Lessons and failures from the Challenger space shuttle explosion

On Jan. 28, 1986, NASA’s 25th space shuttle mission, Challenger, left the launchpad in Cape Canaveral, Florida. Seventy-three seconds into flight, Challenger exploded over the Atlantic Ocean as millions of people watched. All seven people on board died. Now, forty years later, journalist Adam Higginbotham chronicles what went wrong. His book Challenger: A True Story of Heroism and Disaster on the Edge of Space https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Challenger/Adam-Higginbotham/9781982176617 pieces together stories from key officials, engineers and the families of those killed in the explosion – and details how its legacy still haunts spaceflight today. Considerchecking out our episode https://www.npr.org/2024/03/25/1198909547/nasa-international-space-station-loral-ohara-research-human-health speaking to an astronaut while she’s in space https://www.npr.org/2024/03/25/1198909547/nasa-international-space-station-loral-ohara-research-human-health. Have a scientific question you want us to answer? Email us at [email protected] mailto:[email protected]. Listen to every episode of Short Wave sponsor-free and support our work at NPR by signing up for Short Wave+ at plus.npr.org/shortwave http://plus.npr.org/shortwave. Listen to Short Wave on Spotify https://n.pr/3HOQKeK and Apple Podcasts https://n.pr/3WA9vqh. See pcm.adswizz.com https://pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for sponsorship and to manage your podcast sponsorship preferences. NPR Privacy Policy https://www.npr.org/about-npr/179878450/privacy-policy

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• 0:18Regina Barber?

  You're listening to Short Wave from NPR.

• 0:25Speaker 02

  And liftoff, liftoff of the 25th Space Shuttle Mission, and it has cleared the tower.

• 0:32Regina Barber?

  On January 28th, 1986, the 25th Space Shuttle Mission Challenger left the launchpad in Cape Canaveral.

• 0:39Speaker 03

  There's a crowd of people watching, and you can hear them clapping and cheering as the shuttle leaves the pad.

• 0:46Regina Barber?

  And then, 73 seconds into flight?

• 0:49Speaker 03

  The shuttle disintegrates.

• 0:51Regina Barber?

  That's Adam Higginbotham, a journalist who spent years reporting on the Challenger disaster. And he says that even as the people watched the shuttle burst into flames...

• 1:01Speaker 03

  There are still a lot of people in the crowd who are still clapping and cheering

• 1:06Speaker 03

  because they think, or they want to think, that this is part of a normal launch process. And at the same time, you can hear Steve Nesbit, who was the commentator from NASA, who was sitting in Mission Control in Houston, you know, continuing to read out the data about the speed of the shuttle and its altitude.

• 1:29Speaker 04

  15 seconds, velocity 2,900 feet per second, altitude 9 nautical miles, downrange distance 7 nautical miles.

• 1:35Speaker 03

  Even as the shuttle itself has already disappeared into this blossoming, orange cloud of burning rocket fuel.

• 1:42Regina Barber?

  And then, static.

• 1:46Speaker 04

  We have a report from the Flight Dynamics Officer that the vehicle has exploded. Flight Director confirms that. We are looking at checking with the recovery forces to see what can be done at this point.

• 1:57Regina Barber?

  In his book Challenger: A True Story of Heroism and Disaster on the Edge of Space, Adam pieces together stories from key officials, engineers, and the families of those killed in the explosion.

• 2:12Regina Barber?

  Today on the show, the 40th anniversary of the Challenger disaster, lessons from the space shuttle program, and why space travel may never be routine. I'm Regina Barber, and you're listening to Short Wave, the science podcast from NPR.

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• 4:06Regina Barber?

  So Adam, some of our listeners may not have Been alive during the explosion or have even witnessed it. I I was actually four, so I think I witnessed it, but I don't remember it. Can you take us through the moments right before and after the launch on January twenty eighth?

• 4:21Speaker 03

  Right, well, I mean, the most important piece of background to the Challenger launch is is to understand that it had been delayed several times before the morning of January the twenty eighth. Not only that, but the launch before of the shuttle mission before Challenger had been delayed a record number of times for NASA. And by the beginning of nineteen eighty six, NASA had made it clear that

• 4:52Speaker 03

  the shuttle was supposed to be a true spaceship. It was supposed to operate on this launch schedule where it was going to launch, you know, once a month or twice a month and ultimately as as frequently as once a week.

• 5:04Regina Barber?

  Really?

• 5:05Speaker 03

  Yes.

• 5:05Regina Barber?

  Wow.

• 5:07Speaker 03

  And the teacher in space mission, the Challenger mission, had been deliberately engineered to attract as much publicity as possible. The whole idea for NASA of of the teacher in space mission was that it would rekindle flagging public interest in the program. And this meant that, you know, hundreds of journalists descended on Cape Canaveral for the launch. So there's a there was a huge amount of attention focused on the launch and then on the delays. And the delays were additionally embarrassing because they seem to be happening for for kind of foolish reasons.

• 5:44Regina Barber?

  So one of the problems with the explosion, the Challenger explosion, involved rubber O-rings that sealed the joints between different segments of boosters. And the engineers who built the rocket boosters at Morton Baikal in Utah were working on fixing those.

• 5:59Speaker 03

  Well. Almost since the beginning of the shuttle program, since the first launch in nineteen eighty one, they'd been finding that these joints did not work as designed. And so if you got a leak that was even the width of a pencil through one of these joints, you know, that wouldn't be a sort of slow leak that that you wouldn't need to worry about for the two minutes the rocket's burned, it would be a leak that quickly, in a matter of seconds, developed in a way that would cut straight through the steel casing of the rocket, destroying the rocket and then destroying the external fuel tank of the shuttle and then taking the shuttle with it.

• 6:38Regina Barber?

  Hmm, and based on previous launches, they thought those problems were related to cold weather. And fast forward to the day of the Challenger launch and it's cold, there's been this cold snap.

• 6:52Speaker 03

  Yes. And as a result of that, they call a meeting of the engineers at Thyrockol, and they unanimously agree that they have to go back to NASA and say, we cannot recommend the launch. You need to postpone the launch until the weather warms up. And if you don't do that, we fear there's going to be a catastrophe. They present this argument, and then the NASA engineers at the Marshall Space Flight Center and the NASA engineers overseeing the program, they don't actually say, we're not going to take your recommendation. In fact, what they do say is, you know, if you continue to recommend against launch, of course, we will not proceed.

• 7:33Speaker 03

  But they make it very clear in the way they talk to them that they do not want to hear any recommendation against launching. And they really put them under a huge amount of pressure to reverse that recommendation.

• 7:46Regina Barber?

  So do they reverse it?

• 7:48Speaker 03

  Well, the important thing is that they is that Morton Thyrockol, the contractor, you know, this for them is the one thing that keeps this arm of the company financially viable. So they couldn't be more acutely aware of how they really don't want to be upsetting their most valuable customer at this point in time. So what happens is that they ask for a five-minute recess to get off the call and discuss it amongst themselves. And during the recess, which eventually stretches to thirty minutes or more, the executives in the room.

• 8:28Speaker 03

  Say that they are going to change their minds against the recommendation of their own engineers who are sitting there in the room with them. And they eventually vote to say, yeah, yeah, we'll just go back to them and say that we've changed our minds and we're going to go from a no go for launch to a go for launch.

• 8:46Regina Barber?

  Hmm. The launch happens anyway.

• 8:49Speaker 03

  Yeah.

• 8:49Regina Barber?

  Oof. So then after the Challenger explodes, there was an investigation. Like, what were the conclusions of that investigation?

• 8:59Speaker 03

  The conclusions of the investigation were utterly damning.

• 9:04Speaker 03

  You know, the report charts a path to the launch pad that day that was just, you know, festooned with red flags going back years. That the organization as a whole had had plenty of information about problems with the solid rockets that went back before the first launch of the shuttle ever took place. That the designs of these joints had never worked as it was intended.

• 9:29Speaker 03

  That although individual engineers over the years had brought to their superiors' attention the fact that there were problems and these problems could be serious and needed to be addressed, no really serious effort to do that had started until it was too late. They found that there were appalling failures of communication in the run-up to the launch. That although these individual engineers at Morton Thicke had clearly flagged their concerns and said, you know, we're worried there's going to be catastrophe, these reports had never been passed up the

• 10:04Regina Barber?

  Wow.

• 10:05Speaker 03

  launch decision chain. So the most senior NASA managers, Kate Canaveral on the day of the launch, never got to hear about this.

• 10:14Regina Barber?

  And really, all of this was done in this pursuit of, we talked about earlier, this like kind of regular space travel, kind of like air travel, also to like, really be for it to pay for itself because maybe we're bringing other cargo up into space for companies. And what represented this everyday flight was getting this teacher to go to go on the Challenger. Krista McCullough.

• 10:37Speaker 03

  Yeah.

• 10:37Regina Barber?

  What did she represent for the space shuttle program?

• 10:42Speaker 03

  Well, she was intended to be the first citizen astronaut.

• 10:49Speaker 03

  So the whole idea of it was that this was making spaceflight accessible to just people like you and me, regular people who, once you'd been told how to use the escape hatch and the space toilet, then your instruction was at an end. You know, so they organized this program to, to, um, to interview candidates to be the first civilian in space, the first teacher in space. And Krista McAuliffe was selected from around 11,000 applicants from all across the United States. And, uh, you know, she proved to be just a fantastic candidate for this. She was extremely charismatic.

• 11:30Speaker 03

  She was a fantastic communicator and a really gifted educator who can communicate the ideas inherent in spaceflight to an audience of children and to adults, you know, extremely clearly.

• 11:45Regina Barber?

  You know, Challenger wasn't the last spatial tragedy. In 2003, another shuttle, Columbia, launched. I do remember this explosion. It was after it was, this shuttle was coming back in and over Texas, you know, seven astronauts on board died. What do you make of the fact that this happened like two decades after Challenger?

• 12:07Speaker 03

  Well, the accident investigation after the loss of Columbia concluded that, you know, what lessons had been learned after the Challenger accident had been forgotten or never successfully learned in the first place because the Columbia accident happened for extremely similar reasons to the reasons that led to the Challenger disaster.

• 12:29Regina Barber?

  Did this event, the Columbia disaster, this one in 2003, did it really lead to the end of the shuttle program?

• 12:37Speaker 03

  Yes.

• 12:37Regina Barber?

  Flat out?

• 12:38Speaker 03

  Yes, it did.

• 12:38Regina Barber?

  Yeah. How are you thinking about the legacy of this program?

• 12:44Speaker 03

  Well, I mean, one of the reasons that I wanted to write the book was because

• 12:50Speaker 03

  I realized when I began reading more deeply about what had happened that those two accidents, the Challenger accident and the Columbia accident, have come to overshadow the story of the Shuttle program. I mean, quite understandably, but in such a way that people now don't really realize what an amazing achievement it was, not merely to get the space shuttle into orbit in the first place in 1981, but then to do all the amazing things they did with it in the years before Challenger and then, once it began returning to flight in the years before the Columbia accident. But it's the image, I think, that's really seared into people's minds is that of the disintegration of Challenger.

• 13:36Speaker 03

  And that supplanted the way in which people thought of the Shuttle program as just a symbol of, you know, people's confidence in the promise of technology in the future. I think that the Challenger accident really represented a sort of loss of innocence in the way that Americans especially think of the promise of high technology. And that's one reason why, for me, there was time before the Challenger accident and time after the Challenger accident. And these are two very different epochs.

• 14:09Regina Barber?

  Is there going to be a third epoch?

• 14:12Speaker 03

  I don't know. I mean, earlier this week, I was down in Houston and had dinner with some retired Shuttle program astronauts and, you know, technicians and engineers from the program. And a few of them were just sitting around and said, you know, people have got to understand that this is, spaceflight is really dangerous. You cannot treat it as if it's something that's just like getting on an airplane. And no matter how far technology advances, it's always going to be really dangerous. And it's a mistake to think of it otherwise.

• 14:51Regina Barber?

  Adam, it has been wonderful to talk to you about space travels, the space shuttle. Thank you for coming on our show.

• 14:58Speaker 03

  Thank you for having me.

• 15:01Regina Barber?

  If you liked this episode, follow us on the NPR app or whatever podcasting app you're listening from. Also, you might want to check out our episode where we hear from an astronaut while she's in space. We'll link to that episode in our show notes. I'm Regina Barber. Thank you for listening to Short Wave from NPR.

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