The AI Revolution Isn’t What Silicon Valley Promised — with Josh Tyrangiel

Scott Galloway speaks with journalist and author Josh Tyrangiel about how AI is already saving lives, modernizing government, and transforming warfare – and why its most important applications look nothing like the revolution Silicon Valley promised. They also discuss China’s strategy to undercut American AI companies, the coming disruption to white-collar work, and whether relying on AI could hollow out the next generation’s ability to think for themselves. His latest book, AI for Good: How Real People Are Using Artificial Intelligence to Fix Things That Matter, is out now. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:01Speaker 00

  Hogging seats on a crowded train, not saying excuse me, watching videos on your phone with no headphones in. Sometimes it feels like we don't know how to act anymore. What we have been seeing increasingly is people breaking rules. Why should I play by the rules if nobody else is going to do that for me? This week on Explain It To Me, how to mind your manners. New episodes, Sundays, wherever you get your podcasts.

• 0:32Scott Galloway?

  Episode 411. 411 is the phone number you can call to get information. In 2011, Prince William and Kate Middleton got married. I was really hoping that Di and Prince Charles were going to name their kid Shamu. That way, he would have been Shamu, Prince of Wales. Or better yet, maybe name him Up. So it would have been Up, Chuck and Di. Those are both from the Lake Great Joan rivers. Go, go, go!

• 1:08Scott Galloway?

  Welcome to the 411th episode of the Prop G Pod. In today's episode, we speak with Josh Tyrangiel, an award-winning journalist who writes for The Atlantic, created Vice News Tonight on HBO, and previously ran Bloomberg Businessweek. We discuss his latest book, AI for Good: How AI is Transforming Government and What the Next Wave of Automation Could Mean for American Workers. So with that, we hope you enjoy our conversation with Josh Tyrangiel.

• 1:40Scott Galloway?

  Josh, where does this podcast find you?

• 1:41Speaker 02

  I'm actually in the podcast office at The Atlantic right now.

• 1:44Scott Galloway?

  Wow, that's a good rap. The podcast office at The Atlantic. Hipper, wider things have never been said.

• 1:54Speaker 02

  Yeah, it's better than bunker in Soho.

• 1:58Scott Galloway?

  There you go. So let's bust right into it. Your new book, AI for Good, takes us inside government agencies, hospitals, schools, and the Pentagon to show how real people are actually putting AI to work. What was the inspiration for this book?

• 2:13Speaker 02

  The inspiration was probably just a whole lot of bullshit, to be honest, in the sense that I was covering AI. And when I would go out to the valley, what I would hear from people, sort of zealot-eyed on both sides, was on the one hand, this is about to change everything for the better. Utopia is coming. We have to move really quickly. We're gonna cure cancer and we're gonna mitigate climate change. And then on the other side, I heard this sort of very familiar, like, no, come with me if you want to live. AI is gonna change everything and turn us into, you know, a sort of zombie apocalypse in which we're enslaved mentally to the machines. And I was writing a column at the time for The Washington Post, and as a columnist, you're like, well, this is great, right?

• 2:57Speaker 02

  We've got warring factions, power and money. And after about eight weeks of that, I just got exhausted of it. Because it was, you know, it was hype and it was hype driven by financialization on both sides often. So I was having this conversation with a guy named Danny Hillis, who's sort of a legend of computing. He created cloud computing. He's in his 70s now. And I was sort of venting about this sort of early AI scene to Danny. And he, Danny just kind of has the patience of the Buddha and he's seen everything. And so he smiles at me from the Zoom screen and he's just like, you need to separate the tech from the tech companies, because then you're gonna start finding interesting things, like

• 3:42Speaker 02

  real experimentation and real people with values. Until you do that, you're just gonna be stuck in the hype cycle. And it embarrassed me to realize that I had not thought one could do that. I thought during these eight weeks of just frantic coverage, like, oh, right, well, they own all the technology. And in fact, people have been experimenting with tech outside the walls of these metropolises for a long time. And so as soon as I did that, I just kind of discovered this whole new frontier of people who were experimenting with AI to solve things that I actually care about and that they care about. And it was just a completely different scene. It was almost like countercultural, to be honest.

• 4:21Scott Galloway?

  Give us some examples of what your book's done a great job of is kind of using these on-the-ground case studies to highlight what's overhyped, what's underhyped. Give us kind of your two or three favorite case studies of how AI has been used and what it says about people's perception of AI, where they get it right and where they get it wrong.

• 4:39Speaker 02

  Yeah, look, I think that this thing has entered in a particular context, which is we're already pretty skeptical of technology in the year of our Lord 2026, because we, most of us who are of adult age, were promised certain things with social media that turned out not to be true, right? And promised certain kinds of experiences with the internet that are not true. I went to the Cleveland Clinic, because I care a lot about healthcare and health outcomes. And one of the most fascinating things at the very front of my experience reporting there is I talked to the CEO. And Cleveland Clinic's a great healthcare system. And naturally, the CEO is a cardiac surgeon, right? He's just, he's come up through the ranks. And he sort of smiled at me and he said, look, one, one of the things about healthcare

• 5:22Speaker 02

  is that it's a terrible business. And as a result, a lot of people in my position are always looking to become the something else of healthcare, right? We're gonna become the Microsoft of healthcare. And he said, that's not our mission. We're a nonprofit hospital system. We have two things we do. Number one, we experiment with technology to improve the quality of care for our patients. And we experiment with technology to reduce our quite terrible business model and costs, so that we may pour more money back into the care of our patients. And so when we use AI here, it is only with those two parameters. That's it. We're not trying to create some new gangbusters thing. We have to solve within

• 6:04Speaker 02

  those two things. And he basically invited me to tour around. So what I saw was this very disciplined, unlike a lot of corporate America right now, very disciplined thought process, which is, we have specific problems, and we're gonna find out whether AI, applied properly, can solve them. And so the, the, the big one that I saw was the application of a sepsis prediction model in the hospital. And so sepsis, I'm sure many of your listeners know, sepsis is the most deadly thing in America. It kills more people in America, about 300,000 a year, than breast cancer, colon cancer, opioid addiction combined. And it is basically,

• 6:45Speaker 02

  it's a body's reaction to infection. And it's a sort of dysregulated response where the body starts attacking itself. And what ends up happening is you basically rot from the inside. And if it's caught early, you can treat it with antibiotics and it's just not a big deal. If it progresses, even if it doesn't kill you, it can have these terrible, terrible impacts on all of your body's systems. And so in about 2021, the clinic, you know, it's a very, very renowned system, looked at its sepsis numbers and realized about 3,000 people a year died in its care of sepsis, which is pretty standard across the country. But they said, this is preposterous. Like, this is a ridiculous number of people to

• 7:27Speaker 02

  be dying of something in our care. So they did a sort of system-wide commitment. And the first thing they said is, look, we gotta find people who we can educate here. Who's gonna captain this? And second, you know, they had a new CTO, and he came in and realized this is a perfect problem for machine learning, because sepsis masks itself by looking like almost anything. It can look like a cold. It can look like dehydration. It can look like an excessive wound. All of the responses are the same. You have this overwhelming amount of signal, but it needs to be dispersed from the rest of the body's noise. And so they went through this process. They reminded everyone in this 80,000-person system that

• 8:10Speaker 02

  sepsis could be anywhere. They imported a model called Bayesian Health, which is a very sophisticated model. And what I found in all my reporting is that the personal motivation of the people who make AI products is inextricable from their success, right? So the woman who created the Bayesian model had a nephew who died of sepsis. And she just so happens to be a brilliant computer scientist, understood sepsis, and understood healthcare, right? So they bring her and the model in, they apply it through another system, which is Epic Health, which runs most of America's healthcare systems. And at first, it's fine, but not great. And so they have to refine it. And they have to work at why it's missing cases. They have to do it in an ICU, which is very different

• 8:55Speaker 02

  than doing it throughout the rest of the hospital. But what they got, over the course of a year, with sort of really dull, really unglamorous kind of commitment, is that they reduced sepsis mortality in the system by 41%. So that's more than 1,000 people who are alive, because they had this very narrow focus about what they wanted to do. They had people committed to finding the solution to the problem, applying it, refining it, working with their systems. And so at the end of the year, look, the, the, the thing that was most frustrating to the people in Cleveland Clinic, and I spent a lot of time with a nurse in the ICU whose grandmother died of sepsis. And she was frustrated because in ICU, where bodies give off all of these crazy responses constantly, they never got

• 9:40Speaker 02

  above 90% in the prediction model. And she could routinely walk the halls and look at a patient and diagnose them as septic, and AI couldn't, right? And so when I talked to the CEO about this, he said, look, 90% is pretty good, right? And what I'm looking for with AI is not, is it gonna solve my problem, but is it going to improve the solution that I had before? And so when we hear 41% reduction in mortality, is it perfect? No. But it doesn't need to be perfect to be useful. And so that really stuck with me, because so much of the hype around AI is about perfection, is about this sort of silver bullet technical solution to all of our problems. And what I found time and time again is that is just

• 10:24Speaker 02

  not how it works. But if you can get comfortable with it being better, with it needing to be nursed through a process and applied diligently, you can get better stuff.

• 10:35Scott Galloway?

  A lot of people talk about AI and potentially it spawning a new, this golden age of discovery, which we've been waiting for in healthcare. I think of pharmaceuticals. We've been waiting for this golden age. I used to go to these, I forget about, singularity conferences with Peter Diamandis. And he would talk about, in 10 years, we'll be growing limbs in a, you know, in a lab. And, and while we, the way I would describe progress, progress in the healthcare industry is it's been steady, unremarkable and incremental, but it compounds. And now the majority of people who get cancer survive it. But we keep waiting for this, you know, acceleration of discovery, new drugs, new treatments. One of the things you're talking about, it sounds to me like just operational best practice is what you're

• 11:19Scott Galloway?

  talking about with the use of technology. Do you think we are potentially on an age or on the verge of an age of discovery around healthcare with the the use of AI?

• 11:30Speaker 02

  I know why it's tempting to say yes, right? I'm not sure we are. I think we're entering an age where discovery may become more commonplace, where there may be more things like we heard about the treatment of prostate cancer, which is great. But I tend to believe that that is sort of narrative-induced thinking, right? That we we all want the moment of immense clarity when the solution arrives. When in fact, it's just what you described, like, is it is it likely that we're going to wake up one day and cancer will be cured? Or is it more likely that year by year, by treating it, by identifying it, we're going to make cancer much less of a threat until at some point in the distant future, we say, oh, I've got cancer.

• 12:14Speaker 02

  Oh, bummer, that's going to be a real pain for the next couple of weeks. I tend to think the latter.

• 12:19Scott Galloway?

  For the first time, it feels like pancreatic cancer may not be a death sentence. Anyways, let me give you the two places I think AI is going to actually be monetized. And I'm going to kind of try and segue into AI and shareholder value or the economy, if you will. Have you done any work around AI and industrialized robots or AI and autonomous driving? And this is a common pregnant with a question. I think those are two areas where AI will actually live up to the hype. I think in most places it's overhyped, not because it won't be significant, but because the hype is just unsustainable or, you know, unrealistic. But I do think the place, I'm sitting here in Los Angeles, and if I look at my hotel room, I just see Waymos everywhere, which I think is an enormous unlock.

• 13:04Scott Galloway?

  And then I think about manufacturing and AI plus robots equals, you know, just much better robots. Anyways, robotics and autonomous, your thoughts?

• 13:13Speaker 02

  Yeah, look, I think that they do hold great promise, and I think they hold great promise for a conjoined reason, which is that they don't involve human beings in their operation, right? And what you see is like, and listen, I love human beings. I'm on team human, right? But when you you try to engineer systems with human cultures, what you get is friction. And that friction slows things down. So one of the reasons that, you know, when you and Peter are talking about we could grow limbs in 10 years, yeah, we could, but we could also do about 30,000 other things. And so our inability to agree on what we should focus on dilutes our resource. This is a common human theme.

• 13:53Speaker 02

  In areas where you can apply robotics and automation minus human beings, there will be rapid gains, right? So we've seen that the Chinese are operating warehouses and industrial centers, including an auto manufacturing plant with a handful of human beings, that robotics and not the robotic, not the kind of robots on the Jetsons, but like disk robots, much more sort of like blunt force robotics, is capable of incredible operational efficiency. When it comes to driving, controversial though it may still be, LIDAR and robotics are better drivers than human beings. They just are. There's fewer accidents, it's safer on the roads.

• 14:40Speaker 02

  That is, that's a computer science aspect. Now, when it comes to friction, particularly around automated driving, that's a human system, right? And a lot of what you're seeing as far as the friction is politics. So mayors, governors are now suddenly faced with this integration of two different systems, one automated and one human. People really like to drive. And so I would be much more bullish, just strictly from a business perspective, on robots than I would be on Waymo or automated driving, because we still have to tackle the fact that human beings overestimate their own ability to drive, they love driving, they're not going to get off the road. And so if you have one system that is a perfect sort of driving system, interacting with

• 15:25Speaker 02

  human beings who are texting, maybe not paying as much attention, there's going to be friction, there's going to be collisions, and somebody from a political standpoint is going to have to say, no, we're doing it, and we're going to go all the way. I look forward to seeing who takes that risk.

• 15:41Scott Galloway?

  And in a 2024 essay, you argued that AI could remake the entire federal government. I'm curious, two years later, do you think that the government can actually still pull that off? And let me use a case study.

• 15:56Scott Galloway?

  The University of California, which I think is the ultimate economic elevator up, but it's obviously a large bureaucracy, and I'm thinking a lot about it right now, $54 billion budget. How do you think AI can remake the federal government? And what are the best use or, you know, use cases to get started on that? Because that's one of those big, bold statements, right? Cure cancer, remake that entire federal government. And I think a lot of people are up for the remaking of the entire federal government. Say more about what you mean and give us specific areas where we could start, we could start that disruption.

• 16:29Speaker 02

  Yeah, look, I'll start with where, what the inspiration was, was that I did a kind of deep dive into Operation Warp Speed, right? Which many people have forgotten because of the stupidity of our politics, but Operation Warp Speed was the effort to distribute the COVID vaccine across the United States equally to every state in an incredibly expedited fashion.

• 16:51Scott Galloway?

  Huge success, no?

• 16:52Speaker 02

  Huge success, huge. Got buried because, you know, it was a Trump administration's success around vaccines. So the Trump administration has forgotten about it, and the left doesn't want to celebrate it. But the the architect of it was a general named Gus Perna. And General Perna is a logistician. So he delivers munitions, he delivers supplies, he keeps the army stocked. And he got this call, basically in early May, that said, hey, we may have a vaccine and we have no plan about what to do with it. And so he comes, you know, he meets with the Joint Chiefs, comes in, he has no budget, he has three colonels, and he starts to meet with consultants, all of whom are pitching him, you know, what you would expect, which is like, medical blockchain, we're going

• 17:36Speaker 02

  to put hardware in every doctor's office. And finally, you know, some people from Palantir come, as they do, and they said, no, you need a digital twin of the supply chain, that's going to get this done for you, it's not going to be perfect, we'll show you how to do it. And he just, he's like, sold, let's do, let's just build it, right? And similar to what I told you about the Cleveland Clinic and sepsis, what they ended up building wasn't perfect. It didn't have pure end-to-end visualization from like Pfizer all the way to your arm, but it had a lot of it, right? And what they were smart about is it not letting the perfect be the enemy of the good. And they did this in a matter of months, and they did it with a program that cost about, as I recall, $16 million.

• 18:21Speaker 02

  A government software program could cost $16 million. The machine learning aspects of it, if we were to talk about them today, we'd laugh kind of at how primitive they are. But, you know, you're talking about building data pipelines, cleaning the data pipelines, constantly updating them, getting to a dashboard so that the general and his team could play the pandemic like a video game. And so he and I talked, and General Perna is a booming, like, he's a classic general. He's he's got a lot of personality. And he and I just sort of spent an hour, almost like, you know, pyromaniacs in the backyard, thinking about ways we could apply this incredible success to other aspects

• 19:02Speaker 02

  of government, including things like the IRS, including things like the VA. And so then I went off and tried to figure out if it's possible. And so in the book, I spent a lot of time at the IRS, and the IRS is is my own sort of personal bugaboo. Because, again, it's 2026, and the way we interact with the IRS is, we take a guess at what we think we owe it, we send them a check under penalty of criminal prosecution if we're wrong. We don't have any real record of it, we don't have any real clear interaction, and these are numbers. And AI is fantastic at numbers. And so I went in a little bit hot, to be honest, like, I came in hot, I started to

• 19:47Speaker 02

  discover what was going on in the IRS. They have immense political issues, right? Like, this is a, this is a body that the left and the right don't want anything to do with, because it's so wildly unpopular. They're dealing with mainframes, which are, you know, 1960s technology that is often updated. But, you know, Scott, the the individual master file, which is the white whale of government tech, contains every individual's tax record and every change ever made to that record. And the IRS by law has to keep those things, make them accessible. And so they have a weirdo tech stack. But what I found was there are a couple of people in leadership positions who realized

• 20:32Speaker 02

  that the compact with the American people was at risk here, and that if the IRS couldn't effectuate just basic service, it was going to have a problem. So sort of quietly, starting in 2014, they began to modernize. And they began to modernize using machine learning and AI. And the whole goal was simply to get the stack to a place where it would be in the present. Because then, as opposed to being written in cobal and all of these ancient languages, you could begin to hook it up with off-the-shelf software that would make the experience of interacting with the IRS much, much more pleasant, much more predictable. And, you know, as I spoke to people, including Alex Karp, who's the CEO of Palantir, he

• 21:14Speaker 02

  said, look, the the problem with government right now is that every action between the citizen and the government contains friction. And when something doesn't work, the temptation to tear it all down becomes greater and greater every time. And so inside the IRS, what I found were people, honestly egoless enough to take the swipes of whatever politician was after them, but to continue modernizing. And when I last reported with them, the day that I left my last interview with the CTO of the IRS, was about four days before the election. And when I next checked in with him, they had about, they were about to migrate the entire individual master file to modern software. And then Doge showed up.

• 21:58Speaker 02

  And what Doge did, under the guise of of being AI-friendly, was really just, you know, dilettantism and vigilantism, and it was about finding fraud where there was no fraud. And they kind of undid a bunch of the progress that had been made with machine learning and AI. And so it's kind of a heartbreaking story, but what I saw is like, We can absolutely use this software to improve the operations of the federal government, state governments, municipal governments. But we actually have to want to have those governments be successful. Because if we don't, AI is just as good at destroying those things.

• 22:38Scott Galloway?

  So, and I'm a fellow traveler in terms of my interest in tax policy and IRS. My sense is that probably the greatest tax cut that people don't talk about was neutering the IRS's funding. And that there's, my understanding is there's $750 billion referred to as a tax gap, which is basically taxation that's just not collected because they don't have the rules or the enforcement mechanism. And I love the idea of AI, quite frankly, just being a more efficient mechanism for figuring this shit out, collecting taxes that are due. But the fear I have, with a practical reality I'll put forward in thesis, AI is going to

• 23:20Scott Galloway?

  create efficiency and compliance and enforcement across the simple and modestly complex tax returns. Right? If you are a nurse and you make $92,000 a year working for Cedars down the road here, AI will be able to go, this is exactly what you owe. And by the way, we can flag all sorts of shit and see that you're writing off your entire apartment and you shouldn't. And enforcement, boom, one. Whereas my taxes, which are substantially more complex, AI probably won't be able to do. At least, I don't know if it'll be allowed to do it because of the complexity, or how

• 24:02Scott Galloway?

  does it deal with me lawyering up with tax people or enforcement or political, whatever it might be. But I worry that technology is going to do a great job of enforcement around the lower middle class, but we're still going to have a system mostly promoted by wealthy people that says, no, don't use AI on the most complicated tax form. I mean, essentially, the IRS or the government has figured out a way to make the tax system so complex that the only people who, the people who really benefit are the ones that can navigate by starlight or have GPS, specifically rich people. The complexity takes money from the simple tax form and transfers it to the complicated one.

• 24:47Scott Galloway?

  Because if we try and audit Ken Griffin, they're going to need a team of 30 people, which they don't have. And anyways, AI has this perverse effect of, again, another transfer of wealth from the young and the less wealthy to the wealthy in terms of our tax system. Your thoughts?

• 25:05Speaker 02

  I agree 100%. I would say that's not the fault of AI. It's the fault of a system that is absolutely picky, that makes it easy to hide, right? And you're just not going to get AI that can roll out and manage all of this human complexity, because all of the laws that you just talked about, all of the shelters, were engineered for people to go hide. And so, one of the things that was interesting that I did see is that Danny Werfel, who is the commissioner of the IRS, was very aware that like, it is not really even legal to have AI substitute for a human being inside the IRS. But having it as a co-pilot to look into things like the Dutch sandwich, which is

• 25:50Speaker 02

  a tax shelter move that many, many wealthy people use, was actually pretty effective. But you had to know what you were looking for, and it was endlessly complex. Like, you would need much more computing time, as you would expect, right? What I kept running into with government, as I've run into with my reporting on employment and inequality, is that the tool's pretty good at doing what we want it to do. The big issue is, what do we want to do with our society? Right? And this gets to safety as well, where, you know, I'm sure you and your listeners have tracked, like, an OpenAI model just sort of escaped and attacked Hugging Face, and like, well, yeah, they can do that.

• 26:34Speaker 02

  What rules do we want to establish around it? So when I was doing some reporting around AI and the future of employment, I had a lovely chat with a guy named Nick Clegg, who was, you know, both the former president of Facebook, I think it was still Facebook when he was there, not Meta, and also the deputy prime minister of the United Kingdom. And he loves America. He's a really smart guy, and he's been both corporate and governmental. And what he said is that these issues are really disadvantageous to large functional democracies. He said, you know, the people who thrive when it comes to creating AI policy are the countries that are capable of having mature conversations. So like, the Scandies, right?

• 27:16Speaker 02

  Where there's a homogenous group of people, relatively shared values, not that much distance to travel to talk. So those countries. Countries that have no conversations at all, like the Chinese, who are able to implement policy by dictum. But that when you're the United States and you're already fractious, coming to an agreement about how you want to use AI seems like a really, really big challenge, particularly when it comes to the fact that our politicians don't understand tech. And this is one of the real things that I emerged from in reporting the book, is like, you're expecting people to create regulations around this stuff who really don't know what AI is and are often not using it.

• 27:58Speaker 02

  And as we think about the midterms, we have to begin to evaluate the literacy of the people who are representing us on the most important issue that we have. And we have failed to do that now for a quarter century.

• 28:16Scott Galloway?

  We'll be right back after a quick break.

• 28:27Scott Galloway?

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• 29:30Scott Galloway?

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• 30:37Scott Galloway?

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• 32:01Scott Galloway?

  One thing your book did, or your articles have done for me, is it softened my view of Palantir. I think I immediately had this gag reflex that Palantir is violating all of our privacy. I do like the fact that Alex just wraps himself in the American flag when I think so many big tech companies were virtue signaling by shitposting America, thinking that's what their young employees wanted to, wanted to hear. And he just said, no, we're, we're very much pro-America, pro-Israel. I appreciate just how kind of, I don't know, transparent and, and, you know, out of the closet around, this is what I believe. You softened my view on Palantir. The impression I got from your work on it was that it is an innovation and that the government is correct to embrace it.

• 32:46Speaker 02

  Yeah, I think that's right. I do. I mean, the, the history of Palantir for most of its existence was a struggle just to exist, right? And so the, the first thing that they came up against in trying to make software for the Department of Defense was that the established contractors had such a moat around the Pentagon that Palantir could be making cheaper software, readily available. The software could exist, and the Pentagon just wouldn't pay attention to it. And so ultimately, what they did, which is not advised in most industries, is in 2016, they kept getting shut out, so they sued the DOD. And they basically said, look, there's

• 33:25Speaker 02

  a law on the books by Congress passed very specifically that says, if software off the shelf exists to solve a problem, you cannot go create new software with a new vendor. And we've seen endless versions of you doing this, so we're going to sue you. And I read through the trial transcripts, and it's just unbelievable. I mean, the, the DOD's excuse is basically like, well, come on, that's how we do stuff, guys. Like, what do you want from us? And so Palantir sort of broke through, and what they were able to do is ultimately, they just have the goods, right? And this is one of those instances where it's very hard to remove the identity of the founder from the culture of the company. You know, Alex is one

• 34:06Speaker 02

  of the co-founders with Peter Thiel. Those two do not agree on very many things. Alex is a self-identified socialist, backed Hillary Clinton, backed Kamala Harris. They met in law school and bonded over a handful of things, one of which is America should have the best software. But ultimately, you know, where they got to is like, yeah, we can make things that are good enough, cheap enough. And Alex is half-black, half-Jewish. He has a tremendous chip on his shoulder that he just will be very open about. He's like, look, my biography leads me to believe I'm going to be discriminated against by somebody somewhere. So what I've infused Palantir with, as he says, is like paranoia. We have to be better and we have

• 34:50Speaker 02

  to be cheaper, and if we're not, we're going to lose. And so that's a compelling founder statement. And they do. Look, they produce the goods. You can disagree with the government's use of Palantir and it's, and whether they're violating certain rights. They haven't been found to violate them in court, but they believe that America needs the best software and that they produce the best software. And so, you know, the government is a big client. It is hardly the only client. As I said, they, they do stuff for the Cleveland Clinic as well. It's often transformative. It's often pretty cheap. And so we, we have to reckon with the fact that it is a very good software shop with a very pro-American stance.

• 35:33Scott Galloway?

  You wrote something that was pretty controversial, or you made a statement that, well, the idea that the possibility of nationalizing our most powerful AI systems. Say more?

• 35:45Speaker 02

  Yeah, so this is an idea that's, that's floated around in a bunch of places. And when I first talked to Sam Altman shortly after GPT 3.5 came out, so we're talking about early 2023, you know, I said to him, this seems really powerful. Should the government take it over? And he said, well, it's funny you say that. In 2017, I went shopping to a variety of places in the federal government and said, we think you might want to nationalize this. And nobody listened. I was like, oh, that's interesting. Um,

• 36:16Scott Galloway?

  So let me, let me just press pause. That, that sounds like bullshit to me. Is that true?

• 36:22Speaker 02

  So I, listen, I, I take nobody's word in the world of AI because of the hype cycle. I did some reporting on it. I went to people, particularly in DOD. DOD said they had not heard of it, that they had not heard of Sam Altman. They didn't, they know who he was, but they hadn't had these conversations. I did talk to somebody in the executive branch who said, yeah, that might have happened. Oh, okay. Now, I don't blame anybody in 2017 for saying, we're, we're not going to nationalize AI because we have no proof of concept about what you're even talking about. All, all I am saying in citing this as an example is like, it has come up from both the people who make AI, it has come up from opponents

• 37:06Speaker 02

  of AI, including Bernie Sanders, including Steve Bannon, because they feel like, and I, I think this is where populism becomes a really important component of the AI debate, their lack of faith in our ability as a system to regulate AI leads them to this pretty extreme idea, which is just, we're never going to be able to do it, so let's take board seats and let's take either, you know, Steve Bannon wants to take more than 50% of these companies. Now, I think that's a lot. I think it's unprecedented in modern American culture, but it's an interesting idea that keeps coming up because I think people are really worried we're not going to be able to regulate these companies and really worried about the, the downstream impacts that may be negative. I would like

• 37:51Speaker 02

  to think we're capable of more nuance than just saying we're going to nationalize it, but maybe we're not.

• 37:59Scott Galloway?

  Yeah, the, the idea is less crazy than it sounds because if, if you believe the founders and some of the key executives of AI, that this technology is more powerful than nuclear bombs, would we have let Oppenheimer create a corporation and sell into, you know, and, and sell their products into LVMH? And sell their nuclear bombs to France? It's just, it makes a lot of sense. And, and you're right, the nuance here is, I think it's way too fucking late. And regardless of Sam Altman saying, and all these people with the ridiculous notions that regulate us, remember, remember Sheryl Sandberg saying they were open to

• 38:40Scott Galloway?

  regulation and meanwhile deploying hundreds, if not thousands, of lawyers to get in the way of anything resembling regulation. It feels as if there's nuance around, well, okay, at a minimum, let's regulate them and maybe even do crazy things like have a 60-day holding period where a very thoughtful blue-ribbon panel of people, including yourself and economists and technologists bang, bang, bang the shit out of these things before letting them loose on the public. We don't even have that.

• 39:08Speaker 02

  We don't. And, and you mentioned nuclear, which, you know, early on, as I started to report on this, when people would talk about nuclear power versus AI, you know, I was a little skeptical, right? Because obviously, if you are hyping your AI product, sure, you might scare a few people when you say, no, it's capable of destroying the world, but you're also going to excite some people who want to see what the return on a, on a software that could destroy the world is. But one of the things that came up was, like, we actually do have international nuclear regulation, and it's not perfect, but it's been largely successful. And so would we model something on the International Atomic Energy Commission, where you do have to declare what kind of materials you have, you have

• 39:52Speaker 02

  to be open to inspection, models over a certain size, need to be passed through an international regulatory agency to confirm that they're safe? And, and where this always dies, and, and listen, I, I'm fascinated by why it dies here, is the people who we just referenced say, yeah, but China. Like, well, but China what? There, it, it's one of those unexamined statements where we just presume we know what China wants out of AI, but that, do we? You know, it's interesting that Trump and Xi Jinping had the very first conversation about AI in the spring. Everyone I know who reports and writes and thinks about China will tell you the same thing. What China wants from AI is what China wants from everything

• 40:37Speaker 02

  else, stability. They want stability. And so you have these two great powers, both of whom kind of want the same thing when it comes to global, you know, they would like to both be in charge of the world. Is AI the kind of thing where you can just come around and say, well, at the very least, we could both regulate it this way? We, we haven't tried, but we do have a pretty successful model. I've heard other people speak about it. I think there'd be openness, certainly from the rest of the world, to see some sort of regime work there. But I don't sense a lot of progress on it yet.

• 41:12Scott Galloway?

  I want to talk a little bit about warfare. The, the wars in Iran and Ukraine, the word that keeps coming up is asymmetry. And that is inexpensive, you know, basically a lawnmower with a bomb attached to it and wings, right, is kind of changing the game versus these expensive platforms and systems that our military-industrial complex benefits from, but create enormous risk. We can't lose a B1. And we also get very freaked out when understandably 17 of our service people are killed. And so asymmetric warfare just seems to be, I mean, the footage coming out of Russia right now is nothing short of just breathtaking.

• 41:55Scott Galloway?

  It also strikes me that it's autonomous. The reason we have this asymmetric warfare must be in large part because of the software specifically powered by AI. Curious if you've done any work on what the future looks like of warfare as AI increasingly permeates our systems.

• 42:18Speaker 02

  I think it's fascinating. And so I have done some poking around largely because I think the Ukraine, the battle between Ukraine and Russia is the battle between technology and old fashioned human meat, right? Russian soldiers, I'm sure you saw this stat, but like new Russian soldiers deployed to the battlefield are surviving hours.

• 42:42Scott Galloway?

  Yeah, life expectancy of like four hours, right?

• 42:45Speaker 02

  I mean, it's shocking. And the reason is because the Ukrainians,

• 42:51Speaker 02

  you know, they were forced into a situation where they had to innovate on the fly and they did. They innovated using AI and drones where they are, they are playing war like a video game. They have integrated data that they can operate off of. And they're winning with smarter machines and cheaper machines. And so when you think about that, and they're fighting still to some degree, what some people would call kind of guerrilla warfare, because it's really hard to be organized and structured that way up against an empire like the Russian empire, but they're, they're doing great. And when you think about how that plays out to countries with vastly more resources, like the United States, I think what I've been told is that you should expect that our wars will be fought from Tampa.

• 43:37Speaker 02

  That, you know, they'll be sent calm and we'll be fighting them on screens, not merely with drones that we're used to, but much smaller drones. There'll be forward deployments of people who can get, you know, validate what you're seeing in a satellite. But that, that war is here. And so we have

• 43:56Speaker 02

  very little time to adjust to that. And I think the DOD should be very concerned about what happens

• 44:04Speaker 02

  with anybody, I mean, Ukraine is small. We've infused it with lots of our own technology and lots of money in the short term. But what they've shown is that anybody can kind of do this. And that terrorism and guerrilla warfare are going to be very different going forward. We need to adapt, but this is absolutely fueled by AI and machine learning and pattern recognition and image recognition software, all being infused on the fly. Like the degree to which the world is different in warfare from the beginning of the Ukraine war is shocking, just shocking. And the difference between the original invasion of Crimea in 20, I believe it's 2016 to today, it looks like decades, doesn't look like a single decade. It, it looks like 50 years. So this thing is happening really quickly.

• 44:51Speaker 02

  I don't think the US industrial complex has caught up to it yet, even though we make much of the software. But again, we have a system of government and a system of procurement that's still kind of operating like it's the sixties and seventies.

• 45:06Scott Galloway?

  Yeah, really, it feels as if,

• 45:10Scott Galloway?

  I mean, you were talking about how to totally disrupt or redefine or reshape the federal government. It feels to me like there's probably a decent opportunity to stake our military budget from 1.5 trillion to 500 billion and create a more lethal fighting force embracing AI and asymmetry as opposed to these incredibly expensive platforms that just make us, quite frankly, give us a glass jaw unless we know we can, there's no risk of losing this $2 billion B1 or B2 that, that cheap and cheerful, or we need to Old Navy the entire thing, that it might, there might be a, you know, real benefits here, a peace dividend or an AI dividend.

• 45:55Scott Galloway?

  I want to talk a little bit about AI in China. I want to put forward a thesis and have you respond to it. And that is, I believe that what China tried to do in the steel industry in the eighties and nineties, it's actually doing right now in AI. And that is it's engaging in, I think this is the biggest story in business. It's engaging in massive AI dumping with cheap subsidized LLMs that CFOs across America that are increasingly asking difficult questions around ROI are going to opt for the lesser model that costs 135th or the frontier model. And that Beijing is going to do to Silicon Valley in 30 weeks,

• 46:38Scott Galloway?

  what Detroit did to, or excuse me, what Tokyo did to Detroit in 30 years. Your thoughts around that thesis?

• 46:47Speaker 02

  Totally possible. It's, it's very plausible. I would add one thing just for context, which is we still don't know about the percentage of distillation and distillation is just essentially bootlegging, right? So when Anthropic or OpenAI comes out with a new model, the thought was that they would be anywhere from nine months to a year ahead of the Chinese in their sophistication, in the size of the model. And what we're seeing is that is shrinking rapidly. And what the, the labs are alleging is that these models in China are distilled or basically stolen, adapted. Yeah, it's just classic IP theft, right? And, and we've seen this in every significant industry since the eighties from China.

• 47:31Speaker 02

  So they're, they're alleging that on the, on the, you know, supply side, that they're actually just stealing their product. But the ability to undercut price is significant. And we've seen this playbook from the Chinese on the Silk Road. We've seen it, you know, in Africa, we've seen it in Latin America where they will subsidize the cost to convert national customers to using Chinese products. And they win twice, right? So on the one hand, they're able to gain access to those, to those countries' cultures, to their data. They get customers who are linked to them, to have the infrastructure for a really long time. And on the other, they're taking money away from American companies. The issue for the American companies right now is they really haven't found a way to turn a profit on their AI.

• 48:17Speaker 02

  That the costs of compute, the costs of energy are so high. And what they have to do is so bad for their customers by locking those customers into a particular platform. That, yeah, a lot of CFOs and COOs are like, I can't afford this. Especially because right now, and I'm sure you're hearing a lot of this too. What you'll hear when you talk to CEOs is it's a little bit like, you know, advertising in the sixties. 50% of it works. I just wish I knew which 50%, right? And now it's like, well, AI works, but what part of the, the transaction was the one that worked? Why are my token costs so unbelievably high? Why can't I trace where the wastage is?

• 49:02Speaker 02

  And why do they just keep going through the roof? And so inevitably, when somebody comes along with something that is equally good or maybe 10% less good, but 1/30th the cost, you're going to migrate over there. And at some point relatively soon, I would expect that

• 49:19Speaker 02

  we'll need a political solution to that. Cause otherwise, I think it's very possible, what you described is a very feasible scenario.

• 49:28Scott Galloway?

  We'll be right back after a quick break.

• 49:40Scott Galloway?

  I think one place we don't agree is AI and jobs. And that is, I think the AI job apocalypse, I'd describe as apocalypse, no. I think like any other technical revolution or technological revolution, there'll be some short-term job destruction. But ultimately, I think the margin and productivity will likely increase the number of jobs. Where do I have that wrong? And by the way, I'm in the minority.

• 50:03Speaker 02

  Yeah, I, I don't think you have it wrong. I think there's just one X we need to solve for, which is the natural rate of adjustment, right? So I did a big story for The Atlantic in the spring, just about like, what, what is happening, right? We're hearing AI and jobs, we're hearing that the cuts are coming.

• 50:22Speaker 02

  But in the data right now, and even today, they're just, there isn't that much to indicate any pattern one way or the other. And yesterday, you know, we saw some announcements from some, some of the consulting firms, some of the big tech firms, that they actually plan on doing a fair amount of hiring throughout the rest of 26, right? But from just a rational perspective, if AI can mimic a lot of white collar cognitive work and it's cheaper. We know the way businesses work, right? Now, when I talk to economists for this piece, and I talked to nobelists, I talked to much younger economists, the disagreement in economics is not about what you just said, right? General purpose technologies, and let's say that AI is a general purpose tech,

• 51:04Speaker 02

  over time, tend to bring more productivity, more jobs, they tend to enrich cultures. To go back to sort of the, the big one that everybody cites, right? Electricity, so electricity comes in and it replaces the steam engine, but it takes about 40 years for the impact of that change to be diffused throughout the economy. And the reason, of course, is that if most factories were built on top of steam engines. So it was going to be a while before they just ripped out the guts of their factory and replaced it with electricity. America had to go through this massive project of electrification in rural areas. And so the benefit took about 40 years and there was growth over that time because we had time to adjust, right?

• 51:47Speaker 02

  Something more relatable and more modern, you know, it took about 30 years for EZ Pass to replace toll booth operators, for elevator operators to be phased out, and you just don't notice because it happens 3% to 5% a year, until all of a sudden a job category is obsolete and there's no impact on the labor market. The question about AI, and this is a very, very hot debate in a very cool discipline, which is economics, is whether this is going to take three years, five years, or 30 years? If it's, if it's 30 years, you're not going to notice. It'll be fine, job categories will change, paralegal will go away, but there'll be some new field and like, nobody's worried if it takes that long.

• 52:31Speaker 02

  Where, and the divide is actually between older and younger economists. The older they are, the more they think, eh, I've seen it before, this can be fine, everybody should just chill. The younger economists who frequently use AI in their regular work are like, you guys aren't misunderstanding the numbers, you're misunderstanding the technology. This is technology that is capable of rolling itself out into an enterprise. And so we have to anticipate it is going to move much, much faster. And if it moves much, much faster, the disruption is going to be significant. And so those are the sort of two sides and we're waiting for data. Like it's the weirdest conversation with economists because they both have dug in,

• 53:13Speaker 02

  both sides have dug in, but the data doesn't yet show anything persuasive one way or the other.

• 53:19Scott Galloway?

  I'm curious, so we both write, you do it with much greater aplomb. But as someone who spends a lot of time, you know, with a laptop open, trying to work on that last sentence, how do you use AI?

• 53:34Speaker 02

  I mean, it's a great question and it evolves day to day. Most of the time, look, you know it too, like writing is so fucking hard and lonely.

• 53:44Scott Galloway?

  Hardest thing I do.

• 53:46Speaker 02

  Hardest thing I do. Yeah, and it's hard because you actually have to organize your thoughts and you're confronted with them physically in a way you are not when you're just walking around town. And so what I have sort of migrated into is a pattern where I kind of use it like a tennis player uses a brick wall, right? I get some strokes in, I can, I can try some things that don't look very good. I can hone sentences. I've found that it's very good as a kind of like cowork partner on my roughest ideas. I can't really use it for, I still get, you know, results that I don't love when I try to use it for disciplined research.

• 54:26Speaker 02

  Summaries, it's still not great at, I still find myself reading every original thing I need to read. And I'm, look, you and I are sort of at the far end of the bell curve, not on our greatness as writers, but just on our volume, right? There's a lot of our stuff out there and so, God forbid you ask even a really sophisticated model to write like you, what I, what I get back is kind of cringe worthy. And maybe to other people it wouldn't be, but I, I feel like I'm looking at one of those caricatures of yourself you get, like at a bar mitzvah or something where you're like, oh my God, do I sound like this? And so it's not a writing substitute, it's a little bit of like a,

• 55:08Speaker 02

  I mean, I guess it's a helper, particularly, what it's particularly good at in my experience is helping around the explanation of AI itself. So I have to do in my writing, you know, I try to make AI as relatable and understandable to normal people as possible. And sometimes that is really, really hard. And I like metaphor because I think metaphor is a pretty functional way to teach people something that relates to them. And so a lot of times I will be struggling with a paragraph, or maybe even two, and I'll be bashing my head for an hour and I will go to an LLM and say, look, essentially unfuck this paragraph. And what I mean by that is, put what I'm saying in logically coherent bullet points

• 55:51Speaker 02

  so that I can see if it actually stacks up. And I'm telling you, it is great at that. And I find that incredibly useful, but it's still, I still find it pretty weird. I mean, you and I have been at this for a while, so our, our work behaviors and our techniques are pretty well honed. But I do find it on balance, pretty helpful.

• 56:11Scott Galloway?

  Yeah, using the tennis metaphor, I would describe it as an amazing world-class coach, or maybe even a doubles partner who's better than you that raises your game.

• 56:20Speaker 02

  Yeah, that's good.

• 56:21Scott Galloway?

  Again, I feel like everything in our society leads one place and that is a transfer of power and prosperity and money from the young to the old and people who've had the benefit of certain, you know, asset ownership or tax policy. But with AI, I see it happening again as it relates to writing because we write well. But the reason we write well is because I got a C in English my senior year and in high school, and then I really struggled with English in college, but I did the fucking work. I went back to each sentence and I tried to figure it out.

• 57:00Scott Galloway?

  And as a consultant, I wrote a shit ton for my clients and summarizing things and got to a point where I was making a living, not as consulting, but as, but writing, writing earnings reports or writing memos for CEOs who would then agree to pay me a million dollars for a consulting engagement if I would continue to write their, their, their company-wide communiques. And now that I have that base of knowledge, AI is like, okay, I've got a pretty good tennis stroke and you've put, you've put the like greatest bracket in my hands ever. But I had to learn how to play tennis. And I worry, and I want to get your thoughts here.

• 57:43Scott Galloway?

  I worry that we're, AI is really going to fuck a younger generation of thinkers and writers who never learn how to actually write. And the basis, they're nev-, my son said something so illuminating to me. My son who's 18, about to turn 19, a year ago, he said to me, he said, Dad, I'm meeting a friend on Kensington High Street. Is there a good coffee place there? And I said, I don't know, just type it into AI. And he's like, I don't use AI for simple things. I want to, I want to learn how to sort through this stuff on my own. And I thought to myself, don't be so fucking mature. And I thought, I'm the one that's supposed to be telling him these things, not him, me. But it made so much sense.

• 58:24Scott Galloway?

  And the better high schools are just warning people, if you don't learn how to do this shit on your own, you're just going to be part of the system, the system's going to be using you. And you've seen the same articles I've seen that 38 out of, 38 out of 42 kids are given an F in an exam because all of them are using AI. Your thoughts on AI never teaching us how to actually critically think? And we're raising a generation of kind of anodyne, non-creative, I don't know, work bots or transistors.

• 58:56Speaker 02

  Yeah, I worry about it. I do. I have, I have a daughter who's going to college in the fall. Pretty good writer, she works hard, but the temptation, until you've actually seen the results of struggle, you don't know why you're struggling, right? And I think that's why we're all so focused on people between 18 and 24 when it comes to critical thinking, right? And so I, I was asked, and I had the privilege the day before their graduation, you know, every, the one-eyed man in the land of the blind, right? So they wanted me to come in and talk to the kids about AI. And I have a bunch of friends in education and they've really helped me sort of organize my thoughts around it because education in America is, is really for two things. And we've over-rotated in one direction, right?

• 59:41Speaker 02

  So on the one hand, it is for credentialing, right? We educate you so that you may have a credential that says you are certified in these sets of skills. And AI is really good at that. It's really good at just taking care of, of cheating, of making sure that you can meet any credential any way you want, whether it's writing for you, whatever it does. The other thing that a traditional education does is identity formation. And identity formation is generally the key to a happy life, right? And so we've kind of rotated away from identity formation in many of our schools. We focused on, you know, Fiscal ROI, that's a way to measure it. That's how policy works.

• 1:00:26Speaker 02

  And what I see is like the value of identity formation in the age of AI is never going to be greater. You better know who you are, what you want out of your relationship with the world. Otherwise, I fear for exactly what you said, which is this kind of like lobotomized, moving through the world, constantly consulting AI to help you make trivial and important decisions, writing things for you. And so this sort of life without struggle that could be achieved, first of all, it's not a life worth living in my book. And second, it will dead end somewhere. You will always be found out. And so my hope, and I see a lot of what you see too, which is that there's a certain

• 1:01:10Speaker 02

  kind of self motivated kid who's like, okay, if this is what the world is going to throw at me, fuck the world, I'm going to do it my way. I'm actually going to try harder to do this. Now, the one thing I would say about writing is like, you and I chose this perverse thing, right?

• 1:01:28Scott Galloway?

  Yeah, or masochist.

• 1:01:30Speaker 02

  Yeah, like you have to, it's a very particular kind of person. There aren't that many of us. I do think that there are people who are getting great gain from the way AI can write, and it's not migrating entirely to the wealthy or the privileged. So I have a friend who, through a series of bizarre circumstances, inherited an apartment building in the Bronx. It's like a seven unit building. He didn't know it was coming to him. And for the first, I don't know, couple of years he was managing this building, it was an immense struggle to understand what his tenants, who did not speak English as a first language, what they wanted, why they were angry, what the communication was. And then he woke up one day in the fall of 2023 and he's like, I don't understand it,

• 1:02:15Speaker 02

  but I'm getting the nicest, most direct and clear emails from my tenants. And what they were doing is they were using AI and they were using AI to translate for them. And the translation component, to me, is the most interesting and effective use of AI that I've seen socially. They were clear, they were polite, and they were able to elevate skills that they didn't have. I'm not suggesting that's happening everywhere, but I do think that there are ways in which it's going to lift the floor for people who've been denied certain skills that are preventing them from getting what they need out of the world. And so I don't, I know what you and I are worried about when it comes to the intellectual formation of the next generation of thinkers and thinkers and leaders.

• 1:03:00Speaker 02

  But I also think it can be helpful in ways that sometimes are a little bit, you know, kind of blind spots to us.

• 1:03:06Scott Galloway?

  I'm curious, you've led newsrooms at Time, Bloomberg and Vice, and you've been generous with your time on Wrap Up Air. I'm just curious to get sort of your overall take or any predictions you might have on the evolution of the media landscape, print, streaming. What do you see happening? What predictions would you have for the current media ecosystem?

• 1:03:25Speaker 02

  Um, you know, it dovetails a little bit with what we were just talking about. And I'll tell you a story from when I was at the Washington Post. And AI was just coming in, I was writing this column about AI, and one of the executives was eager to talk to me because they thought, well, surely this is the guy who's going to understand how we can automate so much more of our writing. And I was like, oh, no, no, no, no, you barked up the wrong tree, my man. Like, don't you understand that successful journalism, like the moat is in news, new information written by human beings? Until a blade server can go out there and actually ascertain new information and talk

• 1:04:06Speaker 02

  to sources, this is a great business to be in. It's going to be rough for a couple of years because we're going to have to compete with a bunch of AI slop. But I actually think the sort of like incredible prominence of bullshit AI is great for places like the New York Times and the Atlantic and eventually the Washington Post, because what we do is not old data. It's, well, one, it's not slop, but two, it's not, it's not old data, right? That can be processed and sort of spit out and regurgitated. What we're delivering is new information about the world as it spins forward. And so if we can focus on that, if we can be disciplined not to, you know, I unfortunately

• 1:04:49Speaker 02

  have come up in the age of like constant hamburger helper bullshit in the newsroom, right? Like very famously, people figured out early that search was driving articles. So the most famous example, what time is the Super Bowl, right? If you Google that, you're going to find something like 75 stories every year written by AI content mills now, just to respond to a simple search. Well, guess what? Let AI have that bullshit, non monetizable crap. Why don't we in journalism focus on the thing that we were always supposed to be focusing on? New information written for our customers. So I'm actually quite bullish post the next one or two years of disruption on our ability

• 1:05:33Speaker 02

  to like have even better relationships with our customers who are no longer going to be able to use Google to sort of cheat around and figure out what we're doing. Like, I think that the complete Google zero is coming. So let's have direct to customer relationships, like a normal, healthy, productive business.

• 1:05:51Scott Galloway?

  Josh Terengue is an award winning journalist who writes for the Atlantic, created Vice News Tonight on HBO and previously ran Bloomberg Business Week. His latest book, AI for Good, is out now.

• 1:06:01Speaker 02

  Thanks a lot, Scott.

• 1:06:05Scott Galloway?

  This episode was produced by Jennifer Sanchez, Laura Janera and Asher Schwartz. Our video editor is Bianca Rosario Ramirez. Kami Reek is our social producer. Drew Burrows is our technical director and Catherine Dillon is our executive producer. Thanks for listening to the Prof G Pod from Prof G Media.