Could this vaccine trial mean a future without HIV?

Early last year, a hundred researchers, clinicians and other experts on HIV discussed the development of an innovative vaccine that could prevent the disease. But just as the meeting was about to wrap up, the mood darkened. A new executive order signed by President Trump on Inauguration day had frozen all foreign aid, pending a review. Soon, DOGE would begin its decimation of USAID https://www.npr.org/sections/goats-and-soda/2025/07/01/g-s1-75222/usaid-trump-humanitarian-rubio-musk — and with it, this vaccine trial. That is – until the South African researchers came up with a new plan. Read more of freelance science reporter Ari Daniel’s story here https://www.npr.org/2026/01/17/g-s1-106007/hiv-vaccine-trial-south-africa. This story was supported by a grant from the Pulitzer Center. Interested in more on the future of science? Email us your question at [email protected] mailto:[email protected]. Listen to every episode of Short Wave sponsor-free and support our work at NPR by signing up for Short Wave+ at plus.npr.org/shortwave http://plus.npr.org/shortwave. See pcm.adswizz.com https://pcm.adswizz.com for information about our collection and use of personal data for sponsorship and to manage your podcast sponsorship preferences. NPR Privacy Policy https://www.npr.org/about-npr/179878450/privacy-policy

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• 0:19Speaker 01

  You're listening to Short Wave from NPR.

• 0:25Speaker 02

  Hey, Short Wavers. Science correspondent Nate Roth here, filling in for Emily and Regina. Today, we're going to talk about a global disease that's long hammered Sub-Saharan Africa particularly hard: HIV.

• 0:36Speaker 03

  Specifically, we're going to talk about a vaccine to fight HIV.

• 0:41Speaker 02

  So Ari Daniel, for those who don't recognize your dulcet tones, is a freelance science reporter. And Ari, I hear there's a pretty remarkable backstory to this vaccine we're going to talk about.

• 0:51Speaker 03

  That is correct.

• 0:52Speaker 02

  OK, so where do you want to start? All right.

• 0:56Speaker 03

  Right here, Nate. Inside a lab at the National Institute for Communicable Diseases in Johannesburg, South Africa.

• 1:03Speaker 02

  Cool.

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  It's arrayed with, if you can picture it, half a dozen large, green and white freezers.

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  These are the freezers that contain the samples that are the basis of everything we do in the lab.

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  This is Penny Moore. She's a virologist at the University of Ibadrstrand.

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  Our freezers are named after the seven dwarves.

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  I've always felt a strong affinity for sleepy.

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  So you have happy and grumpy, and every freezer in the lab is named after somebody.

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  So Penny cracks open the lid of Bashful and pulls out a tower of frosty tubes.

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  It's heavy and hard for me to lift. So this is blood and cells.

• 1:47Speaker 03

  These, Nate, are all the samples that have been donated to Penny and her team over and over again for two decades by the same group of 117 South African women.

• 1:58Speaker 02

  Whoa, so just to be clear, Ari, you mean they collected blood from the same group of women for 20 years?

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  That's right.

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  Who are these women?

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  They live in the communities that are most ravaged by HIV. And they donate their samples because they hope to see an end to an epidemic that is really, really real for them.

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  These samples have helped Penny and her team piece together a detailed portrait of the virus over the years. How it infects, how it hides, and how much it changes across different parts of the world and even within a single individual. This research has also helped fight other diseases, including COVID-19, RSV, and cancer.

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  The amount we have learned from these freezes, it's just astonishing.

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  And yet, despite all that, Nate, Penny actually spent much of last year worrying that it might all amount to nothing.

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  Why?

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  Well, because just when she and her colleagues were on the brink of an innovative HIV vaccine trial across Africa, the bottom dropped out. Lynda Gail Becker directs the Desmond Tutu Health Foundation in South Africa.

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  In many ways, we've kind of had our legs cut off, even as we're beginning to run the sprint.

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  That's a vivid description.

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  But the team, they steeled their resolve. They knew the science was sound and the need was urgent. They insisted on finding a way forward.

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  Wow, OK. So today on the show, the Pan-Africa HIV vaccine trial that was almost over before it even started. You're listening to Short Wave, the science podcast from NPR.

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• 4:52Speaker 02

  Okay, we're back. Ari, where do we pick up this story?

• 4:55Speaker 03

  Well, to explain what was going on, we have to kind of rewind to about a year ago in early 2025 to a meeting that was held in Zanzibar.

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  The famous Zanzibar trip.

• 5:07Speaker 02

  Zanzibar, Zanzibar, Zanzibar is very far. You can't get there in a car. It's too far to Zanzibar. I've actually been to Zanzibar, Ari, and it is stunningly beautiful.

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  Have you?

• 5:17Speaker 02

  I have, yes.

• 5:18Speaker 03

  Well, so you know it's a tropical archipelago off the east coast of Africa. So, as you so kindly pointed out with your lyrics, very far. And when Penny was there with her hundred or so colleagues for that meeting, she says it was just crazy hot.

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  One of those places where you just consider standing up and you break out in a sweat.

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  The gathering took place in a hotel perched on the edge of a brilliant blue ocean. There were researchers and clinicians from across Africa. And then there were the international scientific advisors.

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  They gruelled us to within an inch of our lives. To make sure that we were doing the very best cutting edge science we could do with the amount of money we had.

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  What money are we talking about here? Are like, how much?

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  Penny and her colleagues had gotten a $45 million grant from the United States Agency for International Development, or USAID, to create a state of the art vaccine to prevent HIV.

• 6:15Speaker 02

  Oh, wow.

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  The goal was to get teams across the continent to collaborate on developing something that would work in different African communities.

• 6:23Speaker 02

  OK, so a vaccine that would work across different parts of the continent because HIV, as you pointed out, the virus is different from country to country.

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  Exactly, and within a country and even between individuals. So at this meeting in Zanzibar, there was a real feeling of momentum. Nunu Mkize is a colleague of Penny's and a senior medical scientist.

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  The excitement was through the roof at the beginning of something.

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  But just as that meeting was about to wrap up, Penny says the mood darkened.

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  From the number of Americans particularly checking their phones all of a sudden and talking to one another in little huddles.

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  I got a feeling I know where this is going.

• 7:04Speaker 03

  Yep. As you may recall, Nate, President Trump, who'd just been inaugurated at that point, had signed an executive order freezing most foreign aid.

• 7:12Speaker 02

  Wow, and I'm assuming that included this grant.

• 7:15Speaker 03

  Yeah.

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  I remember at the end of the meeting, USAID colleagues saying to me, I'm not sure if I'll see you again. I completely underestimated how much it would gut the program.

• 7:25Speaker 03

  But Penny and her colleagues soon found out. After returning to Johannesburg, she says the official stop work orders arrived from Washington just weeks before the trial was to begin. Everything came to a sudden halt. All the money was gone. And remember Lynda Gail Becker from the top of the episode?

• 7:43Speaker 02

  Yeah, she was the one that said that their legs had been cut off before they started sprinting, right?

• 7:47Speaker 03

  That's the one. She says when the funding collapsed, she cycled through the stages of grief.

• 7:52Speaker 02

  I bet. I mean, after decades of work by her and her colleagues, collecting blood samples and all that work.

• 7:58Speaker 06

  There's disbelief in the first instance. Then there is emotion that basically is angry because we'd worked damn hard, we'd won this grant, and we were doing what we had said we would do.

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  But soon, this team of researchers decided that they needed to find a different way forward.

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  This matters too much to not finish the work. We brought out the begging bowl.

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  A period of frantic grant writing began, and finally, they got funding from the South African Medical Research Council and the Gates Foundation.

• 8:31Speaker 02

  Okay, well, that's good. So were they able to get another $45 million?

• 8:35Speaker 03

  No, they couldn't raise that much, but they did get about 2.2 million.

• 8:39Speaker 02

  Okay, that's still money, but a lot less money. Did they have to scale back their ambitions then?

• 8:46Speaker 03

  Of course. The new grant was focused inside South Africa only, and that meant that they had to sacrifice studying how the vaccine might work against different versions of the virus within different African populations. Here's Penny Moore again.

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  It's a bare bones version. We will still get the answer, but it's going to cost us time, years, which is not trivial, because people are getting infected with this virus constantly.

• 9:13Speaker 03

  Despite having to reduce the scope of the grant, though, Penny told me that HIV vaccine research is farther along than it's ever been.

• 9:25Speaker 02

  Ooh, I hear a door. Are we going back into that noisy seven-door freezer room?

• 9:30Speaker 03

  You know it. It contains all those samples that those 117 women have donated over the years.

• 9:37Speaker 05

  These samples have taught us everything we know about HIV.

• 9:41Speaker 03

  Including why the virus is so skilled at evading our bodies defenses. But remarkably, in the blood of a few of these women, something pretty special surfaced after they became infected with HIV. Penny tells me in her office, it's something called a broadly neutralizing antibody.

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  A broadly neutralizing antibody could stop my virus and could stop your virus and could stop the HIV virus from any other person.

• 10:05Speaker 03

  Oh, wow.

• 10:06Speaker 05

  And in many cases, up to 90% of global viruses could be stopped by one antibody.

• 10:11Speaker 02

  Okay, so this is like a super antibody. Does it wear a cape?

• 10:16Speaker 03

  Not exactly, but you're on the right track, Nate, because compared to regular antibodies, these guys are weird looking.

• 10:23Speaker 02

  Okay.

• 10:23Speaker 03

  Some have really long arms, some have super short arms, and this oddness gives them a way of dealing with HIV's defenses. But when these rare antibodies appear naturally in someone's body, they usually emerge too late to help that person living with HIV.

• 10:41Speaker 02

  Okay, so they usually emerge too late, but is there a way for the researchers to somehow like coax the human immune system, let's say, to like produce these antibodies before they become infected with HIV so they have some defenses?

• 10:53Speaker 03

  Bingo. That is the whole point of this vaccine trial, to figure out how to do that more easily.

• 11:00Speaker 02

  Okay, cool. So has it started? Like, is the new vaccine trial underway?

• 11:04Speaker 03

  Finally, after nearly a year of delays. I head to the outskirts of Cape Town, where a large brick building rises above Felipe Village, this impoverished township where HIV is rampant. And a few levels up, I spot Amelia Ntheki, the community liaison officer for the vaccine trials.

• 11:26Speaker 08

  This is a great opportunity for South Africa to prove that we can do things in South Africa, for South Africa, with South African financing.

• 11:33Speaker 03

  Amelia makes her way to a room where 20 or so young women are gathered to hear about participating in the trial.

• 11:41Speaker 08

  HIV vaccine. Now, who are these 20-some young women, Ari?

• 11:46Speaker 03

  Well, all these women are from the community, Nate, including Nandip Hamongo. She's 25 years old, and she tells me that her community struggles with rape, sex traded for favors, unplanned pregnancies.

• 11:59Speaker 09

  Most of us are scared of getting HIV.

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  Which is why she'd happily be involved in the research.

• 12:07Speaker 09

  I'm over the moon, man. I'm over the moon. Yes.

• 12:10Speaker 02

  Oh, that's awesome.

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  Because she's proud to be making a difference.

• 12:14Speaker 09

  Yes, a big one, a big difference.

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  I ask, if this team of researchers is able to find a vaccine, what would a world without HIV be like?

• 12:25Speaker 09

  Living free. Yeah.

• 12:30Speaker 02

  Do we have a sense, Ari, of when the first shots of this new vaccine will start going into people's arms?

• 12:35Speaker 03

  It already started, Nate, in January, and it's going to continue for some months.

• 12:40Speaker 02

  Wow, I'm excited to hear how this goes. Thank you so much, Ari, for bringing us this story.

• 12:46Speaker 03

  Of course, Nate. Thanks for having me.

• 12:49Speaker 02

  Ari Daniel is a freelance science reporter. In short waivers, if you liked this episode, follow us on the NPR app or wherever you listen to podcasts. Also, check out our episodes on When Your Brain Is Fully Developed and Cratum. Reporting for this story was supported by a grant from the Pulitzer Center. Thank you, Pulitzer Center. The Gates Foundation is a financial supporter of NPR. Thanks for listening to Short Wave from NPR. See you next time.

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