Castorology (BEAVERS) with Rob Rich

Orange teeth! Vanilla butts! Architecture with twigs! Olde-timey joke books? Field naturalist, conservationist, wildlife tracker and “beaver believer” Rob Rich works with the National Wildlife Federation’s coordination of the Montana Beaver Working Group and answers all of our Castorological questions about: baby beavers, tooth tools, lodges, dams, the sound of water, the slap of a tail, who eats beaver and why, beavers in peril, in folklore, in smut books, in your neighborhood and in your dreams forever. Also: yes we discuss slang.

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Speaker 00

  We have this issue, I think, as a people, just of beaver amnesia, not being able to see what the beavers created before us. And I would bet, you know, almost the entirety of us that are drinking water and flushing toilets and taking showers and all the things, our water is coming from somewhere that at some point in its history was shaped by a beaver.

• 0:23Alie Ward?

  Oh, hey, it's the lady at the donut store who knows that you like bear claws, Ally Ward. This is Ologies. This is Beavers. Finally, the beavers are here. And ushering them in is an absolutely delightful beaver man who is a field naturalist and a conservationist who does a ton of biological surveys and teaches wildlife tracking and beaver ecology. And he writes about the beaver as well. He's a coordinator for the National Wildlife Federation's Montana Beaver Working Group, and he knows so much about beavers. So he spoke to me one morning from his chilly house in the Swan Valley outside of Missoula, Montana. He was wearing a coat and a hat and a warm smile. And we just, we had the loveliest time chatting

• 1:05Alie Ward?

  beavers, as I knew that we would. So we're going to get to it in a moment. But first, thank you to all the patrons at patreon.com/ologies who submitted questions for this. You too can join for as little as a dollar a month to support the show. Thanks for everyone in Ologies merch at ologiesmerch.com. And to everyone who reviews the show, which helps us so much, it costs you $0. I read them all, such as this week's from Max Emile, who wrote, "I have been a dedicated listener since the inception of this podcast in 2017." Max, seven and a half years. You're a real one. I like you. Thank you for that. Thank you to everyone who leaves reviews. And thank you also to sponsors of the show who make it possible to donate to a cause selected by the guest each week. So one sec.

• 1:50Alie Ward?

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• 3:03Alie Ward?

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• 3:25Alie Ward?

  Okay, so castrology, it's a study indeed. It comes from the root for caster, which may come from the Greek for he who excels. And there's this big debate about whether this divine Greek mythological twin named Castor, who was worshiped as a healer, got his name from smelly beaver juice used as a medicine for millennia, or if it was the other way around. But we're here, it's now. Let's get to what patron Stratford Abbot calls swimming furry chainsaws. And let's talk about baby beavers, tooth, tools, lodges, dams, the sound of water, the slap of a tail. Who eats beaver and why?

• 4:06Alie Ward?

  The best beaver real estate, the plight of the beaver, hats, whiskey, beavers and folklore, in joke books, in your neighborhood, and in your dreams forever, with naturalist, wildlife ecologist Tracker and castrologist Rob Rich.

• 4:40Speaker 00

  Rob Rich Peahem is great.

• 4:43Alie Ward?

  And castorology, I would, this seems like it's something that's been in the books before. Do you, beaver people call themselves castorologists?

• 4:53Speaker 00

  Generally not castorologists. There was an early book in the late 1800s that had that name, actually, but generally it's not castorology. It's either just beaver fans, beaver believers, all the things that are associated with interest and curiosity about beavers.

• 5:11Alie Ward?

  I love that they have the term beaver believer because I think not all species get a catchy name like that.

• 5:17Speaker 00

  That's kind of the classic at the moment.

• 5:19Alie Ward?

  And where are you right now? Can you set the scene? You're in Montana?

• 5:24Speaker 00

  Yeah, I'm calling from northwest Montana and I live in a valley called the Swan Valley, a little bit northeast of Missoula and south of Kalispell, up against a part of the Rocky Mountains there and below Glacier National Park. This is a special valley in a lot of ways. It's very well watered. It has a lot of historic beaver activity and current and was also shaped by glaciers, which the beavers actively followed.

• 5:52Alie Ward?

  Oh, so the beavers followed the glaciers down in their evolution to where they, where there was water, the beavers went?

• 6:00Speaker 00

  In a way, yeah. The last glaciation that covered America was about 10,000 to 12,000 years ago, I believe, as it pocked out a lot of depressional wetlands and carved the rivers in certain ways that made it really conducive to complex flows, which beavers are actively seeking out all the time. And so they find in glaciated regions of North America. And so beavers and glaciers together are two of the major continental shapers of North America.

• 6:28Alie Ward?

  And you mentioned North America. Where else in the world do beavers live? Are they just a North American species? I feel like I should know this, but I feel like maybe zoos all over the world have beavers, but. Do they naturally occur in other places?

• 6:41Speaker 00

  Yeah, so that's a great question. You know, the beaver evolution is very complex. And we actually, at one time, had 33 different genera of beavers. And genera, like the genus, species, binomial classification. So we had 33 different types of genus of beaver across the northern hemisphere at one time. And that is totally, at this point, winnowed down to one genus, the genus Castor. And Castor canadensis is the North American beaver, the only one native to this continent. And Castor fiber is the beaver, the Eurasian beaver. And that is over in Europe and parts of northern Asia as well.

• 7:22Alie Ward?

  The fossil record dates back 33 million years with 33 beaver genera. That's not even species. So many beaver options.

• 7:31Speaker 00

  About 33 million years ago, I believe, is when the beavers really started diversifying. And a lot of rodents generally, that was a really time of rodent diversification. And so we had, you know, beavers, one that was kind of more recent times, the Castoroides that lived just south of the glacial ice sheets and whatnot. And so that was one that was about the size of a bear, almost like 175, 200 pounds, you know, very large beaver. We had beavers, one called Paleocastor, that actually dug corkscrew-like tunnels with its teeth into what we now know as the prairies of Nebraska. And so very different lifestyle.

• 8:12Alie Ward?

  Huge beavers, bear-sized beavers, and some that dug spiral tunnels. They are gone, but they are never going to be forgotten. Please tell all of your friends.

• 8:23Speaker 00

  But it wasn't until they really converged on that semi-aquatic behavior and the wood cutting and dam-building behaviors. When all three of those parts converged in the beaver, that is what drew their evolutionary success. And that's kind of the one that's persisting today.

• 8:40Alie Ward?

  I cannot imagine a beaver so big. That's unfathomable to me. Not unsurprising, but what about modern-day beavers? Let's say the North American ones. Or I'm not sure if they differ much with Eurasian. But how big are they? If I were to, let's say, just be blessed with the ability to hold a beaver, how, is it like a sack of potatoes? Are they smaller than we think? I can't even get my head around, because I see them from so far away if I ever get to see them.

• 9:08Speaker 00

  Yeah, good question. So there's some regional variation in that, but generally beavers in the north are a little bit larger, just to have a larger body size to sustain themselves through the winter and have that energy capacity. But I would say an average size would be between 40 to 50 pounds for an adult beaver, but they can get up to, you know, 60 to 90 pounds in some of those areas where they're quite large. And this is not sack of potatoes size for them at all. It's more along the size of a, you know, small dog in some ways, maybe like a border collie, but much lower to the ground, obviously, shorter legs, but something along those lines. When

• 9:50Speaker 00

  they're born, though, they're only about a pound or about the size of a loaf of bread, maybe, you know, that would be a good comparison for a newborn beaver is about a pound.

• 10:00Alie Ward?

  You know what weighs a pound? Like a big apple or an orange. A baby beaver, the size of a piece of fruit. In fact, one rehab site I went to described them thusly, "A healthy kit looks like a large fuzzy softball with a rubber-like tail." They're so tiny. How many are in a litter?

• 10:21Speaker 00

  Generally, two kits. A newborn beaver is called a kit. And so generally, two kits per litter. They can have up to four sometimes. The yearlings of that same monogamous pair of male and female will stay on with the family. And so you can have a combination of, you know, the two adults and then yearlings from the previous year, and then newborns, all in one lodge at the same time. But by the time they reach two years old, that's typically a natural dispersal time for beavers. And so the two-year-olds will leave their natal birth area and strike out to find a new wetland that they can call their own.

• 11:00Alie Ward?

  And they're monogamous? How long do they tend to stick together for?

• 11:04Speaker 00

  That's a great question. Generally, they stay together for the entire time.

• 11:08Alie Ward?

  Beavers, they love love. We love them for it. Although some North American beavers do cheat, I found out. But the Eurasian ones are pretty much totally loyal. But beavers co-parent, which is more than we can say for a lot of bitter couples that I see posting on TikTok.

• 11:24Speaker 00

  And very social and very territorial against other non-related beavers. They erect a lot of scent mounds, they're called, and they can be up to, you know, over a foot wide, a foot tall. And so there are these just heaps of dredged up vegetation and mud from the bottom of the, you know, the pond or the wetland where they are. And then they can dollop all their castorium on top of that, which is a very unique smelling excretion from a particular gland in them. But they can bring that out to put on the castor mound or scent mound, sometimes called, to kind of ward off non-related beavers.

• 12:02Alie Ward?

  I'm so glad that you brought up that gland because I'm boggled by it. And I didn't know that castorium was a product necessarily. Is it really used for things like artificial vanilla and strawberry and raspberry? Is there any known history on how humans realized that these scent mounds and that these secretions from beavers would be delicious additives to things?

• 12:29Speaker 00

  Well, they definitely do have a particular scent and it's not something that, you know, is out of question to smell yourself. You can definitely find these, especially in the springtime when beavers are actively dispersing, that, you know, the same time about when new kits are born is a really important time to kind of mark the territory, so to speak. And so these scent mounds are all over the place at that time. And it does have kind of a vanilla-ish tint. I think it's very nice. It's probably dependent on the nose who's smelling it. And it does have a history of being used in certain products. And, you know, we have used it for perfume and different things.

• 13:08Speaker 00

  I believe there's schnapps in, is it Germany or, I believe it's Germany that uses beaver hot. And it's kind of like a schnapps liquor that lies on that.

• 13:21Alie Ward?

  Okay, so I looked into this and castorium is again, not in the anal glands, but in these different pouches near there. And yes, both male and female beavers make it. Everyone makes it. Not you, but beavers do. And this unctuous creamy orange substance has vanilla notes and suggests the smell of an old leather chair and a den full of antique books. And I've read that's owing to all the trees that kind of make their way through beaver guts. And you can gently milk castorium from a beaver, but that is seen as very rude to many beavers. So sadly, most of it comes from trappers who harvest the sac and they sometimes let that sac dry out and mellow for a few years before grinding it up. Now, other than actively

• 14:06Alie Ward?

  seeking it out, you're not likely to find castorium like hiding in your foods. It's just much cheaper to use actual vanilla or artificial vanilla flavor, a lot easier to harvest. So it's rare to find anything with castorium on a shelf. Although that liquor that Rob mentioned, it sounds extremely German in concept and its name has umlauts and it translates to beaver howl, but it's actually Swedish. And my dear friend Simone Yach happens to be both Swedish and in Sweden. And so I texted her and her mom at an ungodly time for me, but it was a normal person time for Sweden. And I asked if this was like a common beverage and she was like, no, no, I've never heard of that. But there's this

• 14:51Alie Ward?

  place called Tamworth Distillery in the US and they do offer an Ode Musk Beaver gland perfumed whiskey in case you need to get your hands and your tongues on that. Why would you though? Well, it's supposed to be tasty, but also for thousands of years it was used to treat gout and fevers and headaches and other ailments. But the 1969 publication, Pliny's Pheromonic Aboard of Fascience in the Journal Science says that castorium used as an incense could provide the termination of a pregnancy. According to the Roman naturalist Pliny, who lived in the first century AD. What else was used back then as family planning?

• 15:33Alie Ward?

  Well, your other options were looking at a viper, holding a raven's egg, stepping over a beaver, or letting pass into your crotch the fumes from an ass's house. And the paper notes parenthetically "donkey stable", but thanks to several thousand years of progress medically, one need not dance over a beaver or invite donkey fumes up your tunic, because there are pharmaceuticals now. But while here in the US, many states have rolled back access to that healthcare, to pre-castorium in a lantern times. But anyway, rodent secretions. Many uses throughout the years, but no, your birthday cake flavored lip gloss does not have beaver bud in it. You're good.

• 16:16Speaker 00

  They're kind of artificially synthesized now.

• 16:18Alie Ward?

  And you can smell it when you're out looking for beavers or if you're out in the fields. Is it something like the breeze shifts and then suddenly you can smell a mound?

• 16:30Speaker 00

  It's not that sharp. It won't be wafting everywhere, but it's very concentrated and localized. And you do kind of know when you hit it, when you're like kind of near it yourself. But it generally takes, you know, leaning down and just kind of getting up close to it and just... But it's a very nice smell. It doesn't have anything related to scat or urine or they do have a very pronounced anal gland as well. Oh, nice. But that's used for waterproofing. That's not used for the purposes of defending their territory.

• 17:00Alie Ward?

  Do you have any idea how far away you are from a beaver right now? Like where you live in the Swan Valley? Do you know when I cross this bridge into town, there's a dam or a lodge there? Are you pretty aware of where they are in your local environment?

• 17:15Speaker 00

  Yeah, I am. And I think that's one of the things that I'm really passionate about is just interpreting, you know, beaver landscapes wherever you are. I mean, so many of us on the North American continent live in and among beaver wetlands without even knowing it sometimes. We have this issue, I think, as a people, just of beaver amnesia, not being... Able to see what the beavers created before us. And I would bet, you know, almost the entirety of us that are drinking water and flushing toilets and taking showers and all the things, our water is coming from somewhere that at some point in its history was shaped by a beaver. And there are things that we can still see, looking at aerial

• 17:57Speaker 00

  photography, looking at different ways the land drains, that land stacked up. And that might have been a beaver dam from like a couple centuries ago or something. And so it's really neat to be able to interpret it at that level of history in a contemporary sense. I love being able to kind of know my neighbors, so to speak, of who's building and who's active. Who's, you know, it's a very much a dynamic ebb and flow cycle of the beaver. So fun to watch.

• 18:26Alie Ward?

  And what about you? Where did you grow up and when did you start wanting to be involved with tracking beavers and learning more about them? I've only seen maybe one or two in my life in Montana splashing from afar. But I know I'm fascinated with them. But when did it start for you?

• 18:44Speaker 00

  I didn't have like one big light bulb moment. I consider myself very fortunate to, you know, grew up in a family that really supported just my natural curiosities in a lot of ways. And I grew up in the Northeast and spent a lot of time in northern New York and New England, you know, doing hiking and stuff. And beavers were certainly part of the theme then. I would spend a lot of time in the woods, saw beavers, but they were just another animal at the time. For me, it wasn't anything like they were changing the world in the way that they do. But I think one of the kind of milestones for me was going to Isle Royale National Park after college. One of my first wildlife fieldwork gigs was I was helping out with this wolf moose project. It's called.

• 19:29Speaker 00

  Our ostensible purpose was really to track down the bones of moose that were killed by wolves the previous winter. You know, I was there in the summer and I was just mind blown with how the beavers had changed the environment there in a way that was not only conducive to the moose, but also really important for supporting the wolves as well. You know, wolves are, one of the leaner times for them is in summer. And so I was just fascinated by, you know, this is a time when the wolves have adapted to eat beavers as well. I really got to get a really close look and just appreciate their keystone role is just

• 20:10Speaker 00

  how complicated and connected and, and all the things that they do for diverse animals, predators, prey, and everything in between. And so they're a real integrator of a lot of things. And that's one of the areas where it really lit up for me.

• 20:25Alie Ward?

  You're talking about them as something that changes the ecosystem and can have a lot of impact on things like literally downstream. And humans unfortunately have kind of stepped into that role, not in good ways a lot. But I'm so curious about the beaver instinct and they can have such huge impacts on environments. And I don't know how they know how to do that because I couldn't go just build a boat by myself. I couldn't just go build a house by myself. How do beavers know how to chop down wood, how to stack it? What exactly are they doing with all of this instinct?

• 21:06Alie Ward?

  And how is it shaping the environment in their immediate way? What does it do for beavers to make dams and lodges?

• 21:14Speaker 00

  Yeah, thanks.

• 21:15Alie Ward?

  You're welcome.

• 21:16Speaker 00

  So I think one of the things that is happening is that it's both a, it is an instinct. There is part of that proclivity to do that instinctually, but it's also a learned response. They've shown how beavers are actively, young beavers are actively learning with their parents and watching them and manipulating wood in the same way. And, and so building a dam is not a necessity for a beaver. That is not in itself is not what's necessary.

• 21:45Alie Ward?

  Wait, they don't need to build dams like all of them? I guess if you score an apartment next to a park, you don't need to erect a swing set in the front yard.

• 21:57Speaker 00

  Beavers are thriving, you know, on lake systems where they can have plenty of water. They're on rivers a lot of times where they can bank up in the side of the riverbank without any consequence. And they don't need to build an entire dam across a river or whatnot to have their way. But what dam building does is it is a mechanism for, you know, extending their safety from predators, but also increasing their access to food. And so when they build a dam in a stream system, it's not only spreading the water out across, you know, the stream system laterally, but it's also stacking up a lot

• 22:38Speaker 00

  of weight behind that dam. And so it's sinking more water into exchange with the groundwater system.

• 22:45Alie Ward?

  Oh.

• 22:45Speaker 00

  And I think too often we just think of our river systems as one, you know, upstream, downstream, you know, going one way. And what's natural about rivers and watershed systems is that when they spread out as well as down, so laterally and vertically as well. And the researcher Ellen Wool has just done a lot of great work showing that kind of hydrological complexity of beaver systems.

• 23:11Alie Ward?

  So beavers make in dams not only spread the stream water wider out, but deeper into the soils as well and into the groundwater. And for more, you can see Dr. Wool's 2017 paper in the Journal of Water Resources Research titled Beaver-Mediated Lateral Hydrologic Connectivity: Fluviol Carbon and Nutrient Flux and Aquatic Ecosystems Metabolism, which maybe you've already read. But if not, TLDR is that our beaver friends make complex watery environments and that those areas are good sink for water when the streams run low and for carbon capture and nutrients for the rest of the ecosystems. Even hydrologists are like, damn, beavers, that's cool.

• 23:54Speaker 00

  But when the water spreads out, you know, they are very comfortable in water, but not as much on land. You know, you've got to imagine a beaver has front feet that are very dexterous, about the size of like a deck of cards or so. And then the hind feet are double or, you know, even more than double that size. And they're webbed, entirely webbed. So it's like walking on hands on one part, but then like enormous flippers on the back. And so they're very awkward and just very slow and they do smell a lot. And so they're very attractive to a number of predators on land. And so being in water is a safe place for them.

• 24:37Speaker 00

  They're just ultimate graceful in the water. And so that's safe. And as the water extends, they're both encouraging new like willow, aspen, cottonwood regeneration, and then able to access that for their own food and building uses as well.

• 24:53Alie Ward?

  So they're kind of shoring up that river. It spreads out, it gets deeper, and then naturally willows and other things use that water source to grow into it. They create this new little ecosystem where more things start to thrive there?

• 25:13Speaker 00

  Yeah, that's right. A lot of species, wherever beavers were in that range, have co-evolved with beavers and depend on their work and their disturbance factor to make the habitats where they thrive. And so willows are just a consummate example of that. They're truly an amazing plant in their ability to be, you know, just a sprig. If it's attached, you know, gets a little bit of a root hold in moist soil can just take off and can propagate very fast in ways that are really great. And so beavers are a little bit different than like an elk or a deer or other browser in that they're not seeking so much the buds, you know, they don't want that just fresh shoot growth.

• 25:57Speaker 00

  And so plants like willows, aspens, cottonwoods, those are kind of their three favorites really. Those are some of the plants that evolved in those riparian systems that really thrive as well. And so it is a very dynamic cycle. And beavers, they create diversity by being dynamic. One of the things that they do is they don't always stay in that spot. As one food patch will become diminished a little bit, they'll shift to another. And so at each of those different stages temporally in the beaver succession, that brings a whole new suite of species that will thrive in that altered state. And so it's a constantly shifting mosaic that beavers really promote.

• 26:40Alie Ward?

  Well, if they get up and go, if they're like, hmm, not as much here, and they get up and go, do they have to build an entirely new dam? Or do they ever find abandoned dams from other beavers? And they're like, this is pretty good.

• 26:54Speaker 00

  Yes, I mean, one of the greatest predictors of future beaver habitat is historic beaver presence. And so that's why it's important to have that eye to be able to see, you know, where a prior dam complex was, or other old chew sign that you can see on sticks and things around. Those are all great signs for where future beavers could establish as well. And that's really important for people involved in beaver restoration is looking at kind of where those prior sites were productive, because those are the places that they will likely come back to.

• 27:25Alie Ward?

  You know, it always boggles me to hear how fast a spider, like an orb weaver, can spin a web. Kind of the timeline of how different organisms create things, I think it can be really surprising. But when it comes to making a dam, and I know there are really huge ranges probably in sizes, but are they working on it for like a year? Is it a multi-year project? Or do they say, all right, let's chew some trees down, let's get this thing done. And it's like, pretty fast?

• 27:54Speaker 00

  Yeah, great question. So it does vary a ton. But generally, they are working very hard and in a way, very fast on it. Sometimes alterations or blowouts will happen in a dam system naturally, or human caused for various reasons. And beavers are very fast to, you know, return to that leak. And triggered a lot by the sound of flowing water as well. The instinct, you know, that is a trigger to where the leak is, so to speak.

• 28:21Alie Ward?

  Not only that, but they tend to work the night shift. And they dig out trails and even canals to float sticks and tree trunks toward the dams. They're making log rides.

• 28:33Speaker 00

  But, you know, I also sometimes resist the idea of just the busy, you know, being a beaver. If you ever get the chance to watch a beaver doing its work in this setting, they're not, they're never frenzied, you know, in their activity. I always really appreciate just how deliberate and just like tactful they are in placement. It's more of just like a constant process as opposed to just like this frenzy of activity. They have just really mastered the art of maintenance. I think so many of us humans just don't know how to do basic like maintenance activities. Sometimes we can, you know, dispose of something or get a new one, but we don't know how to really just tinker and maintain

• 29:16Speaker 00

  things over time. And so I think that's part of what makes beaver structures so resilient is that they're constantly evolving and adapting with the changes that they're facing.

• 29:26Alie Ward?

  How are they making those dams? Are they threading different size diameter trunks and sticks? Is it almost like they're weaving it or are they piling it and then kind of plugging in gaps?

• 29:40Speaker 00

  Kind of all the above. It generally starts with, you know, just some birmingham of some mud at the base. You know, it's not only stick. So there's some anchoring things in there going on, like the mud, sometimes even rocks are rolled in and stones can be rolled in as part of like a supporting base. But, you know, it's, it is a very complex, and remember, this is in a aquatic environment where water is flowing around all the time. You don't have the, you know, the ability to do this in dry times, but they use that to their advantage as well. And then as it crests out of the water, you know, they do add a berm of mud, especially on that upstream edge where the water is pounding and they

• 30:23Speaker 00

  will use mud as well to kind of add a little shellac like coating to it to keep it from just water getting through all those crannies of the sticks, so to speak.

• 30:33Alie Ward?

  And with a pair of beavers, are they both working on it typically? Or do they ever get the yearlings in on it? Like, hey, you're gonna have to do this eventually. Go grab me some mud.

• 30:45Speaker 00

  Yeah, very much all the above. I think, you know, it's not a gendered activity. It's, I think both male and female contribute to dam building and the yearlings as well. It takes, takes the kits a little bit of time to get comfortable to that point. When they're born, they actually don't have their waterproofing gland active yet. And so they stay in the lodge for a little bit of a time. But after they get that waterproofing gland active and they can be in the water effectively, you know, they will also watch and participate and learn from the process as well.

• 31:21Alie Ward?

  You know, you mentioned, obviously, we're talking baby beavers. Sometimes a wildlife rehabber will have videos of baby beavers, and they're very fuzzy and very cute. And I've seen videos of them taking all the towels or toys or items around them and trying to plug up a doorway with them. And I imagine that's got to be instinctual. But do they start looking for stuff to push around even when they're little, little?

• 31:50Speaker 00

  I believe so. I'm not as familiar with those type of environments. But you know, play and just experimenting and using those tools is very important for so many animals. You look at bears or wolves or any other animals that are socially oriented like that, that watch each other, learn from each other, and do have play, that play and practicing with their future tools kind of is a very important instinct or way of entering their future work. And so I think that's, that is a possibility, yeah.

• 32:24Alie Ward?

  This reminds me of when my nephew Mason wanted to play this video game. And it was just a video game about working at a diner, making sandwiches and burgers. And we're like, you know, Mason, one day you can do this for as long as you want. And they give you money for it. You're never going to believe it. It's called a job. But yeah, that video I saw, which was uploaded to YouTube in 2022, is titled Rescue Beaver Makes Christmas Dam In-House. And it features a rescue beaver scooting down a nice hardwood flooring hallway and stacking items, including a flip-flop, a SpongeBob SquarePants plush toy, a small Christmas tree, a rag rug, a teddy bear, and a full roll of red shiny wrapping paper.

• 33:08Alie Ward?

  And at times, this beaver pauses thoughtfully, just blinking, touching his tiny hands together as you might when you have walked into the kitchen, but you've forgotten why. Now, the uploader. Holly Muraco writes in the video's description that this beaver is being raised by wildlife rehabbers after being orphaned as a newborn. Her parents were killed and their dam and lodge destroyed. Beavers are classified as nuisance animals in many US states, Holly writes, and can be killed anytime. Beavers need to spend two years with their human rehabbers and have lots of opportunities to practice instinctive behaviors. This beaver enjoys playing this game inside the house, but lives with the other orphaned beavers

• 33:52Alie Ward?

  outside most of the time. Now Holly, who works with the Woodside Wildlife Rescue in Mississippi, writes, "This misunderstood and unique species needs lots of love. And I want to reach into this video and I want to pet this big rodent. I want to tell it it's doing a good job of stacking all of those objects together. I want to softly pat its big weird tail because I love it." A question I feel like I have never gotten to ask someone who gets to study and learn about beavers, but what's with their tail? How big is it? Is that all skin or is it hairy? It looks like a big cactus leaf, kind of. Like, what does that feel or look like?

• 34:36Speaker 00

  So definitely not hairy. It is more scaly. So the beaver tail is really a fascinating part of their body in a lot of ways. Please tell me. For one, it's used a little bit as a rudder as they're swimming through the water, and so it can help them steer a little bit. It's also important when they're propping up to chew down a tree or whatnot. And one of the most important functions of it, though, it's a very important alarm system as well. You've probably either heard yourself or heard of beavers slapping their tail as they get alarmed by predator or potential threat or some other non-related beaver or some other concern in their environment. They will really have this impressive slap.

• 35:22Speaker 00

  Action on the water and it's, it is kind of jolting and that is a warning to other beavers that there might be a threat around and so they know how to respond to that. But the fourth one that's so important that the tail does is that it's a very much a heat or a thermo regulation and heat storage, energy storage organ. And so in the winter, it actually, that is the part of their body that becomes quite larger than it is in the summer. They have a lot of body fat, but they take on most of that in the winter and store it in their tail.

• 35:52Alie Ward?

  Same as a dump truck.

• 35:54Speaker 00

  And so that is really important for, one of the ways for them to keep warm in the winter. So the outside is very scaly, always black, and that has also been shown to have like a unique signature. You can look at the tail and tell individual beavers by

• 36:12Alie Ward?

  Wow.

• 36:13Speaker 00

  Their tail details, just like we can with a fingerprint on a human. But then, you know, inside of the tail, it's just very thickly layered of white gelatinous kind of fat. And so that, all that fat is what's really important to, for their heat storage in the winter.

• 36:32Alie Ward?

  Well, I never thought of it this, once in my life before, but are there bones in the tail? There've gotta be. Is it like a dog tail, but just real flat and big?

• 36:42Speaker 00

  There is a central node of vertebra extending down through the tail that is in the center of it there, but it's more filled with more capillary like blood vessels. And so there's very, lot of blood exchange in there that keeps it from, you know, freezing in those times and again, serving that heat storage purpose. So other than that central area of bone going down the middle, it is entirely fat, pretty much.

• 37:09Alie Ward?

  I never realized that. I would have thought it was kind of like a mat of leather. We have so many questions from listeners that are very excited to have a beaver expert on. Can I ask you some listener questions?

• 37:19Speaker 00

  Sure.

• 37:20Alie Ward?

  Okay. They knew you were coming on. We've organized them as best we can into some categories. I thought this was a great question. Shannon O'Grady, Olivia Lester, Onyx Monolith, Rachel Prestaco, Ash Micklewright, Gemma, Shirley Lozanobo, Addie Capello, and Alexandra Rambo. They want to know about their teeth. How are they so strong? Alexandra asks, has the strength of their teeth been measured? What are they comparable to? Onyx Wanted to know, is it comparable to like a tigers and alligators? What kind of jaw and teeth strength are they working with? And we will get to the root of that tooth question in a minute, including why they are the color of a tangerine. But first, we donate to a cause of the ologist's choosing.

• 38:05Alie Ward?

  And this week, the wonderful Rob Rich selected Tracker Certification North America, which aims to create a future where ecological literacy is common, valued, and accessible to all. And they do this by providing education, resources, support, and professional certification for all who aim to improve their skills as wildlife trackers, either recreationally or professionally. And they explain that wildlife tracking is a field science, which helps identify and interpret the signs of animal activity and wildlife observations amid a changing world. It also gives people a feeling of a meaningful connection with the landscapes. So that was Tracker Certification North America, with whom Rob works. So thank you to our show sponsors for enabling that donation.

• 38:48Alie Ward?

  How's your ponytail looking? Maybe like a little thinner than it used to? We've talked about this in our menopause episode. At some point, it's bound to happen to all of us. So if you're ready for thicker, fuller hair, start your free online visit today at forhers.com/ologies for personalized care. So that's F-O-R-H-E-R-S dot com slash ologies. Individual results may vary. Featured products include compounded drug products, which the FDA does not approve or verify for safety, effectiveness, or quality. Prescription required. Price varies based on product and subscription plan. See website for full details, restrictions, and important safety information. This podcast is brought to you by Squarespace. If you haven't heard me gushing about Squarespace for years, it's an all-in-one website platform.

• 39:31Alie Ward?

  Whether you're trying to grow a business you have or if you're just a baby business getting started, it has everything you need. That's where I secured my domain name. It helped me build a professional site. I can update it so easily. I've been using Squarespace since before ologies existed. After procrastinating for years, I literally built my website in one evening. They have templates, they have flexible editing tools. Squarespace also makes it Easy to share your work. You can book clients. You can get paid. They have built in tools for scheduling and invoicing and email all in one place. Whenever someone I know needs a website, whether they're a scientist that needs to put their work up or someone who's just starting a business, I'm like, dude, Squarespace.

• 40:12Alie Ward?

  So head to squarespace.com/ologies for a free trial. And when you're ready to launch, use offer code OLOGIES to save 10% off your first purchase of a website or domain. You can do it. Ologies with Ally Ward is sponsored by Sylvania. It's time to upgrade your nighttime drive with Sylvania LED Ultra Fog and Powersport Lights. These powerful lights deliver cool white clarity and crisp visibility that's built to last. And thanks to their compact design, Sylvania LED Ultra Fog and Powersport Lights are engineered for a DIY install. No mechanic required. They're also backed by a limited lifetime warranty and 125 years of lighting expertise,

• 40:52Alie Ward?

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• 41:32Alie Ward?

  I'm gonna be real with you. I just got back from a few weeks in the Catskills doing nothing but eating pie. Did I miss out on nutrients, you may ask? Not really, because I do take Ritual every day. And I love Ritual because they have a team of scientists. They poured over thousands of studies to identify common gaps between nutrient needs and what people are actually consuming. And they have an essential for women 18 plus. It delivers nine key nutrients. They have two delayed release capsules designed for optimal absorption. Also, what I like about their multi is gentle on the stomach. There was a university-led clinical trial. It showed increased vitamin D levels by 43%, omega-3 DHA by 41% in just 12 weeks.

• 42:14Alie Ward?

  Their multivitamins are third-party tested, clean-label project-certified, they're vegan. Ritual is also a certified B Corp and a female-founded company, which I also love. So instead of striving for perfect health, support your foundational health. Get early access to Ritual's Black Friday sale for 40% off your first order when you visit ritual.com/ologies. So that's ritual.com/ologies for 40% off your first month.

• 42:43Alie Ward?

  Okay, and folks submitting questions are patrons of Ologies at patreon.com/ologies. You can join for a dollar. And we're all eager to get back to the beaver questions. What's with those teeth?

• 42:55Speaker 00

  Their teeth are supported by a skull that makes their teeth effective. And so they have a very flat-topped, wide skull with these things we call zygomatic arches, which are what we call cheekbones sometimes. And so when those are so wide-spreading, that allows for a lot of muscle attachment coming down over the top of their cranium, attaching to the outside of those cheekbones, and then going down into their mandible. And so all that complex muscle attachment does make for a lot of jaw strength. I can guarantee you it's quite strong to bring down to cottonwood or a large tree that is double the size of their body or something.

• 43:38Alie Ward?

  And for patron Alexander Rambo, hi, hey, who asked, "Has the strength of their teeth been measured? And what are they comparable to?" It's about 180 pounds per square inch, which is greater than the 150 or so of a human's, but it's a lot less than the 1,000 pounds per square inch that a Bengal tiger or a grizzly would use to snap your bones. Maybe it's because trees can't run away from beavers. They can kind of just succumb to their fate, being savored bite by bite as slow as they want to. I don't know. I'm neither a tree nor a beaver.

• 44:13Speaker 00

  But the teeth themselves, like all rodents, they're defined by ever-growing incisors. And so those are kind of the hallmark front teeth that we see. And then they've got a really robust set of molars as well. And so the molars are for grinding, masticating all that wood pulp down is important. But the incisors are what do the heavy work of the cutting. And so on the top ones, they're very orange on the outside. And so if you see a beaver's front teeth, you'll see that orange that's enamel. And it's colored that way because of some of the iron and the compounds that they eat in the wood that they're having.

• 44:54Speaker 00

  But that closes over a wider area on the bottom teeth that is called dentine. And so that wider area is softer, the enamel is harder. You know, when they rub against each other like that, it's a constantly sharpening chisel. And so the beaver's teeth are extremely sharp and constantly becoming more so. And if they don't have access to wood and don't keep gnawing and, you know, working on that, the teeth will keep growing and can become quite a dental hazard for them. So they do require wood for that purpose as well. But yeah, hard enamel outside, soft white kind of dentine on the inside for those incisors,

• 45:38Speaker 00

  and then just a lot of continuous action to keep it sharp.

• 45:41Alie Ward?

  So our exposed teeth, your exposed teeth, if you're listening to this, have hard enamel on all sides. But touch the back of your teeth with your tongue. So in a beaver, that side is softer. So their teeth are self-sharpening because the harder marmalade-colored, enameled front surface of the bottom teeth wears down the soft backside of the uppers. So you've got yourself a whole set of mouth shivs taking down trees, ready to go. Now, according to the 2018 paper, "A Mathematical Model of Beaver Incisor Tooth Morphology," beavers' front teeth, they just keep getting worn down and growing its whole life.

• 46:22Alie Ward?

  They grow a total length of about six feet in its life, which I guess when you consider that they are an entire tool chest for building stuff, and they are also your silverware, it's kind of a worthwhile metabolic investment for the beaver. Some folks asked about diet and I had never thought about this before because honestly, I just figured they ate fish and frogs and stuff. But Eli, the fish guy, Mo, Prince Nocturnal, Amanda, Key Lime Pie, Shannon O'Grady, Jim says Sam and Katie and Jackie G wanted to know, in Sam and Katie's words, what do they eat? Do they eat any of the bark from the trees they use for their dams? Shannon O'Grady said, do they eat wood? Do they eat fish?

• 47:04Alie Ward?

  And Jackie G says, do beavers really poop sawdust? No idea what a beaver eats, to be honest.

• 47:12Speaker 00

  Right. So they are definitely 100% vegan. No animal fare of note in, you know, maybe an insect or something will slip in occasionally, but there's very minimal to no record of them relying on any animal food in their diet. And so in the spring and summer and warmer months, when the veg is succulent and there's a lot of herbaceous or non-woody plants out there, there's a number of wetland-associated plants that they will eat. They will also use the roots of certain things, like water lily roots are sometimes important for beavers. And just in the water lily pad leaves, you know, a lot of the succulent plants are not

• 47:54Speaker 00

  available, certainly year-round. So when they cut down a tree or cut down a branch or whatnot, they're not ingesting the entire thing. They're mostly after what we call the cambium, which is this thin layer of sugary cells where the tree is actively growing. And so, you know, most of what we call on a tree is actually dead cellulose material. It's not something that is nutritious in any way. But they will seek out that cambium layer just below the bark and below, before you get into the real kind of dead wood of the tree. And so they will eat first and then use some for building or some they're just used for feeding as well. A little bit of a mixed bag there.

• 48:40Alie Ward?

  So yes, they eat trees, people. They eat trees. And for more on the different layers inside the tree, which is the most delicious, you can see our wonderful dendrology episode with J. Casey Clapp of the Completely Arbitrary Podcast. We also have a scatology episode, and that is about animal poop. Speaking of, what is a beaver log like? What's coming out of their wood chipper?

• 49:05Speaker 00

  It's about a golf ball sized lump, a lot of times. And I sometimes liken it to like shredded wheat or something. It takes that kind of character. And beavers are one of the rodents, in addition to the wagamorfs, the rabbits and picas and whatnot, that will re-ingest their own first poop. And so they will eat that to kind of extract a second round of nutrients out of it. This is a practice called coprofagi.

• 49:33Speaker 02

  Delicious.

• 49:34Speaker 00

  And so by the time it comes out that second time, it is very loose, easily disintegrated, lump of sawdust-like shredded wheat. Most of the time, it's deposited in water. And so it's very prone to disintegration quite quickly.

• 49:50Alie Ward?

  All we are is dust in the wind. All we are is beaver scat in a pond. Jacob Ellsbury says, "I've never seen a beaver before, but I see their chew marks everywhere. Where do they go?" Maya wants to know, "Are they nocturnal?" Or did I make that up? Sedonia S. wants to know, "How can I increase my likelihood of seeing them?"

• 50:10Speaker 00

  Great. So the chew marks are definitely something you want to look for. And if you don't see them, and you know there are beavers there, just, you want to be looking for like a cut on the branch at like a 45 degree angle. That's just because of how they kind of turn their head, and then how the branch typically falls. It's kind of like this angled cut, which is typical of all rodents, really. But that sharp angled cut is really important. To see beavers, they are fascinating because they're at once very conspicuous. You can see their activity from aerial images, which is fascinating. But they're also kind of cryptic

• 50:49Speaker 00

  sometimes, in that they do prefer to be active at nocturnal or crepuscular, kind of dawn dusk kind of times, sometimes. So a great time is really to just get out there first thing in the morning. And you can kind of wake up with them as they're about to Tuck in for their time kind of in the lodge or their safe spot for the day. And they'll typically come out in the more dusk hours as well. Those are kind of good times to try, but beavers are not hard and fast about being nocturnal. They, you can find them during the day as well, so.

• 51:24Alie Ward?

  Oh, okay, so, but get up early. When it comes to them getting up and versus sleeping, a lot of folks wanted to ask about their lodges. And I did not know there was a difference really between a lodge and a dam. I don't know why I never thought about that. Megan Walker, Adam Foot, Katie Bauer, Stephanie Rosso, Amanda Lander, Haley Kirby, Genetosaur, Valerie Bertha, first time quest asker Jean Genoir, all wanted to know what the vibe is in a beaver lodge. What's it like in there? Rebecca King wanted to know, is their lodge really impenetrable by bears? But Ghoul Next Door asked, I was always enchanted by their homes as a kid. And I imagine they had beautifully furnished cozy living rooms down there. But what are those dens like? And is it one big room?

• 52:08Alie Ward?

  Is it a different little kind of nests off of one big space? Other folks wanted to know if they all kind of cohabitate with more than just their family or with other animals, kind of what's, what's happening in their lodges?

• 52:21Speaker 00

  Yeah, great question. So again, a lodge, you are correct, the lodge is separate from a dam. And so they're not ever living in the dam, but they are definitely using a variety of different lodge styles. And sometimes it can be like freestanding in the water. And sometimes it can be half affixed to like a bank. Sometimes it can just be a hole dug into a bank and made burrowed in that way. But those are the places where they're living and kind of sheltering over winter. If it's in an environment where they need to do that. And they are not impenetrable, but they are very difficult to enter for a lot of predators. The ones that are made of sticks and mud are generally like the dam in a way.

• 53:04Speaker 00

  They're, you know, the sticks are kind of latticed in and then the mud fills in a lot of the cracks. And so when that freezes in the winter, that can become pretty rock hard. And they do all. All the family is living in there together. One of my most fascinating parts of beaver existence is just that time in the winter of how they're doing that under the ice, in the darkness, in cold environments, in wet environments. And it's just, you know, we thought COVID was bad and isolation in a lot of ways. I mean, they are very much isolated in that time when they can't come back out above water surface for months at a time,

• 53:42Speaker 00

  potentially. It does have different layers, terraces, a lot of times you can see in them. If you ever are lucky enough to find a abandoned beaver lodge, sometimes I have been able to enter into some of the shoots that go into a lodge and you can see for yourself kind of what the size is like, but it can generally fit them together, generally some body warmth in there involved. But Casey McFarland, who's a great tracker and wildlife ecologist, he has a great video just showing one of those abandoned beaver lodges, what the interior is like.

• 54:22Alie Ward?

  Okay, so Rob, already established, he's amazing. He sent me a link to Casey McFarland's video of an abandoned beaver dam. His whole YouTube channel is great, but this video is titled "Inside a Beaver Lodge and Cross-Section of a Dam," where he's able to peek inside an opening that was previously underwater.

• 54:42Speaker 03

  But um, let's go inside. This is pretty cool. So.

• 54:46Alie Ward?

  Casey scoots through some shallow water and into a clearing in this giant 10-foot mound of sticks. And inside, we see what looks like a collapsed barn. There is timber of every diameter and hard-packed mud and almost a ramp that leads to a platform toward the back.

• 55:08Speaker 03

  But it's like a messy.

• 55:11Speaker 03

  But very robust and, and well-built log cabin.

• 55:16Alie Ward?

  I gotta say, it's pretty freaking cool to see inside a beaver lodge.

• 55:20Speaker 03

  Pretty freaking cool to see inside a beaver lodge.

• 55:25Speaker 00

  But in the lodges, you know, there can be muskrats, particularly are one that are often cohabitating with beavers. And there are things like spiders, all sorts of invertebrates and insects that are certainly dwelling in there, sometimes amphibians as well. And then after the beavers leave, sometimes, you know, there can be other larger animals that use them as well. Sage Raymond is a colleague that has done really neat work up in Elk Island National Park in Alberta, just showing that coyotes and porcupines and different animals are following after the beaver to use those where tree sources are limited. And so beavers are incredibly important throughout, again, throughout their temporal

• 56:08Speaker 00

  history of their, of their wetland complexes is fascinating to me.

• 56:13Alie Ward?

  Do beavers winter in their lodges or somewhere else? Do they hibernate? Joe Dofine and Megan Walker wanted to know about ice holes. Joe said that they had a natural history professor who said that beavers smash the ice with their head to create a path for them to swim and then they come up and breathe during the winter months? Other people say that doesn't happen, but yeah, in some winter behavior, how much sleeping versus how much activity?

• 56:37Speaker 00

  Yes. To survive in the winter, most of the times they're relying on what we call a cache. And so it's like this stored up mass of sticks that they will plug into the, the floor of the stream or pond or whatever water source they're on. And this is just this raft of sticks that they have like piled up and are in the bottom of the water source there. And so that is their primary food during the winter and they're going in and out of the lodge to access that. There is a certain time, you know, before freeze up where it's not quite frozen, but it's not quite flowing water everywhere either. So it's kind of that delicate in-between

• 57:18Speaker 00

  time and they will use their flat, thick, scalded head to kind of bash up through thinner ice to do that and keep it open as long as they can. But in my area, there does come a point where there is no more of that bashing to be had and the ice just takes over. And so, once that happens, they are fully locked under there for months at a time.

• 57:43Alie Ward?

  So when it's so cold that a beaver's habitat is too iced over to even slam their head into, they stay just in their dry above-land lodge, but they take that ramp down into the water and the entrance is usually underwater. They swim underneath the ice sheets on the surface of the pond or the lake to get to their aquatic pantry of sticks to eat and then they swim back under the ice to the opening to their lodge. All of that when things look still on the surface. Winter for them means going so hard but looking so low-key.

• 58:19Speaker 00

  You can tell activity sometimes. One of the fascinating signs to look for is, you know, these bubble trails that go in and out of water, not water, air escaping from their interstitial spaces of their fur. You know, there's air trapped in there and so when they go in and out of their lodge, all those bubbles are escaping from their fur and rising up to the surface of the ice. And so, before the ice gets all snowed over and kind of opaque, you can see those bubbles to see where the beavers have been coming and going. But after that, after the snow gets all over the ice, it is pretty much total darkness for potentially a month at a time.

• 59:01Alie Ward?

  Wow.

• 59:02Speaker 02

  Light the duck.

• 59:03Alie Ward?

  You know, you mentioned the fur and I know that their fur has played a huge part too in their decline and Catherine Vella and Gemma wanted to know.

• 59:13Alie Ward?

  What does their fur feel like? Is it wiry or is it coarse? Megan Walker wants to know, how does it not get soaked through? And first time question asker Rebecca Morrison asked, what is it about beavers and their fur that made them so popular for trapping and trade? Sam and Katie asked simply, and I imagine with a tremble in their voice, is it soft? And that thickness obviously must keep them nice and dry, or at least warm during the winter. Can you tell us a little bit about the fur?

• 59:45Speaker 00

  So it is multi-layered as well. It's super dense. It's one of the most dense furs of animals on the planet, really, right up there with like sea otter and other semi-aquatic mammals that are spending a lot of time in really cold water in really cold northerly environments. And so it is dense. The layer on the outside that you would touch first is coarse-er. It's composed of more guard hairs. That's what waterproofing oils from their anal glands are constantly being lathered onto to keep them as sleek and waterproof as possible. But below that, you get more into some more downy dense layers that are even softer.

• 1:00:28Speaker 00

  And so that is what's kind of right up against their body. The fur is so dense, I've heard it, one stat I seem to recall is like 23,000 hairs per square centimeter. And so you can imagine a square centimeter. That is not large, but that is a ton of hairs in that area.

• 1:00:47Alie Ward?

  On your scalp, if you grow hair there, you've got about 150 hairs per square centimeter. Beavers have 150 times that, up to 23,000 hairs per square centimeter. And they never wash it and it's shiny. And for product, they use an organic finishing oil sourced from their own ass sacks obsessed.

• 1:01:09Speaker 00

  And so that density is probably about 25% of the beaver's insulation through the winter. And so even all that hair, because they're in the water so much, doesn't do all their needs to stay insulated. And that's why they rely so much on their fat stores as well to accommodate the rest of their insulation. But it is incredibly dense fur and it is, in the interior, very soft. Yeah.

• 1:01:34Alie Ward?

  Well, you mentioned that fatty tail and Nia Squirrel, or Nia Squirrel, first time question asker, wanted to know if you've heard what the tail tasted like? And if it's true that at one time, this was a highly sought after delicacy? And some other folks wanted to know beaver meat. This was an audio question from one Dr. Teigenwall.

• 1:01:56Speaker 04

  I've heard that some places are trying to control their local beaver population by integrating the meat into their cuisine. So my question is, what does beaver taste like? And what is the best way to eat a beaver? And have you ever tried it? That's my question.

• 1:02:11Speaker 05

  Got it.

• 1:02:11Alie Ward?

  Brett McLean wanted to know, what do they taste like? Do people eat them? I know they're hunted and trapped for fur, but is their meat source something that's actually still sought after?

• 1:02:24Speaker 00

  So that varies. You know, the tail, I think, was, it was definitely relied on at certain times in certain people that live in climates where that was needed throughout human evolution. They've certainly relied on beaver tail as a, as a fat source. And beaver meat as well is something that has a lot of importance in certain times of human evolution.

• 1:02:47Alie Ward?

  So in a Harvard University article titled "Damned If They Do," one beaver conservationist and environmental engineer, Jordan Kennedy, explained that the beaver is considered one of the fundamental animals of creation in Blackfeet culture. So when trappers started to expand west into what's now Montana, the Blackfeet nations who revere the beaver were not typically willing to help them with their trapping within that territory. And as a result, the animals weren't wiped out the way they were in much of North America. And resources at this website, blackfeetclimatechange.com, describe ecological projects in homage of the beaver, saying that beaver mimicry is this restoration technique that has been gaining popularity due to its cheap and easy and effective application. So there's this pilot project that they're working on,

• 1:03:32Alie Ward?

  exploring the use of beaver mimicry as a restoration and educational activity in the Blackfeet Nation. However, in some places where locals are still at war with the beavers, industrial And their architecture trapping is legal and folks enjoy not just the thick pelts, but the meat too. And I found a 2022 article titled, how to eat a beaver and it describes it similar to elk or bison with a deep woodsy character. And it reads that the meat is clean and sweet smelling garnet colored and lean with a thick cap of pristine fat under the skin. As for the other eating beaver, that's a whole

• 1:04:12Alie Ward?

  different episode. And we have ones on sexology and gynecology, as well as phallology for anyone feeling left out. Why are there so many beaver innuendos? I'm glad you asked Mouse Paxton, Pafka34, Lauren Otto, Katie Murray, G. Sharon, Annie G., Hannah Riedel, Rebecca King Waldron, and Spencer Aldridge. So we're all wondering. And I looked into this, right? So in the 1920s, a fad went around London and a 1922 Associated Press article bore the headline, "English Lord Tells of Game of Beaver." And it contained some thrillingly Bridgerton sentences. I'll read them. Lord and Lady Mountbatten, she is one of England's prettiest

• 1:04:54Alie Ward?

  and richest women, and he is King George's cousin, decided today they would attend the World Series and compare it with London's new outdoor sport, beaver. Beaver, said Lord Mountbatten, is a street game anyone can play. You walk along with a friend. If you spot a chap with a beard, you call out beaver, that counts 15 points. If it is a white beard, this is a polar beaver and counts 30. You score as in tennis, the winner makes the loser buy the drinks, and it is driving beards right out of London, Lord Mountbatten says. Now, there was another 1922 article in the Columbia, Missouri Evening Missourian News, and it wrote that the unwiskered

• 1:05:36Alie Ward?

  have entered joyfully into the game and try to spot a beaver before their fellows. Okay, great game, got it. But then five years later, a 1927 book of poetry titled Immortalia, an anthology of American ballads, sailor songs, cowboy songs, college songs, parodies, limericks, and other humorous verse- In Dogarel contained a limerick. It read, "There once was a lady named Eva who filled up a bath to receive her. She took off her clothes from her head to her toes when a voice at the keyhole yelled, 'Beaver.'" So this book is still in print and one modern reviewer praised, "This is a most fabulous collection of the smut our forefathers actually giggled about in taverns." So there you have it, from beaver to beaver to beaver. Bring

• 1:06:20Alie Ward?

  that up at dinner or a New Year's party, or if there's a lull in the conversation, or maybe bring it up at Easter. Since yes, Jen Ringney and Rowan Doyle, the Catholic Church does consider beavers to be fish because they are aquatic. And for more on all of that, see our wonderful Capybara episode, because if you're Catholic, those big rodents are also fish. Nothing makes sense. Sometimes I get very mad about it. Onward. Avaline is a first time question asker and says they're from Canada and they've met a trapper who has an annual quota of beavers he must trap, and says that without human control, they would essentially wreck our world, the human and water infrastructure. Other patrons, Rebecca Morrison, Will, Caitlin O'Malley, Mish the Fish, Jay Shay,

• 1:07:05Alie Ward?

  and Tyler Williams, asked about historical trappings and the fur trade causing this steep decline in beaver populations, and the sustainability of current beaver trapping. Are we trying to preserve or cull numbers? What's happening?

• 1:07:19Speaker 00

  I can't really speak to what the first listener was talking about, about wrecking the world. I think that would be a little bit extreme. You know, beavers, like I said, one to start here, that for seven and a half million odd years, they've been on this continent, shaping and transforming it in different ways. And we, at one point, had between 100 and 400 million beavers across North America. And in the course of about three centuries, you know, that in the, about the 1600s through the early 1900s, you know, that went down to about 100,000.

• 1:07:56Alie Ward?

  That is up to 400 million beaver on the continent, down to 100,000. So over a few centuries of colonization, the percentage of beaver population remaining was one quarter of 1%. 99.75% of the beavers had been killed right off.

• 1:08:18Speaker 00

  And so we are very lucky that they didn't become extinct or endangered, but their populations at this point are very patchy, dispersed, and in many places, recovering. But beavers do not need us to keep them, kind of their populations, in control. I mean, they, for all those years, they have had other predators that are doing that effectively, and their own, you know, population saturation densities is a important regulation on that. And, and so I think a lot of times where the conflicts come into play is that, you know, we are living in the same places that beavers also thrive. In other words, those low-lying,

• 1:09:02Speaker 00

  arable flood plains and good soil and all those things where there's good water access and things, those are the things people want too. And so there's a lot of times some tension there. But there's a lot of other non-lethal solutions to beaver coexistence as well. And so a lot of times when trapping, you know, when that's used as a solution to beaver problems, that's really just creating a void for new beavers to come in. Because again, if the habitat is good, future beavers will find that and be a part of that somehow.

• 1:09:37Alie Ward?

  Do they have more than one litter each year? It seems like just having two a year, they wouldn't be multiplying that fast, right? Or are they pretty prolific?

• 1:09:47Speaker 00

  No, you're right. Not as prolific as other rodents, for sure. And only one litter per year. And they can, they generally are mating in, in late winter, January, February, and then having their kits in May, June, around that time. So, yeah, mice and voles and other rodents that are much more prolific than beavers are. So they're, they're not that prolific, really.

• 1:10:10Alie Ward?

  You mentioned summer, too. And I had a really sweet question asked by a first time question asker, Sarah Moore, who says that they have been listening to the show for years and have been saving their first question for the beavers episode.

• 1:10:25Alie Ward?

  And they said, "A few years ago, I was camping in Colorado and I observed through binoculars, a group of beavers swimming around and playing with a duck." And they say, "I don't know how else to describe it, but they were all swimming around, doing little splashes and twirls and playing. Maybe I'm projecting," Sarah writes, "but it looked like they were having so much fun." My question is, "Am I crazy? Do beavers play? And is it possible they'd ever play with another species?"

• 1:10:49Speaker 00

  Wow, great question and great observation. You know, I think I do not have the answer to that, but I do know that beavers do play and I do know that there are interspecies interactions, intraspecies interactions that we are constantly learning about. And that's one of the areas that I'm most fascinated by, is the beavers themselves, but also how they're shaping and interacting with all kinds of species, from the butterflies that are attracted to the sap on the branches they cut, to other things they're swimming around. And so, I can't say it's a regular thing that beavers and ducks are playing together, but I would not doubt that there's possibility for interaction there that I've not observed either.

• 1:11:32Alie Ward?

  Kristy Sullivan was another listener who says, "Just a side note, that there's a beaver that lives in the creek that runs through their neighborhood, and they say, 'We love him. It's a highlight of our walks to see him swimming around with the ducks and geese.'" I guess maybe they do love ducks and geese.

• 1:11:49Speaker 00

  There you go.

• 1:11:50Alie Ward?

  Go figure. I guess they do play around. Knowing that they do play, that you have seen that. Someone else, a first-time question asker, Fiona Blum, who's been waiting for this topic also, wondered if you had heard of the beaver-deceiver devices? And are the beavers outsmarting us? It seems like they might be. Can they be strategic like that? And have you heard of these beaver-deceiver devices? I have never heard of one.

• 1:12:15Speaker 00

  For sure. Yeah, they're really central to the work I do and I'm a part of tangentially and directly, you know, beaver, the beaver deceiver is kind of pioneered and patented by this guy named Skip Lyle, really brilliant guy based out of Vermont currently, but he grew up around just watching, you know, trapping take place and whatnot and was was like, sure, there had to be a better way than just this, you know, remove and fill the void, just this never ending cycle that all kinds of road crews and private landowners and public agencies are are dealing with.

• 1:12:49Alie Ward?

  Okay, so I assumed that a beaver deceiver was some kind of ultrasonic technology that made beavers think that a culvert was haunted. But it turns out that Skip Lyle, a one-time construction worker who later got his master's in wildlife management, inspired by beavers, he invented a kind of fencing system around these big drain pipes for streams that prevents the beavers from jamming up the culverts themselves, but it still lets the water flow under the road because beavers, they love a big pipe with water. They love it.

• 1:13:22Speaker 00

  Sometimes culverts, you know, those big pipes that go under a road to allow the stream through, you know, to a beaver, that is just like a ready-made dam with a hole in it. And so beavers are always plugging these culverts with their sticks and mud and whatnot and causing a real headache for a lot of those people. And so the beaver deceiver is one way to exclude them from these high conflict areas like culverts. In its simplest definition, it's kind of like a fence that goes around the culvert to exclude that, but you want to do it at the right angle and the right distance and the right site specific ways that it's effective. And so Skip Lyle kind of pioneered that. But

• 1:14:07Speaker 00

  then there's also some like flow device things that are kind of like a pipe that we put through a dam that can siphon water through a dam from upstream to downstream. And so that allows people to kind of strike a compromise with the beaver in the sense that they can still stay there, they can still have their dam and still have all the benefits to their ecology there, but the water level can be lowered just enough where it's not as much of a. Of a headache for other people that are worried about getting flooded out or that type of thing. And there are numerous entities growing up all around the country right now that are starting these.

• 1:14:49Speaker 00

  You know, California is one of the biggest success stories right now. Here in Montana, we have a big one, the Montana Beaver Conflict Resolution Project that I'm a little bit affiliated with.

• 1:15:01Alie Ward?

  A lot of people had queries about parachutes. And some people might know this, some people might not, but Jenny Rounds and Andrea Levinson, Nikki Aki, Jen Sroll Alvarez, Therese, Erin White, all wanted to know, in Andrea's words, "I'm begging you to ask about the parachute reintroduction efforts from the 40s and parachuting beavers." Was that ever a rabbit hole that you went down in terms of like how, what's going on here?

• 1:15:31Speaker 00

  It was a real thing. It did happen in, I believe it was 1948. A lot of interesting things came back after World War II there. And one of the things that we were really infatuated with air travel and airplanes at the time. And so they were trying to figure out the, you know, how to get, one of the early solutions has always to beaver conflict problems has always been like, oh, let's just move them somewhere else and do that. And that's still a kind of a gut response for anything from skunks to squirrels to, you know, anything else that we're having a conflict with. And so they tried on mules with that group of beavers in Idaho. This was outside of McCall, Idaho.

• 1:16:13Speaker 00

  And that was not successful for the mules particularly. They were not very conducive to that. And so they got this idea to release them from the air. And you can find footage of it still of it happening.

• 1:16:27Speaker 06

  On the shores of Fayette Lake are crates full of beavers into the drop box, nearly ready for that flight back into the mountains.

• 1:16:36Speaker 00

  But they did release a number of beavers in these boxes that had straps that would open upon impact with the ground, but not before.

• 1:16:46Speaker 06

  The plane makes a careful approach, ready for the drop. Now into the air and down they swing, down to the ground near a stream or a lake.

• 1:16:55Speaker 00

  I think it was a few dozen beavers that they. Launched out of the air into this kind of wilder area outside of McCall, Idaho. And they did have one fatality, but over, you know, a couple dozen beavers were dropped out of the sky for that purpose. So reintroduction has a really complex history and different iterations. 60, 70 years later, we've realized today how important it is to really relocate beavers as a family unit. Because as we've talked about already, you know, they really have strong and complex social bonds. And so it's not effective to just take one beaver and just dump it out in a new place.

• 1:17:37Speaker 00

  You know, that beaver is most likely going to suffer and suffer immense risk as well from, from that relocation. But when relocated as a family unit, there is potential that they can do well. But again, it is a lot of risk for the animals still.

• 1:17:53Alie Ward?

  So like an expensive cafe that suddenly pops up in your neighborhood full of gas station coffee, a beaver can change the ecosystem of an area. And many people, Autumn Nikosin, Keegan Newman, Rowan Tree, Aver, Zink, Melissa Dewoskin, Olivia Remple, Smiley Kylie, Maria Shoner, Juliet Stratford Abbert, Emily Tataro, Amanda, Abby Lawson, Megan Radcliffe, Isabelle Party and Cool Next Door wondered about the beaver's role in engineering ecosystems as a keystone species, which is an ecological term for being the main character.

• 1:18:24Speaker 00

  There is no doubt that as a keystone species, like they are just disproportionately impacting many more lives than we even are aware of at this point. So just knowing what species are in your area and what are thriving and you can really get a pulse on that yourself, too.

• 1:18:42Alie Ward?

  Child Fam and Shannon Strom, in Child's words, they say, are beavers the answer? My husband is a fish biologist and feels that in terms of habitat restoration and protecting rivers and the species that live in them, beavers are the answer. Is this true? And are beavers also just generally the answer because they're great? And Shannon Strom wanted to know, should we think of them as nature's miracles against global warming? Is making sure that beavers are protected also protective for us?

• 1:19:12Speaker 00

  Great question. Yeah, then what's neat about beavers, in addition to being keystone species for all these countless organisms that inhabit our environment around us, is that beavers are keystone species for all kinds of ologists even, I mean, the, you know, we've got entomologists, and ornithologists, and fluvial geomorphologists, and all kinds of ologists that are coming together to realize, hey, the beaver is like at the nexus of a lot of what we do. And so, I think it's a growing awareness, you know, we had so much of the 20th century, between the early 1910s or so,

• 1:19:52Speaker 00

  through the late 1900s, where we, one, just didn't have the eyes to see beavers, and we didn't have, the beavers actually physically weren't there. And so, they were kind of out of sight, out of mind for a while. But one of the great thinkers that helped reverse that a lot was this guy named Robert Nyman. And he was a hydrologist and ecologist that really showed, wow, beavers had a huge impact on the North American continent. And he was one of the first people to just show, okay, if there were, you know, millions of beavers, what kind of water storage did that do? What did that do differently than, you know, like a concrete dam, you know, that were type

• 1:20:36Speaker 00

  of building? And so, he looked at a lot of those things. And, and that was in the late 80s, early 1990s, when he started doing that. And then another one of his students, Michael Pollak, really took that into the fish realm a little bit, and looked at, hey, these koho salmon, they spend 18 months of their life in freshwater. When they are in freshwater for that long, the beaver pond is like a nursery for all their, their feeding and growth before they go out to sea in these Pacific coastal systems. And so, he did a lot of work with koho salmon, and he was actually one of the big guys launching the kind of beaver revolution in 2014, really, is when a lot of people really started to take off with this.

• 1:21:20Speaker 00

  Of just like, yes, they are answering a lot of things for, for fish as well as other species.

• 1:21:27Alie Ward?

  So 2014, Brangelina gets wed, Gwyneth Paltrow famously consciously uncouples. The first season of True Detective premieres. It was a very big year for tight jeans, Iggy Azalea, Andy Bola, but it was also very memorable for the beaver.

• 1:21:44Speaker 00

  And I am kind of wary myself of just like deification and demonism. We just swing so strongly between these poles of love and hate that I think, you know, one of my goals for working with beavers really to just integrate them into kind of all we do and just see them as another intrinsically valuable species that we can live with and among, and they can really do us a lot of good and we can learn a lot from being with them as well.

• 1:22:17Alie Ward?

  And how do beavers need more castrologists out there? Zoe Dunham, first time question asker, Lisa Nyhues, Andy Pepper, and Celia Stanislaw wanted to know, in Zoe's words, how does one get into researching beavers? If someone's interested in beaver ecology, what things they could study or what you do when you're working with tracking organizations?

• 1:22:44Speaker 00

  One of the great things is that there is no one way to be a beaver or a castrologist. You know, there are many different ways into this. And, and so if you're really into the water angle, the hydrology of it, you know, that's one thing, there's lots of opportunity for wildlife biologists and whatnot. I think I consider myself a lot of a field ecologist and a wildlife tracker in a lot of ways in that I am looking at the beaver as one among many of the species that I study. And I'm doing a lot of work to help kind of. Assess where habitat is good, where potential is good, and inventory and assess those connections.

• 1:23:26Speaker 00

  But just the best way to to start getting into it is just to go out to just see if you can find beavers near where you live and just start watching, observing, and asking questions. And beavers are one of the species that is not endangered today. And they don't, at this point, don't have any likelihood of becoming an endangered species. But they are unique and also that they're really accessible. They can live alongside us if we let them. And so I find that very hopeful in that there are species that so many people, wherever they are, can really learn from.

• 1:24:04Alie Ward?

  Is there a part of working with beaver tracking that is either annoying or just the the most difficult part?

• 1:24:12Speaker 00

  So I do a lot of like habitat and species inventories and assessments. And kind of just trying to census the life that's out there, so to speak. And one of the more complicated issues that I find a lot of times is with invasive species.

• 1:24:28Speaker 00

  And as we mentioned, beavers are not an invasive species through anywhere in North America. But they can be woven in with species that were not here when they got here. But I'm thinking plants in particular, but reed canary grass, Japanese knotweed are some. And so when those enter in their areas, they can kind of complicate what the beaver is doing. Because those are not willow-rich areas with the nice woody shrubs that they need on. So but at the same time, beavers can can be sometimes a vector for, you know, helping those to spread inadvertently. And so they're just wrapped in this mess that we have made for them.

• 1:25:12Speaker 00

  But I don't have answers all the time to how to deal with that. But in some areas, riparian invasive species can be pretty tricky with with beaver. And it's a really sad thing to see them wrapped into.

• 1:25:24Alie Ward?

  Yeah. So invasive species, a bunch of weird weeds getting all tangled up in the ecology. And for more on how to eat some of those, the weeds, not the beavers, you can see our foraging ecology episode with Alexis Nelson, AKA Black Forager. Or to learn how to basket weave some of those weeds, you can see our recent canisterology episode with James Bamba. Now, before I ask about the highlights of Rob's life, one thing is nagging at me and I can't stop thinking about it. Also, when do people say beavers versus beaver?

• 1:25:56Speaker 00

  You know, that's a great question. I've asked that of others and myself as well. I kind of go back and forth. I don't have a hard way. I don't think there's an answer to that.

• 1:26:07Alie Ward?

  Okay. I want to make sure I wasn't doing it wrong. But what about your favorite thing about beavers? Or beaver?

• 1:26:15Speaker 00

  Yeah, I mean, it might sound like it's generalizing too much, but just the sheer feat of existence is really amazing to me. And in the fact that, I mean, that we talked about winter already and how they survive in these really cold, it's just a very fascinating thing to me. The fact that, again, they have winnowed down from 33 different genera of beavers to this one genus that survives today. And they made it through the gauntlet of the fur trade and all these things. And they are still here, persisting and enduring and doing what they do. It blows my mind. There haven't been other animals that have really made it through those type of changes throughout their life history,

• 1:26:58Speaker 00

  which is pretty amazing to me.

• 1:27:01Alie Ward?

  Thank you so much for just telling us everything you know about beaver and beavers. And I already loved them. And not just because they're cute. I think they're just cool in general. So thank you so much for everything you do and for talking to me.

• 1:27:18Speaker 00

  Yes, thank you.

• 1:27:22Alie Ward?

  So ask beaver geniuses deep and shallow questions and may fortune find you in the midst of these critters. They are majestic. Thank you again so much to Rob Rich for talking to me. So worth the wait. And to find out more about the tracker certification, North America, you can see the link in the show notes, as well as a link to our website at alieward.com/ologies/castrology, which has so many more links to research and other resources that we mentioned in the show. We are at ologies on Instagram and at Blue Sky. I'm at @Alieward on both. We also have shorter, kid-friendly versions of ologies classic episodes. In case you need G-rated ones, they're available anywhere where you get podcasts. You can just subscribe to Smallologies and look for the new green logo. We also linked in the show notes. Ologies

• 1:28:03Alie Ward?

  merch is available at ologiesmerch.com. And to join the Patreon, head to patreon.com/ologies. Thank you to Erin Talbert for adminning the ologies podcast Facebook group. Thank you, Aveline Malik, for making our professional transcripts. Kelly Ardwire makes the website. Scheduling producer Noel Dilworth worked for two and a half years to get this one on the books. Susan Hale managing directs the whole show. Jake Chaffee edits beautifully. And joining him, just as busy and chill as a beaver, is lead editor Mercedes Maitland of Maitland Audio. Nick Thorburn wrote the theme music. And if you stick around till after the credits, thank you for listening. Here's a secret that the other people don't know. So in 2017, I was toying with this format for ologies. And I was trying to figure out just what the show would be. And I had a few trusted friends listen to some early

• 1:28:47Alie Ward?

  drafts of episodes. And one, Dr. Teagan Wall, who was a neuroscientist and a screenwriter, she took a listen. And one suggestion that she still maintains is that the show should have a cold open. That little stinger at the top with an excerpt as like a soundbite sample. And I've never done it until this episode. And so I'm doing it in honor of her. So you can let me know on Patreon if you like it. Teigs, you can just text me about it. But meanwhile, I had the best cookies of my life at our friend Aubrey and Miles' house. And I begged for the recipe. And Aubrey sent me a picture of a handwritten index card, like grandma style, with a, I think, a family recipe. And I'm going to give it to you now. Don't write it down if you're driving. Wait until after. You can come back

• 1:29:28Alie Ward?

  later, rewind, find this, then jot it down. Okay. So these are thumbprint cookies with like jam in the center. But the cookie is so soft. There's cream cheese in the dough. I ate like 10 of them. Okay. These are cream cheese cookies. Ready? Two cups unsalted butter, eight ounces cream cheese, two cups of sugar, two egg yolks, one teaspoon of vanilla, two teaspoons of salt, five cups of flour. Do the wet stuff, you add the dry stuff, chill overnight, and then you roll into balls and you indent and you put some jam in the middle, bake at 400, eight to 10 minutes. Honestly, the best cookies I've ever had. Please enjoy, be safe, happy holidays, be kind to beavers. Bye-bye. Hackidermatology, homeology,

• 1:30:13Alie Ward?

  cryptozoology, lithology, nanotechnology, meteorology, geology, nephology, seriology, cellology.

• 1:30:29Speaker 05

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