Stopping A Deadly Disease On Apache Lands

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is one of the deadliest tickborne diseases in the United States, often killing people within about a week if left untreated. At one point, the San Carlos Apache Reservation had rates of infection 150 times the national average. But now, they've achieved a huge milestone — no deaths from the disease in at least five years. NPR science correspondent Pien Huang https://www.npr.org/people/729920828/pien-huang and producer Megan Lim https://www.npr.org/people/1077054126/megan-lim visited the reservation to see the program that led to their success. Read Pien's full story here https://www.npr.org/sections/shots-health-news/2025/01/15/nx-s1-5256227/rocky-mountain-spotted-fever-ticks-dogs. Interested in hearing more science success stories? Email us at [email protected] mailto:[email protected]. Listen to every episode of Short Wave sponsor-free and support our work at NPR by signing up for Short Wave+ at plus.npr.org/shortwave http://plus.npr.org/shortwave. See pcm.adswizz.com https://pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for sponsorship and to manage your podcast sponsorship preferences. NPR Privacy Policy https://www.npr.org/about-npr/179878450/privacy-policy

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Emily Kwong?

  This message comes from NPR sponsor Viori with the Halo Essential Wide-Like Pant. Receive 20% off your first purchase at viori.com/NPR on any US orders over $75 and free returns. Exclusions apply. Visit the website for full terms and conditions. You're listening to Short Wave from NPR. Hey, Short Wavers. Emily Kwong here with health correspondent Ping Huang and NPR producer Megan Lim. Hi, you both.

• 0:28Speaker 01

  Hey, hey.

• 0:29Speaker 02

  Hey, hey.

• 0:29Emily Kwong?

  And you're here to tell us some good news.

• 0:31Speaker 01

  Yes. Megan and I are here to tell you a public health success story.

• 0:36Speaker 02

  It's got puppies and it's got ticks and winning.

• 0:39Speaker 01

  And they're winning against Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, which is one of the deadliest tick-borne diseases in the US.

• 0:46Emily Kwong?

  Oh, are we going to Colorado? Are we going to the Rocky Mountains?

• 0:48Speaker 01

  Not quite, not quite. So for this story, we're actually going to take you out to a corner of southeast Arizona, to the San Carlos Apache tribal lands.

• 0:57Speaker 02

  It's remote, it's beautiful, you know, purple mountains and mesas, and they're covered in these creosote bushes and these spiky saguaro cactuses, a bit east of Phoenix.

• 1:10Speaker 02

  And the people in these tribal lands in Arizona have been battling Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever for about 20 years.

• 1:16Speaker 01

  Yeah, at one point, they had rates that were 150 times out of the national average. But by the time that Megan and I visited, they were reaching a huge milestone: no deaths from the disease in five years.

• 1:30Emily Kwong?

  That's amazing. All right, well, I want to hear about how they did it. Today on the show, the long battle against Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever on Arizona tribal lands. Ping and Megan are going to take us around the San Carlos Apache Reservation and show you how the tribe is winning against the ticks. I'm Emily Kwong, and you're listening to Short Wave, the science podcast from NPR.

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• 3:14Emily Kwong?

  OK, so to be totally honest, I am unfamiliar with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. What does that disease involve, Ping?

• 3:23Speaker 01

  Yeah, I didn't know a whole lot about this disease before I started digging into this myself. It's caused by a bacteria called Ricketia rickettsii, carried around by ticks, spread to people and other mammals like dogs and cows through tick bites. And in the US, it was first seen in the late 1800s in an area called the Bitterroot Valley in western Montana.

• 3:44Speaker 02

  Yeah, people called it the black measles then, and it was very deadly. Four out of five people who caught it died.

• 3:51Emily Kwong?

  Wow, that sounds really bad. And did they call it black measles because it caused like dark splotches or something?

• 3:59Speaker 02

  Yeah, classics, body rash. And in the early 1900s, a young doctor named Howard Ricketts discovered it was spread by ticks. But by the way, this has nothing to do with the medical condition called rickets, which is a bone disease related to not enough nutrition.

• 4:15Speaker 01

  You know, even back then, there were some early attempts to get rid of ticks. One of these involved creating these giant vats of arsenic solution, getting cattle to swim through them. But the solution burned the cattle's skin and udders, caused a lot of resentment from the ranchers.

• 4:31Speaker 02

  Yeah, no kidding.

• 4:32Speaker 01

  You know, and then in the 1920s, government researchers built a research lab to better study this disease. The Rocky Mountain Laboratories is now part of the National Institutes of Health. But since those early days, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever has been found all over the US in most of the continental states.

• 4:49Emily Kwong?

  Okay, so that's kind of the history of the disease, how it got to have such a big range. Megan, what does it do to those who get bitten?

• 4:56Speaker 02

  It's pretty brutal. The bacteria targets the lining of your blood vessels, what's called the endothelial cells. And it gets in those cells and makes a bunch of copies, and then it bursts the cells open to keep spreading. Johanna Salzer is a veterinarian and epidemiologist at CDC, and she was one of our guides when we were out there. She explained this all to us and says, that's when the signature rash we mentioned earlier, that spotted fever, becomes visible.

• 5:23Emily Kwong?

  Do you think about spotted fever because it can cause a rash when people become severely ill? It's all of the busting of those blood vessels as the organisms are coming out.

• 5:33Speaker 02

  Oh, yeah. The rash is what's visible outside the body, but Johanna says that's happening everywhere inside the body, too. So, once internal bleeding begins, it can be hard to pull back. And it is treatable if you catch it early. But if left untreated, people can die within eight days of showing symptoms.

• 5:53Emily Kwong?

  Yeah, okay. This sounds like a very serious disease. And it's one of the reasons you two went to report this story in Arizona. Before we get into how the tribe turned the disease around, why has the infection rate been so high?

• 6:09Speaker 01

  Well, this is a story that goes back to when the first known cases of this were found. So, that happened in this area about 20 years ago, where a child from an Arizona reservation died from it. And it was a real mystery at the time. Everybody thought that didn't exist in Arizona, because the typical

• 6:28Speaker 01

  Tick that normally transmitted in the rest of the United States does not reside in Arizona. This is Dr. Mark Trager. He's a family medicine doctor based in Arizona, and he's spent much of his career working for the Indian Health Service. He says that, you know, after that first case, more cases showed up, and they launched this whole investigation with tribal health in the state of Arizona and the CDC. And what they discovered was a new tick vector for this disease in the US.

• 6:55Emily Kwong?

  I am from Connecticut, where there's lots of ticks. So I know a vector is just like fancy science word for a creature that carries a disease. It can be a mosquito, it can be a flea. In this case, it's a tick.

• 7:06Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 7:07Emily Kwong?

  Right?

• 7:07Speaker 01

  Like roughly speaking, the disease is spread by the American dog tick in the eastern part of the US and the Rocky Mountain wood tick to the west. So, American dog tick, Rocky Mountain wood tick. But here, on Arizona tribal lands, they discovered that it was actually spread by a different tick, the brown dog tick, which is from a different genus altogether.

• 7:24Emily Kwong?

  Oh, so it's like a third tick we gotta worry about now?

• 7:27Speaker 02

  Yeah. Now, this was a tick that was known to be spreading the disease in Mexico, but this was the first time it was implicated in Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the US. And it was clinging to the reservation dogs and spreading to kids who played with them.

• 7:40Emily Kwong?

  Oh.

• 7:40Speaker 01

  These dogs are everywhere on the reservation. I mean, there's the dogs that people own, some of which are indoors and some of which are outdoors.

• 7:47Emily Kwong?

  Yeah.

• 7:47Speaker 01

  And then there's thousands of other dogs that are considered community dogs that are basically stray and roaming.

• 7:53Emily Kwong?

  And it's upon these dogs that this new tick vector is being carried, spreading Rocky Mountain spotted fever to children. And it all just sounds like a bad combination of things.

• 8:03Speaker 01

  Yeah. You know, we met with Maureen Brophy, who was also at the CDC down on the reservation, and she says it all kind of stacks up.

• 8:10Speaker 05

  And so here, and in the areas where brown dog ticks are transmitting, there's like this perfect storm that happens, where you have a lot of free roaming dogs, you have infected ticks, you have access to care that's limited, either, you know, by finances or geography or whatever.

• 8:27Emily Kwong?

  Okay, so given this perfect storm... Who then has been turning this disease around? And, and how?

• 8:35Speaker 01

  So it's taken a whole team. Primarily, it's the work of the San Carlos Apache Tribe, specifically their Department of Health and Human Services.

• 8:43Emily Kwong?

  Nice, okay.

• 8:43Speaker 01

  And they've worked together for many years with the CDC. Because one part of the strategy is early treatment with a common antibiotic, doxycycline. But it only works if someone gets it very soon after a tick bite.

• 8:56Emily Kwong?

  Oh.

• 8:56Speaker 02

  And remember, people can and do die within eight days of showing symptoms. So the other part of the team's strategy is to stop tick bites altogether, which is just as hard as it sounds.

• 9:09Emily Kwong?

  This is why we love public health, though. They're all about prevention. They're all about partnerships. Okay, so how is the tribe and the CDC doing this?

• 9:17Speaker 02

  So the tribe's largely succeeded by taking a one-health approach, which means basically that the health of animals and people and plants are all intertwined and that you have to intervene at the right place to keep everyone healthy. And I want to preface this by saying they've done a lot of work on all fronts. There's early diagnosis, early treatment, public awareness. We saw posters all over the rez telling people about the symptoms and dangers of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. And they have this whole protocol that gets triggered at the hospital. Whenever a case is suspected, they confirm it, obviously, and then they follow up and check and see if anyone else in the house, either a person or pet, has it.

• 9:55Emily Kwong?

  This reminds me of, what was it during the pandemic? We all did contact tracing?

• 9:59Speaker 01

  Yeah, exactly.

• 10:01Emily Kwong?

  Is that kind of like it?

• 10:01Speaker 01

  Public health strategy, exactly, yeah.

• 10:04Emily Kwong?

  What else are they doing?

• 10:05Speaker 01

  Yeah, so a big part of their efforts are these campaigns that they run, where they go door to door and they work with homeowners to get rid of ticks. These tend to happen around three to four times a year in the warmer months, which is busy season for ticks. But Megan and I actually went down for a campaign that they were piloting in the winter season

• 10:25Speaker 01

  to see if it might actually keep the population down in the spring.

• 10:28Emily Kwong?

  That's pretty cool.

• 10:29Speaker 01

  Mm-hmm.

• 10:29Emily Kwong?

  What did it look like in action?

• 10:31Speaker 01

  So there's a few different parts of this that we saw. Members of the Health Department and some folks from the CDC that were there when we were there. They roll up to people's homes. They set tick traps to count the ticks. And they put collars on the dogs to prevent the ticks there.

• 10:47Speaker 02

  So go ahead and put it over his head. And these have been super effective, they told us. And this is good for eight months.

• 10:53Emily Kwong?

  Okay.

• 10:54Speaker 01

  They also go around and spray a caracide. It's this pesticide that kills ticks and mites. And Animal Control will go and spray it all around the base of the house, about three feet up. It's supposed to be harmless to people once it's dried, but it kills the ticks.

• 11:10Emily Kwong?

  Fascinating.

• 11:11Speaker 01

  Right. I mean, at this one house we went to where Maureen had gone a bunch of times over the past few years, she says there were so many ticks the first few times that she went. And now there wasn't a tick to be found, not on the dogs, not on the tick trap that she set, which she had baited with dry ice, since the carmid outside attracts the ticks. Just not a single tick to be found.

• 11:30Emily Kwong?

  This is so impressive. And it's so, this One Health approach is so multi-pronged. It is making a difference, but it does sound really labor-intensive. How does the tribe keep all this going?

• 11:44Speaker 01

  With a lot of work and good relations in the community. A lot of the groundwork being led by Hardy Bendel, who's a tribal member and head of Animal Control.

• 11:54Speaker 02

  This area has been one of our target areas. Most of the cases that we see come from here.

• 12:02Speaker 01

  He took us around and introduced us to a lot of people. And he even took us to an Apache cattle ranch, where we met up with a cowboy who had just recovered from Rocky Mountain spotted fever. He said he had a rash that was still fading on his foot.

• 12:16Speaker 02

  It's kind of still there, but it's not as bad as it was.

• 12:20Speaker 01

  It was just like a little spot on my foot, you know? That was Houston Ty Hinton, who's a stockman at the cattle ranch. And he had just gotten Rocky Mountain spotted fever in November of last year, which proves to Hardy's point that even though a high season for these ticks is in the spring and summer, they do bite year-round. And just to paint the picture a little more, I mean Hardy's got this tiny field team. It's two people, Timothy Nozzi and Josiah May. And they're out there most weeks, just visiting people, talking to them about Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, spraying their homes. They do get some temporary help in the high season, but otherwise, it's just the three of them, holding the line across all 2,000-plus

• 13:03Speaker 01

  households and 1.8 million acres of the reservation.

• 13:07Emily Kwong?

  Wow. I've heard in other public health interventions, individuals like that are called like super communicators or nerd nodes of trust. They're just like people who are really good at spreading awareness because people already trust them.

• 13:20Speaker 02

  You're totally right. Josiah Jonah, as he goes by, was a really integral part of the community and was clearly taking care of a lot of people in the reservation. That's what they've got, because there's no vaccine available yet for people or for dogs.

• 13:36Speaker 01

  And lest people think that this is easy and solved, it is not. I want to contrast what's happened here, you know, this great success story that we've been talking about, no deaths in five years, with what's been happening recently with the same disease in northern Mexico. They have a surging epidemic there. And I spoke with a doctor and epidemiologist in Mexico, Gerardo Alvarez Hernandez, at the Universidad de Sonora, who has seen many deaths from the disease. This disease in Mexico affects people and populations that are very vulnerable, not only biologically, like children and adolescents or elder people, but people that is living in poverty.

• 14:18Speaker 02

  It's also been found in travelers who are returning to the US. Back in 2023, the CDC sent out a warning for severe and fatal cases after three people who had recently traveled to northwest Mexico died from the disease in California.

• 14:31Speaker 01

  This disease is very serious. It requires constant vigilance. So it's something they expect to keep working on for many years on the San Carlos Apache tribal lands and the others around it.

• 14:41Emily Kwong?

  Well, we will take and celebrate any win we have right now. Five years, no deaths from Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in this community. Ping. Meghan, thank you so much for bringing us this story.

• 14:51Speaker 02

  You're welcome. Thanks for having us.

• 14:56Emily Kwong?

  If you liked this episode, make sure you never miss a new one by following us on whichever podcasting platform you're listening to. And hey, if you have a science question, send us an email at [email protected]. This episode was produced by Burleigh McCoy. It was edited by our showrunner, Rebecca Ramirez, and fact-checked by Tyler Jones. The audio engineer was Kwesi Lee. Beth Donovan is our senior director, and Colin Campbell is our senior vice president of podcasting strategy. I'm Emily Kwong.

• 15:20Speaker 01

  I'm Ping Kwong.

• 15:21Speaker 02

  And I'm Megan Lim.

• 15:22Emily Kwong?

  Thank you for listening to Short Wave from NPR.

• 15:36Emily Kwong?

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