam engine that wouldn't explode, you need these iron, steel things so that the pressure wouldn't explode.

• 35:11Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  And the more powerful was your steam engine, the heavier it was. You couldn't get the thing off the ground.

• 35:19Speaker 02

  I got it.

• 35:19Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Right? So lately, there's been a lot of effort of what they call high impulse, but low acceleration engines. So plasma engines will do this. It'll send out a particle very fast.

• 35:35Speaker 02

  Right.

• 35:36Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Okay? Now, you don't feel that. But you went a little bit faster because, little bit faster. But you can keep doing this, okay? So you can introduce a low acceleration for a long time. And if you're accelerating for a long time, you can reach very, very high speeds. It just takes patience.

• 35:58Speaker 02

  Right. Understood.

• 36:00Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So...

• 36:01Speaker 02

  But the idea of having renewable fuel with nuclear fusion, you don't hear anybody talking about it.

• 36:08Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yes, but not in line to be used anytime soon. One of the great challenges in the physics problem solving was plasma that gets you the fusion has to be millions of degrees. Okay, so what vessel are you gonna put million-degree plasma in?

• 36:24Speaker 02

  What metal can stand up to that?

• 36:27Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Here's a suitcase of million-degree plasma. Why is there still a suitcase there, right? So, by the way, we have no problems making fusion here on Earth. We just can't control it. An uncontrolled fusion is called a bomb. Period. So fusion, just to be clear, you're taking light elements from the periodic table, bringing them together and making a slightly heavier element. And it turns out, if you do it right, through the right pathways, the element you make has slightly less mass than the parts that assembled it in the first place. And that mass is converted to energy, according to E equals mc squared.

• 37:11Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  And so it's highly efficient. And stars make their energy from nuclear fusion. In fact, we, as astrophysicists, had members of our own community calculating sort of the energy yields of exploding stars from nuclear fusion.

• 37:32Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  While someone on the other side of the wall was using that same software to calculate the yields of nuclear bombs, of fusion bombs. It's the same code, the same physics. This is the world in which we live.

• 37:49Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Just saying. So, turns out Dan Rather's interest in nuclear fusion technology has some personal motivation behind it. Check it out.

• 37:59Speaker 02

  You're gonna think I'm crazy, which is fair enough. But you know, one of my dreams, when you're younger, you dream. One of my dreams was to be the first journalist to go to Mars.

• 38:12Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Really?

• 38:13Speaker 02

  Yes. And as ridiculous as it sounds, and ridiculous as it was, I even made efforts to kinda keep myself in better physical shape than the next.

• 38:22Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Just in case.

• 38:24Speaker 02

  Just in case I got the call. So, hoping against hope, I was thinking, you know, maybe somebody would come up with a medal that can resist this fusion, control the fusion. And bingo, like magic, we'll be going to Mars tomorrow and it'll only take a month. And maybe, just maybe, they'd ask for volunteers and I would say, in the biblical thing, "Send me."

• 38:55Speaker 01

  So, without the fusion rocket, he's not, he's not going to Mars? Is that, is that right?

• 38:59Speaker 02

  Hang on, hang on.

• 39:00Speaker 01

  Yeah. How, how does it feel to break the heart of a beloved newsman, you know?

• 39:05Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So Jeff, you wanna be the first journalist on Mars?

• 39:07Speaker 03

  Yeah, I wanna retire there, right? Cause I figure I'm not coming back.

• 39:12Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah, if we, yeah, yeah.

• 39:13Speaker 03

  If I go there, that's it, right?

• 39:15Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Mona, how about you?

• 39:18Speaker 04

  No way.

• 39:19Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  You're, you're cool on Earth.

• 39:20Speaker 04

  Yeah, I mean, nature scares me enough as it is. I don't like to go into mountains or anything like that, let alone Mars.

• 39:25Speaker 01

  Nature, nature scares you?

• 39:26Speaker 04

  I don't do backpacking or anything like that.

• 39:28Speaker 01

  Apparently that's a theme here.

• 39:32Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  When I go driving the countryside, I keep saying, "I really have a good view if the mountains weren't in the way."

• 39:38Speaker 01

  Yeah, yeah, it's weird for a science guy. I thought science involved like nature and stuff, but you don't see it that way?

• 39:47Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  The astrophysicist concerned, we concern ourselves with everything outside of the Earth. Did you have astronaut dreams yourself? Never. Never? Never. Why not? Because astronauts are going into low Earth orbit, the same distance above Earth as New York is from Washington DC. That is not space. That's an Amtrak ride. That's an Amtrak ride. Do you know that the schoolroom globe, you can ask, "How high up is the space station?" Above a schoolroom globe, if you scaled it.

• 40:11Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 40:12Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Three-eighths of an inch.

• 40:13Speaker 01

  Wow.

• 40:14Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  As an astrophysicist, that is not space. No interest in going to the moon. No, if you take me somewhere, I'll go to the moon, Mars, and beyond. You're okay. But not just what everybody today calls "space." That is like, this high above the schoolroom globe, I need better than that. So if we had no atmosphere at all, we would look up in the daytime and see the stars and somehow we all say, "Oh, I'm in space." So I have issues.

• 40:41Speaker 01

  Oh, you have issues.

• 40:44Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Well, up next, Bill Nye the Science Guy shares his thoughts on science and the news when StarTalk returns.

• 40:59Speaker 05

  This is StarTalk.

• 41:03Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Welcome back to StarTalk. We're featuring my recent interview with journalist and American broadcast icon, Dan Rather. In his last clip, I asked Dan Rather about the future of his profession. Let's check it out.

• 41:18Speaker 02

  The acceleration of the pace of change has reached the point where it's very, very difficult to look ahead in any person's craft or profession. I will say this-

• 41:32Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  That's the real answer. The pace is so fast. You can't... Two years from now, it will change more than it has its whole history, so where could you possibly think it's gonna go? Right, it'll be hard to judge.

• 41:44Speaker 02

  Yeah, hard to judge, but what won't change in journalism is, one, the bedrock of the craft is writing. Because to write well, you have to stop and think.

• 41:57Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  What?

• 41:58Speaker 02

  And that's, that's the fundamental skill of our credit. And that won't change. What also will not change is that there will always be an audience that is interested in getting facts and have those, have those facts analyzed to connect the dots, to use the metaphor. Now, I can't foresee what the equipment is going to be, but it will astound us today if we live long enough to see it.

• 42:29Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Jeff, what do you think the future of journalism will look like?

• 42:33Speaker 03

  I've changed my definition.

• 42:35Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Do you prepare your students for it?

• 42:36Speaker 03

  Absolutely. I tell my students that I'm too old to do it. They're the ones who have to do it. And I redefine journalism in my own mind. It's not just about facts. It's our job to convene communities into civil, informed, and productive conversation. That's the essence of the democracy. That's what we have to serve.

• 42:52Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Town halls?

• 42:53Speaker 03

  In a way, yes. And we have the tools now to do that. Facebook and Twitter are, are infants, but they really are. And we can bring people together and we can build bridges between communities and we can make strangers less strange.

• 43:05Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Mona, you're a data journalist. I have to say, you're the only person with that title I have ever met. So it's a beautiful fact that such a person exists. How do you think advances in technology will affect the way we use data to report on politics and society?

• 43:22Speaker 04

  I think it depends on who's doing those advances in technology, right? If they're the domain of businesses, they don't necessarily have an interest in selling that data to us for us to be able to report on it effectively. I also think it's very important who's in office. We're talking a lot tonight about like the attacks on scientists. I also want to talk about some of the attacks on social scientists in this country. I don't feel like people are talking enough about how the Census Bureau is under attack. And it's under attack because its budget is being cut so aggressively. And if we can't.

• 43:49Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  The Census Bureau is a data-taking enterprise.

• 43:52Speaker 04

  It's the foundation of everything that I do. If I don't understand how many citizens are in this country, all of the averages that you hear, all of the statistics that you hear are based on that and they are fundamentally misguided if that one fundamental number is not correct. And the Census Bureau's budget is being cut so aggressively that they are concerned that they cannot conduct the 2020 census accurately.

• 44:13Speaker 04

  And without that data, right? All of the activists who are claiming that, I don't know, systematic prejudice is happening in their neighborhoods, that racial injustice exists, is going to be reduced down to anecdote unless we have that data to demonstrate that it's systematically happening. I'm really frightened about it.

• 44:28Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  And the census is... The fact that a census needs to be taken is writ in the Constitution.

• 44:34Speaker 04

  Absolutely. It's the reason why statistics are called statistics, because they come from the state. The state is uniquely positioned to be able to collect these numbers. Private enterprises aren't, because they have their own interests in doing this.

• 44:44Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  You're telling me the word "statistic" comes from the word "state"?

• 44:46Speaker 04

  It does, yeah, yeah. And the thing that people don't realize in all of this age of like...

• 44:53Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Wait, let me finish opening my mouth.

• 44:56Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  To every camera, okay? Yeah, go on, sorry.

• 44:59Speaker 04

  But you need to have people in the newsroom with a really deep understanding of statistics to be able to take apart those algorithms. These are algorithms that decide things, like people's credit scores. They're algorithms that decide the sentencing in the justice system. They have huge effects on people's lives. It's very scary.

• 45:16Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So you're saying we're all screwed? That's what... Man, y'all are just so depressing.

• 45:19Speaker 04

  No, we're not.

• 45:20Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  And Dan Rather can't go to Mars.

• 45:23Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Well, my good buddy Bill Nye sent in his own special report on the importance of news and journalism in America. Let's check it out.

• 45:32Bill Nye?

  Good evening, Neil. Thanks for joining us. Tonight, news, society, and science. Are they connected? We find out as Nye News starts now. The process of reporting is much like the process of science. It takes careful observation, critical thinking, and respect for the facts. Now, the news media keeps an especially sharp eye focused on those who govern. The role of the media is so important that we often refer to the media as the fourth estate, fourth after the Congress, the executive branch, and president, and our system of laws and courts. The fourth estate is essential for the functioning of a healthy democracy.

• 46:15Bill Nye?

  So tune in, pay attention, be part of keeping things balanced and in check. That's all the Nye News for now. Back to you, Neil.

• 46:31Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  And I think back to the invention of the printing press with movable type, where people could read the same document. It didn't have to rely on storytelling to move the information. The printing press. And as we heard earlier from Jeff, it would be more than a century, multiple centuries before the idea that what is printed would contain news. But to have news, you need communication. If you have no communication with outside towns, there's no news that you didn't already get at the grocery store locally. So you needed to be able to communicate. Okay, so you have the broadsheet.

• 47:15Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Then you introduce the newspaper. People got quite wealthy running newspapers. People valued the news. But you know what was going on? There was a set of people trained to report the news. We weren't trained to do it, they are. What then happened? You get the news over the radio. A new means of communication. You didn't even have to go outside. Then television. You could see a person deliver the news. Read their emotions, their reactions. You could feel for them. Emotions started showing up in the news. Not only broadcast television, cable television. A proliferation.

• 47:59Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  I remember the day when the half-hour newscast said, "I think we need to go to an hour because we have that much news." And we said, "No, there can't be that much news." Today, we have 24-hour news stations. So I wonder, what's going on here? Why are so many people trying to give me the news? From their own perspective? Maybe the future of journalism...

• 48:27Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Has we, the people, more as a participant in the analysis of that news? Maybe news in the future will be, "Let us bring you the data." And now you have the tools to analyze the data and interpret the data and come up with your own views. Not the views of someone who's yapping at you 24/7. But you know what that takes? That takes training. Something has to happen in the school system where you learn how to turn data into information, information into knowledge, and ultimately, knowledge into wisdom.

• 49:12Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  That is a responsibility we have as a people. And for me, that is a cosmic perspective.

• 49:24Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  I want to thank Paula Poundstone, Jeff Jarvis, Mona Chalabi. I've been your host, Neil deGrasse Tyson. And as always, I bid you to keep looking up.