Count and Cavalry Commander

Through sheer force of will, Polish nobleman Casimir Pulaski came to America and forced the Continental forces to allow him to create a cavalry unit. His bold, impulsive, and sometimes reckless manuevers reinvented the way the war was fought. Support Noble Blood: — Bonus episodes, stickers, and scripts on Patreon https://www.patreon.com/noblebloodtales — Order Dana's book, 'Anatomy: A Love Story https://us.macmillan.com/books/9781250840578/anatomyalovestory' and its sequel 'Immortality: A Love Story https://us.macmillan.com/books/9781250861016/immortalityalovestory' See omnystudio.com/listener https://omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Dana Schwartz?

  This is an iHeart Podcast. Guaranteed Human.

• 0:04Speaker 01

  Small businesses are the pulse of every community. They bring people together, create opportunities, and drive growth. Chase for Business helps business owners like you with personalized guidance and convenient digital tools all in one place. With that guidance and your determination, you can take your business further and help build a brighter future for your community. Learn more at chase.com/business. Chase for Business: make more of what's yours. The Chase mobile app is available for select mobile devices. Message and data rates may apply. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., Member FDIC. Copyright 2026, JPMorgan Chase & Company.

• 0:46Dana Schwartz?

  Welcome to Noble Blood, a production of iHeart Radio and Grim and Mild from Aaron Mankey. Listener discretion advised.

• 0:58Dana Schwartz?

  In the early hours of October 9, 1779, in the marshes to the south of Savannah, Georgia, the cavalry commander was awaiting his call to glory. If he succeeded, the plan that he had spearheaded would unite a force of American and French troops in a bold, multi-pronged attack to reclaim the city Savannah from the British. Once the infantry located a defensive weakness, the cavalry would charge, break through enemy lines, and overwhelm their opposition. If they won, it would be a resounding victory in the American Revolutionary War.

• 1:40Dana Schwartz?

  And also, it would be a crowning achievement for one of the most unlikely heroes of the Continental Army. Because the general that day waiting on his horse was neither American nor French, Count Casimir Pulaski was a Polish noble. Unfortunately for Pulaski, the elements that fateful morning were against him.

• 2:07Dana Schwartz?

  The foggy weather and swampy terrain delayed the foot soldiers in reaching their starting positions. The conditions also impeded the Allied military units from effectively communicating with one another. A process which was already difficult, given the involved egos, tenuous agreements, and language barriers between many of the officers, enlisted men, and members of the militia. But far worse than all of that, and unbeknownst to Pulaski, a critical betrayal had taken place the night before. Someone had leaked their plans, and so the fortifications they were attacking actually

• 2:50Dana Schwartz?

  held far more heavily armed reinforcements than Pulaski had counted on. British riflemen were able to start brutally picking off the majority of the sodden and struggling soldiers as they approached. Pulaski waited with his cavalry while all this was happening. As someone who lived for the thrill of battle, Pulaski found the long period of anticipation to be nearly unbearable. It was all he could do to keep his antsy cavalrymen ready and organized while gunshots and disembodied shouts filtered through the misty air. Finally, word came that the leader of the French forces, Charles Hector Comte de Steng,

• 3:35Dana Schwartz?

  had been gravely wounded. Knowing that the death of De Steng could throw France's units into chaos and thereby doom the Allies' chances, Pulaski made the decision to spur his steed forward. After all, this was what the cavalry was all about: speed, precision, daring action. He detested structured, predictable warfare anyway, and he was certainly used to being vastly outnumbered. And so Pulaski rode into the fray convinced that there was still hope. For the man who would later be called "the father of the American cavalry," there was

• 4:17Dana Schwartz?

  always still hope: of shifting the momentum, of fighting for freedom, of harnessing his unrivaled skills atop a horse, of saving the day. I'm Dana Schwartz, and this is Noble Blood.

• 4:38Dana Schwartz?

  Through almost every phase of his life, Casimir Pulaski seemed to spark some form of debate or conflict. Case in point, his entry into the world somehow generated four different birth records, which lead historians to often disagree on his birth date. Nevertheless, the consensus among modern scholars seems to be that the man, whose name is commonly anglicized as Casimir Pulaski, was born on March 6, 1745, in Warsaw, Poland. His family was devoutly Catholic and prominent among the Polish nobility. Some sources quibble over Polaski’s education and whether he was possibly a Freemason,

• 5:23Dana Schwartz?

  but three things his biographers all appear to agree on are: the young count was highly driven to fight for independence, he was exceedingly passionate about horse-riding, and he felt that the more he could combine the two, the better. Polaski’s armed ambitions pushed him to join multiple wars on multiple continents and connect with some of the 18th century’s most influential figures. Rather than cover his entire military career or life, though, especially since Polaski’s own mood and movements seemed so often hinged on whichever campaign was directly at hand,

• 6:04Dana Schwartz?

  we’ll zoom in on two specific battles of the American Revolutionary War that, in my mind, serve as intriguing windows into his personality: his superlative horse sense and his lasting effect on the fledgling country’s fortunes.

• 6:24Dana Schwartz?

  Our first battle, the Battle of Brandywine, was a doozy.

• 6:29Dana Schwartz?

  The fighting along Brandywine Creek on September 11th, 1777 reportedly involved more soldiers than any skirmish in the war other than the Battle of Long Island. Most estimates put a total number of American and British troops who clashed at a little over 30,000. However, even with army size being so vital, Polaski almost wasn't allowed to participate at all. The Polish soldier had only recently arrived from commanding a cavalry for the Bar Confederation, a group who had fiercely fought against Russian control of the Poland-Lithuania Commonwealth.

• 7:12Dana Schwartz?

  Polaski's exploits there were divisive, leading many contemporaries to describe him as brave and honest, while others characterized him as a loose cannon. But again, there was little argument about his larger aspirations. Fellow soldiers frequently remarked on his disinterest in women, in drinking, and other common pursuits as he singularly, obsessively sought to fight for nations whose quests for independence he viewed as honorable and worthy. Polaski's reputation was so considerable that after his side lost in Poland, he arrived

• 7:54Dana Schwartz?

  in America bearing a recommendation letter from none other than notable diplomat Benjamin Franklin. Three weeks prior to the Battle of Brandywine, Polaski had presented himself and his letter to George Washington in Pennsylvania as the American general was strategizing about how to keep British forces from capturing the US capital at the time, Philadelphia.

• 8:20Dana Schwartz?

  The 31-year-old Polish man, who a resident doctor described as "a man of hardly middling stature, sharp continence and lively hair", may not have had the most awe-inspiring physical presence, and he hardly spoke English, but once he got on a horse, he was captivating. Pulaski reportedly performed riding stunts for Washington's officers to showcase his prowess and to emphasize his claim that well-trained cavalry corps could perform feats far beyond the capacity of any infantry. It's worth taking a moment here

• 9:01Dana Schwartz?

  to appreciate just how dazzling Pulaski's riding skills were. Multiple historians have related that one of the stunts Pulaski executed at Washington's headquarters involved him urging his horse to a full gallop, then shooting his pistol, tossing his pistol into the air, catching it, and precisely hurling it at a target. He'd then circle back and, without slowing down, balance on a single stirrup, bend over to retrieve his pistol, and deftly right himself, ready for his next charge. Many impressed American officers apparently could not replicate the dangerous maneuver

• 9:44Dana Schwartz?

  without falling off their horses and injuring themselves. Clearly, even in the midst of experienced horsemen, Pulaski was a "stallion among foals". However, Pulaski struggled to secure an appointment to the Continental Army before the Battle of Brandywine. Despite Pulaski's experience, Washington was reluctant to make the Brash Count a high-ranking officer for several reasons. For one, many Europeans were arriving to seek fame and fortune in the war, and American soldiers resented foreigners getting positions above them. In addition, Washington was not the biggest believer

• 10:29Dana Schwartz?

  in having a large cavalry. Several historians assert that this skepticism was partly due to naivete, as he had not witnessed a mounted division used in as effective a fashion as it had been in Europe. Practicality also heavily factored into Washington's decisions. Overseeing America's war operation was a daunting managerial task, and Washington evidently saw infantry and artillery units as more cost-effective than a cavalry, given that his side had relatively little infrastructure for training riders or caring for war horses.

• 11:09Dana Schwartz?

  But Pulaski valued a robust cavalry above all and refused to take no for an answer. After bouncing between Washington's camp and the United States Congress, growing impatient while hearing that the British were steadily getting nearer, Pulaski finally got Washington to let him act as a volunteer cavalry officer and join Washington's forces at Brandywine. The battle did not go well for the Continental Army. After 11 hours of grueling fighting, Washington's routed side was forced to make a chaotic retreat.

• 11:51Dana Schwartz?

  The situation looked dire for the Americans, but also it offered a distinct opportunity for Pulaski. Up to that point, Pulaski had not gotten involved in much direct action since Washington primarily saw fit to use cavalrymen as messengers and scouts. With their forces in utter disarray, however, Pulaski convinced Washington to let him lead 30 horsemen from the general's own guard in a swift strike on the advancing British. Quickly finding success with his decisive, unconventional style of fighting, Pulaski

• 12:32Dana Schwartz?

  reportedly then rounded up scattered soldiers and led them in an audacious attack on the enemy's oncoming flank, buying the Americans precious time to retreat.

• 12:44Dana Schwartz?

  The battle still ended in defeat for the Continental Army, and the British still eventually captured Philadelphia. But numerous historians claim that without Pulaski’s rear-guard heroics, George Washington would have died that day. So by extension, it’s not really a huge exaggeration to say that if it were not for Pulaski’s persistence at Brandywine, the United States might be a very different place today.

• 13:17Dana Schwartz?

  The second of our two key Casimir Pulaski-influenced battles is the Siege of Savannah in 1779. As the name suggests, this conflict greatly contrasted the Brandywine in terms of geography and strategy. Although according to many accounts, it was also one of the bloodiest of the American Revolution. The Siege of Savannah was also a fascinating microcosm of the larger war, as it involved troops arriving by land and sea, complex tactics, and awkwardly desperate diplomacy. Even Pulaski’s journey to Savannah was arduous

• 14:00Dana Schwartz?

  in both a physical and emotional sense. The trek to reach the British-occupied city was roughly 700 miles, and involved numerous side missions, skirmishes, and tragic losses, many of which Pulaski endured while simultaneously suffering from malaria. But at least by this point, he had a dedicated cavalry corps. Pulaski’s deeds at the Brandywine had been so undeniably valiant that Congress had allowed Washington to commission him as a brigadier general of the Continental Army’s cavalry. It was a big leap, but Pulaski had been far from satisfied

• 14:43Dana Schwartz?

  as his grand horse-center dreams were corralled by several harsh realities. Namely, Washington still underestimated the cavalry’s full potential, and Pulaski’s own, let’s say, intense leadership style and limited fluency in English had reputedly caused friction between him and other officers.

• 15:07Dana Schwartz?

  Before Pulaski traveled south, financial issues and bureaucratic oversight had also frustrated him, so much so that he supposedly often covered his soldiers' pay himself, and he had once even resigned. But thanks to a productive meeting with General Horatio Gates, in which the determined cavalryman had laid out his vision for an elite Lancer unit, Pulaski had been reconfirmed to his rank, given the unique title of Commander of the Horse, and permitted to assemble a division of cavalry and light infantrymen

• 15:47Dana Schwartz?

  more to his liking, which became known as Pulaski's Legion. Recruiting for this unit was still a constant challenge, to the point that despite the reservations of Washington and others, Pulaski often accepted British deserters and prisoners of war into his ranks, as long as he was able to personally vet each recruit. By February 1779, through sheer force of will and meticulous training, Pulaski at last led a formidable cavalry unit, and, in eyeing the southern front of the war, he saw a great opportunity to put his new legion to use.

• 16:33Dana Schwartz?

  The British were shifting many troops and resources southward, and in riding down to Savannah, Pulaski relished the chance to utilize his favorite battle tactics. According to his correspondence, the Polish general viewed it as advantageous to avoid large straightforward battles, as so many in the North were doing, and instead deploy smaller detachments to attack quickly and unpredictably. On his way to meet General Benjamin Lincoln in Georgia, Pulaski put his style to warfare in practice, and in doing so, impactfully defended several southern sites, while also making plenty of decisions

• 17:17Dana Schwartz?

  that some southern officers viewed as impulsive and irresponsible.

• 17:24Dana Schwartz?

  Times were desperate, though, and the Continental Army's only hope of reclaiming Savannah after almost a year of British occupation was to make the best of its imperfect alliances. The awkward nature of one of these multinational relationships became especially apparent when three forces converged near Savannah in September 1779. There was Pulaski's cavalry of about 260 men, coordinating with General Lincoln's small army of 1,000 South Carolina Continentals and militia, and then there was the French

• 18:04Dana Schwartz?

  Admiral Charles Hector Comte de Stang's roughly 4,000 reinforcements that he brought by ship. Whereas Pulaski was at times a divisive figure in American military circles, de Stang seems to have been more universally disliked. If many accounts are to be believed, he was haughty and egotistical, and unlike Pulaski, who did largely win the trust of his legion, de Stang frequently alienated his closest officers by disregarding their counsel. That made it tricky to orchestrate a successful siege against British General Augustin Prevost

• 18:48Dana Schwartz?

  and his 3,200 British defenders. And yet, after coordinating with his American and French counterparts, Pulaski's cavalry so speedily cut off British supply lines and reinforcements that de Stang, eager to claim the victory, started negotiating the British side's surrender. De Stang naively gave the British extra time to consider his terms, which the British General Prevost used to fortify his side's defenses. Even so, Pulaski devised a solid assault plan, and despite the French general and

• 19:30Dana Schwartz?

  General Lincoln's struggle and seeing eye to eye, he got both men to sign off.

• 19:37Dana Schwartz?

  The joint forces would launch a three-pronged attack. American and French divisions would engage the right and left flanks, while the Allies' largest forces would attack the Spring Hill Redoub, a key British fortification. Pulaski would wait with his cavalry and then break through into Savannah and create so much chaos by riding through the streets and attacking the defensive lines from behind that the British side's defensive advantage would evaporate. It was a very good plan. Unfortunately for Pulaski, his plan was largely undone by a timely betrayal.

• 20:21Dana Schwartz?

  Ironically, given all the hand wringing about the trustworthiness of the deserters and POWs in Pulaski's legion, the double-crosser in this case was American. The night before the planned attack, a member of the Charleston Grenadiers snuck over to General Prevost and told him of the Continental Army's intentions. Thus, it came to be that on October 9, 1779, after the French and American infantry divisions were substantially repelled and decimated while moving through the swamps and ricefields, Pulaski rode through the foggy marshes to try to save the gravely wounded D'Stang.

• 21:06Dana Schwartz?

  The rescue was not unlike so many other daring ones that Pulaski had previously pulled off, but this time, his luck ran out, and he was shot in the upper right thigh by grape shot. Even as he was being pulled from the battlefield, Pulaski continued giving orders to his second-in-command. But the loss of their fearless general disheartened Pulaski's legion, and ultimately, the Continental Army suffered a defeat that some British accounts claimed was one of the largest of the war. Meanwhile, a surgeon tended to Pulaski, removing the piece of grape shot, which, fun fact, is now on display in a museum in Savannah.

• 21:51Dana Schwartz?

  But Pulaski was paranoid. He didn't want to remain near the British forces, fearing that if they captured him, they would turn him over to his old nemesis, the Russians. So Pulaski was taken to the American ship, the Wasp. French surgeons onboard tried to treat him, but gangrene spread across the wound, and Pulaski, after a little over two years of service, died on October 15, 1779. He was then given an honorable burial at sea. Or was he?

• 22:34Dana Schwartz?

  Like so many other chapters of his life, Pulaski's burial stirred up eventual controversy. Some rumors claimed that he was taken ashore and buried on land somewhere near Savannah. After a lengthy search, the married owners of a plantation claimed in 1853 that they had found Pulaski's remains. These were later interred in the Pulaski Monument in Savannah. Then, in 1996, those remains were exhumed from the monument for DNA analysis. The results proved inconclusive, and despite further studies and claims that the bones were Pulaski's,

• 23:17Dana Schwartz?

  the evidence still seems shaky. In addition to the proposed burial logistics being puzzling and the plantation owner's story containing holes, scholars revealed the owners to be British loyalists. So it's fairly implausible that Pulaski would have basically been buried on hostile territory. The bones that were studied also showed certain female characteristics, which led some to propose that Pulaski could have actually been intersex. But there does not appear to be much convincing evidence to support that theory, and the bones do not conclusively match with a descendant of the Pulaski family.

• 24:01Dana Schwartz?

  And so it seems most likely that the career soldier who covered so much ground in the saddle was indeed, though it may feel less narratively fitting, given a watery grave.

• 24:16Dana Schwartz?

  Regardless of his body's final resting place and the fact that he never married and had no known heirs, Pulaski left behind a massive legacy. His most loyal officers and companions paid him glowing tributes, and even many detractors and enemy officers credited his courage and influence on the war. Pulaski's military strategies were also clearly ahead of their time, as evidenced by cavalry units effectively utilizing many of his tactics during the American Civil War. And although he faced plenty of xenophobia, Pulaski's contributions to the United States'

• 24:58Dana Schwartz?

  fight for independence were eventually appreciated to such a degree that he was referred to as "the Soldier of Liberty" and, as he probably would have likely found the most pleasing, "the Father of the American Cavalry." Currently, a staggering number of structures commemorate Casimir Pulaski in the US. In addition to his monument in Savannah, other majestic statues stand in cities like Washington DC, Buffalo, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Hartford, and Providence. Fittingly, many depict him riding a horse. In addition, the Pulaski Bridge in New York City, the Pulaski Skyway in New Jersey, and

• 25:42Dana Schwartz?

  the Pulaski Highway in Baltimore were all named after him, as was Fort Pulaski in Georgia. Multiple military ships also bear Pulaski's name, as do numerous villages and schools all over the US. As you probably noticed, besides both being memorably alliterative, the Battle of Brandywine and the Siege of Savannah also both ended poorly for the American side.

• 26:11Dana Schwartz?

  But rather than being mere blights on Polaski’s record, these complex military engagements highlight his unique value. By leading a misunderstood unit, Polaski often wound up in harrowing, long-odds situations. And while victories certainly deserve to be celebrated, defeats often offer deeper insight. As the famed boxer Mike Tyson is so often quoted as saying, “Everybody has a plan until they get punched in the mouth,” what made Polaski remarkable is that he constantly kept coming up with plans, even after his enemies kept proverbially punching him.

• 26:54Dana Schwartz?

  If anything, Polaski seemingly wanted to weather his opponent’s best shots, and thus proved how his greatest strength was also his undoing. Bravery verging on recklessness was a great blueprint for gaining an outsized reputation, but not so much for ensuring a long life. In a way, it’s surprising that a Polish transplant who was so focused on a relatively underutilized type of warfare would become such a legendary figure in the United States’s fight for independence. But in another way, it makes perfect sense.

• 27:35Dana Schwartz?

  Even for those who did not fully grasp all of Polaski’s ambitions and European achievements, the cavalry general’s unbridled—apologies—passion continually resonated. To this day, few individuals’ sacrifices and ocean-bridging fighting spirits better embody one of Poland’s unofficial mottos: “For our freedom and yours.”

• 28:08Dana Schwartz?

  That’s the cavalry-centric story of Casimir Pulaski, but stick around after a brief sponsor break to take one last trot down memory lane.

• 28:25Speaker 02

  Hey, it's Niall Rogers, host of Before the Moment, a Lincoln original series. I'm driving across the country, meeting some of today's most fascinating artists. We're exploring the stories before the moment that changed everything. This week, I'm joined by breakout singer-songwriter Alex Warren.

• 28:45Speaker 03

  I'm like a kid when I play music and I make music and I'm constantly asking questions. You know, whether it's an instrument I haven't played, or it's a melody that seems foreign. You know, there's every night you play a show and it's the same set, but it's not the same show. At a certain point, your brain kind of goes on autopilot. When I'm in the studio, or if I'm making music, that's where that curiosity kind of comes back, you know? I haven't lost it yet, but I'm also on my sophomore album, so, and you, you obviously are the expert here.

• 29:11Speaker 02

  Experience Before the Moment, a Lincoln original series on the iHeartRadio app, YouTube, or wherever you get your podcasts.

• 29:22Speaker 02

  Hey, it's Niall Rogers, host of Before the Moment, a Lincoln original series. I'm driving across the country, meeting some of today's most fascinating artists. We're exploring the stories before the moment that changed everything. This week, I'm joined by rising star Sienna Spiral. What is so fascinating to you about impermanence?

• 29:44Speaker 04

  Everything about us, everything we do is, is temporary. And I just got terrified of that. You know, what we do with our time and how I feel like the way the world is today and how fast-paced it is and how much we don't even acknowledge anything around us. How I felt temporary to the people around me and how that made me scared and how much I wanted to last and make an impact on people and, I guess, to change the way I looked at things and to change myself and to change how I guess I approached everything in my life. It's important that things are impermanent because nothing would feel special. And enjoying, you know, learning to love with knowing it's not gonna last.

• 30:18Speaker 02

  Experience Before the Moment, a Lincoln original series on the iHeartRadio app, YouTube, or wherever you get your podcasts.

• 30:33Dana Schwartz?

  If you're from Illinois, like me, or a fan of Sufjan Stevens, you might be aware that the first Monday in March is celebrated as Casimir Pulaski Day. And at least back when I was young, it was a day we got off school. My freshman year of college, out of state, I remember telling a story about something my friends and I did on Casimir Pulaski Day when we didn't have school. And I was met with confused stares. It was only then that I realized that Casimir Pulaski Day was not, in fact, a nationally observed holiday. Because of Chicago's large Polish population, it was introduced as a holiday in the city

• 31:15Dana Schwartz?

  in 1986, to be celebrated on the first Monday in March. Apparently, though fairly recently, it seems not every school gives the day off anymore. And so if you live in a school district that still gets Casimir Pulaski Day off, please do let me know, I'm curious.

• 31:43Dana Schwartz?

  Noble Blood is a production of iHeartRadio and Grim and Mild from Aaron Manke. Noble Blood is hosted by me, Dana Schwartz, with additional writing and research by Hannah Johnston, Hannah Zwick, Courtney Sender, Amy Height, and Giulia Malani. The show is edited and produced by Jesse Funk, with supervising producer Reema Ilkayali, and executive producers Aaron Manke, Trevor Young, and Matt Frederick. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.

• 32:55Speaker 05

  She's been thinking about this sleepover all week, but I think about her food allergies all the time. Fortunately, her doctor prescribed Zolair, omalizumab. It's proven to significantly reduce allergic reactions if a food allergy accident happens.

• 33:08Speaker 06

  Zolair 150mg is a prescription medication used to treat food allergy in people one year of age and older to reduce allergic reactions due to accidental exposure to one or more foods. While taking Zolair, you should continue to avoid all foods to which you are allergic. Don't use if you are allergic to Zolair. Zolair may cause a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction called anaphylaxis. Tell your doctor if you ever had anaphylaxis. Get help right away if you have trouble breathing or if you have swelling of your throat or tongue. Zolair should not be used for the emergency treatment of allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis. Zolair is for maintenance use to reduce allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, while avoiding food allergens. Serious side effects such as cancer, fever, muscle aches and rash, parasitic infection, or heart and circulation problems have been reported. Please see zolair.com for full prescribing information. Ask an allergist about Zolair. This is an advertisement for Zolair

• 33:52Speaker 06

  paid for by Genentech and Novartis.

• 33:55Dana Schwartz?

  This is an iHeart Podcast. Guaranteed Human.