Bone Marrow Cells: Key To Vaccine Longevity?

The COVID-19 mRNA vaccine generates enough of an antibody response to protect against severe disease for six months. But other vaccines offer years-long — even lifelong — immunity, such as the measles or yellow fever vaccines. Is there a way for scientists to tell how long a person's immunity will last? A team at Stanford Medicine might have found a way to do just that — with the help of some of the cells found in our bone marrow. Questions about vaccines or the respiratory season? Email us at [email protected] mailto:[email protected] — we'd love to hear from you! See pcm.adswizz.com https://pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for sponsorship and to manage your podcast sponsorship preferences. NPR Privacy Policy https://www.npr.org/about-npr/179878450/privacy-policy

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  This message comes from NPR sponsor Viori with the Halo Essential Wide-Like Pant. Receive 20% off your first purchase at viori.com/NPR on any US orders over $75 and free returns. Exclusions apply. Visit the website for full terms and conditions. You're listening to Short Wave from NPR. Hey, Short Wavers. Emily Kwong here.

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  And Jessica Young.

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  With our bi-weekly science news roundup, featuring the hosts of All Things Considered, and today, we have Juana Summers.

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  Hey, happy to be here. It's the first news roundup of the year, so tell me, what is going on in the world of science?

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  Well, there's a new study on how the longevity of a vaccine may be decided by our bone marrow.

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  And then another one on the math and science behind hula-hooping.

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  And we have a roundup of what to look for over the next year in space news.

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  Love it. All that on this episode of Short Wave, the science podcast from NPR.

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  OK, I want to start with vaccines because it's feeling a little jerky out there, y'all. There's so much flu and COVID going around. I am very glad I'm vaccinated.

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  Yeah, vaccines are so powerful. They train your immune system to recognize and fight germs. And one of the ways they do so is by prompting your B cells to create antibodies. You can think of antibodies like security guards. So the COVID mRNA vaccine generates enough of an antibody response to protect against infection for three months and severe disease for six months. But other vaccines offer years-long, even lifelong, immunity.

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  Lifetime security, like the measles vaccine.

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  Yeah, exactly. Or the yellow fever vaccine. And this contrast is actually what led Stanford Medicine professor Bali Pulindran to wonder, like, why? Why are some vaccines able to stimulate immunity for a few months, but others last a lifetime?

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  If you could understand the immunology underlying these effects, then surely we could apply that immunological insight to devising new vaccines, perhaps synthetic vaccines, that could effectively recapitulate the high degree of efficacy of this yellow fever vaccine.

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  And it was through this basic research question that Bali and a team at Stanford Medicine uncovered a major insight, having to do with megacaryocytes.

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  What are those?

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  OK, megacaryocytes, I'm now a fan of them. They are these big, beefy cells chilling in our bone marrow, and they're responsible for making platelets, the things that help your blood clot. But these big cells may have another role. It appears that megacaryocytes create a hospitable environment for those antibody-producing B cells to survive for years and for the resulting antibody response to persist, almost like a pro-security-guard environment. And that means that vaccines that are better able to activate megacaryocytes should stimulate immunity for a longer period of time. The team published these findings in the journal Nature Immunology this month.

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  OK, so I'm curious, is there a way for future vaccines to recruit these bone marrow cells to spur a longer-lasting vaccine?

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  Yeah, that's one possibility, right? If megacaryocytes are some kind of bellwether for measuring how well a vaccine is doing, that's useful information for doctors to know when their patient may need a booster or for vaccine developers to estimate how long their vaccine might last. Immunology experts I spoke to, including George Lewis at the University of Maryland, and Deepda Bhattacharya at the University of Arizona see the potential. More research is required, but viral outbreaks are more likely in the future. And Bali wants us to be prepared.

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  It's not a question of if the next pandemic will emerge. It's a question of when the next pandemic is going to emerge.

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  So ultimately Bali wants this basic research to lead to better vaccines for everyone.

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  OK, y'all, that was pretty serious. Let's move on to something joyful and one of the purest sources of childhood joy. That is hula hooping.

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  What a pivot.

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  Indeed. What is the physics of keeping a hula hoop swirling around our hips?

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  OK, so this research began when Leif Ristroff, a math professor at NYU, was admiring some hula hoopers at a park in New York City. And he wondered if there were any mathematical studies showing how hula hoops counteract gravity and levitate. And seeing none, he and two of his students set out to study this and learn some hula hooping themselves.

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  OK, this is pretty funny. But how do you actually study this in a mathematical way?

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  It involves lots of mathematical modeling and physics, too. They created these little hula hooping robots using 3D printed models of different shapes. Some robots had cylinder shapes, others cones, others were hourglass-like. They wiggled all of these shapes with a tiny little hoop just under six inches across. These shapes, of course, were meant to represent a simplified, scaled-down version of a human hula hooping.

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  And from watching the robot shapes and gathering data, Leif and his collaborators developed a bunch of mathematical equations and published those findings in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

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  OK, the suspense is killing me. What shapes were the best for hula hooping?

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  Well, all body shapes can hula hoop, but some do have an easier time, you know, keeping that hula hoop up and spinning. And the one that appeared to work the best was the hourglass shape.

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  Well, now I am concerned that people will think, you know, if I don't have an hourglass figure, I can't hula hoop.

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  No, totally. I was worried about that, too. But the researchers said that you can actually just give the hula hoop more energy by moving your hips more quickly, like upping the frequency of that circular motion. And also, obviously, hula hooping isn't just for the waist. You can hula hoop on your neck, or wrists, or ankles.

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  David Hu, an applied mathematician who did not work on this project, loves how this study teaches people to hula hoop better, and thinks it would be an awesome opportunity to combine PE and math courses for kids.

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  I love that idea. Okay, to close us out, I am so ready to hear about all of the exciting space news that I should be looking forward to this year.

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  Mm-hmm. We have our colleague Shandelyse Duster to thank, who gathered data on all of the major missions of 2025. And there are a ton of exciting ones.

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  Yeah, starting as early as this month. In January, there are two missions expected to launch for the moon. One is called Resilience Mission 2, and the other is called Blue Ghost.

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  All right, I love the names, but what is up with these missions?

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  Both these missions are commercial missions, meaning they're spacecraft that are built by private companies. And they're trying to pull off moon landings. So it'll be exciting to see if they're successful. There's been a lot of recent history of commercial missions to the moon crashing, or failing.

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  And I am assuming these are uncrewed missions?

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  Yeah, uncrewed. If they land, these spacecraft will also collect some scientific data, like lunar soil for testing, or they'll take photos of the lunar sunset. And the Resilience Mission 2 is going to contain food production experiments and deep-space radiation monitors.

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  And then sometime early this year, NASA's Lunar Trailblazer will launch to look for water on the moon. For future moonwalkers, probably for splitting into hydrogen and oxygen to make rocket fuel on the moon. So this mission is going to be looking for where the water is on the moon, and also the nature of it. Because there's just still a lot that we don't know, and we're gonna have to find out a lot more about water on the moon if future astronauts are going to be using it for drinking water and fuel.

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  Very cool. That's a whole lot of moon information for me to download.

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  Big year for the moon.

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  Big year for the moon. But tell us what else is happening out there.

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  Well, let's see, there's also a lot of updates we'll probably get from ongoing missions, like the Proba 3 mission, which launched in December. It's trying to observe the corona, the sun's outer atmosphere, and the first results will probably be available in a few months.

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  And then, of course, there's the Europa Clipper. Short Wave actually reported on its launch in October. This is the mission that will be looking for evidence of whether Jupiter's moon Europa could support life. It should get there around 2030. But this March, it will get a little energy boost when it flies by Mars by using the planet's gravity to help it accelerate towards Jupiter.

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  It's like it's hula hooping.

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  Guys, thanks so much for keeping me up to date with all the latest science news.

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  We're here for you anytime.

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  And we're so happy to have you.

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  Please have me back soon.

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  You can hear more of Wana on Consider This, NPR's afternoon news podcast about what the news means for you.

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  This episode was produced by Rebecca Ramirez and Megan Lim. It was edited by Rebecca Ramirez and Christopher Intagliata.

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  Tyler Jones checked the facts. Jimmy Keely and Neil T. Vault were the audio engineers. I'm Emily Kwong.

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  And I'm Jessica Young. Thanks for listening to Short Wave, the science podcast from NPR.

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