Frances Duff's Jamaican Inheritance

When Frances was a child, her mother went before the Assembly to petition that she be legally classified as "white." Frances would go on to become a wealthy heiress, and marry into the British aristocracy, but the cost would be engaging with the very system of slavery and discrimination that subjugated her mother and generations of mixed-race people after her. Support Noble Blood: —ORDER 'THE ARCANE ARTS' https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/771398/the-arcane-arts-by-s-d-coverly/ — Bonus episodes, stickers, and scripts on Patreon https://www.patreon.com/noblebloodtales — Order Dana's book, 'Anatomy: A Love Story https://us.macmillan.com/books/9781250840578/anatomyalovestory' and its sequel 'Immortality: A Love Story https://us.macmillan.com/books/9781250861016/immortalityalovestory' See omnystudio.com/listener https://omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Dana Schwartz?

  This is an iHeart Podcast. Guaranteed Human. If you know Connor Tomlinson from Netflix's Love on the Spectrum, you know he's one of the most delightful people on television. He's also a serious history nerd. He has a new fun history podcast called What the Fact, co-hosted with Carter Roy from Conspiracy Theories and Murder: True Crime Stories. Every week, they take three unbelievable true facts from across history and tell you the story behind them. Carter sets the scene, and Connor brings the deep cuts, the hilarious tangents, and his infectious love of history.

• 0:42Dana Schwartz?

  From the worst years to be alive, to the women so powerful they started wars, Connor and Carter will take you all over the timeline. Every episode will leave you in a better mood and a little smarter. The wildest stuff is real, and the real stuff is way wilder than you think. New episodes drop every Wednesday. Follow What the Fact on your favorite podcast app, or subscribe on YouTube at What the Fact Pod.

• 1:11Speaker 01

  Hi, I'm Steph, and I work at United Healthcare. When I think about United Healthcare's members, I think of my own family. My niece was diagnosed with an ultra-rare genetic disorder. I know how hard it is for families at United Healthcare. We can make it easier.

• 1:27Speaker 02

  I'm Brian. I care because I know what it's like to not speak the language. It's not easy. Health insurance is complicated. I would say our job is to make everything easy for our UAC members. I work for United Healthcare. I'm committed to care.

• 1:41Speaker 03

  What do you do when things get tough? You don't give up. You stand your ground. If you've been diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer and have tried hormone therapy, ask your doctor about Pluvicto. Lutetium Lu 177 Vipipatide Tetraxitan. Pluvicto is not chemotherapy. It's a different treatment that targets PSMA-positive cells. Pluvicto can be used before chemotherapy for some people. Pluvicto is a prescription treatment used to treat adults with prostate-specific membrane antigen-positive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, or PSMA-positive MCRPC, who have already been treated with hormone therapy and are considered appropriate to delay chemotherapy. Pluvicto involves contact with radioactivity, which may increase the risk for cancer and cause fetal harm.

• 2:26Speaker 03

  Drink plenty of fluids, urinate often, use contraception, and talk to your doctor about ways to reduce the risk of exposing others to radiation during and after treatment. Pluvicto can cause low levels of blood cell counts, kidney problems, and infertility. Tell your doctor if you have weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, bleeding or bruising more easily, an infection, or changes in urination. Side effects include decreased blood cell counts, tiredness, dry mouth, nausea, appetite loss, joint or back pain, and constipation. Ask your doctor about Pluvicto, because every day without cancer progression is a victory. Visit pluvicto.com to learn more.

• 2:58Dana Schwartz?

  Welcome to Noble Blood, a production of iHeartRadio and Grim and Mild from Aaron Mankey. Listener discretion advised. In July 1738, Jamaica's House of Assembly convened in St. Diego de la Vega for what seemed to be an ordinary day of legislative business. In that room were some of the richest men in Britain's richest Caribbean colony, likely dressed in light linen shirts to weather the heat. While these men were elected officials, they were hardly representative of the population.

• 3:39Dana Schwartz?

  At this time, around 100,000 enslaved Africans lived in Jamaica, outnumbering the white population of the island 10 to 1. But these white, propertyed elites who built their fortunes on sugar plantations and the enslaved people who worked on them wrote the laws that governed the colony. One topic of discussion was a private petition from a woman named Susanna Augier. Susanna was mixed race. Her father was a white planter, and her mother was enslaved on his plantation. Her mother's name did not survive the historical record.

• 4:24Dana Schwartz?

  Susanna was born into slavery, but had been freed sometime before her father died in 1722. We don't know exactly how Susanna was freed, but she went on to have a number of relationships with white plantation owners and bore six children. Free people of color like Susanna and her children occupied an uneasy middle position in Jamaican society. They could own property and businesses, and in some cases, amass a significant amount

• 5:03Dana Schwartz?

  of wealth, but they couldn't vote, inherit large amounts of property, or testify in court, and they were saddled with additional fees and taxes. Their position was only made more uneasy in 1728, when the Assembly ruled that anyone with more than one black great-grandparent could not legally be white, out of a fear that the colony's growing mixed-race population might side with the enslaved in a rebellion.

• 5:40Dana Schwartz?

  In the summer of 1738, Susanna had brought a petition before the Assembly to grant herself and two of her daughters, quote, "the same rights and privileges with English subjects born of white parents," end quote. Susanna was the second recorded individual, and the first woman, to submit a private bill like this to the Jamaican Assembly. Although Susanna was born into slavery with an African parent, she was asking the House of Assembly to grant herself and her daughters whiteness under the eyes of the law.

• 6:25Dana Schwartz?

  On July 19, 1738, the Jamaican Assembly approved Susanna's petition. She had taken great pains to show the Assembly that she was no threat to the white, propertyed Jamaican elite. In spite of her origins, Susanna had come to own a share of a sugar plantation, which included both land and enslaved human beings. Her daughters had a Church of England education, and their father had a number of plum posts in the legal elite, as the Provost Marshal and Surgeon at Mace of the Jamaican High Court of Admiralty.

• 7:08Dana Schwartz?

  It was not cheap to lodge a petition with the Assembly. It cost 90 pounds, roughly the price of, according to historian Miranda Kaufman, "three enslaved people." Susanna's petition would set her two daughters up for riches and status far beyond even the considerable wealth she had managed to earn in her own life. One of these daughters, Frances, who was just nine in 1738, would go on to marry a Scottish aristocrat, the youngest son of the first Earl of Fife.

• 7:47Dana Schwartz?

  In doing so, she became the first heiress of African ancestry, as far as we know, to join the British aristocracy. I'm Dana Schwartz, and this is Noble Blood. By the time Frances Dalzell was born in Kingston, Jamaica in 1729, her mother Susanna had already had four other children. Three of these were with Peter Caiard, a prosperous merchant in Kingston. Peter was a friend and business partner of Susanna's father, and he eventually entered

• 8:25Dana Schwartz?

  into a sexual relationship with Susanna when she was around 13 and Peter was in his 50s. These types of arrangements between white enslavers and black or mixed heritage women were commonplace in the Caribbean. As Miranda Kaufman put it, "These relationships, quote, 'existed on a spectrum from brutal rape to long-term cohabitation, but always involved a coercive element or, at best, an extreme imbalance of power.'" In 1725, when Peter was 60 and Susanna was 17, she had her first daughter by Peter and

• 9:09Dana Schwartz?

  would go on to have two more children in 1726 and 1728. Peter died the same month that their youngest child was born, leaving Susanna with a massive fortune, which included several properties in Kingston and St. Diego de la Vega, a plantation in St. Andrew, and two cattle pen and two plots of land in St. Catherine, all of which was worth an estimated 26,150 pounds. Kaufman speculates that Peter even bought Susanna's freedom a few years earlier, sometime before her father died in 1722.

• 9:50Dana Schwartz?

  Although no surviving evidence confirms that, it does explain a curious detail in Susanna's father's will. After his death, his will ensured the manumission of many of his enslaved children and left them part of his inheritance, which was extremely rare for the time. But he did not free Susanna, nor did he leave anything for her in his will. Kaufman infers that her father had left Susanna out because he knew that his friend and colleague Peter had already freed her and offered her tremendous financial support.

• 10:30Dana Schwartz?

  After Peter's death, Susanna began a relationship with another wealthy merchant, Gibson Dalzell, who had left Scotland as a young man and built a fortune in Jamaica's booming sugar economy. Gibson was far closer to Susanna's age at this point than Peter had been, and appeared to show her and her children affection throughout their relationship. But there is no evidence of her feelings for him. In any case, their relationship was unequal at its core. As a free woman of color, Susanna's legal rights still depended on his goodwill.

• 11:12Dana Schwartz?

  Gibson and Susannah conceived Frances the year they met. Susannah raised Frances in a townhouse that had once belonged to Peter in Water Lane in Kingston. After Susannah’s petition successfully guaranteed her and her children’s legal whiteness, Frances left for boarding school in Britain in the fall of 1738. Frances was lucky to go to boarding school at the time she did. At the end of the 18th century, elite schools would crack down on admissions to people of mixed heritage. But in the 1730s, thousands of young people of color left the Caribbean to attend British schools.

• 11:58Dana Schwartz?

  The Jamaican enslaver and historian Edward Long explained that mixed-race children, “are often sent to the most expensive public schools where the history of their parentage is entirely unknown. They pass under the general name of West Indians and the bronze of their complexion is ignorantly ascribed to the fervor of the sun in the torrid zone.”

• 12:26Dana Schwartz?

  In Frances’s case, this may have only been partially true. Frances’s grandfather, Robert Dalzell, was her closest relative in London, but it seems that he may have received her coolly. In spite of his wealth, his sister-in-law paid Frances’s tuition instead. Perhaps her grandfather treated Frances with such distance because she represented Gibson’s life in Jamaica, which to Robert seemed like an undignified dalliance from a real career in London. In 1743, a few years after Frances left Jamaica for school,

• 13:09Dana Schwartz?

  Robert ordered Gibson to return to England. He promised that he would set his son up with a job, a townhouse, a coach, “everything he likes.” Robert may have even used his granddaughter as a bargaining chip. Although she was too young to marry, Robert said that if Gibson returned to England and picked out a good match for her, he, Robert, would “give her a fortune,” according to a letter from Gibson’s aunt. Much to his father’s delight, Gibson arrived in London in 1746, reuniting with 15-year-old Frances for the first time in six years.

• 13:52Dana Schwartz?

  Robert had secured his son Gibson a prestigious directorship and a lucrative public office in London that would allow him to make a fortune while running his plantations remotely. But Gibson was in London reluctantly, still longing for his life back in Jamaica. Even though Susannah and Gibson were not married, their lives were deeply intertwined. They lived together in Kingston with Frances’s younger brother, Bob, who had been born while Frances was away. In 1739, Susannah had bought 300 acres of land that she had transferred to Gibson for a token payment of five shillings.

• 14:36Dana Schwartz?

  Gibson expanded it by 1,000 acres, transforming it into a sugar plantation called Lucky Hill. In spite of Gibson’s protestations, his father convinced him to remain in London. In late 1746, Gibson’s son Bob joined him at the Dalzell House in Mayfair to go to a posh elementary school, just like his sister had. Meanwhile, Susannah remained in Jamaica alone. Frances often wore a gold chain that her mother had sent, perhaps as a tribute to her. It was unclear if Frances would ever see her mother again.

• 15:20Dana Schwartz?

  Throughout Frances’s young adulthood, she and her father tried to stay in touch with Susannah. Both wrote Susannah long letters. Gibson even included affectionate messages for her in his business correspondence. In one, he wrote, “Tell her I sincerely wish her health and happiness,” which I suppose does qualify as affectionate. But replies were few and far between. In July 1751, Frances was still waiting for her mother to reply to a letter she had sent last November. Susannah had problems of her own to deal with back in Jamaica.

• 16:01Dana Schwartz?

  In 1748, when one of Susannah’s debts led her to transfer a valuable bond Gibson had given her, creditors came after him for more than 2,000 pounds. The crisis forced the family to reorganize Susannah’s affairs. Gibson’s attorney persuaded her to write a will, leaving her estate to their two children. With his old, imperious father skeptical of his financial dealings in the Caribbean and his son too young to understand, Gibson turned to his daughter Frances to discuss his business as if she were his apprentice.

• 16:42Dana Schwartz?

  He even entrusted her with a copy of his will when she was just 17. Frances, too, was preparing for her future. In March 1756, Frances introduced her father to the man that she hoped to marry, George Duff, a 20-year-old Cornet in the 10th Regiment of Dragoons. He seemed to be besotted with Frances from the jump. After they met at the marriage mart in Bath, he plied her with flowery letters, writing, “The power you have over me, you can use me ill or well as you please,”

• 17:23Dana Schwartz?

  and that when they weren’t together, “I could not be said to live.” Frances affectionately called him “my dear Duff,” but she was a little more reserved than George was, at least from his perspective. In one letter, he complained she wasn’t expressing as much devotion to him as she was to her. But it was hard to compete with George’s devotion. He wrote that, “I could work for your smile at poverty and say it was happiness above expression while I had my fanny.” While perhaps a sweet sentiment, it seemed clear that neither of them would have a life of poverty.

• 18:06Dana Schwartz?

  As the youngest son of William Duff, Lord Bracco of Kilbride, George was rich and titled, educated at Edinburgh and St. Andrews, and about to inherit estates in Banffshire and Murray, yielding over 1,000 pounds a year.

• 18:27Dana Schwartz?

  George approached Frances’s father Gibson with a similar poetic flair. The day after they met, George wrote to him, “I have loved your daughter ever since I had the happiness to know her, and it is in your power and hers to make me happy or miserable forever. I never can be happy without her, but rather than you should be displeased with her, I’ll suffer all the torments the world affords.” But before George could formally get Frances’s father’s permission for her hand in marriage, Gibson died in May 1756 at the age of 58. Frances had to break the news to her mother. She wrote to Susannah,

• 19:12Dana Schwartz?

  “It will always give me great pleasure to hear of your happiness and to serve you in everything in my power, whichever you want, please to command me.” Gibson’s will placed his assets in trust, the income to be shared equally between his two children. His total personal property in Jamaica was worth 5,798 pounds, including both land and 133 enslaved people across his plantations. The people he enslaved represented almost 75% of his wealth. Additionally, Gibson left Frances the income from several shares of his businesses in London.

• 19:58Dana Schwartz?

  Unusually, her younger brother Bob would benefit from these assets only in the event of Frances’s death without children, suggesting just how much Gibson trusted his daughter. But Gibson had not named a formal executor for his estates in his will, leaving it open to interference from his various trustees. Frances feared that they would use the interests of her 14-year-old younger brother, still too young to advocate for himself, as an excuse to wrest control of the estate. As she put it, she would not “permit any of the trustees in England to interfere,”

• 20:42Dana Schwartz?

  because, in her words, “they had treated her ‘very ill’ since her father’s death.” Frances challenged the arrangement in court. In English law of the time, a beneficiary of a will could apply for probate in situations where no executor was named. In July 1756, Frances won letters of administration, giving her legal control over her father’s estate. But she had not managed to inherit the land in Jamaica. To do that, she would need a grant from the governor. She sent copies of the letters of administration and Gibson’s will across the Atlantic

• 21:25Dana Schwartz?

  and appointed two of her father’s friends with power of attorney, allowing them to act as her agents on the island. Later that year, the governor granted her responsibility for running her late father’s Lucky Hill estate, an extraordinary victory for an unmarried 26-year-old woman. But even though Frances was able to secure her inheritance, her engagement to George was on less solid ground. In her way was another set of gatekeepers: George’s parents.

• 22:03Dana Schwartz?

  After George told his parents he was engaged in late 1756, his parents were furious. He received an angry letter from his mother, and his father threatened to disown him. There is no solid evidence as to what exactly about Francis the family disliked, but they had plenty of ammo. In spite of her wealth, Francis was 26 years old, considered old for the time, from Jamaica, had unmarried parents, and had mixed heritage. George's sentimental promises of eternal love wouldn't work on the ambitious, pragmatic Duff's.

• 22:44Dana Schwartz?

  Kaufman speculates that the Duff's were "self-conscious about their social position." George's brother and sister had already married unimpressive prospects, in their parents' eyes. His brother had seduced his mother's maid, while his sister eloped with a Jacobite. George's father had only held his title since 1735, and feared that his social scene saw them as imposters. But in February 1757, George's parents seemed open to changing their minds. They were impressed by Francis's connection to her grandfather, Robert Dalzell, who was

• 23:26Dana Schwartz?

  by that point a well-known general and the oldest-serving officer in Britain. One of George's uncles described Francis as "a grandchild of General Dalzell's, by whom George got a good fortune." George's father sent two of his relatives to visit the general "to know his mind with regard to the intended marriage and whether he would agree to leave Francis any money," according to a letter he sent to his son. While we don't know what they discussed, it must have pleased the Duff's well enough to consent to Francis's marriage to George.

• 24:09Dana Schwartz?

  Francis married George Duff on April 7, 1757, at St. Martin in the Fields. But even at that moment she entered married life, Francis was watchful of ways things could go wrong. She kept her marriage a secret for several months, refusing to change her maiden name. She was still nervous about her father's trustees going after her estate. Because the power of attorney she had sent to Jamaica had been executed under her maiden name, changing her name might give them leeway to question its validity.

• 24:50Dana Schwartz?

  It wasn't until the end of the year she began to sign her name Frances Duff instead of Francis Dalzell. For all of the excitement of her new marriage, Francis was still thinking of Jamaica. Francis had been contemplating a trip home to take charge of her inheritance in person, and perhaps even to see her mother again after decades of separation. She wrote to one of her business partners, "If my courage was equal to my inclination of seeing you, I certainly should be at Jamaica in three months' time." But the ongoing Seven Years' War made Atlantic crossings slower and more dangerous, so Francis delayed her trip.

• 25:34Dana Schwartz?

  And by April 1757, Susanna was dead. She had passed suddenly in February, but Francis hadn't found out until May, a month after her wedding. Susanna may have taken pride in seeing how far her daughter had risen, made possible in part by her own determined advocacy. But in a few years, the German Assembly would make that trajectory nearly impossible for anyone else. In 1761, the Jamaican Assembly passed a law limiting inheritances for mixed heritage people to 2,000 pounds in Jamaican currency, which would have prevented Francis from amassing

• 26:19Dana Schwartz?

  the fortune she had fought so hard for. Although Susanna might have hoped that her 1738 private act would have exempted her daughter from these restrictions, by 1761, that was no longer a guarantee. In a motion to the British government, the Jamaican Assembly even cited Francis's inheritance explicitly as an example of what they were trying to prevent. The legislators wrote about these kinds of inheritances, and as a brief aside, because they use antiquated terms for race, I'll be replacing them in my reading. They wrote that these inheritances "tend to greatly destroy the distinction requisite

• 27:04Dana Schwartz?

  and absolutely necessary to be kept up in this island between white persons and people of color. Their issue and offspring, and may in progress of time, be the means of decreasing the number of white inhabitants." The state viewed mixed heritage women like Francis as "particular threats to the status quo." The British agent to Jamaica wrote that they needed to be "restrained," or else "a great part of the property of the island will be in the hands of mixed-race people," and "as power ever follows property, the power will then be in their hands."

• 27:49Dana Schwartz?

  These fears were unfounded, at least in Francis's case. After years apprenticing her father as a teenager, she was prepared to take over the work of operating her father's plantations as they were. She proved herself to be an attentive businesswoman, ordering inventories of every asset and demanding meticulous accounts. She purchased 20 enslaved people for Lucky Hill in 1757, and instructed her lawyer to "brand them with 'our mark,' a common practice at the time." We're not sure exactly what this brand might have looked like. Often, it was the owner's initials.

• 28:34Dana Schwartz?

  Perhaps it was once her father's initials, and then, after he died, it might have been hers. As historian Miranda Kaufman puts it, "The stain of human exploitation permeated Francis's 'success,' as deeply as her initials were branded on the people who toiled on her plantation." It is a complicated, fascinating story, a moment in time when a woman of mixed heritage could rise, but only on the terms of a deeply exploitative system. That's the story of Frances Duff, but stick around to hear about how her story may have

• 29:17Dana Schwartz?

  influenced a work of classic English literature. If you want to learn the wildest facts in history and feel good doing it, there's a new podcast called What the Fact? from Connor Tomlinson of Netflix's Love on the Spectrum. Every week, Connor and co-host Carter Roy take three unbelievable true facts and tell you the story behind them. Carter sets the scene. Connor brings the hilarious tangents. Every episode leaves you in a better mood and a little smarter.

• 29:56Dana Schwartz?

  Follow What the Fact? on your favorite podcast app for new episodes every Wednesday. You know all those pieces in your closet that you find yourself reaching for over and over again? You know the sweater that works with every outfit you try on, and the jeans that you know will always fit you just right? Or the bag you carry everywhere? Those are the exact pieces that earn a place in your wardrobe, and that's exactly what Quince does so well. Quince makes elevated everyday essentials using premium materials like Mongolian cashmere, organic cotton, and premium stretch denim. The designs are timeless, thoughtfully crafted, made to be worn again and again.

• 30:38Dana Schwartz?

  And as the weather gets colder, Quince has everything you need to round out your wardrobe, from warm, responsibly sourced down jackets and cozy cashmere scarves and gloves to beautiful 14-carat jewelry that adds the perfect finishing touch and might make an excellent holiday present. Quince also doesn't just do clothes. My work bag, my leather bag that I bring every day with me to work is from Quince, and I absolutely love it. It goes with everything I wear, and it's just like a classic that makes me feel sophisticated and grown up. And everything at Quince is priced 50% to 80% less than similar brands, because they work directly with ethical factories, cutting out the middlemen, so you're paying for quality

• 31:22Dana Schwartz?

  and not brand markup. Find the fall pieces you will reach for most at quince.com. Download the Quince app for app-exclusive offers, or go to quince.com. Get free shipping on your order and 365-day returns, now available in Canada and the UK too. And when Quince asks where you heard about them, let them know it was Noble Blood. It is the best way to support this show, honestly, because I just want the Quince sponsorship to continue so I can keep buying Quince clothes and products over and over again.

• 32:01Speaker 04

  Hey, I'm Niall Rogers, producer, songwriter, guitarist, and co-founder of the group Chic. A great song has a way of defining a moment, a moment of joy, heartbreak, or anything in between. This fall, I'll be driving across the country, dropping in on some of the coolest, most fascinating artists working today. We'll go deep into their lives and careers and hear what it was like before the moment that made them. From hitmakers like Miguel...

• 32:34Speaker 05

  That last year, finishing that record was the hardest experience of my life. Regardless of how everyone else buys into this, I believe in this and I'm gonna push.

• 32:46Speaker 04

  To rising stars like Alex Warren.

• 32:49Speaker 06

  You know, a song is a story and the verse is setting the scene. And for me, at least, it's allowing me to be personal and vulnerable with the audience, whether it's about my wife and I'm being vulnerable about her, or it's about, you know, my parents and I'm being vulnerable to them. And it's almost like a cinematic piece in a way where each song tells that beautiful story.

• 33:08Speaker 04

  It's gonna be one hell of a trip. Experience Before the Moment, a Lincoln Original Series on the iHeartRadio app, YouTube, or wherever you get your podcasts.

• 33:20Dana Schwartz?

  In William Thackeray's Vanity Fair, an 1848 satirical novel about upper crust British life, a minor character named Miss Swartz bears a notable resemblance to Frances Duff. Swartz is, of course, reminiscent of the German word for black. And like Frances, Miss Swartz is a mixed heritage heiress from the Caribbean who goes to London as a child to attend a fancy boarding school. Because of Miss Swartz's wealth, she is proposed as a potential spouse for a self-obsessed banker's son, George Osborne. But he refuses, rejecting her because of her race.

• 34:05Dana Schwartz?

  Miss Swartz and Frances both end up marrying members of the Scottish nobility. It's unclear whether Frances Duff inspired the character. Miranda Kaufman wrote, quote, "Frances Dalzell may have been long forgotten by the novel reading public by 1848." But the resemblance reveals that the racial anxieties Frances encountered lingered in the Victorian imagination almost a century later.

• 34:40Dana Schwartz?

  Noble Blood is a production of iHeartRadio and Grim and Mild from Aaron Manke. Noble Blood is hosted by me, Dana Schwartz. Writers for Noble Blood are Hannah Johnston, Hannah Zwick, Paul Jaffe, Natasha Lasky, and me, Dana Schwartz. The show is edited and produced by Jesse Funk and Gomes Griffin, with supervising producer Reema Ilkayali, and executive producers Aaron Manke, Trevor Young, and Matt Frederick. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. If you know Connor Tomlinson from Netflix's Love on the Spectrum, you know he's one of

• 35:25Dana Schwartz?

  the most delightful people on television. He's also a serious history nerd. He has a new fun history podcast called What the Fact?, co-hosted with Carter Roy from conspiracy theories and murder true crime stories. Every week, they take three unbelievable true facts from across history and tell you the story behind them. Carter sets the scene, and Connor brings the deep cuts, the hilarious tangents, and his infectious love of history. From the worst years to be alive, to the women so powerful they started wars, Connor and Carter will take you all over the timeline.

• 36:07Dana Schwartz?

  Every episode will leave you in a better mood and a little smarter. The wildest stuff is real, and the real stuff is way wilder than you think. New episodes drop every Wednesday. Follow What the Fact? on your favorite podcast app, or subscribe on YouTube at What the Fact Pod.

• 36:28Speaker 07

  This is Jonas Knox from Two Pros and a Cup of Joe. Buy smart drive for less and trade for more. That's Toyota Ford ability, and it starts with a great deal on an off-road-ready Tacoma or half-ton Tundra, two of Toyota's longest-lasting trucks. Combining power for work, tech for adventures, and style in between. Built on a reputation for quality and reliability, Toyota trucks are known for holding their value, which could mean big savings when it's time for your next Toyota. So get a great deal today and a great value tomorrow. Shop toyota.com for more. Toyota, let's go places.

• 37:04Speaker 04

  OnDeck is built to back small businesses like yours. Whether you're buying equipment, expanding your team, or bridging cash flow gaps, OnDeck's loans up to $400,000 help make it happen fast. Rated A+ by the Better Business Bureau and earning thousands of five-star TrustPilot reviews, OnDeck delivers funding you can count on. Apply in minutes at ondeck.com. Depending on certain loan attributes, your business loan may be issued by OnDeck or Celtic Bank. OnDeck does not lend in North Dakota. All loans and amounts subject to lender approval.

• 37:33Dana Schwartz?

  This is an iHeart Podcast. Guaranteed human.