Taking a Hit with Dr. Staci Gruber and Ricky Williams

How are attitudes toward cannabis changing? Neil deGrasse Tyson, Chuck Nice, and Gary O’Reilly discuss marijuana’s effects on mental health with former football pro turned cannabis professional, Ricky Williams, and Harvard neuroscientist, Dr. Staci Gruber.

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:01Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Welcome to StarTalk. Your place in the universe where science and pop culture collide. StarTalk begins right now. This is StarTalk Sports Edition. This one titled Taking a Hit. More on that in a couple of minutes. I'm Neil deGrasse Tyson, your personal astrophysicist. Let me introduce my co-host, Chuck Nice. Chuck?

• 0:28Chuck Nice?

  Hey Neil, what's happening?

• 0:30Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  All right. Hang in there Chuck, my professional comedian co-host. Who loves sports, though never did it professionally.

• 0:38Chuck Nice?

  Well, thanks for pointing that part out.

• 0:40Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Okay, just for the professional side of sports, we've got Gary O'Reilly, former soccer pro, current sports commentator, and we are lucky and privileged to have him for StarTalk Sports Edition. Gary, how you feeling, man?

• 0:53Gary O'Reilly?

  Oh, I'm good, my friend, and the privilege is mine, and thank you.

• 0:56Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Now, you're always cooking up shows with clever titles and and you're digging people out of places that I didn't even know they were hiding. And so what do you have in store for us today?

• 1:05Gary O'Reilly?

  Um, all right, we are going to meet someone who is not just a cannabis user, but someone who-

• 1:11Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  We're back on marijuana. You can't let the subject go.

• 1:14Gary O'Reilly?

  Apparently not, but someone who has now gone into the CBD business. And who happens to have been a world-class athlete with a unique and fascinating story which we are going to share with our audience today. Uh, then we're going to open it up to our regular expert in these matters, the pop doc herself, Dr. Stacy Gruber.

• 1:38Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Love me some Stacy Gruber. We don't have a get enough of her.

• 1:41Gary O'Reilly?

  Yeah, we're lucky to be able to have her.

• 1:42Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Off the line Chuck was saying we should, we should start a whole cannabis spin-off.

• 1:47Chuck Nice?

  StarTalk Weed Edition.

• 1:50Gary O'Reilly?

  It'd be weedly, wouldn't it? So if you did it, it'd be weedly, yeah. Okay, so the backstory to our guest today. Drafted by Major League Baseball, but never swung a bat in anger.

• 2:04Gary O'Reilly?

  He is, however, a Heisman Trophy winner. Now, just remember Heisman Trophy, right? Just for a minute, put that to the back of your mind. And he's a former NFL running back, one of the best there was in the business. But he pretty much took up a permanent residence on the NFL's naughty step for a while. Eric Myron is someone you'll know formerly as Ricky Williams. He's a man who did things his own way. As a player, he failed multiple drug tests, was fined considerable amounts of money, retired, and then returned to the NFL where he proved once again just how talented he really was. He is a qualified yoga instructor, a subject of an ESPN 30 for 30 documentary, currently, if I'm not mistaken, a student

• 2:49Gary O'Reilly?

  at Emperor College Santa Monica on a master's program studying traditional Oriental medicine and the force behind the Heisman brand, which supplies a range of CBD products.

• 3:03Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Heisman, I see what he did.

• 3:05Gary O'Reilly?

  Yeah, spelt in two different ways, and I'm guessing.

• 3:09Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  We got it, I followed you, man.

• 3:11Gary O'Reilly?

  There you go, my friend.

• 3:11Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So, welcome, Eric. Eric Myron, welcome to StarTalk.

• 3:14Speaker 03

  Thanks for having me. It's great to be here.

• 3:16Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah, so let me ask, when you were an active player on cannabis, were you thinking of its, the breadth of its medical value to you at the time? Or you just wanted to smoke some pot? How much thinking went in at the time?

• 3:32Speaker 03

  I think it's somewhere, it's somewhere in the middle, you know, because we always frame our experiences based on our understanding. And, you know, I hadn't, I wasn't privy to the fact that there were conversations going on and people were talking about the medicinal benefits. My experience and why I kept coming back to it was because I was getting some benefit from it. But the training was that there was no benefit. So it was, it took me, I had to have the experience for myself and trust.

• 4:01Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  You mean the prevailing wisdom of the day was that there's no benefit, yet you have direct conflicting evidence to that in your own use?

• 4:08Speaker 03

  Exactly. Yes.

• 4:10Chuck Nice?

  Wow. That's pretty cool, man. You were ahead of your time. You're an athlete who was way ahead of your time.

• 4:19Speaker 03

  I wouldn't say I was ahead of my time. It just was more that I valued feeling good more than I valued money.

• 4:25Chuck Nice?

  Yeah, that's way ahead of your time, bro. I'm not sure if you've seen the state of all professional sports nowadays, but yeah, that's way ahead of your time.

• 4:36Speaker 03

  As an athlete, yes.

• 4:38Gary O'Reilly?

  Eric, let's do the obvious thing here. You were formerly known as Ricky Williams. You are now Eric Myron. And if I don't ask this question right now, Chek is going to bounce up and down like a four-year-old child for the rest of this podcast. So what was your thinking in terms of changing direction there?

• 4:54Speaker 03

  Well, you know, the simple way to put it is when a woman gets married and takes on her husband's name, you know, it's normal. But the reality is that's just a convention. It's a tradition.

• 5:10Speaker 03

  And so I thought about the tradition and I said, I don't get it. You know, for me, I never understood, like, why does everyone take the male's name, especially the kid? Because when the kid is born, we always know who the mother is, but we don't always know who the father is. So it just makes sense for the feminine line to extend. And so I got married and I said, hey, that makes sense to me. And so I said, how don't I take your name? And the added benefit was being a famous football player. Most people know Ricky Williams as a football player. And it's more of like people's idea of what a football player is supposed to be. And sometimes that felt kind of cramped for me.

• 5:50Speaker 03

  And so I've realized the side effect of changing my name is there's just more freedom, right? That I get to step outside of, you know, the old identity. So I feel like I outgrew Ricky Williams and, you know, got married, had a kid and said, hey, this makes sense. Damn, so you get high and you're woke. That's the whole point to me. That's the whole point.

• 6:10Chuck Nice?

  I was gonna say, I was not expecting such a thought provoking progressive story behind the name change. And I'm thoroughly disappointed. I thought you were running from the law or something. Damn.

• 6:25Chuck Nice?

  It turns out, it turns out you're just a super conscientious dude and a deep thinker. It's like, ah, okay.

• 6:32Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  If he's running for the law, he ain't very good at it because he's on our show right now. And he's front lit, right?

• 6:38Gary O'Reilly?

  Um, right. You retired in 2004 from the Dolphins, right?

• 6:44Speaker 03

  Yes.

• 6:45Gary O'Reilly?

  And if I'm wrong, correct me, please. You went off to California to study ancient holistic medicine. What was this itch that you were looking to scratch at this point in your journey? Because not many people walk away from the Dolphins and retire mid-career.

• 7:03Speaker 03

  Honestly, I was looking for a job that felt good to me. It's like I said earlier, really, I've realized, you know, it took me a while, especially as a football player, to value feeling good. As a football player, I always was in pain, always was in physical pain, emotional pain, worried who was judging me. It just was, it just wasn't me. And so when I walked away from football, I started traveling around the world and and it was interesting. I started meeting people who didn't even know what American football was. And so I started to get a different reflection of who I was. And it was, I liked what I, I liked what I saw. And I realized that I was a sensitive person who really enjoyed making other people feel better.

• 7:44Speaker 03

  So, you know, another part of it was, as I like came back down to reality, I realized, I've been a football player my whole life. I don't really know how to do anything else. And so the itch was I need to develop some kind of skill so I can be of use. And then I put them together. I like making other people feel better. I need to develop a skill. And so I looked for some training in how to make people feel better.

• 8:07Chuck Nice?

  It's called stand-up comedy.

• 8:11Chuck Nice?

  Thank you.

• 8:11Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Only when it works.

• 8:13Chuck Nice?

  Yeah, I was gonna say, you know, not for me, but for other, for other comedians.

• 8:18Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Otherwise it's stand-up disaster, right?

• 8:21Gary O'Reilly?

  What are other botanicals, Eric, that you gravitated towards other than cannabis? Or was it just the cannabis that you were using to manage, balance yourself at that time?

• 8:35Speaker 03

  No, it was, it was. What I stepped into was really an understanding of a medical system that uses herbs. So, you know, growing up in America, like, I thought medicine is you just take pills. You know, and the idea is something that hurts, it doesn't work, and then you do something about it. And this different model was really about understanding who the person is and providing qualities. This is why I learned in Ayurveda, providing qualities that keep that person in balance. Okay, meaning if someone is has really is really slow metabolism. Okay, right, there's certain foods that are that they're going to be able to digest.

• 9:19Speaker 03

  And there's certain foods that are going to give them difficulty. And so you use herbs that are lighter, okay? Or if someone is sweats a lot, or they retain a lot of water. Okay, you use herbs that create balance. And so as I started to learn about that, at the same time, I was also learning about myself. And so my understanding of botanicals is that certain botanicals, people, or objects, right? Foods, things are more attractive to me, you know, at certain times. And a big part of Ayurveda, which really intrigued me, was when I was traveling around the world after I retired, someone gave me a book on Ayurveda. And I opened the book and the first chapter was about living in accordance with the seasons.

• 10:05Speaker 03

  And I remember back when I was in preschool, I remember, I remember, I was three years old, sitting in preschool, and we were, we were learning about the seasons. Okay, this rudimentary information, okay? And but becoming an adult, I forgot all about the seasons, you know? For me, it was just football season and offseason. Those are the seasons. Do you know what? I'm with that. I understand that completely. So, but, but as I was, before I retired, okay? I was really wrestling internally with, how can I invest so much of everything I am into this one thing? And then all of a sudden, I'm starting to have other interests. It doesn't make sense to me. And someone, as I was wrestling with this, someone mentioned the idea of seasons to me.

• 10:50Speaker 03

  And that was the only thing that helped it make sense is that is that one season naturally flows into the next. And I was realizing that I was moving out of a season of being a football player into be into being something else. And so when I read that this book about living in accordance with the seasons, it just spoke to me. Really, it really spoke to me. And just this worldview of things are constantly changing. And if we want to stay healthy or stay in some kind of balance, we have to be able to to adapt and move with those changes.

• 11:20Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Okay, you're describing how sensitive you are, how how much you care about other. All this does not fit anybody's stereotype of a football player. And like we said in in your intro, you kind of did it your way, but that was at a cost to you. Is there, did you figure what kind of sort of financial cost it was for you to be yourself and thereby get suspended, get fined, whatever? Did you, was there a calculation you did and you'd say to yourself, I value being me more than I value getting paid to do what everybody else wants me to do?

• 11:53Speaker 03

  Yeah, yeah. Because, you know, when I, when I was getting paid a whole lot, right? It didn't make me happy. If it did, I trust me, I would have still been doing it, right? And and it was more that the thing I was doing to get the money was so against who I actually was, that that was the that price. And I don't think there's, there's any amount of money, any amount of money, where I would do something that I know is not me. So I stopped being an assassin.

• 12:23Gary O'Reilly?

  Oh, Chuck.

• 12:26Speaker 03

  Yeah, man, it was, I gotta tell you, man, I grew a conscience and it really, I just couldn't do it anymore. It was tough.

• 12:31Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah. So you get it, you get it.

• 12:35Speaker 03

  I love that Eric is the only guy that liked that joke. He was like, it was like, Neil and Gary are like, who the hell, what happened to you?

• 12:44Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Who invited him to the party?

• 12:48Speaker 03

  Eric was like, dude, that was a funny joke.

• 12:50Gary O'Reilly?

  Oh, well.

• 12:51Speaker 03

  All right, anyway.

• 12:52Gary O'Reilly?

  Okay, Eric, what's your feeling on the current, and we're in 2022 right now, the current NFL stance on players failing tests? Because they don't get suspended anymore. They just get a dent in the wallet. So how do you feel from your situation here, looking back at that?

• 13:12Speaker 03

  No, I feel satisfaction, you know, that there's not going to be anyone that has to go through the experience that I went through anymore. And I like to think that, you know, me, not only me taking a stand, but the way I've lived my life as a cannabis user. You know, I think that's what I find has made the biggest difference in people. When they meet me and they have a conversation with me, and any kind of ideas they have about what cannabis does to people, it starts to melt away. So I like to think that something about my story helped move the conversation so that these changes are starting to occur.

• 13:48Chuck Nice?

  Absolutely, yeah, absolutely.

• 13:50Gary O'Reilly?

  Okay, let's move it to last summer and the build up to the Olympics in Tokyo. Sha'Carri Richardson goes through a traumatic experience, smokes a joint, gets banned. And now bring it forward to today. We have Brittany Gruber locked up in a Russian jail for allegedly possessing marijuana vape cartridges. How do you feel about those two incidents right now?

• 14:17Speaker 03

  So I'm not trying to say that they are connected in what I'm about to say, but I am trying to say that they are connected. So one of the things about the history of cannabis, at least in this country, is it's been a tool used against people of color.

• 14:39Gary O'Reilly?

  Absolutely.

• 14:39Speaker 03

  Right, and so because of that, there's a stigma around it, you know? It's like if you think of an African American using cannabis, you get an image, right? If you think of a Caucasian using cannabis, right? You get another image, and they're different. And part of the history is part of the cracking down against cannabis was one way to oppress minority cultures. But when the soldiers came back from Vietnam and they brought, you know, love for cannabis back with them, it kind of spread into the colleges and universities. And you started having college kids starting to consume cannabis, and then the laws became kind of weird, right? Because we can't... Right, we can't persecute the white college kids, they're just experimenting.

• 15:24Speaker 03

  Right, so it was complex. And I think to a certain extent, we've outgrown a lot of that. But some of it is still hanging around. You know, and so again, I'm not saying it's directly connected. But I think it's interesting that the two people you brought up, okay, are African Americans.

• 15:42Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Mm hmm.

• 15:42Speaker 03

  So, but I think one of the things though, that these situations has brought to the surface is people are having conversations about it. And I'm, and I've seen at least with cannabis, when people that we don't expect take a public stance about cannabis, things start moving much faster because the stigma starts to fall. And I remember back in 2004, when I was going through everything with the NFL, no one, or no one said anything positively. No one put their neck on the line or shared how they actually felt about cannabis because it was still too early. But with Shakari, you saw a lot of people step forward and make a stance. And because of that, we were starting to see a lot of the rules change.

• 16:22Chuck Nice?

  Well, yeah.

• 16:23Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  I don't know anyone who runs faster after smoking a joint or do anything.

• 16:27Speaker 03

  Right.

• 16:28Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  With enhanced.

• 16:29Speaker 03

  Right, yeah.

• 16:30Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  It's an interesting.

• 16:31Speaker 03

  And what's, another thing that's interesting is, and this is just in general about especially athletes, um, using cannabis is more, it's more about punishing them and it's less about asking them, what are you using it for? How is it affecting you?

• 16:44Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah, oh man, yeah.

• 16:45Speaker 03

  Because the thing about Shakari is, is she came out and said she lost her mother and cannabis was helping her deal with what was going on. That's a mental health issue, you know? And one of the big, and I'm proud of the NFL for this, the NFL players, uh, players union, they, they, they, and the negotiations in the past, you know, using the drug testing has kind of been a carrot in the negotiation process. Okay, right? And the players wanted the money more, but the players have now said, this is non-negotiable. For us, cannabis is a, is a wellness issue. It's a, it's not a, it's not a substance abuse issue.

• 17:22Chuck Nice?

  I think we're seeing that in the greatest society as a whole, partly because of the, you know, the usage of CBD oil and CBD products. Because people are seeing, um, a health benefit that they're deriving from that usage. Uh, but they're also making the association that, oh, wait a minute. This is, this is a derivative. This is from, you know, this, it's the same thing, but it doesn't have a THC.

• 17:47Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Right, right. Well, we're gonna get closer into that subject in the next segment. And don't forget, in our third segment, we're going back to the pot dock to tie a bow on all this and get a sense of what the medical research on the frontier shows us. So we will be right back with Eric Myron on StarTalk Sports Edition.

• 18:16Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  We're back, StarTalk Sports Edition with our special guest, Eric Myron, who is a former NFL pro, Heisman Trophy winner, winner, turned sort of new age student.

• 18:29Chuck Nice?

  Blippi. I'mma call you a fellow blippi.

• 18:32Speaker 03

  Yep.

• 18:33Chuck Nice?

  That's a black hippie.

• 18:34Speaker 03

  Yeah, it's real.

• 18:35Chuck Nice?

  That's a black hippie. He's a fellow blippi. I tell people all the time that I'm a blippi. I just don't dress like one and I don't let my curls go long, but you know, I'm still a blippi. I'mma call you a fellow blippi.

• 18:48Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Because I knew about blurds, black nerds.

• 18:50Chuck Nice?

  I'm also a blur. I'm a blurred and a blippi.

• 18:54Speaker 03

  Guilty.

• 18:56Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So Eric, you went into business and you've got the brand Heisman, H-I-G-H-S-M-A-N. Heisman, really brilliant name there. We see what you did there. And this is to market products of different derivatives from the marijuana plant. And so what led you to go into business doing this?

• 19:16Speaker 03

  I guess to a certain extent, it is marketing the derivatives, the secondary metabolites of the cannabis sativa plant. But really, I created this more to accentuate my platform. So just to clarify one thing, in 2018, I launched a CBD company called Real Wellness. And I was combining cannabinoids with traditional herbal formulas, creating medicine. That company is still going. Last year, last September, I launched Heisman, which is in the THC space. And it's specifically to talk about.

• 19:54Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  By the way, Heisman is a way better name than Real Wellness. I just thought I'd put it out there.

• 19:57Speaker 03

  Yeah, thank you. Thank you. Yeah, we're evolving, right? We're, we're.

• 20:01Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Real Wellness is like, really? Really?

• 20:04Speaker 03

  Yeah. Well, the, the idea behind Real Wellness, and it's somewhat related to Heisman, is that, is that for me, a large part of my wellness has, includes cannabis. But, but the, the typical thinking, at least at the point, it was that cannabis was not about wellness. All right? So this theme is gonna, this theme is gonna keep going. All right? And, and so with, with Heisman, yeah, I did win the Heisman, but also, right? Getting high has become like a negative thing. Well, I was reading some book, I've read some books that were written in the, in the sixties and the seventies, and they talked about being stoned and being high as a positive thing.

• 20:40Chuck Nice?

  Yeah.

• 20:41Speaker 03

  You know? And so, and that, that, that resonated much more with, with me. You know, but really, the conversation is when, when cannabis became useful to me is when I was dealing with mental health issues. Right? And so my definition of mental health, at least the, the basis of it, is when we say mental, we're, we're talking about what's going on inside. Okay? Inside. And the health, right, is, is it, it feels good, right? We feel good. And I wasn't feeling good. And a, a big part is because I wasn't paying attention to what was going on on the inside. And when I started.

• 21:17Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  You split, you split your product into three groups, a pre-game, halftime, post-game? What is, what's going on there?

• 21:23Speaker 03

  So it's a, it's a naming convention to, to help people understand the effects of cannabis. You know, because you, you know, you talked about taking a hit, and a big part of what I want to talk about is what people do after they take the hit. And so pre-game is the idea of, it's what in the, the common nomenclature, people call sativa. It's more of a, of a, it's more mental, more stimulating, more active. Okay? And then post-game is what people tend to, tend to call.

• 21:51Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Well, how about halftime?

• 21:52Speaker 03

  Halftime is a hybrid. And, and, you know, really, most of what we are consuming in, in the States is technically a, a hybrid.

• 21:59Chuck Nice?

  Hybrid?

• 21:59Speaker 03

  Yeah, is a hybrid. And it's, and it's kind of a mixed effect is a, is a way to, to simplify it. And so the idea is giving people a, a way to think about the effects of cannabis. Again, what do they do after they take a hit?

• 22:11Chuck Nice?

  Totally a personal question, man.

• 22:15Chuck Nice?

  How do I get into this?

• 22:19Chuck Nice?

  How can I get into the weed biz, man? I'm telling you right now, man, this is gonna be huge. It's already huge, but people have no idea. You think the alcohol industry is big? I mean, alcohol is deleterious all the way down the line. It is straight, all the way down the line. It is, it is a degradation, okay? On your body, on your psyche, everything. This actually has benefits. This is the future of people being recreationally relaxed. How, how do I get in, Ricky? How do I get in?

• 22:51Speaker 03

  Well, how would you like to get in?

• 22:53Chuck Nice?

  I don't know, man. I, I'm serious when I say I don't know. But I would like to get in.

• 22:58Speaker 03

  What do you, what would you like to do in the space?

• 23:00Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Chuck, I thought your comedy career was going great.

• 23:02Chuck Nice?

  Man, it ain't going. Hey, let me tell you something. My career ain't going as well as weed.

• 23:08Speaker 03

  You could do weed comedy. Weed comedy? For real. Like, that's the beautiful thing about the space is, is, is a large industry. So whatever your skill set is, there's a, there's a place for you.

• 23:19Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  A slot, a slot. You gotta figure out what that slot is.

• 23:22Chuck Nice?

  Okay, all right, I'm gonna work on that. I'm gonna work on that and I'm gonna reach out to you, man.

• 23:26Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  All right, so, but you, you have thoughts and, and intellectual ambitions or dream states that include space when you're getting high? Is that correct? Did I understand that correctly?

• 23:42Speaker 03

  Yeah, when I, when I smoke, I'm, I'm thinking about planets and stars, constellations.

• 23:49Chuck Nice?

  The cosmos.

• 23:50Speaker 03

  Et cetera, yeah. You know, to me, I feel like, I feel like this is an intuition that, that life seems chaotic. But when we look up, there's some kind of order that can help us make sense of the chaos.

• 24:03Chuck Nice?

  Hmm, ah, Neil?

• 24:06Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  What, what, what's, what's?

• 24:10Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  No, all I can say is I look up and think about the universe without weed. So if.

• 24:16Chuck Nice?

  Oh, my God, so now you know what we gotta do now?

• 24:20Chuck Nice?

  Now you know, you know what we gotta do now? We gotta get Neil high. Eric? Eric, we gotta smoke some weed with Neil.

• 24:31Speaker 03

  I love that. I love, love, love.

• 24:34Gary O'Reilly?

  I think there's gonna be a big audience for that, by the way.

• 24:37Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Let me just say, so Eric, there's, I mean, we have software now. I mean, the old days, we'd had to find an ephemeris and look up tables and times and dates and longitude and latitude on Earth.

• 24:48Speaker 03

  Yeah.

• 24:49Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  In order to know where things are and where they were going, where they were gonna be, when you were gonna be at the telescope. And now it's just all in apps, basically. And so the art of finding things in the night sky is gone. But now you can find many more things because you're not wasting your time digging up tables and trying to calculate things.

• 25:06Chuck Nice?

  Yeah, but you know, it's like using an abacus, Neil. It's like, you know, it's, yeah, you have a calculator and you don't need it and you have software, but you know, there's something about moving those little beads across that bar that does something to you mentally that an app never could.

• 25:23Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah, you will never invent an airplane on an abacus.

• 25:28Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  There's some stuff that is forever out of your reach. But so Eric, tell me, because I'm an academic and I value people's ambitions, their curiosity as it takes them into whole realms of thought and understanding. Is the universe just one of many branches of thought that stimulate you?

• 25:48Speaker 03

  I would say it's, in a sense, it's like the, it's what I use to help understand everything else.

• 25:57Chuck Nice?

  Oh, so it's like a primary driver in your life?

• 26:01Speaker 03

  Yes, and so my experience actually is I'm building an app. And so the reason I was doing the calculations is because I was, and I'm just for my own personal use. I was building an app for my own personal use. And so that's why I was going through the calculations of learning how to use a computer in my phone to tell me where the planets are on specific, where they were on specific dates. And the one thing that I took away from it that blew my mind was it was the first time I had to really think about time. You know, as a construct, because as you're trying to find, you know, where something was at a certain time, like different people had different definitions of how they were counting time.

• 26:45Speaker 03

  And you have to get clear on that first before you can answer the second question.

• 26:51Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah, by the way, in time and space are interlinked. So something that people don't consider, but maybe they should or could, is when you launch something from Earth to land on Mars, you are launching a moving rocket and a payload off of a moving platform, Earth, because it's orbiting the sun, headed out into space to an empty point in space where Mars will be when you get there.

• 27:21Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  And so the orbital dynamics of this are deep. I mean, it really is, as they say, rocket science, right? And, and so, but it connects you to the universe like nothing else. And I'll take any excuse people give to look up and start thinking about the universe.

• 27:36Chuck Nice?

  Man, we wasting this conversation. I'll be right back. I gotta go get some weed.

• 27:43Speaker 03

  Got the munchies. So Eric. I just have one question here. So if I'm, if I'm getting this, if I'm getting this right, it took a tremendous amount of confidence

• 27:55Speaker 03

  for, for people to launch something to see if their, if their hypotheses of where the planets are going to be were accurate.

• 28:03Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Well, so I, confidence is not the right, yes, correct. But that's not the operative thought.

• 28:10Chuck Nice?

  The confidence was in the calculations, though.

• 28:12Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah, well, exactly. So.

• 28:13Chuck Nice?

  The confidence is in the calculation.

• 28:15Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  We have the laws of, that's why they call laws of physics. They apply here, there, yesterday and tomorrow. And so now we calculate with those laws of physics. I get somebody to double check my calculations in case I forgot to carry the two. You know, you want to do that. You can double, triple check it on a computer or vice versa. And once you've done that, it's going to go where you send it. Unless some third other phenomenon happens, you know, and a gremlin comes in and grabs it. Minus the possibility that there's something about the universe you have yet to discover, it's going to go exactly where you expect it to go. That's how and why science works. That's why, it's why there's science at all.

• 28:51Speaker 03

  But how do you account for that, that variable of something that science hasn't found yet?

• 28:57Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah, it just messes up.

• 29:00Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  It doesn't work. Messed up for less. Wait, we, we had a Mars probe. All right. Mars orbital surveyor or something. And it went to Mars and just blew past Mars. It didn't go into orbit. We said, what happened? What happened? And we found out that the engineers were using English units and the physicists were using metric units. And when they calculated the thrust, they used two different units and it was too much thrust. And we lost, uh, you know, what was it? A, a, you know. I don't remember what that probe cost. Surly in the millions. So that was embarrassing.

• 29:36Gary O'Reilly?

  Why did the British get blamed?

• 29:38Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Even if there are no gremlins is what I'm saying.

• 29:40Gary O'Reilly?

  Why are the British getting blamed again?

• 29:42Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Nah, cuz you all.

• 29:44Speaker 03

  So gremlins, is that, is that, that's like a term that you guys use?

• 29:48Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  No.

• 29:51Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Actually, there's something called Maxwell's demons, which are these things that make things happen that we know they happen, but we don't have an understanding of why they happen. And so Maxwell, James Clark Maxwell in the late 19th century, uh, had this concept and it's called Maxwell's demons. And the electron moves there because there's a demon that makes it happen. It doesn't really think they're demons, but we don't otherwise have an explanation.

• 30:16Speaker 03

  You need a variable, right? You need a variable.

• 30:18Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  It's just, exactly. It's just nature doing it. So he puts, they're called Maxwell's demons. They're fun. You can look them up. They're kind of fun to think about.

• 30:24Speaker 03

  Definitely looking at it. That's where I live. That's where I live.

• 30:27Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah, but don't rely on them to get stuff done. All right. You gotta, you know.

• 30:33Speaker 03

  Well, you can, you can't rely on them, but you can use their assistance.

• 30:41Gary O'Reilly?

  That'll be interesting.

• 30:42Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  That would be interesting. We see Eric walking down the street and a whole Pied Piper of Maxwell's demons following him.

• 30:49Gary O'Reilly?

  Oh, man, that's, that's. I love it. That's not something I want to say. So Eric, let's come back to Heisman. You've got three products right now. Are you looking at building this empire? And if so, where would you see yourself taking it? How, how are you calculating?

• 31:07Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  You gotta hire Chuck first, but yeah, go on after that.

• 31:09Gary O'Reilly?

  That's a given. So I mean, how are you calculating combinations? Um, compound strengths, efficacy? Because you know what? All of us on this podcast are all slightly different.

• 31:23Speaker 03

  Yeah, so education, education is-

• 31:25Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  What's the dose?

• 31:26Speaker 03

  Yeah. Education is huge. And so we're starting with three SKUs. We're starting with three products. But really, the purpose of starting with these three products is to start the conversation. You know, and there hasn't been enough open, honest conversations about cannabis, how people are using it and what they're doing after they use it. And so part of this is creating a platform. Because, you know, in the future, cannabis use is, to me, is the future. Right? I think it's going to replace a lot of pharmaceuticals. And I think it's going to, to a certain extent, replace alcohol. But part of, for me, part of using cannabis is you have to learn how to function when you're having this more awareness of your subjective or internal state.

• 32:09Speaker 03

  And especially for guys, we don't have a lot of practice. And so for me, it's really about-

• 32:14Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Accessing our internal emotions, right?

• 32:16Speaker 03

  Yes, it's about building a community of woke potheads. That's really what Heisman is about.

• 32:23Chuck Nice?

  I love that.

• 32:25Speaker 03

  Yo-

• 32:26Chuck Nice?

  That are doing something, that are doing something in the world. You gotta make that your tagline, man. It's like, Heisman, building a community of woke potheads. I'm telling you, man. There's a T-shirt. You can't go wrong with that. There's the T-shirt, Chuck.

• 32:44Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  All right, we gotta take a quick break. Eric, delighted to have you. Thanks for calling in on this show. So when we come back, we're going to bring on Dr. Stacy Gruber, the Pot Doc. And this is not her first rodeo on Startalk, when Startalk Sports Edition returns.

• 33:10Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  We're back, Startalk Sports Edition. And taking a hit, we've called it. And we've just come off of two segments with Eric Myron, former football great, Heisman Trophy winner. And now someone who's going into the business of marketing, selling and marketing marijuana and its derivatives to help people. And we can't have a show on that without going to our go-to person on this very subject, Dr. Stacy Gruber.

• 33:37Speaker 04

  Oh, my God.

• 33:38Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  And, and, and let me, I gotta get, I'm gonna, I have to read this because I'll never get it straight. Director of the Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Core at McLean Hospital's Brain Imaging Center. Eh, eh. That's, okay, that's not enough, apparently, Stacy. And Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School. And you direct Mind Marijuana Investigations for Neuroscientific Discovery. I love it. And affectionately known as the Pot Doc. You listened in on those first two segments with Eric. So what's your reaction to him as a person, to him as a user, to, to his life's arc?

• 34:16Speaker 04

  You know, I think he's had an extraordinary experience here. And I think a lot of us forget what early days were like. So many people these days talk about cannabis and cannabis-based exploration, as if it's always been this simple.

• 34:31Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So Gary, how old is he now?

• 34:33Speaker 04

  He'll be circa forty-five.

• 34:35Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Circa forty-five. So that's old enough so that he, so, so you're right, Stacy, he's from another era.

• 34:42Speaker 04

  So I think in, in, yeah, people tend to forget, it was only in nineteen ninety-six that we re-legalized cannabis for medical purposes in this country, in California. And in two thousand and four, it was a very different day from the day we are living now, right? So it was a really, really different road. And I think that he's had some unbelievable experiences. And I have no doubt that this has allowed him to sort of move along this trajectory where he's taking his own experiences and his own desire and moving them forward as a healer.

• 35:12Chuck Nice?

  You know, I've never, I can't believe we've never asked this, or maybe we have, and I just forgot. But there has got to be a great deal of data from countries where cannabis is legal.

• 35:23Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Like the Netherlands.

• 35:25Chuck Nice?

  Yeah. What is, what are the stats on the usage, addiction, crime? Is there anything that's notable?

• 35:37Speaker 04

  I think that in general, we don't pay enough attention, to your point, to data that comes from other places and other spaces. We tend to have a fairly egocentric view of these things here. And the US history with regard to cannabis, as he touched upon, is, cannabis is a really storied past, and not for great reasons. It's one of the sort of darkest areas in history in terms of substance use, misuse, mislabeling perhaps, and now finally, sort of a reconceptualization. I'm not sure that we have a great sense of how those data inform us. We're very busy saying, but that's, that's their experience, not necessarily ours, although there's lots of lessons that could be learned.

• 36:20Speaker 04

  And I think in places where they have more liberal use, we certainly see different patterns. We don't see the same rates of certain types of crime. We don't see the same rates of things associated with substance misuse, or, quote, the old, the old term should be dependence, right? It's sort of like alcohol. Think of countries where alcohol is introduced to individuals within the sort of family environment at young ages. We don't necessarily see the same rates of difficulty with alcohol when those folks get to, quote, "legal age." We just don't.

• 36:53Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So what, so what about the, the stereotype that people who smoke weed often are demotivated? And he's, he's, he seems pretty motivated to get done what he wants. But what of that stereotype? What can, what can, what can you tell us about this?

• 37:09Speaker 04

  I think questioned at this point. A lot of things factor into these equations. It's not just the cannabis use. It's how much, it's how often, it's at what stage in your, quote, developmental process, what else is happening? And also, I love to remind people, what's in your weed? It's not all created equal. It's not one thing. And as he very appropriately alluded to, when he's talking about his pre-game, game, and post-game regimens, and these chemovars that he's really referring to, or strains, if you will, varieties of cannabis sativa L, the name of the plant. The reason he's pointing these out is because different chemovars or cultivars have different constituents that give them different effects.

• 37:49Speaker 04

  I think, I don't remember if it was you Chuck, probably because Chuck's very astute in this particular area. Not everybody's created equally either. We all have different, you know, each of us on this podcast, or maybe it was Gary, we all process things differently, different metabolism, different genetic profile, different experience, and that's going to affect things too. But, you know, it's the constituents in cannabis, it's not just THC and CBD, it's those terpenes, terpenoids. The essential oils in cannabis that give it its characteristic scent and quote flavor profile are often related to things like couch lock. Oh man, I can't get up. I have to sit here and just chill. That's, you know, very often related to some of the terpenes that are there.

• 38:27Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So, but, and, but there are people who might react to it more along that path, like you're saying, than along another, because there's some highly productive people, among them Carl Sagan, who is a famously, a famous pot user, often and a lot, and no one ever accused him of not being productive.

• 38:47Speaker 04

  That is, you know, going to be my go-to example for you, given this particular round here at StarTalk. Carl Sagan, who's very close friend was Lester Grinsberg, who was one of the greatest cannabis researchers of all time, from Harvard, not in school. Close friends. And Carl Sagan apparently used to say to Lester, you just don't understand it. And Lester made it his mission because of his friendship to understand it better. It actually became a saving grace for his own son, who was battling cancer, and who was having terrible difficulty eating after these treatments, and changed his life, ultimately changed his whole trajectory. But, that's right, nobody would accuse Carl Sagan of not getting a lot of stuff.

• 39:23Chuck Nice?

  Wow. I, I had no idea that Carl Sagan smoked weed. I, I, this is the first I'm ever hearing of it, but now it might explain. Maybe he wasn't seeing billions of stars, he was only seeing millions.

• 39:34Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Then he exaggerated it up?

• 39:38Chuck Nice?

  Well, no.

• 39:39Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Plus, I think at the time, or recently, his widow, Andrian, served on the board of the, of NORMAL, the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws.

• 39:51Chuck Nice?

  Oh wow.

• 39:52Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So, so I think they, the two of them together, as a creative pair, because they published several books together, co-wrote their first Cosmos together. So, I think whatever, whatever example one puts forth of...

• 40:08Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Either demotivation or with any other negative effects, they have to be counterbalanced with the examples that are the exact opposite. And therefore, you have to ask, where do you land on? I'm just repeating what you're saying, Stacy. We have to ask, how does it affect you? And maybe you need a different combination of those derivative chemicals, or none at all, or all of them, right?

• 40:29Speaker 04

  Certainly no shortage of examples of people who get a whole lot of things done and who are wildly successful, who embrace the use of cannabis or penicillin, it's no question.

• 40:38Gary O'Reilly?

  So Stacy, with Eric's range in Heisman, there's the, like I say, pre-game, alertness, motivation, halftime, anti-inflammatory and calming, post-game, pain relief, relaxation and sleep. With your knowledge, research, et cetera, where else is Eric likely to go in terms of developing products using the cannabinoid and the elements and compounds within?

• 41:03Chuck Nice?

  I say, let's not go there on the air publicly. Let's save that information for a private conversation.

• 41:12Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Or behind a paywall.

• 41:13Chuck Nice?

  Yeah, and then we figure out how we get some funding to do it.

• 41:18Speaker 04

  Sorry, I think he was, he was pretty clear, I think, on the educational aspects of this, right? Like allowing the conversations to start and continuing to figure out not only the best combinations of what I think he was alluding to, which are the individual constituents and compounds to address specific ailments or, or conditions that people have, but also to get people talking about it to help ultimately de-stigmatize. You know, there are differences in people who are using for different reasons. And the stigma that goes sort of across the board to everyone is rather inappropriate at this point. When people acknowledge, I'm, I'm not looking to just, you know, get high, I'm looking to address these symptoms, which may or may not be his, his shtick either. That's very different. And so I appreciated that part.

• 42:03Speaker 04

  But in terms of other areas, you know, I, I'm not sure what else he, he's not covered. I didn't, I didn't give an exhaustive list, but I think for sure, something that's important to him, given his own experiences, is mental health. And we're certainly seeing an explosion of work in this area, our hours and, and so many others, which is a long time coming.

• 42:20Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  And just to remind people, you are Associate Professor of Psychiatry at, at Harvard Medical School. So when you speak of mental health, you speak of that as a professional. In the field.

• 42:31Speaker 04

  And first and foremost, we are psychiatry 100% of the time. We do lots of other things. But one of the things that we're very invested in is understanding the ways in which the real world experience of individuals, whether they're patients or have some concern, where there's concern, where there's less concern, and how we might be able to allow people to use what we know to inform their best practices. If, you know, just saying no doesn't usually work. So now we want to say, you know, something a little bit more educated that guides people. There's a lot to learn in this particular space.

• 43:05Gary O'Reilly?

  See, Neil, in this, in 2022, we've got the NFL spending a million dollars, right? As a grant for studies into the efficacy of marijuana and its component parts for pain management and concussion treatments, which goes back to our good friend Len Marshall. Also, you've got WADA, the World Anti-Doping Agency, conducting again scientific review this year in 22 to see if it still makes sense to continue its international ban on marijuana. So I'll ask Dr. Gruber, what do you think they're going to find? And how do you think they're going to bring those results and thinking forward?

• 43:41Speaker 04

  In terms of what WADA will do?

• 43:43Gary O'Reilly?

  And/or with the NFL.

• 43:45Speaker 04

  So I think the NFL initiative is an incredibly important one. And there's been lots of interest in this particular space. And the folks who are doing the work at UCSD are fantastic. There's a lot to sort of.

• 43:59Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  University of California, San Diego. And is a million dollars a lot of money in this space?

• 44:03Chuck Nice?

  Yeah, I was gonna say, that's kind of cheap for the NFL.

• 44:05Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah, given that, you know, some players make a million dollars before halftime, right?

• 44:10Speaker 04

  I think, I think there's, let me put it this way, I think there's so much work to be done. It would never be something that would be too much, let me put it that way. There's a lot to do. And I think it's a very important area to begin in, given what we know about individuals who sustain head trauma. Or traumatic brain injury and how that looks over time and what we might be able to do either with regard to prevention or treatment. I think it's incredibly important. I think WADA is likely to take, I would hope, a very holistic view at this point. There's been an awful lot that's happened and WADA has changed, as you pointed out, I think previously, they've changed their sort of approach a couple of times. So let's see what happens. But I'm hoping that they'll use a fair amount of data. Remember, there

• 44:51Speaker 04

  are substances with similar therapeutic effects to cannabis and cannabinoids, sedatives, anxiolytics, that are not banned by WADA. Aspirin's not banned, ibuprofen's not banned. And so when we think about that, you know, that's important to keep in mind for people who are using specifically for those reasons, especially as Chuck alluded to earlier, stuff that's not necessarily comprised of a lot of THC, where you're really looking at the non-intoxicating cannabinoids to get at some of the inflammation-related issues, or pain or sleep, whatever. You have to consider this slightly differently, I think.

• 45:26Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  And I just checked Tom Brady's salary. He makes a million dollars by half-time.

• 45:32Chuck Nice?

  Wow.

• 45:33Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah.

• 45:34Gary O'Reilly?

  So Neil, all you've done is aggravate Chuck even more.

• 45:38Chuck Nice?

  Yeah, it's the truth. And nothing could be truer.

• 45:42Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Chuck the Eagles fan.

• 45:44Chuck Nice?

  What a waste of a million dollars.

• 45:45Gary O'Reilly?

  So, Dr. Groover, you introduced us, I'm gonna try and steer this back onto the road, you introduced us to the endocannabinoid system in the body.

• 45:59Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  That's too many syllables for me.

• 46:01Gary O'Reilly?

  All right. And as Chuck so distinctly captioned it as, "We're designed to get high," last time that we had you as a guest. Where are we now? Because this doesn't sound like ancient research into this system. This sounds like something that's been happening recently. So where are we and how far along?

• 46:19Speaker 04

  In terms of what we know about the endocannabinoid system? So I think we've begun to make a lot of progress. There's a lot of work in this area. And while we may be wired for weed, that's not likely the reason we have cannabinoid receptors. We make our own, hence the term endocannabinoid. We make our own chemicals that bind to our own receptors.

• 46:40Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Endo as an endocrine system.

• 46:41Speaker 04

  As endo, right. Yeah, it's endogenous. So we have an endogenous system of chemicals and receptors throughout the brain and body, the endocannabinoid system. Every mammal has it. And it's

• 46:52Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Endogenous. So endocrine comes from endogenous as well, I guess.

• 46:56Speaker 04

  Yeah, I think endo is, as in, yeah. So I

• 46:59Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Okay.

• 46:59Speaker 04

  I, I, I think there's an awful lot that we've learned. There's more still to go. But in terms of how individual cannabinoids interact with the endocannabinoid system, that's the interesting thing. When we think of the plant, there are over 120 phyto cannabinoids, things from the plant that directly interact with our own endocannabinoid system. The ways in which those things happen is, is still being determined. We've just really made a lot of progress in a couple of more of the major constituents. And there's a lot of room to, to grow here, and I look forward to it.

• 47:30Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah. So, but, but did you answer this or was it sort of mixed in there? Why do we have such receptors?

• 47:36Speaker 04

  We have receptors because we have these chemicals. We have our own, these endocannabinoids.

• 47:41Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Oh, sorry. It's, oh, to say, so we have the receptors not for smoking weed, although it serves that purpose. We, we feed those, our own receptors.

• 47:51Speaker 04

  So, right. So think of it as in terms of opioid receptors. Do we have opioid receptors because we're supposed to be using heroin? No. We have opioid receptors because of the ways in which our, our neurotransmitters, our brains and bodies function. So in the case of cannabis or cannabinoids, really quickly, we have anandamide and 2-AG, these two chemicals. And we have these receptors to which these things bind. And we have things that break them down, break down these chemicals. So that's our own system.

• 48:19Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So heroin hijacks our own system.

• 48:22Speaker 04

  Heroin in terms of opioid receptors, mu and kappa opioid receptors, different, different systems. But yeah, again, it sort of exploits the fact we have these receptors. It's just not necessarily designed for that. They just have to be effective.

• 48:35Chuck Nice?

  It's, it's, it's making use of the receptors, but it's not necessarily what they were designed for specifically.

• 48:42Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Right. Cause I think there are people who want to believe they were designed for that. And so therefore everyone should like smoke weed when they're born.

• 48:48Speaker 04

  At the design table, I wasn't there.

• 48:52Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Had you been, you would have given advice on a much better design system. Said Alphonse the 10th, by the way, that was a famous quote. Had I been present at the time of creation, I would have given the good Lord advice on how to do it better. That was it. That's a famous quote.

• 49:09Gary O'Reilly?

  So I attributed a quote to Eric that he said wasn't him, but it was something that indigenous tribespeople thousands of years ago believed that you needed an altered state to heal. How would you react to that, Doctor, as terms of what their thinking was and, you know, are they somewhere they shouldn't be or are they on the right line?

• 49:33Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Or, and I can invert that, and we got to kind of end on this question, but I can invert that and say, what happens if you heal in a non-altered state? What, what is the benefit if there is one at all? Or is it just, you would just want to have it like, like giving birth, you're in a whole other mental state and you forget that you were ever in the pain you were, as I'm told? And so there's some physiology that, that promotes that fact.

• 50:00Speaker 04

  You know, and I think it's a really interesting question, and it's one that I, I think probably depends on what we're talking about when we're talking about healing from what? Mental versus physical? I mean, we're all connected, right? And so it, it goes without saying that perhaps in some of these, these times, it is very possible that in order to quote heal, you have to allow yourself the space, if you will, so that may be altered from your everyday, you got to give yourself time and space. Like the show, Time and Space. You know, can you heal without being altered? Sure. I, I think the, the, you know, so the rigid answer is yes, of course. What do they mean by that? I like to think that maybe they mean sometimes you have to have a little bit of a shift and set to allow yourself to heal most thoroughly and comprehensively.

• 50:45Speaker 04

  Does that mean stoned? Not necessarily.

• 50:47Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  But, but it could also mean that once you come out of that mental state, you don't have easy memory back into it so that you, you, your, your, your life is not burdened by the memories of pain because they happened in a different mental state. You were in a different room at the time.

• 51:02Chuck Nice?

  Or it could be that they were just getting high and then they found some benefits after they came down. You know, it's like, yeah, man, I can't believe it. Every time I get high and, you know, my knees used to hurt and now they don't.

• 51:15Speaker 04

  You know, people will say this a lot. They'll say, I had to be altered to experience XYZ 123. And now I have a complete shift in my consciousness and my everyday life. That wouldn't have happened without them. That is very common. When we think about things like hallucinogens, ayahuasca and, and these people, I'm, please, again, judgment free zone. It's all good. I, I don't know. Uh, that's very possible.

• 51:37Chuck Nice?

  Yeah, when you talk about ayahuasca, it's like, it's so, the, the research is going into it now. One of which is they're finding that it is, um, it's effective at helping cure, cure addiction. There are people who use it and they come off of heroin and they don't ever go back.

• 51:56Speaker 04

  Maybe that's the altered state that you have to be in to pro human.

• 52:00Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah, yeah, there it goes. Well, guys, we got to land the plane right there on that runway. Uh, Stacy, it has been a delight to have you. Uh, you bring focus and perspective and expert, more important, most importantly, academic expertise to what we do, and that is centered to the DNA of StarTalk and of course, StarTalk Sports Edition. Gary, always good to have you, man.

• 52:20Gary O'Reilly?

  Pleasure, my friend. Thank you.

• 52:22Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Both you guys. And I, this has been StarTalk Sports Edition. And the right hit, what do we call this, Gary? The?

• 52:30Gary O'Reilly?

  Taking a hit.

• 52:30Chuck Nice?

  Taking a hit.

• 52:32Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Taking a hit.

• 52:33Gary O'Reilly?

  Yeah. Just seemed to be the only thing you could possibly call it.

• 52:36Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  That has football players and smoking marijuana in the same show. All right. We've got it. Neil deGrasse Tyson here, your personal astrophysicist. Keep looking up.