Party In Peru: New Critters Just Dropped

What happens when a team of scientists and local Awajún guides go on a 38-day trip into the Alto Mayo region of Peru? Over 2000 species are identified, of course! Tucked in this lush landscape where the Amazon basin meets the Andes mountains, were 27 species of animals previously unknown to science. It makes us wonder, what else is out there that the scientific community hasn't seen? And who already knows about it? Check out photos https://www.npr.org/2025/02/19/1232435565/peru-science-species-wildlife-indigenous of all the critters we mentioned — and more! Other ecosystems or critters you think would make a good episode? Let us know by emailing [email protected] mailto:[email protected]! Listen to every episode of Short Wave sponsor-free and support our work at NPR by signing up for Short Wave+ at plus.npr.org/shortwave http://plus.npr.org/shortwave. See pcm.adswizz.com https://pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for sponsorship and to manage your podcast sponsorship preferences. NPR Privacy Policy https://www.npr.org/about-npr/179878450/privacy-policy

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• 0:00Speaker 00

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• 0:16Regina Barber?

  You're listening to Short Wave from NPR.

• 0:22Regina Barber?

  Hey, Short Wavers. It's Regina Barber, and the story I have for you starts in northern Peru, where the Amazon Basin meets the Andes Mountains.

• 0:30Speaker 02

  The Altamayo is this lush valley surrounded by mountains. You have a high diversity of different soil types, different vegetation types, and microclimates as you change in elevation. And that creates this really dynamic and vibrant mosaic with all different kinds of life.

• 0:48Regina Barber?

  That's Tron Larson. He's an ecologist at Conservation International, a nonprofit organization based in Arlington, Virginia. He says that this area in Peru straddles two preserves: the Altamayo Protection Forest and the Cordillera Escalera Regional Conservation Area, and it's being deforested. It's also under threat of more deforestation because all that lushness makes it a great place for growing major agricultural products like pineapples, coffee, and chocolate.

• 1:15Speaker 02

  There's also significant human presence. It's very much a human-dominated landscape.

• 1:20Regina Barber?

  Tron and a team of 12 Peruvian scientists led a 38-day expedition into the area in the summer of 2022, guided by experts from the local indigenous tribe, the Aahuun. And along the way, they set up data sensors to complete the survey. The goal was to create a management plan that benefits both the local people and the land, based on a survey of all the local plant and animal life.

• 1:42Speaker 02

  The very first night after arriving, I wolfed my dinner down, and I was so eager to get out on the trail into the forest, get my headlamp on, and see what might be out there, things that I'd never seen before.

• 1:53Regina Barber?

  And almost immediately, it became clear. There were a lot more critters out there than they thought.

• 1:58Speaker 02

  Just a few minutes after walking into the forest, I look around, and I'm looking in the vegetation, and just about chest height is this small bronze, beautiful salamander on a leaf with stubby little legs and a stubby tail, robust, chunky tail. And it was just so exciting because salamanders in the tropics are very rare to see.

• 2:20Regina Barber?

  This little bronze salamander climbing in the vegetation turned out to be more than just rare. It was completely new to science.

• 2:29Speaker 02

  You wake up every day, it kind of feels like Christmas. Well, what am I going to find today? You know, we set out traps to catch things and you go and, you know, revise the previous day's traps and what am I going to find? And you get these incredible new discoveries. So every day, there's unexpected things.

• 2:44Regina Barber?

  And they continue to make many more discoveries over the course of the expedition.

• 2:48Speaker 02

  We were very surprised by the number of species we found. We documented over 2,000 species over this time period, which is a shocking number. Finding so many species of vertebrate animals, of mammals, four new species of mammals, that's almost unheard of on an expedition like this.

• 3:07Regina Barber?

  In all, the team recorded 2,046 species, 27 of which were previously unknown in the scientific world. Today on the show, preserving Peru. We take a look at the species the researchers found in the Altamayo and their importance to the Awaun who live there. Plus, my personal favorite, the blob-headed catfish. I'm Regina Barber, and you're listening to Short Wave, the science podcast from NPR.

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• 5:00Regina Barber?

  So this expedition all started with Conservation International, trying to understand the local habitat in this area of Peru. To either protect what was there, or if needed, work to restore parts of the habitat, so that all of the wildlife could continue to move around easily and healthy. To do that, they really had to understand the ecosystem. What's there, how it moves, how it lives. And that's how Tron, plus the Peruvian researchers and their Aahu guides, ended up starting this assessment.

• 5:29Speaker 05

  So the idea is that we looked at the landscape and said, what else is there?

• 5:34Regina Barber?

  Diego Duroyani is an anthropologist with Conservation International. His job was to help the researchers work alongside the people living with the land, who already know the landscape. He said he was only there for a few days of the expedition, and followed Tron during that time.

• 5:48Speaker 05

  We went up this mountain, very steep and very tricky to go up.

• 5:56Regina Barber?

  So he stayed put, as the team continued up, photographing some of the species the team found. And he even had a favorite finding. But he didn't get a seat in person.

• 6:06Speaker 05

  My favorite species, I think, has got to be one of the mammals. I would say maybe the rat, but my wife hates rats.

• 6:14Regina Barber?

  The rat Diego's referring to is actually a mouse. A swimming mouse, that Tron said belonged to a group of semi-aquatic rodents.

• 6:22Speaker 02

  You know, they're among the rarest groups of mammals in the world. On this expedition, we were really lucky to find an individual in this small patch of swamp forest. It's a kind of mouse that has partially webbed toes, because it lives a lot of its life underwater, where it swims and it hunts and preys on aquatic insects.

• 6:40Regina Barber?

  And that wasn't the only new mammal. The team documented three more species that were new to science. A squirrel, a bat, a spiny mouse. On top of that, there were eight new fish species. One of them was my personal favorite from the study, the blob-headed catfish. It had like a body of a catfish, it was gray, spiny fins, the tail like you would expect to see. But then the head, it just transitions into this cartoonish, swollen, squidward nose. But the interesting thing is, that blob-headed fish wasn't a new discovery for everyone. Like, it definitely wasn't new to Yulisa Tiwi Guajai, an indigenous woman on the team.

• 7:21Speaker 06

  For me, it's funny because we've been taught the fish that they discovered, well, we've always eaten it, right? It's in the river, we eat it frequently in traditional dishes. So for them to say that it's something new, well, this is something that we've eaten since childhood. So when a scientist comes and tells us that this is something new for the scientific community, we just say, wow, like, that's new, that's different. Let's take a look at all the other species we have.

• 7:50Regina Barber?

  It's not just the blob-headed catfish that's integral to daily life for locals. Ulisa says the forest has always been a really critical part of the Awhoon culture.

• 8:01Speaker 06

  Because our people, without our forest, we are not Awhoon. Like, our customs are in the forest, our traditions are in the forest, our worldview is in the forest.

• 8:13Regina Barber?

  For example, the Awhoon have a long tradition as warriors. And there were stories that Ulisa's grandparents would tell her about a specific kind of frog, the Atelopus frog, that warriors would use to poison the tips of their weapons.

• 8:28Speaker 06

  Centuries ago, times ago, we lived in war. So it was something very much needed and sought.

• 8:34Regina Barber?

  During the expedition, the team found that same frog that Ulisa remembers from the stories. These frogs are very rare, and Tron said they'd never been documented at this elevation before. Even Ulisa thought they had vanished from the forest.

• 8:50Speaker 06

  Everything that I had been told by my grandparents, so being able to see it, to see that species, was a bit thrilling. Being able to say, wow, this species still exists. We can extract its venom to kill whoever we want.

• 9:05Regina Barber?

  Overall, Ulisa was happy that Conservation International collaborated with the Awhoon people during the expedition. She says she hopes this is something that other scientists can add to their research too. Not just working with indigenous folks, but with indigenous women in particular.

• 9:22Speaker 06

  Because women are the ones who possess more traditional knowledge. They have a deep knowledge of the territory, of their Forests, they know about the food, about medicinal and edible plants, how to move around during the night and guide you on a hike. So all that deep knowledge is owned by women. I mean, men too, of course, but it's the women who know more. So for this kind of research, it becomes crucial to allow women's participation and to always involve the Awhun people.

• 9:53Regina Barber?

  Reporting this episode, it was clear that Tron and Diego shared this sentiment and really saw the value in Ulisa and her people being guides to show scientists where to find the animals and give a more complete picture of the landscape. That more holistic approach echoed a larger point Diego had about the expedition.

• 10:12Speaker 05

  It's just one part of a much larger intervention that seeks not only first to know what's there, any parallel to work with the local populations to know why is this deforestation occurring in this landscape? And to try to promote solutions to slow down the rate of deforestation and to promote restoration of forests.

• 10:38Regina Barber?

  This area, full of human life, was also full of biodiversity. It was a place, up until now, scientists really hadn't thought to look at. It just makes you wonder, what else is out there that the scientific community hasn't seen and who already knows about it? If you want to see some of the species from the Altamayo, check out our digital story. We'll link it in our show notes. Special thanks to Valentina Rodriguez Sanchez for her beautiful voiceover work and to Daniela Amaco for interpreting. This episode was produced by Hannah Chin and edited by showrunner Rebecca Ramirez. Tyler Jones checked the facts and Jimmy Keely was the audio engineer. Beth Donovan is our senior director and Colin Campbell is our senior vice president of podcasting strategy.

• 11:23Regina Barber?

  I'm Regina Barber. Thank you for listening to Short Wave, the science podcast from NPR.

• 11:35Speaker 00

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