Climate Change + Baseball = More Home Runs

Baseball season is nigh! From Yankee stadium in New York to Dodger stadium in Los Angeles, teams around the country will face off Thursday to mark the start of the 2025 MLB season. And when we here at Short Wave think of baseball, we naturally think of physics. To get the inside scoop on the physics of baseball, like how to hit a home run, we talk to Frederic Bertley https://www.fredericbertley.com/, CEO and President of the Center of Science and Industry, a science museum in Columbus, Ohio. In this encore episode, he also talks to host Regina G. Barber https://www.npr.org/people/1082526815/regina-g-barber about how climate change is affecting the game. Interested in the science of other sports? Email us at [email protected] mailto:[email protected] — we'd love to hear from you. See pcm.adswizz.com https://pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for sponsorship and to manage your podcast sponsorship preferences. NPR Privacy Policy https://www.npr.org/about-npr/179878450/privacy-policy

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Speaker 00

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• 0:16Regina Barber?

  You're listening to Short Wave from NPR. Hey, Short Wavers.

• 0:23Regina Barber?

  My favorite season starts this week, baseball season.

• 0:28Regina Barber?

  As a kid, I loved the sound of the ball hitting the bat at the San Diego Padre games. I thought I could actually hear it when it was going to be a good hit and someone would be getting on base. I was also fascinated by curveballs. Like, how did the pitchers get those things to curve like that? And I had heard that there were stadiums that were easier to get home runs in. Frederick Burtley was also fascinated by baseball as a kid, and he also loved science and math. And he would go on to get his PhD in immunology. But when he was a kid, he loved rooting for his local pro baseball team, the Montreal Expos, which have since relocated to Washington DC as the Nationals. And he was inspired to try his hand at it, too.

• 1:06Speaker 02

  And I'm embarrassed to say this on national public radio. I was terrible. I couldn't hit the ball.

• 1:15Regina Barber?

  Needless to say, he's not a pro baseball player now, but he is the CEO and president of the Center of Science and Industry, or COSI, a science museum in Columbus, Ohio. And he loves spreading the wonder of science, especially when it intersects with sports.

• 1:30Speaker 02

  Did you know hockey players and figure skaters are literally gliding on a thin layer of water? A combination of pressure the blade puts on the ice and heat from friction of the blade going over the surface.

• 1:41Regina Barber?

  He thinks making videos like these is one of the easiest ways to get sports fans into science. It's a pursuit he feels very passionate about. When Dr. B, as he's known in his videos, watches baseball, he now sees it through a different lens.

• 1:55Speaker 02

  I can't watch any sport, especially baseball, without now looking at it through the scientific lens.

• 2:01Regina Barber?

  There's physics, biochemistry, anatomy.

• 2:04Speaker 02

  And even engineering, all over that baseball diamond, throwing, hitting, running. Why are some people better at hitting home runs? And don't even get me started about math, because it's all about the box score and the analytics and mathematics.

• 2:17Regina Barber?

  Now, the dynamics between all that science and the game are changing because of climate change.

• 2:25Regina Barber?

  Today on the show, the science of baseball, from home runs to pitches, and how climate change is affecting it all. I'm Regina Barber, and you're listening to Short Wave, the science podcast from NPR.

• 2:43Speaker 03

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• 4:03Regina Barber?

  OK, so Dr. B, climate change is affecting temperatures around the world, as we know. So more and more research is showing that climate change is actually causing like both faster pitches and more home runs. Like, what's the connection there?

• 4:15Speaker 02

  Dr. B, first of all, I'm just so excited to be talking to another Dr. B. And I'm super excited that you asked me that question because people talk about climate change. Some people think it's a thing. Some people don't think it's a thing. But most people don't think it affects them. But not only does it affect climate and all kinds of things you can imagine, it actually Impact sports and so that a given city state will be warmer than what it used to be perhaps years prior and warmer air actually has a significant impact on sports that involve projectiles like baseballs soccer balls etc. And in the case of baseball, the warm air actually allows the baseball to travel faster through that air.

• 4:57Speaker 02

  And one of the reasons why is warm air is actually less dense than cold air. And so if you are playing baseball in a place that has warm air where the air is less dense, the speed of that pitch coming to you will come faster and what comes in fast, guess what? Goes out fast.

• 5:15Regina Barber?

  Yeah.

• 5:16Speaker 02

  So your capacity to hit the ball out the park metaphorically and literally is that much better with climate change because the air is warmer, the ball that you hit will travel faster and further.

• 5:27Regina Barber?

  Okay, speaking of home runs, what kind of pitch is needed for a home run to happen?

• 5:32Speaker 02

  Traditionally, fast balls are better at triggering home runs.

• 5:36Regina Barber?

  Okay.

• 5:36Speaker 02

  Why? The faster the ball comes to you, when you hit it, you know, with Newton's law, you're going to transfer in the exact opposite direction um the ball is going to travel. And so the faster the ball comes to you, the better chance you have at hitting a home run. So that's number one. However, depending on certain curve balls and depending on how you actually hit the curve ball, you can trigger a certain spinning of the ball through the air and that might make it carry it further upwards or further downwards.

• 6:08Regina Barber?

  So but when we're talking about, you know, home runs, it's not just like the fast pitch that you're going to need, right, to get that home run, you also need the angle, right? Like, there's a specific way in which you can get a home run that the batter needs to do, right?

• 6:23Speaker 02

  Absolutely. The the cool thing about sports, again, especially if sports involve balls, they really follow classic Newtonian mechanics.

• 6:32Regina Barber?

  The kind of everyday physics we experience, speed, acceleration, collisions.

• 6:35Speaker 02

  And so whether you're taking a basketball shot from the foul line or anywhere in the court or hitting a baseball, the ball will travel in what we call that parabolic shape. So think of kind of an upside down U or a mountainous shape. It's going to arc upwards, then it's going to hit a specific height. And because of gravity, it's going to slow up till it hits that height. And there's going to be a moment, a very, very fraction of a moment where it literally is going to be still in the air.

• 7:02Regina Barber?

  Yep.

• 7:02Speaker 02

  And then it's going to follow the exact opposite parabolic arc kind of flow right back down. So to your point, you can have a parabola that looks really steep. So if you imagine Mount Everest, you can have a parabola that's really shallow. Imagine a bunny hill and a ski slope and you can have everything in between. Well, if you're trying to get a ball from home plate by hitting it over the wall for a home run. You want to make sure you optimize the angle of where you hit the ball. Does it shoot off exactly at forty five degrees off the bat? That might be the best and that also depends on a different field, which we may talk about that in a minute, different ballpark. But do you hit it and leave your bat at forty five? Is it slightly shallower and it leaves your bat at thirty degrees?

• 7:47Speaker 02

  That will be optimized to get that ball out of the park.

• 7:50Regina Barber?

  Right, because that forty five degree angle, that's going to get you the the longest range, as we would say in a physics class.

• 7:56Speaker 02

  That's exactly right.

• 7:58Regina Barber?

  Okay, so let's dwell on home runs. Okay, let's talk about those stadiums. Um, I've heard that there are some stadiums that are easier to get home runs in, right? Is that true?

• 8:08Speaker 02

  Like, this is why I love baseball. It's such a peculiar sport, Dr. B. Almost every other sport on the planet has a standardized playing field.

• 8:18Regina Barber?

  Right.

• 8:18Speaker 02

  For some reason, in Major League Baseball, the field is not standardized. Yes, the distance from pitcher's mound to home plate is the same. Yes, the distance from, you know, home plate, first base, second base, third base, home. That's the same, but once you start going the outer field, some of these walls are much shallower, but really tall. Some of these walls are much shorter, but they're a little further out. So people know that home field advantage teams have much better chances of hitting home runs. Um, but spending a lot of time in Boston, we have the Green Monster. And the Green Monster is super tall, but that's a lot. Closer. And so what happens is, you know, the Red Sox are used to smacking them either right near the top or sometimes they get it over.

• 9:01Speaker 02

  But then people who play in Boston, who practice a lot in Fenway Park, actually can learn to slightly pivot because the green monster isn't the entire outfield. It's just one side of it. So if you're used to being able to smack really well there and you can slightly shift and angle that ball to the other side, you have by way of practice, an opportunity of being able to smack balls more in a homerun fashion over that other wall because it's lower than the green monster.

• 9:28Regina Barber?

  This brings me actually to my question about precision because I'm gonna admit that I don't actually think homeruns are that amazing. Games are won by hits, right? Not homeruns.

• 9:38Speaker 02

  That's correct.

• 9:38Regina Barber?

  Which brings me to the batting average, like one of the most famous baseball stats. What does that batting average mean?

• 9:46Speaker 02

  It's it's so funny. And before Dr. B, before we get to the batting average, which I love that question. I really want to talk about what you just said of precision hitting. Placing the ball in a precise manner, having it drop right between center and left field. Or right through the shortstop. That is an art, you know, and a science. And to your point, the game is not won by homeruns. It's won by runs, which are a consequence of hits, however they come. And so the precision batter is infinitely a more um threatening player than somebody who can just on occasion hit a homerun.

• 10:19Regina Barber?

  Right, right. So that batting average is just like out of all the times you're pitched the ball, how many times you're hitting it and getting on base. So it's it's the tortoise wins the race, right?

• 10:28Speaker 02

  The tortoise, the precise tortoise with the indicators in their car, changing lanes effectively will win the race.

• 10:35Regina Barber?

  It's true. I mean, it makes me think of like my favorite hitter of all time, like Tony Gwynn. Well, and Ichiro too, Ichiro Suzuki. They're just, they're so precise, right? They know how to get hits. And they have beautiful batting average numbers.

• 10:49Speaker 02

  Yeah, you know, this is, this is one of the most beautiful things in sports. I mean, we know the concept of getting a test, right? If you got a 90 or 95, that's great. If you got a 60, that would be like, you know, okay, pass, but I'm just not feeling good. But in baseball, just to tell you how hard that sport is, there is nobody who's getting a 60% batting average.

• 11:11Regina Barber?

  No, no.

• 11:12Speaker 02

  There's nobody who's batting successfully one out of every two times a bat. No one's getting a 50%. If you bat 33% or you have an average of 333 or .33.

• 11:22Regina Barber?

  That's amazing.

• 11:23Speaker 02

  You're successfully hitting one third of those balls. You have a multimillion dollar contract for the next 10 years.

• 11:29Regina Barber?

  Yeah, can you explain why it's so hard to get, to get a hit every, even every other time? Why is it so hard to even get it every three times?

• 11:40Speaker 02

  That pitcher, him or her, whoever softball or baseball, they are throwing that ball so fast to you that you're not seeing it, eyeballing it, concentrating on it and hitting it. You have to be swinging your bat literally the instant that pitcher has released the ball. Because the time it takes your arm swing to swing that bat around is equivalent to the time it takes that ball to leave that pitcher and hit the catcher. So you're hitting the ball through experience, through intuition, through understanding and studying that, that athlete, that pitcher, and it's a best guess. It almost becomes, I don't want to say straight chance, obviously because some batters are better than others.

• 12:25Regina Barber?

  They're educated guesses.

• 12:26Speaker 02

  So if you hit it one out of every three times, you're great. It's like, imagine winning the lottery one out of every three times you played it.

• 12:34Speaker 02

  Pretty darn good, right?

• 12:35Regina Barber?

  Yeah, well, Dr. B, thank you so much for talking with me about baseball. I had a wonderful time.

• 12:42Speaker 02

  Dr. B, I really appreciate you having me on the show. It's so exciting to know that an astrophysicist like yourself with a PhD understands the importance of celebrating the wonders of sports while paying homage to science and celebrating the wonders of science while appreciating the great American pastime. This has been an absolute pleasure.

• 13:04Regina Barber?

  Oh, thank you so much. That is so thoughtful and I just want the Padres to do well this season.

• 13:11Speaker 02

  You got it. I'll let my expo slash Nationals now adopted Red Sox see how we do.

• 13:20Regina Barber?

  This episode was produced by Burley McCoy and Rachel Carlson. It was edited by our showrunner, Rebecca Ramirez, who also checked the facts. Patrick Murray was the audio engineer. I'm Regina Barber. Thank you for listening to Short Wave from NPR.

• 13:43Speaker 03

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