The Seafaring Life Of ‘Modern-Day Captain Nemo,’ Robert Ballard

In this story from 2022, undersea archaeologist Robert Ballard shares adventures from beneath the waves and his love for deep sea exploration.

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Ira Flatow?

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• 1:04Ira Flatow?

  This is Science Friday. I'm Ira Flatow. You know, I've had a chance to talk to lots of explorers over the years, astronauts, climatologists in Antarctica, fossil hunters in the Gobi Desert. But one name really sticks out for me, Robert Ballard, who led the team that found the wreck of the Titanic in 1985. And it's not just because he discovered that ill-fated ship, but also because of his amazing discoveries of life under the sea. I had a chance to speak with him back in 2000 about the Titanic and some of his other underwater wonders. Looking at underwater explorer Dr. Robert Ballard's resume, it seems hard to believe that it's all the work of just one

• 1:49Ira Flatow?

  person. He trained dolphins, discovered sunken Nazi warships, discovered giant worms and volcanoes called black smokers at the bottom of the ocean. He's explored places as diverse as the Mediterranean Sea, Lake Ontario, the Atlantic Ocean, the Black Sea, and the Galapagos. And through his Jason project, he has virtually taken hundreds of thousands of kids with him on his fantastic adventures via computer. But most people will think of Bob Ballard by one thing, they'll know him as the discoverer of the wreck of the Titanic. And this hour, we're going to be talking with Bob Ballard. Robert Ballard is the Director of the Institute for Exploration at the Mystic Aquarium in Mystic, Connecticut, and a National Geographic Explorer in Residence.

• 2:33Ira Flatow?

  He's also the author with Will Hyvley of The Eternal Darkness: A Personal History of Deep Sea Exploration, published by Princeton University Press. And he joins us today from Providence, Rhode Island. Thank you for being with us, Dr. Ballard.

• 2:44Speaker 03

  Oh, it's a pleasure to be here. I've listened to you so often, it's nice to be at this end of the game.

• 2:49Ira Flatow?

  Very kind of you to say so. So many questions, so little time. Let me get to some of the questions that everybody's been asking over the years. And that is, and I read in your book, that in searching for a Titanic, you say that you've always been interested in searching for underwater ships, and especially the Titanic.

• 3:06Speaker 03

  Well, I became fascinated, actually, in human history when the US Navy asked me to survey the Thresher and the Scorpion. Up until that time, everything I'd explored was natural history, volcanoes and life forms like I just talked about. But when I came upon the wreck of the Thresher and the Scorpion, even though it was sad, because as a naval officer, I was in the Navy during those two tragic sinkings, I was fascinated by the state of preservation of many of the objects. Certainly when we went on to find the Titanic, again, finding her bow upright on the bottom, I can remember landing on the bow of the, on the deck up there and reading off the

• 3:49Speaker 03

  Ballards and the Capstans, the manufacturer's name. And as we explored the promenade, seeing a little brass sign said, "First Class Entrance." And that was amazing. And as you know, we went on to find the German battleship Bismarck, and that was very chilling to come up over that ship at 16,000 feet and see this swastika still painted on the deck of the ship. So I went on several years of exploring contemporary history beneath the sea.

• 4:18Ira Flatow?

  What I find fascinating about the Titanic especially was that you basically were doing, exploring the Thresher for the Navy and then you had extra time left on your mission. They had 11 days left on the use of the equipment and you said, "Let's go find the Titanic with it." Is that basically right?

• 4:35Speaker 03

  Well, put a dog on plus.

• 4:36Ira Flatow?

  You had a collaboration with the French, you had a French team that was helping you at the same time. But you basically were piggybacking on a Navy exploration project.

• 4:44Speaker 03

  Exactly right. In those days, you couldn't say, "Well, you know what I want to do is I want to go out and find the Titanic." Everyone thought you were loony and you had to be more serious, quote unquote. But I had this passion and I wanted to demonstrate that our new robots that we were building, the Argo Jason system, was going to revolutionize undersea exploration. It seemed to me a good way of demonstrating that to the public was to go after something the public would find interesting. But the Navy were the sponsor of it and so I said to the Navy, I said, "Look, I'll be more than glad to do what you want me to do. In fact, you can have all sorts of naval officers out there with me, but when I'm done, can I have the extra time?"

• 5:26Speaker 03

  And they said, "Well, if you can finish your job and our guys will sign off on it, then yes, you can use the other remaining time. Just don't lose anything," was the instructions, "and don't spend any more money than we've already given you." And those were pretty much my marching orders, sort of like sail in the interest of the Queen. And I like those kinds of marching orders and that led to the discovery of the Titanic.

• 5:50Ira Flatow?

  And basically, you came up with a sort of a problem, I see it through the book, and you wrestled it with yourself over the years, is whether it's better to explore with a submersible, like the Alvin that you pioneered and spent hundreds of, or to use a robotic little, what you call an eyeball on a tether, whether to have a robot go instead. And you've now arrived at the conclusion it's better now. We're done with the age of that sort of manned... A deep sea underwater exploration vessel.

• 6:19Speaker 03

  Well, many people will argue with me, but I feel I've, you know, I've spent forty years doing it, and I've done it both ways, and I'm confident robotic technology is not only equal but superior. Now, the reason I think it's superior, you have to realize that unlike Neil Armstrong, when he landed on the moon on the land, he got to get out and walk around. When you go down beneath the sea, you don't get to get out. So you're not really down there. I mean, you're having to look through a window, and you're having to operate manipulators. Your hands aren't out there. So if you could move the window, and that was the whole strategy, simply move the window. Remember that the average depth of the ocean is twelve thousand feet down.

• 7:02Speaker 03

  It takes you two and a half hours in Alvin to get down to twelve thousand feet, and then it takes you two and a half hours to get home at night. So at a minimum, you have a five-hour commute. The average bottom time of Alvin over its history has been three point eight hours. Three point eight hours with a pilot, generally a novice, and one scientist. With the robotic technology, you can put it down and leave it down and operate around the clock twenty-four hours a day. You can use satellites to network people in, as we do with the Jason Project, where we bring hundreds of thousands of children down to the bottom of the ocean at the speed of light with this technology. Also, you can have as many cameras as you want, and now that we're moving into high-definition

• 7:47Speaker 03

  cameras, and we're building a new robot, we're going to test it Monday. It's called Little Hercules, and it's going to be a system we're using with National Geographic this summer in the Black Sea. And that vehicle will, by the end of the year, be a high-definition vehicle, and I venture to say that the new vehicles will just be breathtaking to use.

• 8:08Ira Flatow?

  And what are you going to be searching for in the Black Sea?

• 8:10Speaker 03

  Well, we have two missions. National Geographic wants me to do two things there. There was a wonderful book that came out by two of my colleagues at Columbia University, is at Lamont-Doherty. Bill Ryan and Walter Pittman, who are two marine geologists, earth scientists, wrote a book called Noah's Flood. And in that book, they postulated that a great cataclysmic flood occurred about the time of the legend of Noah, in and about the right place, the Black Sea. Last summer, we went in to see if there was evidence of a great flood, and sure enough, we found the ancient shoreline that they postulated would be found if you went 550 feet underwater in the Black Sea. We found it. We went along

• 8:55Speaker 03

  that ancient fossilized beach, and on the beach were shells. We picked up the shells. We had them analyzed. We were told that we had two collections of shells. We had a collection of saltwater shells, which is no surprise. The Black Sea is saltwater, and its closest relatives were in the Mediterranean, which is no surprise, because they're connected by way of the Bosphorus. It was the second collection of shells that were really fascinating. They were freshwater shells, and they were extinct. And when we had the carbon 14 age dates done on them, we found that the Black Sea, if you go back into time, was a saltwater

• 9:34Speaker 03

  ocean until abruptly converts back to what it used to be, 7,000 BP, before present, or about 5,000 BC, it used to be a freshwater lake. And so, there was a cataclysmic change. This summer, we're going in to go along that ancient shoreline, move inland a little, and see if we can find evidence of human habitation of the people that were living there before the flood happened. That's our primary mission. Our secondary mission, although I must say they're both interesting to me, is the Black Sea is the only major body of water. That has no oxygen on the bottom. Seven thousand feet down to the bottom of the Black Sea, when you get down there,

• 10:18Speaker 03

  there's no oxygen. And as a result, you don't have wood-boring organisms. Now, one of the problems I've encountered as I've moved from contemporary history to archaeological history and ancient history, I've been finding ancient ships. My first expedition found the largest concentration of Roman ships ever discovered in the ocean. And last summer, I found two Phoenician ships from the time of Homer. But in the case of all these ships, because they were made of wood, woodbores had found them and eaten the exposed wood portions of the ships, which is all the fascinating upper part of the ship. In the Black Sea, however, there shouldn't be any woodbores.

• 11:00Speaker 03

  And if that's true, we should find the most preserved ships of antiquity ever discovered in the deep sea there.

• 11:07Ira Flatow?

  And have you sort of moved into the ship-discovery phase back again?

• 11:14Speaker 03

  Well, I've become convinced that the ocean, the deep ocean, has more history in it than all the museums of the world combined. I venture to say there's close to a million ancient ships in the deep sea. Think about it, a million time capsules. Every chapter of human history is probably in the bottom of the deep sea. And we're just now looking for those chapters of history. And I think you're going to find, over the next decade or two, tremendous discoveries about our ancient history.

• 11:47Ira Flatow?

  What about going back to Antarctica for the famous Ernest Shackleton ship? Are you going to do that?

• 11:53Speaker 03

  Well, that is really, to me, a technological challenge. If you look at my expeditions, some of them I do because the subject matter in itself is intrinsically fascinating, whether it's for scientific purposes, historical purposes, or archaeological purposes. But the Shackleton, as you know, I don't know, I'm sure that a lot of viewers know the story of Sir Ernest Shackleton and his team aboard the Endurance. They were going to make the first ocean-to-ocean through the South Pacific. Pole crossing, this was in the in the early 1900s, just before World War Two broke, World War One broke out. And their ship, a wooden ship, abound for the for

• 12:33Speaker 03

  the Antarctic landmass, on its way, it entered what's an ocean called the Weddell Sea. And as they were just about to get to the surface where they could offload and begin their trek, they got locked up in the ice. And their ship then drifted for more than a year in a big clockwise rotation around the Weddell Sea. And halfway around that rotation, the ship was crushed and sank in 9,000 feet of water. They watched it sink. They say her stern rose into the air, and then she slid beneath the waves, much like ships sink. So we know that she's probably intact. But it's where she's at that's challenging.

• 13:20Ira Flatow?

  We'll be back with more of Bob Ballard in just a minute. Fast forwarding to another chat in 2009. By the way, the Endurance, you know what, it was found at the bottom of the Weddell Sea in 2022. Stay with us.

• 13:41Speaker 01

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• 16:13Ira Flatow?

  Continuing a conversation with oceanographer and undersea archaeologist Robert Ballard, recorded in July of 2009, where he talks about his disappointment with the looting of the wreck of the Titanic. I know how you feel about the Titanic, and I've been seeing more exhibits about things being brought up and shown around the country, and that doesn't upset you, doesn't it?

• 16:37Speaker 03

  Well, for a number of reasons. One, it's the primary motivation of this is making money. So, I mean, this is not being done for, you know, for like a research program. They're down there to make money. And we've had these kinds of people since they built the pyramids. So this is something that society's dealt with for a long, long time. My saddest moment was when I went into the pyramids of Egypt and everything was gone. I already go to the, I think the Belgian marble should be back in Athens. That's where they belong, or the Rosetta Stone. And so it's sort of like taking belt buckles off the Arizona. I think that that's just something you don't do. It's you don't go to Gettysburg with a shovel.

• 17:21Speaker 03

  I think there are certain sites, I'm not saying you preserve everything, but certain sites that deserve to be preserved. And now with the technology of telepresence, we can take you there. Yeah. We did a, with National Geographic a few years ago, we did a live broadcast from the deck of the Titanic. And what someday you're going to actually wire the Titanic and it's going to be a place you visit electronically. Because telepresence technology that we're sort of pioneering is really the beginning of electronic travel. You're going to have in your home, certainly within the next 10 years, a room, and we used to call it the den. And when you turn on the room, the walls will come on. And you'll sit, it probably spherical, and so it isn't square like walls, but you'll be in a spherical room.

• 18:05Speaker 03

  And you'll rent a robot from Hertz and you'll go for a drive in the Serengeti. And spend the afternoon driving around. And it'll be very inexpensive compared to flying to the Serengeti. What's really neat about these installation of remote cameras, we've been doing it in the National Marine Sanctuaries, particularly Monterey. We went in and installed underwater cameras on cable so they could ride through the sanctuary. And what we found was when we were installing the cameras, everyone ran away. But as soon as we left, all the creatures came back out, went up and poked their noses into the cameras. And we were able to see things that divers wouldn't see.

• 18:47Speaker 03

  And you know, this is something you can do in Yellowstone Park. You can, you know, go and wire up Yellowstone. They've already got the ring road in there. And you'll be able to see creatures that would normally run away, like the packs of wolves. So telepresence is really going to change our lives. We're going to do more and more from home. I think what's wonderful about telepresence, because it's impacting on my personal life, is it's reinventing the family. You're able to spend much, much more time at home. Even in my business of exploration, I'm spending now more time at home than any time in my life, and I'm exploring more than any time in my life. So it's a really a plus plus. Let's go to Dave in Tallahassee. Hi, Dave.

• 19:29Speaker 06

  Hello. Dr. Ballard, you worked with my mother on the Black Sea Shipwreck. The surname is Dr. Cheryl Ward.

• 19:36Speaker 03

  Oh, of course. Yes, I did.

• 19:39Speaker 06

  We've met a couple of times, too. I just wanted to say it's a lot of your work and her work that inspired me to be a mechanical engineer. I went to John Topkins, where I worked with Louis Whitcomb.

• 19:49Speaker 03

  Yeah, neat guy. He worked a lot with us at Woods Hall when I was there years ago.

• 19:54Speaker 06

  Well, what I was wondering was, sort of the inspiration that you gave to me, I was wondering if you had any ideas where you could, you know, get more of the public involved in maritime exploration and things like that, because it seems like it's sort of a hush-hush topic in the world.

• 20:10Speaker 03

  Well, what's really neat about this new inter-space center at the University of Rhode Island is that we now, thanks to National Geographic and funding from NOAA and the state of Rhode Island, we're building a complete television production studio. And with that, we're able to then broadcast live our discoveries to schools and organizations all across the country. We have two programs, as you know, the Jason Project, which is a distant learning program for middle school kids at National Geographic. And then we also have another one at the Sea Research Foundation called Immersion Presents. And we do a lot of informal broadcasting to kids at risk and Boys and Girls Clubs and museums

• 20:51Speaker 03

  and aquariums all across the country. And so through exploration, we want to use the excitement of exploration and discovery to motivate young people, particularly kids in middle school, because that's where the battle for a scientist and engineer is won or lost, to get them turned on by exploration, and then maybe turned on to take those extra classes that are maybe a little tougher than the other ones.

• 21:15Ira Flatow?

  Thanks Dave for calling. Have a good weekend.

• 21:16Speaker 06

  Thanks a lot, Ira.

• 21:18Ira Flatow?

  You're welcome. In your early career, you were doing all these scientific pursuits down, you were going down to the hydrothermal vents, the underwater earthquakes, and the sea mounts. And then in the 80s, you began searching for sunken ships. What made you decide to shift gears at that time?

• 21:33Speaker 03

  Well, you know, in many professions, you progress up the chain of command. I, for example, was a naval officer for 30 years, and you start out as an ensign and you move up the ranks, and everyone wants to be an admiral someday. And I actually refused promotion above a commander, because I knew that if you got above a commander, you got out of the battle. I mean, I wanted to stay in the game. And in academia, I always stayed within the research game. I didn't want to become a chairman of a department, or a dean, because then, again, you leave the battlefield. And so I've always tried to stay in the game, but I wanted to be energized by it, and I

• 22:18Speaker 03

  sort of tried to reinvent myself about every 10 or 15 years, to take on a whole new genre, so that I would be excited by it, and motivated by something new, but still stay in the field of exploration. And fortunately, when I went to University of California at Santa Barbara, I had a quadruple major in math, physics, chemistry, and geology. So I have a broad-based background, and I feel comfortable in a lot of different things. And I certainly feel comfortable working with engineers. And most recently, I've begun working with social scientists, because I always actually loved history as a kid, thinking my passion for history would be just something that would, you know, fall by the wayside as I went into the physical sciences and got my doctorate in oceanography.

• 23:03Speaker 03

  But through this reinvention, and through the creation of this new field, which is a very exciting new endeavor, archaeological oceanography, which is taking oceanographers, engineers, and social scientists, and going into the deep oceans, where we think there's probably more history in the deep sea than all the museums of the world combined, and we're only now opening those doors to those museums. And so that's very exciting. And that's why I changed my course, just to stay alive and young.

• 23:35Ira Flatow?

  Would it be possible to actually find fossils that may be millions of years old, buried under water?

• 23:43Speaker 03

  Oh, definitely. In fact, the issue you have to deal with is a depth below about 3,000 feet, you pass below what's called the calcium carbonate compensation depth, and the water in the deep sea is undersaturated in calcium carbonate, which is mostly what bones are made of. For example, on the Titanic and on the Bismarck, those ships are below the calcium carbonate compensation depth. So, once the critters eat their flesh and expose the bones, the bones dissolve. Now, in the Black Sea, because there's no critters to eat, the bones should not be exposed. So, you should have perfectly mummified fossils,

• 24:24Speaker 03

  you should actually have perfectly mummified ancient mariners in the Black Sea. And we expect someday, as we're excavating these ships, to actually come across crew members who will look like they're asleep. We've seen, for example, dolphins down there that have died a natural death, and they're on the bottom and they look like they're asleep. And so, they're not only fossilized, they're perfectly preserved. Now, to get a fossil, though, you're talking about millions and millions of years. I actually have a meeting coming up next week with Paul Serrano, who's another explorer in residence for the National Geographic Society, and he's interested in me finding completely fossilized dinosaur

• 25:06Speaker 03

  bones that were lost on a ship. And there, they're not calcium carbonate. They've been placed, in most cases, by silica, and silica will be preserved. So, yes, you should be able to find fossils that are no longer calcium carbonate-based fossils, but silica-based fossils.

• 25:22Ira Flatow?

  I was at a meeting recently of archaeologists, people actually studying hominids, and there's one scientist who was talking about his theory, and this theory's been around for a while, that some hominids may have made their way, apes may have made their way, to live on the seashore of Africa, in eastern Africa. And that we, you know, the problem is you could never find the fossils of these people or these and that people.

• 25:48Speaker 03

  Well, if they've been truly fossilized, where you've replaced the calcium carbonate with silica, for example, then yes, the fossils should be there. And in fact, if you go down off of Miami, and I've been diving down there, there's a place called Miami Terrace, and there, everything has been fossilized by phosphates. And you can find fossils down there. And we have. So we have found fossils under the ocean.

• 26:16Ira Flatow?

  Do you think of yourself as a, like a modern day Captain Nemo?

• 26:19Speaker 03

  Well, I hope so. I mean, that was my dream as a little kid, and it's been my driving engine for years and years. Twenty thousand leagues, as you remember, was not down to the bottom of the ocean. It was driving along the bottom of the ocean in a submarine, looking out of that big window. And that's what I'm doing, so I think I might have pulled it off.

• 26:39Ira Flatow?

  When, when did you first, how young were you? When did you first discover that this was your career? This is what you wanted to do?

• 26:45Speaker 03

  Oh, very early. When I grew up in San Diego, I was a little kid, and I lived by the ocean, and that was my play yard. And back then, the parents simply said, you know, get home before it's dark. And I would spend the day in the tidal pools, so I had to learn the tides. And I remember the movie Robin and Crusoe, and I wanted to see those footprints of Friday in the sand. So I just began extremely early, and then I got a big break when I was in high school. I got a, in fact, it was 50 years ago this month. And on my first oceanographic expedition with, at the Scripps Institute of Oceanography, I had a scholarship there with, by the National Science Foundation.

• 27:28Speaker 03

  And we went out, and we got in a huge storm. We got hit by a rogue wave, and we got rescued by the Coast Guard, and I was 17, and so, you know, too young to realize I was supposed to die. And it was just an incredible experience, and I became hooked on going out to sea on expeditions. And in the 50 years since, I've done around 120, 530, and we're getting ready to do it again. Again, next month, when we head into the Black Sea and the Mediterranean on our own ship, the first time I've ever had my own ship, and guess what its name is? Naturally, we've named it the Nautilus.

• 28:06Ira Flatow?

  This conversation was recorded in July of 2009. You're listening to Science Friday from WNYC Studios. So where do you go now, immediately, Bob? What's your next?

• 28:17Speaker 03

  Well, right now?

• 28:18Ira Flatow?

  You have the boat going out? You have two boats, you have one with the Nautilus, you have that one going to the Pacific?

• 28:23Speaker 03

  That's right. Well, I'm taking, in fact, in the studio here, I'm looking at him right now, is my son, Benjamin. And he's 15 years old, and he's been waiting and waiting and waiting. And I told him when he could first talk, and he said, Dad, I want to go on one of your expeditions. And I said, Ben, you can't go till you're 15. Well, he's 15. And so he's going to be a Jason Argonaut on our expedition, and he's going on the Nautilus with me in August on the maiden voyage out of the Bosphorus into the Sea of Marmar and down to Gallipoli. So that's my next expedition. We'll be in the Aegean, and then we're going to end it up in the Black Sea. So I'm, right now, getting ready to go to Block Island, so we can, we always go there

• 29:07Speaker 03

  as a family, and we love to live off the sea. And so we're going to do a lot of fishing and clamming and just enjoy New England. Finally, the sun actually comes out once in a while this year. June was the most dreary June I've ever seen.

• 29:21Ira Flatow?

  I know, I live in Connecticut, it's all right next door. Just in a couple of minutes I have left, tell them, what's it like to have to be your own salesperson? Right? You're an entrepreneur, you've spent your whole life having to sell your ideas and then get them?

• 29:36Speaker 03

  Yeah, but then you get to live them. I think that comes with the turf. If you really want to be free... You're gonna be alone. I mean, freedom is, most people say they want to be free, but real freedom is you wake up and it's a blank sheet of paper. And most people would like to have it written. And I love the freedom. I love dreaming up things. And fortunately, I have great sponsors like National Geographic, like the Navy, like NOAA, who bet on my horse over the years. And I, I just enjoy doing things that have never been done before. I enjoy the freedom of an explorer to literally go where no one

• 30:18Speaker 03

  has gone before. I'm confident that the Nautilus and the Okianus Explorer are going to make incredible discoveries. How can we fail? Most of my really important discoveries were done by accident. The discovery of hydrothermal vents, black smokers, et cetera, all were found while looking for something else. And when I think about how many wonderful discoveries we've made, and then realize how little real estate we made them in, the the potential for discovery on our planet is amazing. What's hard is to convince sponsors. See, most sponsors want to know what you're going to discover and when. Well, those aren't sponsors I talk to very much because they don't understand. I can't tell you what I'm

• 31:01Speaker 03

  going to discover, or when I'm going to discover it. But I can show you an incredible track record of making discoveries. And if you'll just bet on our horse, I'll bet you we're going to make discoveries. And so that's what we're up. The next year, to me, is going to be the year of ocean discovery, because we finally actually have ships that are dedicated to the process of exploring.

• 31:26Ira Flatow?

  You don't have to borrow someone else's ship.

• 31:28Speaker 03

  Nope.

• 31:28Ira Flatow?

  You have to beg, borrow, and steal. You have the resources.

• 31:31Speaker 03

  We have the resources. And Congress has been very generous in this last go around. The House and Senate were extremely generous in increasing, we hope, we have to go through conference between the House and Senate, and then President Obama has to sign it. But I think we have a group of people now in charge that actually get, get the. They understand the importance of science and they understand the importance of exploration. And so I'm very optimistic because I believe many of our discoveries are going to have commercial impact upon our country. There's vast resources that have yet to be discovered. The Easter Bunny didn't put them just on the land part.

• 32:15Speaker 03

  There's vast resources to be discovered, living and nonliving resources, pharmaceuticals, on the list goes. So I'm confident that this process of discovery that we're just beginning will not only lead to great scientific discoveries and motivate kids to want to be explorers, but actually impact on the economy of our country.

• 32:33Ira Flatow?

  Well, we wish great luck to you, Robert Ballard.

• 32:36Speaker 03

  Thank you.

• 32:37Ira Flatow?

  And we hope that we can be part of your discoveries. You'll come back and talk to us when you discover something new.

• 32:43Speaker 03

  Well, stay tuned. The game has just begun. My best stuff is in front of me, not behind me.

• 32:48Ira Flatow?

  The best is yet to come. All right. Thank you very much. Bob Ballard is the president of the Institute for Exploration and Explorer in Residence for the National Geographic Society, also director of the Center for Ocean Exploration and Archaeological Oceanography at the University of Rhode Island.

• 33:04Speaker 03

  Thank you, sir.

• 33:05Ira Flatow?

  Good luck to you. That conversation with Robert Ballard, recorded in July of 2009. That's about all the time we have for now. A lot of people helped make this show happen. Dee Peterschmidt.

• 33:22Speaker 04

  Praise a Gucci. Kathleen Davis. Santiago Flores.

• 33:26Ira Flatow?

  I'm Ira Flatow. Thanks for listening.

• 33:36Speaker 06

  Hey Richmond, Mark Smith, Modus Richmond, 2026. We have been doing what we do for 29 years. Total car care, total community care. In 2026, we are donating $365,000, $1,000 a day to the nonprofits we've historically supported. Gucci and Care, Shalom Farms, St. Joseph's Villa, Ask, the Colonial Heights Food Pantry, everybody we've helped over the years. These are important things making a big impact in our society right now. Total Car Care, Total Community Care, that is Midas of Richmond.

• 34:06Speaker 05

  Time for a quick break to talk about McDonald's. It's the tangiest time of the year. For a limited time, head to McDonald's and get a McRib sandwich. Make it a meal by adding a medium fries and a soft drink like an ice cold Diet Dr. Pepper. So grab a McRib sandwich and embrace the tang. Save time by ordering ahead on the app. At participating McDonald's for a limited time. Dr. Pepper is a registered trademark of Dr. Pepper, 7-Up Inc.