Lots More on the Global Selloff in Government Bonds

One of the biggest stories in markets right now is the huge selloff in government bonds. And we're not just talking about the US here. The UK is seeing multi-year highs in long-end yields. So is Japan. And of course, the US 10-year Treasury is close to its highest level in a year, despite the recent rate cuts from the Federal Reserve. So what's going on? Is it just about inflation and growth expectations or is there more to it? On this episode, we speak to Jay Barry, head of global rates strategy at JPMorgan Securities, who breaks it all down and gives us his estimate of where fair value now stands. Read More: Fed’s Barkin Says Term Premium Moving Long Rates, Not Inflation Only Bloomberg.com subscribers can get the Odd Lots newsletter in their inbox — now delivered every weekday — plus unlimited access to the site and app. Subscribe at bloomberg.com/subscriptions/oddlotsSee omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

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• 1:25Speaker 02

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• 1:30Tracy Alloway?

  Joe, are we going to spend this episode just arguing about the term premium?

• 1:35Joe Weisenthal?

  I don't know, like, yeah, maybe. You know, I've always like, I've always been sort of, I wouldn't say a term premium denier, but I'd never totally-

• 1:43Tracy Alloway?

  Yes, yes, you are.

• 1:43Joe Weisenthal?

  Okay. But like, and I was totally ready to capitulate. I was like, oh, it's all the term premium. And I was like, I'm totally convinced the term premium is this really important concept that can be measured analytically with precision. And then some people are like, oh, it's actually, you don't really have to go that far. It's sort of straightforward. I still don't know.

• 2:01Tracy Alloway?

  You know, there's a middle path where you can say that the term premium is hard to measure because you have to estimate like a risk neutral rate. But, but it still exists. It might mean different things to different people, but-

• 2:14Joe Weisenthal?

  I've never been good in life at taking the middle path in anything. I oscillate between extremes.

• 2:23Joe Weisenthal?

  I did a dead list.

• 2:24Tracy Alloway?

  I am both the most popular trader and most successful trader at Citadel.

• 2:28Joe Weisenthal?

  Fed is going viral.

• 2:30Tracy Alloway?

  Uh, barges.

• 2:31Joe Weisenthal?

  This is an after school special, except.

• 2:32Tracy Alloway?

  I've decided I'm going to base my entire personality going forward on campaigning for a strategic pork reserve in the US.

• 2:38Joe Weisenthal?

  Black gold.

• 2:39Tracy Alloway?

  These are the important questions. Is it robots taking over the world?

• 2:42Joe Weisenthal?

  No, I think that like in a couple of years, the AI will do a really good job of making the odd lots podcast. One day that person will have the mandate of heaven.

• 2:52Tracy Alloway?

  How do I get more popular and successful?

• 2:54Joe Weisenthal?

  We do have.

• 2:56Tracy Alloway?

  The perfect guest. You're listening to lots more where we catch up with friends about what's going on right now.

• 3:02Joe Weisenthal?

  Because even when the odd lots is over, there's always lots more.

• 3:06Tracy Alloway?

  And we really do have the perfect guest.

• 3:11Tracy Alloway?

  Back with Jay Barry. He is now the head of global rate strategy at JP Morgan. The last time we had him on was in October of 2023 and the headline on the episode was like Jay Barry on the big sell off in bonds and we can just recycle.

• 3:27Joe Weisenthal?

  Call that again. Yeah, call that again. Was that the peak when we had him on then?

• 3:31Tracy Alloway?

  Uh, I don't know. It might have been.

• 3:33Joe Weisenthal?

  Probably close, right? At the time, yeah.

• 3:35Tracy Alloway?

  Jay, do you believe in the term premium?

• 3:38Speaker 05

  Well, Tracy, I think it's funny you talk about the last time I was on because 10 year yields are basically at the same level they were then.

• 3:44Joe Weisenthal?

  Yeah.

• 3:44Speaker 05

  And at the time, the funds rate was 100 basis points higher than it is right now. So term premium is hard to measure, but I'm a simple man and I think of it as the slope of the yield curve and the slope of the yield curve is steeper for a given level of policy rate. So I think it tells you that there is more term premium in the curve right now. Absolutely.

• 4:01Joe Weisenthal?

  Ira Jersey, who does rates here at Bloomberg Intelligence had a chart and you just said, look, you, yes, one term premium, all that, but one part of the story is just that the market's estimate of the terminal rate is now higher than it would have been, say, six months ago, et cetera, at the start of the cutting process and that a big part of the story with the rise in the long end since September is just that, you know, there's not as much cutting baked in.

• 4:27Speaker 05

  I think that's exactly it as well, Joe. I think that's a really important point because this is.

• 4:32Joe Weisenthal?

  This is now the middle ground. It's like, part of it is the term premium and part of it is the terminal rate.

• 4:36Tracy Alloway?

  If we get Joe to take the middle path, this is a success.

• 4:39Joe Weisenthal?

  Yeah.

• 4:39Speaker 05

  I'm a middle of the road guy and I don't think a single explanation or a single factor can explain the bond sell off, but term premiums, one, Tracy. But Joe, Fed policy expectations matter because it's fascinating.

• 4:50Joe Weisenthal?

  Yeah.

• 4:50Speaker 05

  When the Fed cut 50 in September, we were pricing in a terminal funds rate of like two and three quarters.

• 4:55Joe Weisenthal?

  Yeah.

• 4:55Speaker 05

  And now we're pricing in a terminal funds rate of 4%.

• 4:58Joe Weisenthal?

  It's a big change.

• 4:58Speaker 05

  It's a huge change and that's driven it as well. And it's so unusual, and I think it's unusual, but what the Fed did was unusual because basically by preemptively cutting 50, they said, even though inflation hasn't come back to target, we do not want to sacrifice this expansion. And this probably means better growth outturns in the future, higher inflation in the future, thus justifying fewer cuts down the road and actually higher rates. So that's a big piece of the puzzle because that's been 125 basis point move as well.

• 5:25Tracy Alloway?

  The one thing I would say though, I mean, I agree, obviously.

• 5:28Joe Weisenthal?

  This is just me and Tracy debating through Jay.

• 5:30Tracy Alloway?

  Obviously, bond yields react to Fed expectations.

• 5:34Joe Weisenthal?

  You're the mediator.

• 5:35Tracy Alloway?

  And the near term path of, of the economy and inflation. But the one thing I would say is like, in October, there were other things you could look at to measure nervousness about a potential Trump win, like, you know, puts on the TLT that suggested that a bunch of investors really wanted to shed long-term bond exposure right after the election. And this was happening like, you know, those were going up as Trump's polling odds were going up. So I feel like there are other things that suggest some of this nervousness is like secular in the long end. But anyway, the thing I wanted to ask, jobs day is coming up. So we're recording this on Thursday, January 9th.

• 6:18Tracy Alloway?

  The bond market is actually off early today for Carter's funeral. But how big a deal is the bond market reaction going to be to the jobs day? Like if we're debating whether this is some secular, maybe politically related change versus something about the Fed and the path of the economy and inflation, it feels like jobs are going to be a big factor here.

• 6:39Speaker 05

  I think they absolutely are, and I think it depends on which part of the term structure you're talking about. Because what's been interesting in this move is that the front end has remained, Tracy, really well anchored, right? I think it's because the Fed has been asymmetrically dovish in its reaction function. Right now, even with what happened in December with the dots showing only two cuts for next year, the Fed in aggregate is talking about cutting further, albeit at a slower pace, or just going on hold. Nowhere in the discussion is hikes, and that's why the money market curve, even though we're pricing in fewer eases, is still inverted. I think that could start to change if you see the labor market start to tighten again. So if the unemployment rate starts to come back down, that could be meaningful for repricing the front end in the opposite

• 7:21Speaker 05

  direction. But at the same time, even though the labor markets are not as weak as we perceive them to be back in August and September, there's been a steady slowing in private payroll growth. There's been a steady slight increase in the unemployment rate, which tells you that the demand for labor is moderating. And if you get another sense of that tomorrow, and I think consensus is 160K with the unemployment rate at 4.2, we're 150 4.2, so we're very close. I think that probably anchors the front end and tells you that it's probably relatively stable here. The long end is a different story. I think if the pace of employment growth is stable, but you see something like the rate come down and average hourly earnings firm back up, then the markets can price out a bit more of the Fed easing that we've got priced in, and it becomes a bit more of a parallel shift because that

• 8:04Speaker 05

  justifies higher long-term rates as well. So I think it's important with some asymmetry that the front end is better supported than the rest of the curve. But this has been kind of our whole thesis, too, and the employment data tomorrow is a key piece of that puzzle.

• 8:16Joe Weisenthal?

  The economy overall seems very noisy to me right now and hard to parse because there do seem to be signs like, look, growth continues, no real signs of slipping into recession. But on the other hand, there are signs that the labor market is softening, maybe the labor market is strengthening. I think it's actually really noisy. Let's zoom out, though, sort of big picture, to talk about, I guess, since September, what's happened. So there's been a few developments. First of all, just looking at the 10-year, that bottomed at about 3.6 on September 16th, it's currently at 4.64. Six five as of this second when we're talking at eight oh one AM January ninth, twenty twenty five. Since then, obviously, we did have the Trump win. We did. We're not going into there.

• 9:01Joe Weisenthal?

  Still no signs of imminent recession. How would you tell the story, basically, of just what's happened? You know, and explain perhaps the upward repricing of that terminal rate since that initial fifty basis points?

• 9:14Speaker 05

  I'm glad you asked that, and I think it's fascinating that that trough in yields was a day before the Fed meeting, right? So that was when we were priced for maximum dovishness.

• 9:22Joe Weisenthal?

  And at that point, we had seen the unemployment rate had been solidly ticking higher in the months before. And you could, maybe it turned out to be wrong, but you could at least tell the story then, oh, this looks like what happens before recession.

• 9:34Speaker 05

  Yeah, and it wasn't just the unemployment rate, because I think it's tough to disentangle what's happening with the rate, because there's obviously supply side factors going on there. But the pace of private payroll growth had decelerated sharply as well. So that was a big one with what the July and August data showed. So I think since then, first, it's what the Fed did. When they went fifty, I'm not gonna sort of toot our own horn, but Mike Feroli, my colleague, our chief US economist, I think was one of the few calling for a fifty. And I think that was a surprise of the markets, because it showed the Fed's hand with respect to its reaction function. It really valued the labor markets over inflation and did not want to sacrifice this soft landing. And again, that generates better growth outturns and higher inflation in the future, which was a turnaround in rates, because perversely enough,

• 10:18Speaker 05

  it requires fewer raises down the road. So that's a big dominant driver. And I think we can see that in the interim since then, to support this, growth expectations have moved up. And just for example, we've got our series of forecast revision indices and our year ahead growth forecasts over the last three months have gone up something like a percentage point. Right? We've come off consecutive three percent quarters. It looks like we're running two and a half percent right now. So that's a piece of the puzzle. The second is, and this is where we'll get back to Tracy and term premium, is the change in the fiscal expectations because of the Re-election of President-elect Trump. And that is meaningful because we expect the TCGA to basically be extended in full. And that's going to add an additional four trillion to deficits over the next decade

• 11:01Speaker 05

  on a baseline of what I believe was about 22 trillion to begin with. And that matters because I think as we spoke about the last time we were here, the budget deficit running at six to seven percent of GDP when we're close to full employment is highly unusual. Yeah. And the growth of the treasury market is just outstripping demand from its sort of most price insensitive historical investors, like the Fed and US banks and foreign official investors. So we've got to find other price sensitive investors to underwrite this supply. And when that happens, it just requires a higher term premium and higher yields and a steeper curve for a given level of policy rate. So I think those are the few drivers there. And it's a global story. Yes, the US has led the way, but it's been happening everywhere as well.

• 11:56Speaker 00

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• 14:03Tracy Alloway?

  So back in October, I think you, I think it was October, you had a note where you sort of mentioned your former colleague Josh Younger's famous Volfeffe index. I think probably the only piece of JP Morgan Bond research to ever make it into New York Magazine's like hot or not graph at the end of the magazine. You remember that, Joe?

• 14:25Joe Weisenthal?

  Wait, do they still have, they still have that hot or not?

• 14:26Tracy Alloway?

  I don't know if they do, but they did when it was first published.

• 14:29Joe Weisenthal?

  Yeah, I do remember that. That was a good, that was a good.

• 14:31Tracy Alloway?

  Volfeffe was hot and the idea of.

• 14:33Joe Weisenthal?

  The approval matrix, as our producer Dash reminds us.

• 14:36Tracy Alloway?

  Yeah, that's right. And you sort of, you mentioned it. Are you guys going to be reviving it under the Trump administration?

• 14:42Speaker 05

  So I can't comment on things that we intend to research, Tracy. But as you said, we talked about it a few times in the last few months. And I think it's important to understand that during the first Trump administration that.

• 14:55Speaker 05

  Announcing policy via Twitter or via X right now.

• 14:58Joe Weisenthal?

  Or Truth Social.

• 14:59Speaker 05

  Or Truth Social, as the case may be, was something that did actually raise implied rate volatility. And higher rate volatility necessitates higher term premium and thus more sticky, higher rates. So it's something I think in the background that we're sort of focused on. And it's funny you talk about Josh, I actually was on the phone with him yesterday. Oh, yeah. And so I think this is all kind of coming full circle. But I think that's something in the background that we need to focus on as well, no doubt.

• 15:23Joe Weisenthal?

  Why is this a global story? I get the labor market looks stronger perhaps than it did six months ago or five months ago or whatever. But a lot of headlines this week about the UK specifically. And now that you have the global seat, I can ask you a UK question. So why is this a global story? And maybe tell us something about the UK.

• 15:42Speaker 05

  Yeah, thanks for that, Joe. But I think there's a policy story globally that's divergent, right? So the Fed and the US is in a very different spot from rest of world. Euro area, ECB is cutting and cutting 25 until it goes into slightly accommodative territory, we think. So there's a slightly divergent factor there. BOJ is in the midst of normalizing rates.

• 16:03Joe Weisenthal?

  Also, rates are going high in Japan.

• 16:04Speaker 05

  Where rates are going higher, exactly. And then you ask about the UK. I think the UK is sort of stuck somewhere in between the US and the euro area because it's got the fiscal issues that we're talking about in the US. It's got the sticky inflation that we're talking about in the US. But it lacks the labor supply and productivity benefits that we've had in the US. So you've got a central bank that's kind of getting stuck here and can only ease at a somewhat more gentle pace. And there's nothing really we can point to this week in the UK about the fiscal pressures.

• 16:35Joe Weisenthal?

  Yeah.

• 16:36Speaker 05

  But they're just there in the background. And it's the same way the US has sort of seen this move to higher rates since we've walked into the new year, that they're coming back in full force.

• 16:43Joe Weisenthal?

  So just to summarize the sort of core tension, it has the same fiscal pressures as the US, but it doesn't have the same productivity growth as the US. Therefore, all that spending is running into a less productive economy and that sort of creates that upward move in rates and the inflationary pressure and so forth. Is that the idea here?

• 17:03Speaker 05

  It is. To an extent, and I think it's also more idiosyncratic, Joe, as well, because look at what happened with the UK market. What was it back in September, October of 22, when the LDI sell-off happened? It's a market which, yes, it's smaller than the Treasury market, but it's less liquid. It's more concentrated in its ownership. So when you have a market where I think it's a bit more concentrated in its ownership than a very diffuse set of ownership in the Treasury market, you can go through these balance of idiosyncrasy where it's hard to identify a single driving factor to see what happened with this sell-off. But it can get exaggerated by those factors as well.

• 17:36Tracy Alloway?

  There is also a reflexivity at play here where if bond yields are going up, particularly at the long end, when the US is planning to do more long issuance, that means the cost of borrowing is going to go up, which maybe increases the fiscal burden and then yields go up even further. Is that the kind of risk that we should be thinking about in 2025?

• 18:01Speaker 05

  I think it's a slow-moving train there, Tracy, because the average maturity of the US Treasury market debt's about six years. So higher rates will definitely lead to higher interest expense and will add to the burden. But I think a large part of that burden and that increase occurred as the Fed was raising rates rapidly. And we know that T-bills are about a 20% share of total debt outstanding. So there's a fair amount of short-term debt outstanding and it's less expensive than it was a year ago. So this will continue to feed through, but it will be at a very slow rate. So I think it's certainly there in the background as well, but not as primary or secondary driver as these other factors that we've been talking about.

• 18:38Joe Weisenthal?

  You know, speaking of policy by Twitter, I don't think that Keir Starmer or what's the Chancellor's name, Reeves, in the UK? They're not doing as much posting policy by Twitter, but the owner of Twitter is posting a lot about the UK these days. So to the extent that there is just a lot of noise about the government going on, setting aside everything else, there is a lot of just political noise in the UK. On top of all the sort of core economic stuff.

• 19:11Speaker 05

  And it's not just the UK, Joe. I think this fiscal noise is going on everywhere, right? We're talking about the TCGA and the fiscal burden in the US. You're talking about fiscal in the UK. Look at what's happened with France, right? With its government falling.

• 19:24Joe Weisenthal?

  That's right.

• 19:24Speaker 05

  And they've got deficit issues to try and get back out of the EDP over the next few years, which seems unlikely. You're talking about it in Japan as well. So fiscal and supply is, I believe, a global story to varying degrees across developed markets right now.

• 19:39Tracy Alloway?

  You need to do a Vol Elon index.

• 19:41Joe Weisenthal?

  That's right. VolX.

• 19:44Tracy Alloway?

  Oh, VolX is good.

• 19:45Joe Weisenthal?

  The Vol, yeah, a global Vol, you can have that one. A global VolX index. They're just a measure of social media talk around the world relating to fiscal policy. That's a free one.

• 19:56Speaker 05

  That's great. Break it down by country there.

• 19:58Tracy Alloway?

  You can do an ETF on that, too.

• 19:59Joe Weisenthal?

  The Vol, I'm going to trade Vol, I'm going to trade VolX. I like that idea. What about central bank, like QT people? I don't, people don't seem to talk about as much about QT. But what about the role of central bank asset purchases or sell offs in this story? Or on lines?

• 20:17Speaker 05

  I, I think, I think it's something in the background, right? I think back to 2018 when Chair Powell talked about QT and referred to it as watching paint dry. And I think it is just sort of going on in the background. And of course, in the US, it's at a slower rate than it has been for most of the last couple of years. But in our work, the Fed's balance sheet as a share of GDP matters for rate levels. It matters more for curve slope as well. So that's something that's happening in the background because the Fed's balance sheet has been not only shrinking on a nominal basis, but shrinking relative to the size of the economy. And we found that every one percentage point move relative to the size of the US economy has been worth a handful of basis points on the yield curve. So as it continues to normalize, that is something that's in the background, also placing steepening pressure on the yield curve.

• 21:02Speaker 05

  And it's of course a global dynamic because you've got the ECB, the Bank of England, and now the Bank of Japan, all doing this as well. And you can see it not just in curve slopes globally, but vis a vis swap spreads. I think there's been a story where swap spreads until recently have been narrowing globally across the DM as well. So you can see the imprints of QT there. It's there, but I think it's probably, again, kind of a third order factor when considering the term structure of rates in the US and globally as well.

• 21:26Tracy Alloway?

  This might be a weird question, but since we brought up QT and earlier you were talking about the need to find new buyers for bonds, what exactly can the US do if a bunch of traditional buyers like banks, the Fed, for the past more than a decade, are stepping away from the market, other than, you know, yields going up? Is there anything else they can do to market debt to the outside world? Or, I don't know, even internally, have banks buy more bonds?

• 21:53Speaker 05

  So, it's funny, because the Treasury Department can only deal with the symptoms and not the root cause, but the Treasury and its sort of cadre of private sector advisors, the T-BAC, have done a lot of strong work on this. And there are charge questions that are asked at every single refunding process. And one that was asked of the T-BAC a couple of quarters ago was, what new products and processes can we open up to sort of widen the spectrum of demand? I think they're asking this question, Tracy, for that very reason. And two products that were talked about were adding another floater at the short end of the curve. There's a lot of demand for short-duration floating rate product that's latent. The other is adding another point on the TIPS curve. And the TIPS product has been around for close to 30 years right now, but we've only had three points on the yield curve. We've added three or four bill points, we've added three nominal points.

• 22:38Speaker 05

  So in order to make sure that you're maintaining the TIPS product as a share of the Treasury market and your commitment to it, you can add TIPS as well. So they're certainly focused on it, and that's one way to try and widen the spectrum. The other, less from the Treasury, perhaps more from the regulatory side, is thinking about how you make it easier to intermediate in the Treasury market for banks and dealers and own Treasuries. So there's been a lot of focus on potential regulatory developments in the context of Vice Chair Barr's announcement earlier this week. And I think that's something that we can think about in the background over the medium term, but would just offer that the timeline for regulatory reform is probably years to sort of unfold and not in months. And even when it occurs, I think some important points that we've made is that banks aren't leverage constrained right now.

• 23:22Speaker 05

  So bank demand for Treasuries is not being constrained by leverage ratios. So it's something that could happen once again down the line, but it's not an issue right now.

• 23:31Joe Weisenthal?

  Do you have like a fair value here? So again, we're at like 4.64 or whatever. A lot of it seems to be explained by, you know, just the sort of overall change in the outlook since September. Then there's various reasons for volatility. Maybe Tracy would call it the term premium, but obviously more issuance, uncertainty, higher deficits, et cetera. Where does that put us? Does it? Are we around where it quote should be? Like, what makes sense to you? Or where could it go?

• 24:00Speaker 05

  And it's funny to draw the parallels again, Joe, because the last time I was on, we talked about this. And we made the case at that time that 10-year yields looked about 35 to 40 basis points too high relative to that fair value metric.

• 24:10Joe Weisenthal?

  Yeah.

• 24:11Speaker 05

  And that's adjusting for how the market's pricing Fed policy, inflation, growth, and the size of the Fed's balance sheet. We're at a similarly high level right now. So the fair value would be probably closer to four and a quarter. The only thing I'm going to sort of caveat there, and not to say that we're losing the anchor, that's an important valuation framework we have at JP Morgan.

• 24:30Joe Weisenthal?

  Yeah.

• 24:31Speaker 05

  Is that we've been trading either at fair value or cheap to fair value for the last two to three years. And I think it's because in the background, we don't have a term premium factor in that model. And we have to be sensitive to the fact that that is something that's changing. So even though we're, call it two standard deviations cheap right now, my argument is that the propensity for mean reversion is probably lower than it's been in the past.

• 24:51Joe Weisenthal?

  Got it.

• 24:52Tracy Alloway?

  Joe, are you a term premium convert yet?

• 24:55Joe Weisenthal?

  Yeah, sure. Of course. Sure.

• 24:58Speaker 05

  I mean, listen, like-

• 24:59Tracy Alloway?

  Say the sentence. Say the sentence. I believe in the term premium.

• 25:03Speaker 05

  No, um-

• 25:03Tracy Alloway?

  You won't do it.

• 25:08Joe Weisenthal?

  Lots More is produced by Carmen Rodriguez and Dashil Bennett with help from Moses Andam and Kale Brooks.

• 25:14Tracy Alloway?

  Our sound engineer is Blake Maples. Sage Baumann is the head of Bloomberg Podcasts.

• 25:19Joe Weisenthal?

  Please rate, review, and subscribe to Odd Lots and Lots More on your favorite podcast platforms.

• 25:25Tracy Alloway?

  And remember that Bloomberg subscribers can listen to all our podcasts ad-free by connecting through Apple Podcasts. Thanks for listening.

• 25:36Speaker 01

  Underdog already has team picks, player props, money lines, spreads, you name it, they got it. But apparently, somebody over there said, "You know what's missing? Screaming like a maniac about a rookie card on your couch." And we love them for that. Because Underdog now has rips. You get a digital pack, starting at just five bucks. You check the live odds, see which grails you could pull, then rip it open to reveal a real, physical card. And the grails are no joke. They have cards up to $125,000 in value, and plenty to pull. From football and basketball to Pokémon, with new limited edition packs dropping regularly. Even cooler, you can decide to keep the card and Underdog will ship it straight to your home, or sell it back instantly at 100% of its fair market value.

• 26:20Speaker 01

  And the cash goes right in your account. No listing it online, no stranger lowballing you in the messages, just rip, reveal, and cash out instantly. Or make some room on your shelf. Download Underdog and get in on the chase. Get five free rips packs when you deposit $5. Real rips, real cards, real cash. Only on Underdog. Unleash your dog. 18+, terms apply. Top grails are extremely rare.