Pod Insights Short Wave What Are California's Santa Ana Winds? About this episode Over 29,000 acres in the greater Los Angeles area are on fire right now. The fires emerged after the Santa Ana winds swept into the Los Angeles area Tuesday. The largest is the Palisades fire, which is quickly burning through the Pacific Palisades and Malibu communities. It's one of four ongoing critical fires — only one of which is partially contained. Ahead of the windy week, a Red Flag Warning https://www.weather.gov/mqt/redflagtips was issued for an increased fire risk due to the strong winds, low humidity and higher temperature. Today, we dig into the Santa Ana winds: What they are and how they combined with other factors to create conditions for the most destructive fire in Los Angeles' history.
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0:25 Emily Kwong? You're listening to Short Wave from NPR.
0:31 Emily Kwong? Hey, Short Wavers. Emily Kwong here. So you may have been hearing about how the wildfires in Los Angeles are connected to the Santa Ana winds. These winds blow every year. But meteorologists with the National Weather Service in Los Angeles anticipated this week's windstorm would, quote, "likely be the most destructive in over a decade." The winds picked up Tuesday morning.
0:53 Speaker 02 It is completely hazy, dark.
0:55 Emily Kwong? Sparking several fires across LA County.
0:57 Speaker 02 We've seen palm trees on fire.
0:59 Emily Kwong? Especially in canyon slopes, where the wind dropped the humidity.
1:03 Speaker 03 Basically, the moisture and rain gets squeezed out of these systems right on those same slopes where the Santa Ana winds blow the hardest.
1:14 Emily Kwong? We talked to Alexander Gershonov about this. He's a research meteorologist at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego. And he says that last winter was really wet and vegetation flourished. But this year, the LA area has received very little rain for months.
1:30 Speaker 03 Specifically, in that region where the wildfires are right now, you have a lot of vegetation, dry and ready to burn. And that's exactly where you get the strongest Santa Ana wind.
1:43 Emily Kwong? The largest and earliest of the fires was in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood. Within hours, other fires began, including the Eaton, Hearst, Lydia, and Sunset fires.
1:55 Speaker 04 The battle against the deadly Eaton fire is now an around-the-clock fight. The wind-driven blaze exploded to more than 10,000 acres by morning, ripping.
2:04 Emily Kwong? As of this taping Thursday afternoon, this patchwork of fires has claimed the lives of five people and leveled the homes and businesses of multiple communities. Nearly 180,000 people have been ordered to evacuate, and nearly 30,000 acres have burned.
2:22 Emily Kwong? So today on the show, we talk about the chain of environmental and weather events that led to these fires. We get into the science behind the winds and the role of human-caused climate change. You're listening to Shore Wave, the science podcast from NPR.
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3:55 Emily Kwong? All right, Alexander, let's talk about the winds themselves, because I think a lot of people outside of California don't know what the Santa Ana winds are. What are they? And where do they originate?
4:05 Speaker 03 Santa Ana winds are a type of downslope wind. They accelerate down the slopes of the coastal topography here. And basically, they originate in an elevated basin at about 1,200 meters behind the Sierra Nevada mountains and goes all the way to the Salt Lake. And you have cool air masses settling into the Great Basin. And when you have the pressure gradients, basically, high pressure around the Four Corners area, you
4:43 Speaker 03 Get this air mass to come over and through the passes and through the gaps in the, in the surrounding topography, basically getting pushed towards the ocean and it basically
4:59 Speaker 03 accelerates downhill under the force of gravity. And you get these dry, gusty, downslope winds that we call Santa Ana's here.
5:11 Emily Kwong? Does the geography of the region make these winds unique to Southern California? Does this effect happen anywhere else in the world?
5:18 Speaker 03 Downslope winds happen everywhere there are mountains. But these winds are very special because of the geography of the southwestern United States and specifically the fact that we have this elevated Great Basin where these winds are really rooted. They're basically the breast of the desert.
5:39 Emily Kwong? So these Santa Ana winds, they blow every year, these downslope gusts, the breath of the desert, as you called them. They become drier and warmer as they descend. And yet, fire officials are calling this the most destructive windstorm in over a decade. Do you know why the Santa Ana winds are blowing so hard right now this month?
5:58 Speaker 03 Uh, the one unusual thing about this particular event is that there's a lot of what meteorologists call upper air support. And basically it's the jet stream that's blowing in the high troposphere that happens to be meandering in such a way that it just intensifies that flow from the northeast coming right into Southern California.
6:23 Emily Kwong? Now, of course, um, you know, winds don't create fires, they're not matchsticks. What sparks fires? And particularly right now in California, how is the wind contributing to the fires that we're seeing now?
6:37 Speaker 03 All the ignitions are human caused and there are plenty of sources of ignition out there because population is expanding into that wildland urban interface, you know, that sloping topography where, where the Santa Ana winds blow. And a lot of the sources of wildfire ignitions are going down, things like.
6:58 Speaker 03 Cigarette butts and campfires, but ignitions due to arson and electrical power infrastructure are actually going up. So the more the population spreads into those fire-prone areas, the more sources of ignition there are.
7:17 Emily Kwong? How does the addition of the wind cause this fire to spread? Because it carries the fire? Like, what's happening there?
7:23 Speaker 03 Well, these are very dry, gusty winds, and they can be strong enough to impact infrastructure, like, for example, cause power lines to sway and contact each other. When, you know, sparks fly, they can break trees or branches of trees that then land on top of power lines, for example, and that causes shorts and sparks to fly. These are very common causes of ignition. And, you know, our power utilities are operating a lot more safely lately. They have what they call public safety power shut-offs when the weather conditions are
8:06 Speaker 03 predicted to be very fire-prone, specifically Santa Ana winds in this region, and when the vegetation is very dry and the National Weather Service calls a red flag warning, then that triggers a public safety power shut-off.
8:26 Emily Kwong? Right. Of course, key to all of this is that California is already very dry to begin with. Your vegetation dried to a crisp from a summer that broke heat records and very little rainfall at the start of the rainy season. Was the dryness leading up to this winter of concern to you? Did you anticipate something like this could happen?
8:45 Speaker 03 You know, we've seen this before, but with climate change, we do expect
8:52 Speaker 03 The wet season to start later. Basically, we expect the wet season to contract into the winter and start later and finish earlier. That, together with warmer conditions, basically spells a longer and more intense fire season. And I say more intense because when these fires occur in Santa Ana winds in December and January, they're occurring during the peak season for Santa Ana winds. So then wildfires that start far enough away from the coast and have room to burn, they can become huge.
9:35 Speaker 03 This is what happened in 2017, 18 with the Thomas Fire, that is the biggest wildfire on record in Southern California. I think of the Thomas Fire as the poster fire for future fires in a warmer climate. You know, here we have a repeat of what happened seven years ago.
10:00 Emily Kwong? Wildfire season typically runs from like the early start of the summer into the fall, but it's January. What can Californians expect in this region of their weather?
10:11 Speaker 03 Well, in most places wildfire season is in the summer, like you say, Emily. But here in coastal California, and especially in Southern California, the season for the biggest wildfires is October because that's when the fuels are dry after the dry, hot summer. That's when you have the confluence of the winds that are capable of spreading huge wildfires and the dry fuels. But later on, in November, December, we typically get enough rain so that the fuels are not flammable or that flammable anymore. But this is an exceptional year.
10:54 Emily Kwong? Well, Alexander, thank you so much for talking to me about the science of what's happening in the environment that's driving all this. It was really good to chat with you.
11:03 Speaker 03 My pleasure, Emily. Thank you for reaching out.
11:10 Emily Kwong? This episode was produced by Jessica Young. It was edited by Rebecca Ramirez. Kwesi Lee was the audio engineer. Beth Donovan is our senior director and Colin Campbell is our senior vice president of podcasting strategy. I'm Emily Kwong. Thank you for listening to Short Wave, the science podcast from NPR.
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