StarTalk Live – Climate Science, with Neil deGrasse Tyson

How can we combat climate change? Neil deGrasse Tyson, comic co-host Chuck Nice, climate scientist Katharine Hayhoe, PhD, and chemist Peter Mahaffy, PhD, investigate on our first virtual StarTalk Live, sponsored by Pocketlab.

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:01Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Welcome to StarTalk. Your place in the universe where science and pop culture collide. StarTalk begins right now.

• 0:15Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  This is StarTalk Live. Normally, we do this in a theater. Four, five times a year, but because of the coronavirus lockdown, this is virtual. And tonight's topic is climate change. The culture, the politics, the science, the denial. Climate change, and we're bringing in some experts for that. And this evening is co-sponsored by Pocket Lab. A big supporter of teachers around the world. Supplying tools for them to do right by the topics that they're teaching the students. And so with me, I've got Chuck Nice, as always. Chuck, how you doing? Hey, what's happening, Neil? So this is- It's climate week, that's why we're doing it here and now.

• 1:00Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Live on Facebook and YouTube. And of course, this is a collaboration with Pocket Lab. They've become our recent very good friends in this space. And so I think it's time to bring in our first guest.

• 1:15Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Okay, so first, a climate scientist, Katherine Hayhoe. She's been on StarTalk before, because this is not a topic we haven't addressed. And she's the director of the Texas Tech University Climate Center. Professor of Political Science. And a UN Champion of the Earth. Have to find out what that precisely means. And you said you've heard her TED Talk, is that right? Absolutely, yeah. Well, let's bring her on. Yeah, go ahead. Yes. There she goes, Katherine, hello.

• 1:44Katharine Hayhoe?

  Hey.

• 1:44Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Okay, you get the award for least interesting backdrop, just want you to know.

• 1:50Katharine Hayhoe?

  It's very deliberate.

• 1:54Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Alright, so could you, could you put us on a-

• 1:55Chuck Nice?

  I love it that Catherine, Catherine Ashley looks like she's calling in from a passport photo.

• 2:05Katharine Hayhoe?

  Well, I am Canadian.

• 2:10Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So tell, just put us all on the same page when scientists speak of climate change. Just, just put us on the same page there. What, what, what do we mean when we say climate change?

• 2:21Katharine Hayhoe?

  We mean the change in the long-term average conditions of the planet. So our brains are wired to remember weather, a hot day, a snowy day, a crazy storm. That's like a single tree. Climate is like the forest. It's the average of weather over at least 20 to 30 years. And that's what's changing today, and that's why we can still have hot weather and cold weather even while the entire planet is warming.

• 2:44Chuck Nice?

  Very cool.

• 2:45Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah, so what, what hap- when did, when did, when did global warming change to climate change? When did that happen and why?

• 2:53Katharine Hayhoe?

  We scientists have always called it climate change. Global warming is more of a popular term. Global warming is a symptom of climate change. It's like you're running a fever. But the disease you have is not the fever. The fever is just the symptom. So the disease is climate change, and we're seeing an increase in the average temperature of the planet. But we're also seeing a lot of other things. Things are changing in the places where we live. We see wildfires are burning greater and greater area. We see hurricanes are getting bigger and stronger. We see that heavy rain events are getting more frequent and heatwaves are getting more intense. And so personally, if I'm gonna call it something, I usually call it global weirding.

• 3:30Chuck Nice?

  Very nice.

• 3:32Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  That sounds like a new dance or something.

• 3:34Chuck Nice?

  We should have gone with that, should have gone with that from the beginning. Would have, would have definitely got a lot more people involved.

• 3:42Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  And so, so is, is there some, um, climate change? People always want to blame today's weather on a climate change. So how, how do you, how do you advise people to think about weather versus climate? In terms of what you're gonna blame the, the anthropogenic factors on?

• 4:02Katharine Hayhoe?

  So weather is kind of like your mood and climate is like your personality. You can be in a good mood or a bad mood, but long-term, you're a certain type of person. At the same time, though, we know that climate change is affecting our weather, and here's how. So imagine you have a pair of dice and you always have a chance of rolling a double six. That's an extreme weather event. But decade by decade as the planet warms, it's as if it's sneaking in and taking another one of those sixes, oh, sorry, another number and turning it into a six, and then another one and turning it into a seven. And so, pretty soon, you're rolling all kinds of double sixes and even some sevens like you never used to before. And you're like, what is going on? That's climate change.

• 4:41Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  And that is also- Wait, but on your stereo system, can you turn it up to 11, though? That's really what people...

• 4:48Katharine Hayhoe?

  In the case of climate change, yes.

• 4:50Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yes, okay. Okay, because it is odd when people say, "We haven't had floods this high since 1936." Well, you had floods that high in 1936, when no one was talking about climate change. So, if the comparison to the highs today are always indexed to something long ago, what you're really saying is, it's not that it's high specifically, but that we're having a lot of them. Like you said, someone is preloading the dice.

• 5:15Katharine Hayhoe?

  Yeah, another way to think about it is like a baseball player. They hit the occasional homerun, and then they went on steroids, and they started to hit a lot more homeruns.

• 5:22Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Okay.

• 5:23Katharine Hayhoe?

  So, it wasn't that a homerun was unprecedented, it's just that their statistics changed. And that's what's happening with climate change.

• 5:29Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Got you. And tell me about the Paris Accord, the Paris Agreement. You know, we get snippets of it, you know, in the United States is, "Are we part of it, or are we not? We changed leadership, and then someone undoes it." So, where was it? Where has it been? Where was it? And where is it now? And what's our relationship to it?

• 5:47Katharine Hayhoe?

  Yes. So, I was there. I was in Paris when this all happened. And what happened was, almost every country in the entire world got together and agreed to limit global temperature change to at least 2 degrees Celsius, and if possible, 1 and 1/2. And just as a benchmark, we're already at 1 degree today. So, that's where we were. And then, pretty much every country in the world signed on. And then President Trump announced that he would be withdrawing the US from the agreement. But he can't officially do it until just before the election in November. So it hasn't actually happened yet. And if he does withdraw the US, they can go back in after just a couple more weeks. But here's the thing. It isn't just about federal government solving this problem.

• 6:30Katharine Hayhoe?

  It is about organizations like cities and states, corporations, universities, tribal nations,

• 6:39Katharine Hayhoe?

  religious denominations. And so they've all gotten together in the US. And organizations that represent almost half of US emissions have agreed that they're still in on the Paris Agreement. So it's not a zero or one. We're already, half of us are committed to be there. We just need the other half to come along. And for that, we need the federal government. But it isn't just the US. If you look globally at all the commitments all the countries have made, that only adds up to three degrees. We haven't got enough yet to get down to two. It's kind of like a potluck dinner. And everybody's supposed to bring enough to feed everybody? Well, there isn't enough food on the table yet. So far, we're only going to hold global temperature to three degrees, not two degrees. So we don't just need the US, we need more from almost everyone else.

• 7:20Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah, but Catherine, in any given day, especially in dry climates, the temperature swings 20, 30, 40 degrees from mid afternoon to just before sunrise. And so why, what can you tell people for them to be concerned about a mere two degree rise in the average?

• 7:39Katharine Hayhoe?

  I hear exactly what you're saying. And I've actually thought about how to explain this. And here's what I would say. The temperature of the planet is as stable as that of the human body. So if you add up all of the temperature around the whole world, it could be really cold one place, it could be really warm the other. But at the scale of the planet, it's as stable as the human body. And our human body temperature, you know, 98 degrees, that's pretty warm. But if our body temperature goes up one degree Fahrenheit, or if it goes up almost two degrees Fahrenheit, which is one degree Celsius.

• 8:10Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Somebody stuck a thermometer in you and you're laying up in bed.

• 8:13Katharine Hayhoe?

  Exactly. And that's why this matters. The planet is running a fever. And actually, let me tell you something really cool. The very first person to collect weather station data, because we do use weather stations all around the world, the very first person to collect all that data and show that the planet was warming was a British engineer called Guy Callender in 1938.

• 8:32Chuck Nice?

  Wow. And he sounds like a game show host. That's very cool. I'm Guy Callender.

• 8:41Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  All right, so why, all right, so tell me precisely what is warming the planet? Okay, let me be more precise than that. We know greenhouse gases trap solar energy and it remains in the atmosphere and the temperature goes up. What are the sources of this excess greenhouse, excess carbon dioxide greenhouse gases?

• 9:04Katharine Hayhoe?

  Yes, so first of all, as you know, Neil, our planet already has a natural blanket of heat trapping gases that keeps our planet the perfect temperature for life. We'd be a frozen ball of ice if we didn't have this natural blanket. So what's the problem? The problem is-

• 9:20Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  By the way, in fact, in my field, we call it snowball earth.

• 9:22Katharine Hayhoe?

  Yes.

• 9:23Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Times when, times when, you know, the, the, the, the right amount of greenhouse was not happening.

• 9:28Katharine Hayhoe?

  Oh, it wasn't. So we're kind of like Goldilocks. We don't want too much of it because then we'd be like Venus. We don't want too little of it because then we'd be the snowball earth. So the sun's energy actually goes mostly through this blanket, sort of like a window. The earth heats up, the earth gives off infrared or heat energy and the blanket traps the heat energy, just like the blanket traps our body heat at night, same way. So what's the problem? The problem is we are wrapping an extra blanket around the planet that it doesn't need. It's like somebody is sneaking into your room at night, which is sort of creepy when you think about it, and putting an extra blanket on you and you wake up sweating and you're like-

• 10:02Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  That's someone who loves you, who puts on an extra blanket.

• 10:04Katharine Hayhoe?

  My grandma, my grandma would always-

• 10:06Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Grandma coming in with the crocheted, with the crochet blanket, yes.

• 10:09Katharine Hayhoe?

  Yes, we had central heating in Canada, but she was convinced it didn't work. So she always came in every night with a blanket when I was at her house. So where is this blanket coming from? About three quarters of it, 75%, is coming from digging up and burning fossil fuels. 75%. 25% of it is coming from land use change and agriculture, specifically deforestation.

• 10:34Katharine Hayhoe?

  And animal agriculture.

• 10:36Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So deforestation because plants take in carbon dioxide and they build themselves off it and give off oxygen. You take away plants, you're removing a sink for or an absorbing factor in the carbon dioxide. That's correct?

• 10:50Katharine Hayhoe?

  Yes, but also when you burn them, it releases the carbon in the trees into the atmosphere too. So it's a double whammy.

• 10:56Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Mm hmm. Okay, but but if okay, but if you if you have a tree that had carbon dioxide that it took out of the air and then you burn the tree, it puts it back in, isn't that neutral?

• 11:05Katharine Hayhoe?

  It is, but if you're deforesting area and you're not putting the trees back again.

• 11:09Chuck Nice?

  So now the tree is no longer taking the scrubbing the atmosphere of carbon dioxide.

• 11:14Katharine Hayhoe?

  Yes, so that's why I'm growing up in Canada. If you want to earn a lot of money in the summer to pay for university, you would go tree planting. Because some countries like Bhutan and like Canada, they tree plant like fiends. And what they're doing is they're cutting down the trees, but then they're replacing them. So the net impact on carbon is neutral. But what's happening is due to all the wildfires and due to all of the pests and beetles that are eating the trees. Even in Canada, the forests have been a net source of carbon in the last decade or more rather than a net sink.

• 11:42Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Wait, wait, you just don't you can't just throw in beetles out of nowhere. The beetles and insects, what how does climate change affect our insect population?

• 11:50Katharine Hayhoe?

  And what is happening is there are beetles that eat trees and cold winters kill them off. So if they get killed off in the cold winter, you only have one generation of beetles every year. But if you have a really warm winter, it doesn't kill them off. So you have baby parents, grandparents and great grandparent beetles eating the trees. And they eat millions of acres of trees. And so then when a wildfire starts, all the trees are dried up and they can burn off.

• 12:15Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Oh, because they eat them, they kill them and then.

• 12:18Chuck Nice?

  And they become dry in Britain and and they they actually become an accelerant at that point.

• 12:23Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah, yeah, yeah, Kindle, Kindle for it. The original meaning of the word Kindle. Yeah.

• 12:29Chuck Nice?

  Not a tablet?

• 12:31Katharine Hayhoe?

  Also Tinder is another word.

• 12:33Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah, and Tinder, right, but you know, they all had previous meanings before the Internet. But so.

• 12:41Chuck Nice?

  It sounds like all of the problems that that we're discussing here are self exacerbating. They act the one problem becomes a domino to exacerbate another problem, which becomes this vicious circle. So it's a spiral downward. You know, you're that's that's very scary.

• 13:03Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So you're talking about a sort of a self feeding loop?

• 13:07Chuck Nice?

  Yeah.

• 13:08Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah.

• 13:08Katharine Hayhoe?

  A self amplifying feedback. We don't want to call it positive feedback because that sounds good. Positive feedback. It's like you did a great job. So we kind of call it self amplifying or even a vicious cycle. And the worst vicious cycles are in the Arctic.

• 13:24Chuck Nice?

  Yeah.

• 13:24Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  All right. So so what do you what do you plan to do about this? No, you.

• 13:29Chuck Nice?

  Yes, you Catherine. What the hell is your problem Catherine?

• 13:34Katharine Hayhoe?

  Well.

• 13:37Chuck Nice?

  You are the UN hero of the planet.

• 13:39Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  You are one.

• 13:40Katharine Hayhoe?

  That's what I was doing last year.

• 13:42Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  What does that even mean? Wait, wait, stop. What does it mean to be a UN hero? What does that mean?

• 13:46Katharine Hayhoe?

  Well, I showed up and I was expecting the cape.

• 13:48Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Oh, you showed up. That's all it took.

• 13:50Katharine Hayhoe?

  No, I was expecting the cape and the superpowers and I did not get them. And I'm severely disappointed because I thought the whole deal was you got those and then you saved the planet, right?

• 13:59Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Gotcha, gotcha, gotcha.

• 14:00Katharine Hayhoe?

  I mean Captain Marvel?

• 14:01Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah, yeah, you don't have superpowers.

• 14:03Chuck Nice?

  You're basically the Canadian Captain Marvel.

• 14:06Katharine Hayhoe?

  I would like to be. And in fact, actually, I have a fantastic colleague who's based in New York. Her name is also Catherine, but she goes by Kate and her last name is even Marvel. So I would be totally happy.

• 14:16Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Oh, you know Kate Marvel? Yes.

• 14:17Katharine Hayhoe?

  Oh, yes, I know Kate well. I would be happy if she got the Kate too.

• 14:20Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  We've had her several times on StarTalk. But let's ask, so we want to do something about it because we don't want to warm the earth outside of our understandings of our civilization or capacity of civilization to accommodate it. So do we all become vegan? Do we stop having kids? Do we? What are some easy things, fast things? Because we're all lazy, you know. So what's the simplest, easy thing to do?

• 14:45Katharine Hayhoe?

  Well, that is the number one question I started to get when I started to talk to people about climate change. I was like, well, I'm a scientist. I don't fix this problem. I tell you how bad it is. But that's not satisfying because you can't have somebody tell you there's a problem and not tell you how to fix it. So I've thought about this for a really long time because we could each do everything we could. And that would just fix a fraction of the problem, just a fraction. Ninety companies have produced two thirds of heat trapping gas emissions since the dawn of the industrial era.

• 15:14Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Okay. So you want to pull the plug on ninety companies?

• 15:19Katharine Hayhoe?

  Not, not just that. We need, we need system wide change. And a lot, some of those companies are already starting to change thanks to pressure. Some of them might not change and they're going to have to go the way of the horses and buggies. But we need system wide change, but a system is made up of individuals. So that's why.

• 15:35Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  We got to take a, we got to take a quick break. But when we come back in just moments, Catherine, I want you to pursue what it is that we need to do about climate change and the ways climate change is influencing our behavior, the way it should or isn't or can influence our behavior. So this is StarTalk Live.

• 16:05Speaker 03

  Hey, I'm Roy Hill Percival, and I support StarTalk on Patreon, Bringing the Universe Down to Earth. This is StarTalk with Neil deGrasse Tyson.

• 16:27Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Welcome to segment two of StarTalk Live. We are in the virtual Corona-verse right now. And this whole subject is on climate change. And I know a little bit about climate change, but not as much as any expert we would bring to the table, such as, who do we have? We've got Catherine Heho. Thank you again, Catherine. And your Canadian accent is charming, let me just say. I know you're trying to hide it, but you can't. It's, it's there for all of us to, to hear. But, but tell me something, how realistic is it to just simply change everybody's behavior?

• 17:04Katharine Hayhoe?

  Well, the first thing we have to change is not our behavior. The first thing we have to change is the way we think about the problem. Because it turns out, even though the headlines are all about people who reject science, when you actually look at the polling data, our real problem is that we don't think it matters to us, and we don't think we can fix it. So that is why I have become absolutely convinced, after years and years of working in this, that the number one thing anybody can do is use their voice to talk about why it matters to us in the places where we live, in ways that matter to us as people, and what we can do to fix it, which includes individual solutions like step on the carbon scale, measure your carbon footprint, figure out things you can do. But talk about how big corporations are going carbon neutral, like Microsoft and even Walmart and Apple.

• 17:50Katharine Hayhoe?

  Talk about how cities are cutting their carbon emissions and meeting the Paris Agreement targets, like the city of Houston, where all of the big oil and gas companies live. Talk about how clean energy is revolutionizing the lives of poor people who don't have access to affordable electricity. Talk about how carbon farming puts carbon back in the soil, increases our soil health and our yields, and helps farmers be part of the solution. Use your voice to advocate for change at your school, at your place of work, at your organization, at your city, in your family. Using our voice is the most powerful thing we can do.

• 18:22Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  All right, so that's hopeful, and that's what we're doing here, right? With this StarTalk Live, featuring your voice, your Canadian Captain Marvel, as you are. Tell us, the fact that fewer people are traveling now, the coronavirus lockdown, what has that done to the climate?

• 18:42Katharine Hayhoe?

  So it has reduced our emissions. In April, global carbon emissions dropped by 17% around the whole world, and they dropped by 25% earlier in China, as the lockdown happened there first. And they're still a little bit lower than average, because people aren't flying. That's great news. But as the lockdown passes, they're just starting to go right back up to where they were.

• 19:02Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Oh, well, you don't think there's some habits that we've accumulated? Because it's way easier to do this. Virtually, then everybody'd get up and get in a car and go to a theater. I mean, do you think some, there'd be some lingering bits of this?

• 19:15Katharine Hayhoe?

  I, yeah. I think that there definitely will be, but the bulk of it was industry, not you and I flying or traveling. That's only about three percent of total emissions. Here's the positive thing, though, to meet the Paris target, which we were talking about before, we have to reduce our global carbon emissions about forty-five percent by twenty thirty. And that sounded like an almost impossible goal last year. Well, you know what? We got almost halfway there in three weeks in April.

• 19:41Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Right. Okay, okay. So that's, it's, as he's saying math, it's an existence proof. It's, oh, my gosh, you think we can't do it? We kind of already did.

• 19:50Chuck Nice?

  We had a proof of concept.

• 19:51Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  A proof of concept. Exactly.

• 19:54Katharine Hayhoe?

  And. Emissions went back up again, so we just have to realize that we can do it. We can bring them back down permanently, not temporarily.

• 20:00Chuck Nice?

  So with respect to what we're talking about with all of us using our voice, which I think is excellent. From, I think the Yale Climate Communication Study said that somewhere around fifty-four percent of people basically say they don't talk about it at all. They just don't even ever talk about it. So it's extremely powerful. But don't you also think that if we are doing something personally, that that makes you vested in the problem? And being vested in the problem makes you want to see other people take action? And it also makes you want to hold corporations and, and leaders, authorities accountable?

• 20:40Katharine Hayhoe?

  Yes, absolutely. So the social science has found that our sense of efficacy, in other words, if we feel empowered to act, that has a tremendous impact. And also even our sense of righteous anger. Look, I'm doing everything I can and look at you, you're doing nothing.

• 20:56Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  I, I forgot such a term. It's righteous anger. That's like good trouble. You know, it's one of those kind of things.

• 21:02Chuck Nice?

  I, I hear it every, every Saturday when I'm laying on the couch.

• 21:10Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Get out and mow the lawn.

• 21:12Chuck Nice?

  I'm doing everything I can. I gotta do everything around here. I'm doing everything.

• 21:18Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Chuck down off the ledge right there. So Catherine, tell me about the wildfires that devastated Australia recently? And of course, are doing so much damage in California.

• 21:29Katharine Hayhoe?

  So wildfires are one of these things we talked about where we're loading the dice. We've always had wildfires. In the US, most of them are human ignition. Most are accidental, not arson, just to be clear. And up in Canada and Alaska, they're mostly.

• 21:43Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Human ignition is not always malevolent, is what you're saying?

• 21:48Katharine Hayhoe?

  No, only 7% of the big fires in California were actual deliberate arson. Most of them were, as we now know, gender reveal, pyrotechnics gone wrong, or people dumping burning trash into dry brush, or just having something plugged in in the shed that shorted out and started the shed on fire, or power lines sparking. That's what starts most of the wildfires.

• 22:10Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Okay, didn't know that. So can you trace a thread from the wildfires to climate change?

• 22:15Katharine Hayhoe?

  Absolutely. Once they start, they're burning greater area. And the reason why they're burning greater area is because the vegetation is dried out. The difference is, imagine you throw a match on a pile of pretty green wood. What happens? Then imagine you throw the same size match on a pile of bone dry kindling. What happens? A conflagration happens. That's the difference between climate change versus not climate change.

• 22:41Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Alright, so I'm still trying to figure something out here. If you just say things dried out, climate change, they dried out. Aren't there places that are getting more rain than ever before? You know, tell that to a place that just had a huge flood. So we are simultaneously, as a scientific community, saying, yup, it's dry over there. That's climate change. Yup, it's wet over there. That's climate change. And so people. I don't think they have a sense of some directed phenomenon that is itself increasing. So how do you reconcile that?

• 23:17Katharine Hayhoe?

  You're absolutely right, and the point of connection, the invisible point of connection, is the fact that warmer air-

• 23:23Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  It's invisible?

• 23:25Katharine Hayhoe?

  Invisible.

• 23:25Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Special glasses to see it?

• 23:29Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  A scientist said, "There's this invisible thing. You just gotta believe me."

• 23:33Katharine Hayhoe?

  Right. We can measure it. We can measure it. We just can't see it.

• 23:37Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Okay.

• 23:37Katharine Hayhoe?

  It's the fact that the warmer the atmosphere, the more water vapor it can hold. So in other words, the warmer it gets, the more it dries out our soils, and in dry areas like California, our vegetation. But when a storm comes along, there's more water vapor up there for that storm to pick up and dump on us. So in a place that gets lots of storms, they're getting a lot of heavy rainfall events. In a place where they don't get storms, all that water's evaporating, and it's just being transported out of the region, leaving it drier than it would before. It's the exact same mechanism in both cases.

• 24:10Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So these are related phenomena, the flooding and the droughts?

• 24:13Katharine Hayhoe?

  Yes.

• 24:14Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Okay. And tell me about a sea level rise, because that's... Anytime I'm asked about climate change, that's what I think about the most, because most of the world's great cities are on the water's edge. Historically, of course, for commerce and transportation and irrigation and the like, on rivers, for example. So, so sea level rise, how does climate change give you that, and who gets affected first?

• 24:40Katharine Hayhoe?

  So remember we talked about how we're wrapping an extra blanket around the planet that's trapping more heat?

• 24:45Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Grandma's doing that, yeah.

• 24:46Katharine Hayhoe?

  Yes. Over 90% of the heat being trapped by that blanket is going into the ocean. So when we're using thermometers to measure global air temperature, global warming, we are literally measuring the tip of the iceberg, and 93% of that iceberg is under the ocean.

• 25:03Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Okay, just to be clear, you're talking about the heat energy, not the temperature. So if, so if the ocean goes up by a fraction of a degree...

• 25:14Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Much smaller than two degrees Celsius, that is an enormous amount of heat energy as a repository, is that correct?

• 25:19Katharine Hayhoe?

  Exajoules. It means a lot.

• 25:22Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Oh, exajoules, excuse me. Exa as in the metric prefix exa. Jewels as in the unit of energy. Thank you. Okay, I thought that was a new it word that I didn't know about.

• 25:35Chuck Nice?

  It's what, it's what all the kids are using.

• 25:37Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Okay, so, so this kilo, mega, giga, exa, these are the metric prefixes. And there you go.

• 25:47Katharine Hayhoe?

  Yeah, yeah. So.

• 25:49Chuck Nice?

  Chuck, Chuck Lou, your buddy, another astrophysicist, did a calculation that I'm going to screw up, so I don't want to say it, but he did the calculation of the warming of the oceans, how much energy they are holding, and it ended up being like, I don't know, 100 atomic bombs, the equivalent of something like that.

• 26:12Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  No, what he did was, he made the, he calculated, and I was going to like verify this so that we can then go public with that number. Generally, you do that when you're scientific.

• 26:21Chuck Nice?

  But I'm not saying, and you guys were arguing about it, so now I can just say it.

• 26:25Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  I'm just saying, so you can ask, how many atomic bombs would you have to detonate in the atmosphere to raise the temperature two degrees? As we have done, or we raised it one degree. What is that? And then, but we know atomic bombs, and everything else feels a little more sort of nebulous. So, so Catherine, in your business of bringing this to the public, you are just chock full of examples such as that, right? You, because otherwise people can't wrap their head around the pure science typically that you, that would otherwise be delivered.

• 26:53Katharine Hayhoe?

  No, we can't, we're not used to processing numbers like that, like 10 to the 21. What does that even mean? But what matters, though, is because.

• 27:01Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  10 to 21, that's how many gigawatts was in the flux capacitor. Everybody knows that.

• 27:06Chuck Nice?

  God.

• 27:08Chuck Nice?

  What is wrong with you?

• 27:10Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Ten and twenty-one gigawatts.

• 27:12Chuck Nice?

  Ten and twenty-one gigawatts.

• 27:14Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah, it was actually gigawatts, but they said gigawatts because it's a movie, but that's fine. Wait, so let me ask you another thing, Kevin. Some decades ago, one of the news weekly magazines back when people read things on paper, it had a headline, "Ice Age" coming. Okay, so tell me about these calculations that talked about ice ages either in the past that would be imminent, or ice ages that might have been scheduled for the future and now will be delayed. Isn't that a good thing?

• 27:46Katharine Hayhoe?

  Yes, because we humans don't like it too cold or too hot. We like it just right. So in celestial mechanics class, which you probably took too, we learned about the orbital cycles of the Earth's orbit around the Sun and how they alter the way that the Sun's energy falls on the Earth, and those are actually responsible for the ice ages or what we scientists call the glacial maxima, and then the warm periods like we're in today. But because they are predictable, we can calculate where we are on that cycle. And here's where we are.

• 28:17Chuck Nice?

  Oh, this is good.

• 28:19Katharine Hayhoe?

  Yes.

• 28:20Chuck Nice?

  Oh, this is good. Ooh, I love this part.

• 28:23Katharine Hayhoe?

  All right, the end of the mystery novel.

• 28:28Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Here's where we are on this. Okay. We can take it. Bring it on.

• 28:33Katharine Hayhoe?

  We know that there was an ice age about 20,000 years ago. We know that it ended when a rodent went looking for an acorn and broke off a chunk of ice.

• 28:40Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  That's exactly what happened in the movie Ice Age. That is a documentary, just so you know.

• 28:47Katharine Hayhoe?

  And you were probably there filming it, right?

• 28:49Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  I did have a cameo in Ice Age 5.

• 28:54Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  I have a cameo in Ice Age 5. So I have to quickly tell you, one of the reviews of Ice Age 5 was, it said, "This is evidence that it's about time the franchise goes extinct."

• 29:05Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So there hasn't been an ice age since.

• 29:06Katharine Hayhoe?

  I'm sorry.

• 29:07Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So anyhow, back to, go, right. So where are we on this cycle?

• 29:11Katharine Hayhoe?

  It was an ice age. We got warmer. Warming peaked about six to eight thousand years ago, right around the dawn of human civilization.

• 29:20Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  And agriculture even.

• 29:21Katharine Hayhoe?

  And agriculture, because we had the perfect climatic conditions. And then since then, temperature was very, very gradually slowing and cooling, very gradually. But agriculture and deforestation had pretty much stabilized it. So we had pretty much hit the sweet spot. And then the industrial revolution happened and we're going straight in the opposite direction. So the official conclusion is, is that the next glacial maximum would have happened in about fifteen hundred years, give or take a few hundred years. But in fact, we have indefinitely delayed it for not just thousands, but probably tens of thousands of years. And not only are we, we don't, we want to be stable, but we're not stable. We are headed in the other direction faster than any time in the history of human civilization on this planet.

• 30:04Chuck Nice?

  So right now, we should be in a cooling period, is what you're saying.

• 30:08Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yes, you said.

• 30:09Chuck Nice?

  We should be going down.

• 30:10Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  That's what she's saying. So, so yeah, tell that to LA when it was one hundred and twenty degrees a couple of weeks ago. Um, so was it in Pasadena, any, somewhere in, in the valley? Uh, so let me, let me ask you, I, I, I leapfrogged over one of my questions, what, which was about sea level rise. Could you just tell me, what's the, is it just melting of land glaciers? Is that all that's happening there?

• 30:32Katharine Hayhoe?

  Right. So about half of sea level rise is because warmer water takes up more space. And all of that extra heat is going into the ocean. The other half is the melting of land-based ice, not Arctic sea ice, because Arctic sea ice is already sitting on the water, like ice cubes in your glass. When the ice cubes melt, your glass doesn't overflow. But what's happening now is that sea level is rising twice as fast as when the satellite observations began twenty five years ago. And that is because Greenland and Antarctica are melting much faster than they used to be. And the reason we care about it, like you said, is because two thirds of the largest cities in the world are located within just a few feet or a meter of sea level.

• 31:12Katharine Hayhoe?

  And about 700 million people live in the low elevation coastal zone.

• 31:18Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So we just have to pick up cities and move them inland and then that'll be, that's all.

• 31:22Chuck Nice?

  It's like a Superman movie. Just, you know, it's like, hey, just buy, buy property in Camden, New Jersey and set up the Jersey shoreline because that's going to be beachfront property one day.

• 31:34Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  You're talking about Superman, the movie, the original.

• 31:37Chuck Nice?

  Was that the original movie?

• 31:38Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah, you're going way back, Chuck.

• 31:40Chuck Nice?

  I don't know. It was Lex Luthor. That's all I remember.

• 31:43Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  There's more than one of them. Recurring.

• 31:46Chuck Nice?

  They're all one movie to me. They're all one movie.

• 31:50Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Um, so what are the first, uh, so cities will obviously get hit, but I read about whole countries in it, um, or land masses in this, in the South Pacific or in the, uh, Western Pacific region of the world where whole countries are just a few feet above sea level. So they'll just be gone if this continues.

• 32:10Katharine Hayhoe?

  Yes, and they're already trying to immigrate, but unfortunately, climate refugee is not an official designation for a refugee under the United Nations.

• 32:18Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  You work for the UN, change it.

• 32:20Katharine Hayhoe?

  I don't.

• 32:24Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  You're a card carrying UN person?

• 32:27Katharine Hayhoe?

  They didn't give me a card. I'm telling you, no cape, no card, no superpowers.

• 32:31Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  No superpowers.

• 32:32Katharine Hayhoe?

  Big, large piece of glass. That's it. So, so, uh, unfortunately, so New Zealand, for example, is taking a handful of people a year. They have a quota, but they're not taking nearly enough people to move the entire population. And even so, losing your country. Even if you could transport your entire family, which most people are not yet able to do, even if you could transport your whole community, you're still losing your country. And that is something that's part of you. And so our choices absolutely matter today more than ever, and we can make a difference. And one person truly can be that agent of change.

• 33:07Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Wow. Good Chuck, since you just say we have to all stop having kids and become vegans, you just said that.

• 33:11Chuck Nice?

  I am all about that.

• 33:14Chuck Nice?

  You do not have to tell me not to have any children. Believe me, I am so on that train. I am, I'm, I'm the conductor.

• 33:23Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Chuck has three kids, by the way.

• 33:24Chuck Nice?

  I'm the conductor of that train.

• 33:25Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  No, no, so Catherine, your, your, your, your comments are wise and sage. And I, so there is some hope, even if it's not unfolding on the time scale that we seek. Perhaps it'll, um, maybe we need a few more disasters to, to make people sit up a little higher in their chairs, perhaps, uh, because we tend to be better at reacting to a problem than preventing one in advance, I think, uh, the history of American behavior in the world. So, um, but okay, I, I, cause you're on the front lines and if you tell us to have hope, I, I don't know who else to believe but you.

• 34:05Katharine Hayhoe?

  Active hope, not just passive, it'll all turn out okay in the end, cause it won't if that's the type of hope we have. We have to have active, realistic hope.

• 34:14Chuck Nice?

  None of that Jesse Jackson hope.

• 34:16Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Keep hope alive.

• 34:18Chuck Nice?

  Keep hope alive. I'm gonna, I'll make a rhyme and it'll be time to keep hope alive. None of that, none of that.

• 34:26Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So what you're saying, what you're saying Catherine is, cause I've, I don't like the word hope, because it's what you express when you confess that you're not in control.

• 34:36Katharine Hayhoe?

  Yeah.

• 34:37Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Oh, I just hope. But so the fact that you've now put a nuance on it, is passive hope, which is what I just described, and active hope. I, I have hope that this will change and I'm doing something to enable that.

• 34:47Katharine Hayhoe?

  Yes.

• 34:48Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  We will end segment two on that positive thought by Catherine. Catherine, it's a delight to have you again on StarTalk. We will continue to reach for you, um, because this, this has not ended. And when you do get a, a card carrying UN ID, you know, tell us, then, then we can hold you to it with whatever UN says, you go back and read in the riot act.

• 35:11Katharine Hayhoe?

  I'll fix it.

• 35:12Chuck Nice?

  Or Catherine, don't worry, just email me, I, I, I know some people that can make you one.

• 35:16Katharine Hayhoe?

  Hmm.

• 35:17Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Oh, to make her. Chuck, you, you got people like that? I got different kind of people. You got people. All right, Catherine, thanks for joining StarTalk Live.

• 35:28Katharine Hayhoe?

  Thank you for having me. I'm gonna visit you all on Facebook and drop a few links into the chat if people want more.

• 35:33Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Definitely do so. All right.

• 35:48Chuck Nice?

  Hey, it's time to give a Patreon shout out to the following Patreon patrons, Brennan Russ and Tony Maruli. Guys, we are so appreciative for your gravity assists as we make our way across the cosmos. Thank you so much. Without you, we couldn't do this show. And for anyone listening who would like their very own Patreon shout out, please go to patreon.com/startalkradio and support us.

• 36:21Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  This is StarTalk Live. We're talking about the science of climate, the sociology of people's reaction to climate change, all of the above, and we're in collaboration with Pocket Lab, who helps us bring this to you, live on Facebook and we're also be streaming Facebook and

• 36:43Chuck Nice?

  YouTube.

• 36:44Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Of course. YouTube, of course. So coming into this segment, we're going to talk about climate chemistry.

• 36:51Chuck Nice?

  Yeah.

• 36:51Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  And citizen science. And who's going to join us for that? Because I, again, you know, I know a little bit, but not enough like the experts know. Let's bring in Peter Mahaffey. Peter, welcome back to StarTalk.

• 37:03Speaker 04

  It's fabulous to be here, Neil, Chuck.

• 37:05Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Excellent. You're professor of chemistry at King's University in Alberta, Canada.

• 37:11Speaker 04

  That's right.

• 37:11Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Director of the King Center for Visualization and Science. And with the special focus on climate change, science, and awareness, you're the guy. You're, if all this fails, it's your fault. If the attempt to change the world, because you're, you are, that's your title. That's on your business card.

• 37:32Speaker 04

  Well, people have been blaming chemists for a long time, Neil, so, uh, later.

• 37:39Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So, so, through the lens of a chemist, how do you think about and study climate change?

• 37:44Speaker 04

  Yeah, that's a great question. You know, your audience is probably sitting there thinking, "You're bringing a chemist on. What do chemists do? Well, they bring us toxic substances and pollutants and smoke coming out of exhausts." But I want to-

• 37:55Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Peter, some of my best friends are made of chemicals. I don't know about you, but that's true for me, yeah.

• 38:00Speaker 04

  Yeah, I want to plant a different, a different image in, in the minds of your listeners and viewers. And that's, I think of chemists as caretakers or stewards of matter and energy. And, uh, think about climate and climate change. Climate is regulated by matter and energy flowing through our atmosphere, cryosphere, oceans and land. And chemists transform and analyze substances. We understand the flow of energy and chemical reactions and processes. So, even though chemists don't pay nearly enough attention to that, climate change is right in our wheelhouse. And we need to both talk about it a lot more, as Catherine Haywood was saying, we also need to do a lot more about it. Let, let me give you an example.

• 38:44Speaker 04

  Everybody knows about carbon dioxide, right? Carbon dioxide formed from fossil fuels that were laid down maybe hundreds of millions of years ago. They've been there, and now, in the last 250 years, we've extracted them at dramatic rates. We're burning them, we're making CO2. Simple combustion reaction. And that's changing the energy of our planet in, in a short period of time. So that's, that's chemistry that we understand and control, and it makes our life a lot better. But there's other chemistry too. There's greenhouse gases like methane and nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases. Scientists and physicists pay attention to isotopes in Antarctic ice that tell us what the temperature was a long time ago.

• 39:24Speaker 04

  And the best of all of this is that that knowledge is now followed by the things that chemistry is doing at the front forefront to develop new technologies to tackle climate change.

• 39:37Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Okay, that's, so that means you can help us here. You're not just some chemist in a lab. Even though you know what's going on, you can actually be inventive and innovative to help this cause.

• 39:50Speaker 04

  That's right. It's all about understanding so that we can do something about it. And then it's helping to provide the materials and reactions and new ways of thinking about transforming materials in order to mitigate climate change. And, you know, there's, there's new carriers for fuel, hydrogen and ammonia. There's fuel cells. There's the materials for solar cells and wind turbines. Chemists are working hard to create new ways of fixing nitrogen to feed the world.

• 40:17Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  You know Chuck, when, Chuck, when Peter started talking, when he said, you know, we, we command all of matter and energy. That was like the beginning of a superhero movie.

• 40:27Chuck Nice?

  Well, basically, yeah.

• 40:29Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Somebody's nemesis, somebody's superhero nemesis in the making.

• 40:31Chuck Nice?

  I was gonna say, if you think, if you think about it, chemist or Thanos. I mean, that's basically what. Don't let Peter snap at you.

• 40:39Speaker 04

  You know, I love the metaphor, Neil, of caretakers or stewards, right? We have these powerful tools and we need to learn how to use them in a way that, that's green and sustainable and helps to build a better future for people and for our planet.

• 40:54Chuck Nice?

  So what do, what do you think in terms of, as you said, you know, chemical companies may be seen as part of the problem. And we've had this conversation where you say, chemical companies make what people demand. So, you know, we're part of that problem too. But can they be part of the solution? And how would that be? Can, is there a?

• 41:17Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  What would that look like?

• 41:19Chuck Nice?

  Yeah, what would that look like? If, if, if we were to use chemistry as a way out?

• 41:22Speaker 04

  Yeah, absolutely. And there's a huge change happening.

• 41:25Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Wait, wait, just, but Chuck, can I just butt in for a second? I just, since it's not often I'm in arms' reach of a chemist. Just before you answer that question.

• 41:32Speaker 04

  I'll back off a little bit.

• 41:35Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Could you just let them near your neck, Peter? Don't let them near your neck. Could you just list for me the greenhouse gases that are in the atmosphere and that exist? So that I have a full understanding. Cause when you come at us and say, here's, here's what we can do to fix this or that. Presumably some solutions are best for some greenhouse gases relative to others. So just give me that quick inventory.

• 41:57Speaker 04

  Yeah, for sure. The only one that gets any airplay is carbon dioxide, right? And it's all about, and that's for good reason. It's the most important greenhouse gas and it's something that we can do a lot about. And we're doing a lot about. But right behind that, Neil, are methane gas, CH4. There's nitrous oxide, laughing gas. Who would have thought that's a major contributor to climate change?

• 42:20Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  And then where does that, where does that come from?

• 42:22Chuck Nice?

  And why can't I get more of that in my life?

• 42:27Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  And you talk about methane. This is like cow flatulence, right?

• 42:35Speaker 04

  That's right. You know, that's a contributor methane. One of the contributors are agriculture, including intensive agriculture. But methane comes from anaerobic fermentation, the stuff that happens in rice fields and patties. It comes landfills.

• 42:51Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Termites too, termites.

• 42:52Speaker 04

  Termites produce large amounts of methane, oil and gas operations that aren't.

• 42:57Chuck Nice?

  My uncle Daryl.

• 43:01Chuck Nice?

  Uncle Daryl, big contributor.

• 43:03Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  He's a big source of methane on the couch.

• 43:07Speaker 04

  It's presented at a lot lower concentrations than carbon dioxide, but it's about at least 30 to 70 times as powerful a greenhouse gas as, as carbon dioxide.

• 43:17Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Molecule for molecule.

• 43:18Speaker 04

  Molecule per molecule. And so it's a good thing there isn't as much of it in our atmosphere. But then, then you go to the third one on the list, which is laughing gas. And here you're thinking, oh, dentists, right? They're, they're making all of their patients relaxed and they're.

• 43:31Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  I knew it. Dentists are the source of all our problems.

• 43:35Speaker 04

  Other place that you might think about with laughing gas is if you go to the store and you get some whipping cream and that little spurt that you run here on your, when you put it on your pumpkin pie, that's laughing gas. But, but the real sources of it and, and they're.

• 43:46Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  I'm not giving up my whipped cream. I'm sorry.

• 43:49Speaker 04

  Well, it's not a

• 43:50Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Flood the world, take us into it.

• 43:52Speaker 04

  It's not a big contributor, but it's growing the pumpkins for your pumpkin pie. That's the problem, you know, because it's when we over apply fertilizers and bacteria in the soil and doing nitrification and denitrification processes that turn all of that extra ammonia and nitrate urea fertilizers into laughing gas.

• 44:12Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So it's agriculture, agriculture.

• 44:14Speaker 04

  Agriculture is a big contributor and it lasts for, it's about 300 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide molecule per molecule. And nothing happens to it in the atmosphere. It doesn't dissolve in water. It doesn't break down in chemical reactions. So it's a big player. And then the third one, the last one on that list behind carbon dioxide are the fluorinated gases, things like the CFCs and so on. You put all three of those together and they add up to about two thirds to three quarters of the change that's happened to our planet's radiation balance since the industrial revolution.

• 44:47Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So you said CFCs as a chemist, okay, you're fluent, but for everybody else, those are the chlorofluorocarbons, correct?

• 44:54Speaker 04

  So these are, it's CFCs, these are molecules that are made of carbon atoms and fluorine and chlorine atom only. And then they've been replaced with ones that aren't as damaging to the ozone layer. But there's other fluorinated compounds too, where we put fluorine atoms on carbon. And whenever you do that, they last a long time in the atmosphere and they absorb a huge amount of infrared radiation that would otherwise escape our planet and go into space.

• 45:17Chuck Nice?

  So can I ask you, when you talk about methane, which is far more powerful than carbon dioxide, when we're, when we talk about losing the permafrost and you talk about the melting of glaciers, that, that means that we're going to have a crap load more of methane in the atmosphere, right?

• 45:36Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Well, tell me about the permafrost. Let's hear that story.

• 45:39Speaker 04

  So there's, there's two places where we have a lot of methane naturally stored on our planet. And one of them, well, three places, of course, is deep underground in oil and gas fields. But we have a lot of methane stored in the permafrost up in the polar regions. And some of it's pretty deep down. And then we have methane stored in molecules that are called plathorate hydrates. They're kind of locked in cages of water molecules off of ocean, ocean shelves. And when we get to the, the polar regions like the Arctic. And we start seeing climate change happening. And if we get a change in temperature of a couple of degrees average around the planet, that translates into eight to 10 degrees Celsius increase at the poles. And what happens? We start getting what Catherine talked about,

• 46:24Speaker 04

  a positive feedback loop. And positive doesn't mean a good thing. The temperature warms up, it doesn't take much energy to release that methane gas. And then we get one of these feedback loops going where the methane gas, powerful greenhouse gas, causes more local warming, causes more permafrost melting. And that's probably been one of the phenomena that has happened at other times in our Earth's history when we've gone through mass extinctions. We've maybe had a meteor hit a planet and released a lot of methane from clathorite hydrates.

• 46:54Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Chuck, did you hear how casually he said that?

• 46:56Chuck Nice?

  Yeah, exactly.

• 46:57Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So, yeah, this kind of happened in the past.

• 46:58Chuck Nice?

  You know, other mass extinctions.

• 47:02Chuck Nice?

  You know, those other things that happen.

• 47:07Chuck Nice?

  You know, there was a time when a meteor hit the planet. That didn't go so well.

• 47:11Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah, yeah, it's just another time.

• 47:13Chuck Nice?

  We used to have these things called dinosaurs. You know, we might join them. We might join them. Who knows?

• 47:18Speaker 04

  You know, that's what makes this climate crisis so serious, right? The effect that it has on biodiversity, the effect that it has on on human life, but also our whole planet's life. And and we're risking entering another mass extinction because we can't seem to manage that problem of greenhouse gases.

• 47:38Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So what's the biggest challenge? And given your chemical expertise, what are the biggest opportunities that you see in front of us to mitigate climate change?

• 47:48Speaker 04

  Yeah. So, so, you know, the two big challenges are that the climate crisis is so serious, and it's on such an urgent timeline, that we feel inadequate as humans and we become paralyzed. And I think another equally big challenge is that politics has hijacked the climate conversation in really unfortunate ways. So, you know, Carbon dioxide molecules in the atmosphere don't vote for liberal or Republican or Democrat. They don't respect national boundaries. And yet, the gases that we emit in North America, for instance, affect life in really profound ways for people in other parts of the world who don't emit many greenhouse gases. So we've got to find ways to understand each other,

• 48:32Speaker 04

  to move beyond our nationalist agendas and work together to become caretakers of the planet.

• 48:37Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Okay, so it's easy to say. How are you going to make it happen?

• 48:41Speaker 04

  Yeah, well, there's a little visualization that King's Center for Visualization in Science is to work over the last two years to create an interactive learning resource. It's called Design Our Climate. And it's something that your users can go to. It's going to encourage them to envision the future, to design future emission scenarios by making informed choices about electricity, transportation, land use, building materials. And what do you find when you do that? First of all, that if you use currently available technologies, you can get to our target of 1.5 degrees Celsius. It's tough. It requires fundamental changes. But the other thing you find is there's no silver bullet. There's not one new magic technology

• 49:25Speaker 04

  that we can impose that's going to make it happen. I like to say there's silver buckshot. There's a whole bunch of things that we can do. And we can do them together, and they will make a difference. So yeah, that's a resource that I think your listeners might find pretty helpful.

• 49:42Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  I'd never heard a firearms analogy uttered by a Canadian before.

• 49:47Chuck Nice?

  Yeah. Makes sense. It's like silver. All we have to do now is shoot climate crisis in the face. That's what we have to do.

• 49:57Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So what do you know about the Blue Sky Zero citizen science initiative? What is that?

• 50:05Speaker 04

  Yeah, that's fantastic. This is an initiative of Pocket Lab, who's co-sponsoring this event. And Pocket Lab makes a bunch of sensors, air sensors, water sensors, instruments for citizen science. And my team at the Visualization center up in Edmonton partnered with Pocket Lab over the last year. And we've been helping launch a program called Blue Sky Zero, get a bunch of air quality sensors in the hands of citizens from around the world, and then see if they can measure air quality. During the shutdown and then as we emerge from the shutdown, can we actually measure significant changes in air pollutants? And so that pilot was really successful.

• 50:50Speaker 04

  It showed us that we can do it. We can get data back to scientists who can begin to make sense of it. And now the challenge is can we roll out some citizen science initiatives on a much bigger scale to help all sorts of people understand and feel like they can own their understanding for some of these big challenges. So we're absolutely thrilled, Neil, to announce today on StarTalk that we're releasing, unleashing on the world a free interactive electronic resource to use to help understand what the status of our life support systems is and the extent to which human activity is threatening. It's called the Planetary Boundaries Framework. Some of you are going to know something about it.

• 51:29Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  So what we see is just a frame shot, but it's actually an interactive tool.

• 51:34Speaker 04

  It's a live interactive tool that went live last night at about midnight. And you can look at all nine Earth systems. You can see how their control variables change over time. You can click on them and get a bunch of information about what you can do about them. We think it's going to be a really powerful tool to help with climate change, understanding and how it's linked to all of the other Earth systems. Because climate change is...

• 51:55Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  It's like an awesome teaching tool, of course.

• 51:57Speaker 04

  It is, yeah.

• 51:58Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yes. Yeah, because then you can walk people through it and then they become... Then they can take that to others once they become sort of fluent in it and what it means and where it's going to take you. So what thoughts of hope do you have for us here?

• 52:14Speaker 04

  Hope, you know, it's got to be active hope. But what brings me hope, Neil, is two things. I'm really privileged to work locally in a learning community. And these days, teaching chemistry, every day when I go in, I see my students with masks and face shields on. And they're trying in the middle of all of these challenges to live out our university's vision statement, which is help to build a more just, humane and sustainable planet. And they're doing it. You know, our world's in good hands with these young people. But then I also work at That's because they're all Canadians. Well, they're Canadians. They're nice, they're nice too. Duh, you know, that's just that you get that for free. But then the other thing that brings me hope is that I do a lot of work at global levels in science and science education space.

• 52:59Speaker 04

  And and there is a lot of momentum about doing science education differently so that we think about systems, we get away from isolated facts, we think about sustainability. And so we can find ways to do science, to do education as if people matter and as if our planet matters, and that gives me a lot of hope.

• 53:19Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah, but Peter, I think that's a great perspective and thought and sentiment. But what's at the center of what you're saying is that it's not just the knowledge that something is happening, there's the understanding of why it's happening. And that requires a level of science literacy that you are championing here. Do you have hope for the world if the world does not achieve the science literacy you think they might need to really embrace the problem?

• 53:51Speaker 04

  Science

• 53:52Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  And not have it just be a superficial thing that they heard about at the coffee lounge?

• 53:56Speaker 04

  You know, if chemistry keeps being taught the way it's been taught for the last hundred years, where it's a whole bunch of isolated facts that you memorize, then it's hopeless. But that's not happening. There's fundamental change happening in science education, and it is focused on systems thinking, it's focused on sustainability, and it's a train that's moving. There's no way that train's stopping now. You see it in the next generation science standards in the US, you see it in in science and sustainability initiatives, you see chemists and scientists working with people in the humanities and social sciences and the fine arts. We're on the train and it's moving.

• 54:30Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  That's a very 19th century reference there, on a train. See, in natural physics, we're on a rocket and we're going fast. Just consider using a more updated vessel for this.

• 54:40Speaker 04

  But you're an astrophysicist, so you think about rockets, right? Then, well, I'm actually, we're writing a children's story about getting a train over a mountain from Venice, which is flooding to Paris, and we're asking kids to think about what locomotive is going to take them there, is the way of talking about it. So trains are in my mind, yeah, it's Thomas the Tank Engine, told by a chemist.

• 54:59Neil deGrasse Tyson?

  Yeah, we got that. Well, Peter, thank you for this, sharing this expertise. Well, we got to, we got to close out this show. This is the first ever virtual StarTalk Live. It's been fun to put together. I want to thank Chuck, nice Chuck. Such a pleasure, always. All good. Katherine Heigho, who did our first two segments. Peter Maffey, and I want to publicly thank Pocket Lab for cosponsoring this event. So, this has been a production of StarTalk. And I've been your host, Neil deGrasse Tyson, as always, bidding you to keep looking up.