No Such Thing As Uncle Egg

Prodigal Podcaster Anna Ptaszynski returns! She joins Dan, James and Andy to discuss whistling bombs, wifi cars and wild oats. Visit nosuchthingasafish.com http://nosuchthingasafish.com for news about live shows, merchandise and more episodes. Join Club Fish for ad-free episodes and exclusive bonus content at apple.co/nosuchthingasafish http://apple.co/nosuchthingasafish or nosuchthingasafish.com/patreon http://nosuchthingasafish.com/patreon Get an exclusive 15% discount on Saily data plans! Use code [fish] at checkout. Download Saily app or go to https://saily.com/fish

• 0:00Speaker 00

  Stop the podcast.

• 0:01Speaker 01

  Stop the podcast.

• 0:02Speaker 00

  Hi, everybody. We are sponsored this week by Progressive.

• 0:05Speaker 01

  That's right. So, everyone talks about how challenging it is to raise kids, but what about protecting them? I'm talking outlet covers, kitchen cabinet locks, baby gates. Where do you even start?

• 0:15Speaker 00

  Yes, it is a nightmare. Well, protecting your home and your auto is a great place to start.

• 0:22Speaker 01

  Progressive offers customized coverage options, so you can be sure you have the right coverage for you and your loved ones.

• 0:27Speaker 00

  They're basically the outlet covers, kitchen cabinet locks, and baby gates of insurance.

• 0:32Speaker 01

  Don't wait. Get your quote today at progressive.com.

• 0:35Speaker 00

  Progressive Casualty Insurance Company affiliates and other insurers, not available in all states. On with the show.

• 0:41Speaker 02

  ChatGPT for Teens is designed to help teens learn, think critically, and grow their skills. ChatGPT for Teens supports active learning by breaking concepts down, rather than giving teens the answer. Study mode helps teens work through problems, and interactive quizzes test their knowledge and provide immediate feedback. Safety protections are on by default, and parental controls offer families additional options, like setting study hours and quiet hours. Visit chatgpt.comPARENTS to learn more.

• 1:21Speaker 01

  Hello and welcome to another episode of No Such Thing as a Fish, a weekly podcast coming to you from the QI offices in Hoburn. My name is Dan Schreiber. I am sitting here with Andrew Hunter-Murray, James Harkin, and Anna Tashinsky. And once again, we have gathered round the microphones with our four favorite facts from the last seven days. And in a particular order, here we go, starting with fact number one. And looky, looky, it's Anna Tashinsky.

• 1:48Speaker 00

  My fact this week is that wild oats sow themselves.

• 1:55Speaker 00

  Yeah, so basically, they're plants that look a bit like oats, and they have seeds at the top of them that come in a little cluster that's called a panicle. But they don't panic. They very calmly have two spikes sticking out of them called awns. And they look a bit like very long, hairy legs. And basically, when the seeds come off, they go onto the ground, and when they dry out, they twist one way. And when they get moist, they twist another. So as the moisture goes up and down, they twist back and forth. And it reminded me a bit of one of those moves you used to do in the gym, where you lie on your back and splay your legs out and roll around.

• 2:29Speaker 01

  You're not allowed back in that gym anymore.

• 2:32Speaker 03

  We just sort of did the bleep test and stuff at my school.

• 2:35Speaker 00

  Yeah, our teacher was sacked actually, but they sort of, it makes them sort of crawl around and then they'll find a crevice. Eventually they'll fall into a crevice. And once they've fallen into a crevice, this motion makes them drill down into it. So they literally bury themselves.

• 2:50Speaker 01

  It's the closest thing you'll see to something that's not sentient being absolutely sentient. It just looks like it's got a mind.

• 2:57Speaker 04

  Let's not get into your sentient of trees stuff.

• 2:58Speaker 01

  I think it's alive, guys. I think it's alive.

• 3:01Speaker 04

  No, honestly, it is alive.

• 3:02Speaker 01

  Well, there we go. James agrees. What about you two?

• 3:06Speaker 04

  Wild oats, are they the ancestors of the oats that we eat?

• 3:10Speaker 00

  We think so, although there seems to be some disagreement, but I think they are, yes. Although the oats that we eat, the cultivated oats have lost these horns because they're bred out. So the seeds can get much bigger.

• 3:18Speaker 04

  And wild oats are, I think, a weed.

• 3:21Speaker 00

  Yes.

• 3:21Speaker 04

  Right. And they're quite annoying because they can plant themselves.

• 3:25Speaker 00

  Yeah.

• 3:25Speaker 04

  So the idea of sowing wild oats is something that you would never need to do it because they do it themselves, but also you wouldn't want to do it because it gets in the way of all your normal plants. So sowing wild oats became a phrase that meant just doing something pointless and stupid.

• 3:41Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 3:41Speaker 00

  Oh.

• 3:42Speaker 01

  So go out and have fun in a promiscuous, sexual way because you're not going to marry these people. But go out and do that and then find the person you're going to marry.

• 3:49Speaker 04

  Yeah. So it was not originally sexual as well. It was just people having fun and messing around and stuff. And actually, an interesting thing that I found is that the word haver, which I've only ever heard in the song, "I'm Going to Walk 500 Miles" by Proclaimers. You know, if I haver, then I know I'm going to haver with you or whatever it is.

• 4:10Speaker 01

  Okay.

• 4:10Speaker 04

  That, the word haver means oats and havoring means sort of messing around, not doing anything properly. And it's the same origin as this wild oats.

• 4:19Speaker 01

  Oh, my God. So that means that we have a new sentence person to add to my list. Nigel Havers. Oh yeah.

• 4:27Speaker 03

  That's a thrill. Anna, I've been updating the list.

• 4:29Speaker 00

  Oh, have you? I was gonna say, it's been a long time.

• 4:31Speaker 04

  Anna, there's a new list.

• 4:33Speaker 03

  Don't worry, we'll get on to the new list.

• 4:36Speaker 00

  I'm okay. I think it ended up meaning something immoral really early, though, because by the turn of the 17th century, so from the late 16th century, wild oats, plural weirdly, was a term for a dissolute and immoral man. So you'd say, he's a bit of a wild oats.

• 4:52Speaker 04

  Yeah, the earliest use is by someone called Thomas Beacon from the 16th century. And he talks about certain light brains and wild oats. And he's talking about stupid people, basically, or idiots. And he also coined the terms bucketful, epicureism, omnisufficient, seventeenthly, unbearded, and worstest.

• 5:15Speaker 03

  Honestly, I think, I think bucketful is the, is the big hitter for me of that list.

• 5:19Speaker 00

  I just love worstest.

• 5:21Speaker 03

  I think worstest is definitely the worstest.

• 5:26Speaker 03

  So there are four kinds of wild oats, right?

• 5:27Speaker 04

  Yeah.

• 5:28Speaker 03

  Uh, they're all avenna, avenna something, avenna sativa, avenna Byzantine, avenna strigos. Uh, those, those last two are mostly just to feed animals. But there's a fourth kind, avenna abyssinica, which I read is only partly domesticated.

• 5:43Speaker 00

  Ooh, that's a bit disobedient.

• 5:45Speaker 03

  I don't really know what it means, but I just like it so much.

• 5:48Speaker 00

  Of course, according to some people, they are still only animal feed. Or according to Samuel Johnson 300 years ago, who famously said, he described the oat, the normal oat, as a grain which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland appears to support the people.

• 6:05Speaker 03

  That's not one of his good ones.

• 6:07Speaker 04

  Well, I think it is. It's one of his most famous ones, isn't it? And he later wrote to Boswell, his friend, he wrote, I meant to vex them about that particular thing. And he did it on purpose to wind the Scots up.

• 6:18Speaker 03

  Yeah, yeah, yeah. So annoying. But they were, they were a big Scottish thing, weren't they? They thrived in the Scottish climate and all of that. And they were grown in huge quantities.

• 6:27Speaker 01

  Brought over by the Romans, right? So they weren't, they weren't there until the Romans got there. And then the climate was just so perfect, um, because it was wet, sunny, it was long day, short day. It just perfectly suited it. And yeah, that sort of became the thing of what Scottish people were brought up on.

• 6:42Speaker 03

  And saved Britain during the war, to a certain extent.

• 6:46Speaker 04

  Oh, yeah.

• 6:46Speaker 03

  Second World War, you know, the obviously big deal of cutting off food supplies and cutting off Atlantic food convoys and things like that. And oats became a really big deal. They were. Um, you know, they substituted a lot of the wheat that you then couldn't get, couldn't get back then. White bread was illegal.

• 7:01Speaker 04

  Was it?

• 7:02Speaker 03

  Yeah.

• 7:03Speaker 04

  Did you have to eat oat bread? Cause that's quite different to wheat bread, isn't it?

• 7:06Speaker 03

  I can't remember what the

• 7:07Speaker 00

  Surely porridge.

• 7:08Speaker 03

  The oats were used for, there was a thing called the national loaf, which was just very, I think very, very good for you bread, but obviously not very delicious.

• 7:16Speaker 00

  Although it sounds like a sort of Reform Party good, piece of Reform Party merchandise.

• 7:22Speaker 03

  National loaf. There's bros, which is a kind of porridge that you don't cook. It's just cold water and oatmeal together.

• 7:30Speaker 04

  We should start, we should start like a bros podcast.

• 7:34Speaker 03

  That's such a good idea. It's porridge.

• 7:36Speaker 04

  It's a lot of jock seeded porridge.

• 7:40Speaker 03

  Ah, such bad timing, Anna. You just came back.

• 7:42Speaker 00

  No, really sad not to be involved in that, but it wouldn't make sense with it.

• 7:47Speaker 01

  Uh, oats had a, had a renaissance since the nineties, hasn't it? Sort of appears everywhere in different things. Now oat milk particularly. That was invented in the nineties. I thought we had that for a very long time. Um, Ricard Ost, O S T E, which is almost an anagram of oats. Um, he's a Swedish scientist and as well as inventing it, he is a professor at Lund University, where we will be going very soon to be doing our live show.

• 8:13Speaker 03

  Is he still trading? Is he?

• 8:14Speaker 01

  He's still there, so we could meet him, but he only, he only spends 20% of his time there at the university. So hopefully we landed that 20%.

• 8:23Speaker 03

  He's doing one, he's doing one day a week. I think is what you mean.

• 8:27Speaker 01

  His official biography says he only spends 20% of his time.

• 8:31Speaker 03

  That's a translation thing.

• 8:32Speaker 04

  Wait a minute though, because there's seven days in a week.

• 8:34Speaker 03

  That's a good point. So he must do, I suppose, 1.4.

• 8:38Speaker 04

  Yeah, 1.4 days.

• 8:40Speaker 01

  So hopefully we're there on the 1.4 day. We'll see.

• 8:43Speaker 03

  That's brilliant.

• 8:43Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 8:44Speaker 03

  I didn't actually know how they made oat milk. It's just because I've never thought about it. We always have some in the house, but I thought it was just, gosh, they're dry. I mean, I suppose there is moisture in there if they're.

• 8:52Speaker 00

  If you zoom in, there's those tiny udders hanging off each grain.

• 8:56Speaker 03

  But they mix it with water. Of course they do.

• 8:58Speaker 04

  Do they?

• 8:58Speaker 03

  Yeah. And they make it into a kind of suspension of water.

• 9:00Speaker 04

  So they make it into, well, porridge, right?

• 9:02Speaker 00

  Yeah.

• 9:02Speaker 04

  Watery porridge. And then they take out the oats.

• 9:05Speaker 03

  Yeah. Yeah. I suppose that's it. Yeah. Yeah. But that's, that's how they do it.

• 9:08Speaker 00

  It sounds gross when you say it like that. And I bet it wouldn't work if I did it, but I quite like it.

• 9:12Speaker 03

  Yeah, it's really good.

• 9:12Speaker 00

  Yeah.

• 9:13Speaker 03

  I, I looked up cereal bars. I got a bit distracted.

• 9:15Speaker 04

  Oh, yeah.

• 9:16Speaker 01

  Okay.

• 9:16Speaker 03

  Just on when things were invented, Danny was surprised that oat milk was a, was a nineties invention. Uh, the first cereal bar, any guesses?

• 9:25Speaker 04

  Okay, uh, 20,000 B.C.

• 9:28Speaker 03

  Okay.

• 9:29Speaker 01

  Later, later.

• 9:30Speaker 04

  They found some in a cave in South Africa.

• 9:33Speaker 03

  They found the rapper.

• 9:37Speaker 03

  So I will say, I don't know if it's surprising enough to justify a quiz.

• 9:41Speaker 00

  I think it would be more surprising if it was very late, because cereal bar could just be you drop some honey on two bits of grain, couldn't it?

• 9:46Speaker 04

  I mean, is it, is it the 80s, Andy?

• 9:49Speaker 03

  It's 1981.

• 9:53Speaker 00

  That's actually amazing.

• 9:54Speaker 03

  That is surprising.

• 9:54Speaker 00

  I'm amazed.

• 9:55Speaker 03

  It is late, isn't it? It's later than I thought.

• 9:57Speaker 01

  That's late.

• 9:58Speaker 00

  I'm astonished.

• 9:58Speaker 03

  It was called Cereal Crunchy, and that means, of course, that David Niven or Muddy Waters could both have enjoyed a cereal.

• 10:05Speaker 04

  Oh my god.

• 10:06Speaker 01

  Oh my god. There's too much to catch Anna up on.

• 10:09Speaker 00

  Is this a new bit?

• 10:11Speaker 04

  It's actually the very new bit, in fact. A two-week-old baby would be old enough to remember when Andy invented this new bit.

• 10:18Speaker 00

  Right, okay.

• 10:19Speaker 04

  And speaking of cereal, they used to be called Cheerios.

• 10:23Speaker 03

  Oh.

• 10:23Speaker 00

  Did they?

• 10:24Speaker 04

  But Quaker Oats owned the idea of having oats in cereal, so they had to remove the T and call themselves Cheerios instead.

• 10:30Speaker 00

  Oh, wow, really? Is that why Ready Brek? Which I've never understood what that is, but it doesn't have oats in it, in the title.

• 10:37Speaker 04

  Oh, yeah.

• 10:38Speaker 00

  Surely that's also porridge?

• 10:39Speaker 03

  Is it oats?

• 10:41Speaker 04

  Yeah, it's porridge.

• 10:42Speaker 00

  Don't actually have it.

• 10:43Speaker 03

  Have the Quaker lot trademarked oats as a foodstuff?

• 10:46Speaker 04

  Largely speaking, they have. Now, I think probably if your thing is made out of oats, then it would be hard to argue that you can't call it oats. But obviously in one or two cases, they have pushed it.

• 10:58Speaker 03

  Like Scott's Porridge Oats.

• 11:00Speaker 04

  Yeah.

• 11:00Speaker 03

  My preferred, my preferred brand. Uh, it's just called, that's called oats, that's allowed.

• 11:04Speaker 04

  It could be like, that's in the UK, for instance, whereas Cheerios would have been in America, where of course, um, Quaker Oats began. And also not made by Quakers.

• 11:13Speaker 00

  Not even blooming Quakers?

• 11:14Speaker 03

  Yeah.

• 11:15Speaker 00

  Can't believe that. I think the Quakers need to sue them. They just made up the name Quaker because it sounds really, ironically, honest and full of integrity.

• 11:22Speaker 04

  They didn't, they didn't make up the name.

• 11:24Speaker 00

  They, sorry, they didn't invent the word Quaker.

• 11:27Speaker 04

  Apparently one of them read an encyclopedia article on Quakers and thought, oh, they sound great, I'm gonna call my cereal after them.

• 11:33Speaker 03

  You wouldn't do it these days, I think.

• 11:35Speaker 04

  No?

• 11:35Speaker 03

  Just pick a religion and, uh...

• 11:40Speaker 04

  Scientologist flakes.

• 11:43Speaker 03

  There was a company called Early Bird who got sued because they named one of their products Haulin Oats, H A U L I N.

• 11:50Speaker 01

  That's good.

• 11:51Speaker 03

  And they got sued by Hall and Oats, the band.

• 11:53Speaker 01

  Daryl Hall.

• 11:54Speaker 03

  Yeah.

• 11:55Speaker 01

  I think that's reasonable. I do think that's reasonable.

• 11:56Speaker 04

  I think that's fair enough because they've obviously taken their name.

• 11:59Speaker 03

  Yeah. Rolled oats.

• 12:00Speaker 04

  Oh, yeah.

• 12:01Speaker 03

  And steel cut oats. Any preps?

• 12:04Speaker 04

  If I was to see them both on the shelf.

• 12:06Speaker 03

  Yep.

• 12:06Speaker 04

  And I wanted to get some very special oats because Andy's coming around to stay over.

• 12:10Speaker 03

  Yep.

• 12:10Speaker 04

  And I know that he loves his oats and I want to get him something special. I would go for the rolled oats because I feel like it's more done by a caveman with a big stone and rolled it over to make it work.

• 12:21Speaker 03

  Interesting.

• 12:21Speaker 04

  Yeah.

• 12:22Speaker 03

  Well, actually, steel cut are the least processed. They've just been sliced around a bit. The rolled ones have been steamed a bit, I think, and rolled into a flake. So if you want to go with classic, the hardest possible one to cook, you want steel cut oats, which is what, which is what I use. Oats are very good for one medical condition and you have to get into a big bath full of oats to cure it.

• 12:45Speaker 00

  Oh, I know because we had it recently. Chicken pox.

• 12:49Speaker 03

  Oh, no.

• 12:50Speaker 00

  Oh, well.

• 12:50Speaker 03

  Okay, so there are two, there are two conditions. That can be cured by oats. I was talking about sunburn.

• 12:55Speaker 04

  Really?

• 12:56Speaker 00

  Must be the same kind of soothing skin thing.

• 12:58Speaker 03

  Apparently you make a nice, cool bath.

• 12:59Speaker 04

  Yeah.

• 13:00Speaker 03

  Drop a load of oats in it and then you get in. So you basically are the porridge.

• 13:05Speaker 01

  Interesting.

• 13:05Speaker 03

  That's pretty cool.

• 13:06Speaker 04

  No, you're like the little blob of jam.

• 13:08Speaker 03

  You're the blob of jam, for sure.

• 13:10Speaker 04

  That's it.

• 13:10Speaker 01

  You're not the oats, yeah.

• 13:12Speaker 04

  That's really interesting. Do you know that in Scotland, they would make oatmeal poultices for minor boils? So what you would do is you would get the oatmeal and you would put some butter in it and you would boil it up and then you would cool it and then you would put it against your boils. And if the boils were really difficult, then you would use urine instead of butter.

• 13:34Speaker 03

  Oh, no, I think it's fine. I think actually it's not that bad, doctor. I think it's fine. I think, I think I'll have the oats, please.

• 13:40Speaker 04

  They're also good, apparently, for curing your own warts. And what you had to do was take 81 stems of oats, bind them into nine bundles of nine and hide them under a stone. And as the stems rotted, your warts would disappear.

• 13:55Speaker 03

  Did people just have a lot more warts and boils back in the day?

• 13:59Speaker 04

  I feel like, yeah, because we had cured them all by doing this oats thing.

• 14:02Speaker 03

  Yeah, I just feel like there are many more boil cures that are older than.

• 14:07Speaker 00

  Yeah, you're right.

• 14:08Speaker 03

  Yeah. Do we, has anyone here ever had a boil?

• 14:10Speaker 04

  Yeah.

• 14:11Speaker 00

  Oh, really?

• 14:12Speaker 03

  I think I had one on tour with all of us on the top of my butt, remember?

• 14:16Speaker 04

  Was that the one where you came around to my room and poured oats into my bath?

• 14:23Speaker 04

  Yeah, I've, I've had warts on my feet.

• 14:26Speaker 00

  Yeah, same. As a kid, you get warts, don't you?

• 14:29Speaker 04

  Yeah.

• 14:29Speaker 03

  Not sure I've ever had a wart.

• 14:31Speaker 04

  Really?

• 14:32Speaker 03

  Yeah.

• 14:32Speaker 04

  Okay, podcast at qi.com if you want to give Andy warts.

• 14:41Speaker 00

  Stop the podcast.

• 14:42Speaker 03

  Stop the podcast.

• 14:43Speaker 00

  Hi, everybody. We are sponsored this week by Progressive.

• 14:46Speaker 03

  That's right. So everyone talks about how challenging it is to raise kids, but what about protecting them? I'm talking outlet covers, kitchen cabinet locks, baby gates. Where do you even start?

• 14:56Speaker 00

  Yes, it is a nightmare. Well, protecting your home and your auto is a great place to start.

• 15:03Speaker 03

  Progressive offers customized coverage options so you can be sure you have the right coverage for you and your loved ones.

• 15:08Speaker 00

  They're basically the outlet covers, kitchen cabinet locks and baby gates of insurance.

• 15:13Speaker 03

  Don't wait. Get your quote today at progressive.com.

• 15:16Speaker 00

  Progressive Casualty Insurance Company affiliates and other insurers, not available in all states. On with the show.

• 15:23Speaker 02

  ChatGPT for teens is designed to help teens learn, think critically and grow their skills. ChatGPT for teens supports active learning by breaking concepts down. Rather than giving teens the answer, study mode helps teens work through problems and interactive quizzes test their knowledge and provide immediate feedback. Safety protections are on by default and parental controls offer families additional options like setting study hours and quiet hours. Visit chatgpt.com slash parents to learn more.

• 15:52Speaker 03

  Okay, it is time for fact number two, and that is James.

• 15:55Speaker 04

  Okay, my fact this week is that the world's first electric internet connected SUV car, which was designed to help you easily locate parking spots and petrol stations, was Chinese and called the wrong way.

• 16:09Speaker 03

  Very. Beautiful.

• 16:11Speaker 04

  Beautiful. So I've just been to China.

• 16:15Speaker 03

  Yeah.

• 16:15Speaker 04

  And I got a car to pick us up from the airport and it was on an app. And when we arrived there, I looked at the app and it said to look out for wrong way. And I thought it was like a joke name that the driver had given himself or something. So I Googled it and it turns out that Rover, the car manufacturer, I think went bust in the UK. But then a Chinese company bought the technology, but not the name.

• 16:40Speaker 03

  And they.

• 16:40Speaker 04

  They made a new name that was kind of a transliterated version of Rover.

• 16:45Speaker 03

  Yeah.

• 16:46Speaker 04

  Royal Airway. But if you pronounce it in Pinyin, then you say it wrong way. It sounds almost exactly the same as wrong way in English.

• 16:53Speaker 03

  Wrong way.

• 16:54Speaker 00

  Brilliant.

• 16:54Speaker 01

  Yeah, that's so just further context on the name thing. My Chinese name, which I grew up with in Hong Kong is Xiebo. Xiebo is Schreiber. Xie and bo. So, but it doesn't really work because it's Uncle Egg. When you put those two words together.

• 17:10Speaker 03

  You.

• 17:11Speaker 01

  Yeah, my Chinese name is Uncle Egg.

• 17:12Speaker 03

  That's kind of cute.

• 17:13Speaker 00

  Wow.

• 17:13Speaker 01

  Yeah, so that was always just caused embarrassment.

• 17:16Speaker 04

  Shave your head.

• 17:17Speaker 03

  Hmm.

• 17:17Speaker 04

  I think you could.

• 17:18Speaker 03

  It's a good reason to.

• 17:19Speaker 04

  You could definitely pull off an Uncle Egg.

• 17:21Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 17:22Speaker 00

  And your beard, because eggs aren't hairy on the bottom, are they?

• 17:24Speaker 04

  It could be like an egg coming out of the chicken.

• 17:26Speaker 01

  Oh, I could be an emerging.

• 17:28Speaker 00

  Oh, yes.

• 17:29Speaker 01

  Egg. That is nice.

• 17:30Speaker 03

  Stick a little feather on your face and some bird poo on the other side.

• 17:35Speaker 01

  And what's really useful about Pinyin is you would use the alphabet that we use in English. But Mandarin has four tones as well. And so if you say a word, often if you just had P I N G, ping, you wouldn't know if it's ping, ping, ping, ping. So that that's what it gives you on top of each word. It gives you the guidance of the the arrow, as it were.

• 17:54Speaker 04

  I think what's interesting with that is like, because Chinese is like non alphabetic, they're always approximate, I think.

• 18:00Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 18:00Speaker 04

  That's fair to say. That's why you get sort of like a word which is Uncle Egg. But actually, you can translate those two syllables to something which doesn't say Uncle Egg. It might say.

• 18:11Speaker 03

  Disgusting pervert.

• 18:12Speaker 04

  I was gonna say, excellent podcaster, but.

• 18:15Speaker 03

  Yeah, I mean, yeah, yeah. Well, there are four tones.

• 18:17Speaker 04

  There are four tones.

• 18:19Speaker 01

  And that's why satire in China is actually really good and really subtle because you are able to make fun of political characters via the use of pinyin and Chinese characters because of the multiple meanings.

• 18:32Speaker 03

  And when the government arrest you, do they get to say, I don't like your tone, young man?

• 18:35Speaker 04

  Yeah, that's good.

• 18:36Speaker 03

  Can I check your fact, James?

• 18:37Speaker 04

  Yeah.

• 18:37Speaker 03

  You said this was the world's first electric internet-connected SUV car.

• 18:40Speaker 04

  According to their website.

• 18:42Speaker 03

  So why are you using it to locate petrol stations?

• 18:45Speaker 04

  Ah, well, where do you wash your car?

• 18:50Speaker 03

  Good point. I pay the local kids a fiver and then.

• 18:55Speaker 04

  That's a good point, actually. I do go to petrol stations to buy food.

• 18:59Speaker 03

  Flowers for your wife?

• 19:00Speaker 04

  Flowers for my wife.

• 19:01Speaker 01

  It's all the best stuff there, isn't it?

• 19:03Speaker 04

  Screen wash, Ginstas pasnes. I also go there to wash my car and often there are charging points in petrol stations, but that's a very good point.

• 19:13Speaker 03

  It was just me being flippant, really. I'm really sorry.

• 19:15Speaker 00

  No, I think we shouldn't be calling them petrol stations. You should call them wife flower stations or something. We can't let petrol keep having dominance over language.

• 19:24Speaker 01

  It might be an interesting reason. It's something that is going on in China with electric cars, which is replaceable batteries as opposed to charging your existing battery.

• 19:33Speaker 03

  You just drive over the marks and then the machine does the rest. And it's especially useful for big, heavy trucks. We're obviously putting in a load of electricity, even at very fast rates, would take a while, but a battery swap, three minutes.

• 19:45Speaker 04

  That's how the first electric cars were. Someone would come, take out your battery and put a new one in it. And the reason was, it was kind of based on old stagecoaches and stuff where you would take your horses and you would swap your horses over. And so it was just the obvious thing to do.

• 19:57Speaker 00

  Whereas now we plug the horses in, obviously.

• 20:01Speaker 04

  But also, like, they're gonna get rid of mobile phone integrated batteries, aren't they? That was in the news last week.

• 20:06Speaker 00

  Oh, yeah?

• 20:07Speaker 04

  Yeah. In the EU at least, I think. They're gonna make it so whenever you buy a new phone, the battery has to be replaceable. You don't just have to get rid of it as soon as the battery goes.

• 20:16Speaker 01

  That's quite good.

• 20:17Speaker 00

  That's much better, yeah. They are the world leaders, aren't they, in electric cars now, China? Sixty-five percent of electric cars are sold by China because partly because they had massive subsidies. So they have ended up with these electric car graveyards because electric car tech has come on so fast. So, you know, in the early 2010s, I think there was huge investment in the subsidies. Hundreds of companies start making them. And then the year later, everyone says, well, I don't want an electric car that can only drive 20 miles because there's a new one that can drive 50. And so there are these giant car parks with thousands of cars in them.

• 20:49Speaker 03

  Wow.

• 20:49Speaker 04

  So they made last year 31 million cars in China. How many do you think Britain made?

• 20:57Speaker 03

  Uh, I'll say 1 million. I'm backing Britain.

• 21:01Speaker 04

  Yeah, well, you slightly overestimated it. 700,000.

• 21:04Speaker 03

  Wow.

• 21:05Speaker 04

  Uh, and Mexico, Indonesia and Turkey made more than us last year, as well as the Czech Republic. Uh, and the big hitters like Germany, India and Japan.

• 21:16Speaker 03

  Right, but it's so China's journey to this is so recent, isn't it? It's fascinating and it's not entirely because of, but a hugely influential person behind it was a guy called Wang Gang. So he's China's Minister of Science and Tech. And he was, he got that job in 2007. But he had been a teenager in the Cultural Revolution, really horrible time for all concerned. Went through that and then after it ended, after Mao died, he went to university, studied internal combustion engines, worked at Audi and China bought a load of Audis for, you know, if you get a top government job, you get a really nice government car, which would have been a Western car like an Audi at the time. And he noticed every time he went home, wow, you know, we're using more and more oil in China.

• 22:01Speaker 03

  And oh, yeah, the pollution's getting worse and worse. Wonder if there's anything we could do to change that? And, um, and just pitched it to the then minister. And then last year, they, they sold about 8 million electric cars, plus 5 million hybrids. Like it's, they've just completely overtaken the rest of the world. Yeah.

• 22:18Speaker 00

  China is also world leader in car carriers or ro-ros.

• 22:24Speaker 04

  I think that's for a boat, isn't it? Row, row your boat.

• 22:27Speaker 00

  Row, row your boat. Row row stands for roll on, roll off. And they are car carrying boats, so they are more convenient than low lows, which are lift on lift offs for boats carrying any kind of cargo that doesn't have wheels, because you drive cars on and off them.

• 22:42Speaker 04

  Yeah, you get row, row ferries, didn't you?

• 22:45Speaker 00

  Yeah, exactly. Yeah. And China's about to build the world's biggest one, which is going to carry, any guesses on how many cars?

• 22:52Speaker 04

  Oh, it'll be a lot. 10,000?

• 22:57Speaker 00

  Yeah, that's a good guess, actually.

• 22:58Speaker 04

  That's a lot.

• 22:59Speaker 00

  12,800.

• 23:00Speaker 04

  You're kidding?

• 23:01Speaker 00

  Pretty good, right?

• 23:02Speaker 04

  That's a lot. Can I ask, can I ask one more question just on this?

• 23:04Speaker 00

  Uh huh.

• 23:05Speaker 04

  China has just built a new snooker building where you can go and play snooker. How many snooker tables do you reckon there are in this building? No, I heard this on TV this week.

• 23:16Speaker 01

  Because China is the other centre of world snooker apart from Sheffield, right? It's like Sheffield and China.

• 23:20Speaker 04

  Yeah, yeah, yeah.

• 23:21Speaker 01

  Okay, I'm gonna, I'm gonna go big as a, as an opening, I'm gonna say 100,000.

• 23:28Speaker 00

  Okay.

• 23:29Speaker 01

  One for every 50,000 checkers boards that's currently in existence.

• 23:34Speaker 00

  I'm gonna bring it, bring it back to reality and say 1,000.

• 23:39Speaker 04

  Is exactly the right answer.

• 23:40Speaker 00

  Oh my god, yes.

• 23:43Speaker 04

  1,000 snooker tables in the same room.

• 23:45Speaker 01

  It doesn't sound as much now that I dropped my bomb on that.

• 23:49Speaker 04

  It's your guess, don't worry.

• 23:50Speaker 01

  100,000. Well, it's just because 12,800 is far more than I thought could fit into. I left a 20p on one of these tables to show I was up next.

• 24:03Speaker 00

  Can I just?

• 24:04Speaker 04

  Can you finish that? Are you finishing that?

• 24:06Speaker 00

  I haven't finished on row rows, but also the stevedores, which is cool because you rarely get to use that word. Stevedores being people who pack and unpack ships. Dozens will work on a ship at once. They have a huge car park full of the cars that need to get on the ship. Let's say 40 stevedores, jump in 40 cars, zoom really, really fast because they've got to get 13,000 cars on this ship. Drive up the ramp one after the other, pin them down, and then they will jump on a minibus, get back there, and then speed the other cars up. It's so cool.

• 24:34Speaker 01

  That's really, that's way, but I recently got the ferry from Dover to Calais and it was a very different experience. There were no stevedores as far as I could see. When we came back into Dover, we got stuck for an hour because it had to reverse out and say, sorry, the ship's not long enough to reach the port. They do this trip every day.

• 24:52Speaker 03

  It's not long enough.

• 24:53Speaker 01

  We had to re-park it in a different parking spot.

• 24:56Speaker 03

  That's amazing. The whole scale of this stuff in China is just nuts, isn't it? So we have just had the Beijing Motor Show, which has pretty much overtaken any other motor show in the world. You know, it used to be Detroit or whatever. It's now Beijing. So in one of the halls of the Beijing Motor Show recently, one of the halls had more electric cars, like models, than are for sale in the whole USA. And there were 17 halls at the Beijing Motor Show.

• 25:22Speaker 04

  Everything's just huge in China.

• 25:23Speaker 01

  In China, this was my memory of it. Apparently it's still the case. Seat belts are really hated by Chinese drivers and they often don't do it. But they get a lot of trouble if they get pulled over by the police. So one way around it was this company started releasing T-shirts that were white T-shirts with a seatbelt pattern over the shirts. And that became a massive craze. And police had to pull over more people than usual to see if it was the shirt or an actual seatbelt. And the problem is, is most cars these days have the noise that goes off, the alarm, if you've not got your seatbelt on. So there was a big craze of sort of blingified seatbelt buckles without the strap on it that you put in to confuse the car into thinking that the seatbelt was in. But you would get like Pokemon versions or you would get Snoopy or Winnie the Pooh.

• 26:07Speaker 04

  Because that is annoying when you have a bag and you put it on the passenger seat and then your car for the next five hours says, you're not wearing the seatbelt.

• 26:16Speaker 00

  You're a baby, same thing. Take care, so just do the seatbelt up behind you. Problem solved.

• 26:21Speaker 04

  My grandmother used to just hold it across her. Wouldn't plug it in. She would just pull it out and then hold it across her.

• 26:30Speaker 00

  Because she was a generation that were against it on principle, right?

• 26:32Speaker 04

  Well, there was like a theory, wasn't there? Like if you're in a crash, you don't want to wear a seatbelt because you want to be flung away from the wreckage.

• 26:40Speaker 03

  A car's just crashed, I want to be as far away from it as possible.

• 26:45Speaker 04

  In 1907, there was a Peking to Paris race, which was a big deal for cars in China at the time. But the Chinese suspected that all the racers were spies because they were mostly Europeans who had come over. And some of these cars, they had like the mudguards on the car. They were specially arranged so you could take them off and you could use them as planks whenever you needed to drive over a swamp.

• 27:07Speaker 00

  Oh, cool.

• 27:09Speaker 04

  And in Kazan in Russia, because it had to go through Russia, two youths fled in terror when they saw the car because they'd never seen one before. And in Nizhny Novgorod, one of the cars frightened the horse and the locals started throwing stones at the drivers because they were like, oh, you've come over here frightening our horses. The winner was a guy called Prince Scipione Borgesi, and he was so far ahead of all the other cars. He was 17 days ahead at one point that he attended four days of celebration in Moscow halfway through the race, and he still won by a week.

• 27:44Speaker 03

  Man, that's really funny.

• 27:46Speaker 00

  The first sort of car was in China.

• 27:48Speaker 04

  Oh, yeah.

• 27:50Speaker 00

  Yeah, made in China, 1680s, car number one.

• 27:54Speaker 03

  No, hang on, come on.

• 27:55Speaker 00

  Car number one, 1680s, car number two, 1890s or something. But yeah, this was made by a Flemish Jesuit missionary. So it was a nice merging of east and west back then, a guy called Ferdinand Verbiest. It was Qing dynasty and he invented a car which was steam powered with coal powering it, which is pretty amazing.

• 28:13Speaker 04

  Sorry, 1680?

• 28:15Speaker 00

  Correct. Didn't even really have steam powered stuff then.

• 28:17Speaker 01

  Who would have been Andy alive to experience this?

• 28:22Speaker 03

  Oh, what a good question. Well, not Oliver or Richard Cromwell, sadly, of course.

• 28:28Speaker 04

  This Verbiest guy, did he drive, run, travel?

• 28:32Speaker 00

  I see what you're doing because of the name. Yeah.

• 28:34Speaker 04

  He was the Verbiest guy.

• 28:36Speaker 00

  Yeah, very good. The only problem with...

• 28:41Speaker 03

  That's not the worstest joke you'll ever do.

• 28:46Speaker 00

  He, it was 65 centimetres long and it was actually a toy for the emperor. But it still works. You could, and you could squeeze into that. If you're desperate, you can squeeze into a 65 centimetre.

• 28:56Speaker 01

  How fast would it?

• 28:58Speaker 04

  It's just a run around and it's good for parking.

• 29:02Speaker 00

  It didn't say how fast it went, but it could go for an hour before it needed more coal. And he's interesting because he's the only Westerner ever to have received an honorary name after death in China. So if you've done something impressive in China, the emperor would give you a name after you died. And the emperor really liked him because he did other cool stuff. And so he was called Chin Min, which means diligent and clever.

• 29:23Speaker 04

  Very nice.

• 29:25Speaker 03

  Can I tell you one of my other Chinese electric car heroes? Wang Chuanfu. So he's the head of BYD.

• 29:31Speaker 01

  Oh, and they're the biggies. There's one other, but they're, yeah.

• 29:34Speaker 03

  They, again, they used to make batteries for mobile phones and then they got via that into bigger batteries and then thought, you know what, cars. He once showed investors, he was at a meeting with, you know, Warren Buffett.

• 29:45Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 29:45Speaker 03

  Who was at Berkshire Hathaway, his huge investment firm. BYD, in their very early days, were trying to get investment for, from Warren Buffett. And at an investor meeting, Wang Chuanfu once showed investors how clean and safe his batteries were by drinking from a glass of battery fluid in front of him.

• 30:06Speaker 01

  What?

• 30:06Speaker 03

  He said, look, this stuff is great.

• 30:08Speaker 00

  Wait, but that, I don't need it to be drinkable.

• 30:11Speaker 03

  I know, I know. Yes, it's unclear what point he was making, actually.

• 30:15Speaker 04

  Is it not highly acidic, battery fluid?

• 30:17Speaker 03

  I guess his stuff was not.

• 30:19Speaker 00

  Right. He didn't drop down dead as part of the PR stunt.

• 30:22Speaker 03

  Oh, sorry. I forgot to say he dropped down dead as part of the PR. But he got the deal.

• 30:27Speaker 03

  Yeah, very impressive.

• 30:33Speaker 01

  Okay, it is time for fact number three, and that is my fact. My fact this week is that the reason a World War II bomb whistled as it fell from the sky is because it had a big whistle on it.

• 30:47Speaker 04

  Is this a specific bomb we're talking about, or is it all the bomb?

• 30:50Speaker 01

  It wouldn't have been every single bomb, absolutely, that's right. But these are German bombs. And the idea was, it was an intimidation tactic.

• 30:58Speaker 04

  Like the Blitz ones?

• 30:59Speaker 01

  Yeah, yeah, yeah, it would have been those, because a lot of the memories of people during the Blitz talk about the whistling sound of the bomb as it came down. And the Germans decided that they wanted to use this as a tactic, so they literally attached a whistle-like device to the fins of the bomb, so that as it came down, it created that sound.

• 31:19Speaker 00

  Whereas when we now go

• 31:22Speaker 00

  we think, oh, that's just the sound of a bomb. But actually, it's not, it's the sound of a whistle.

• 31:25Speaker 04

  I actually think it's the sound of something falling. Like, in my head, it's like Wile E. Coyote makes that sound, right?

• 31:31Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 31:31Speaker 04

  When it's falling. So I just thought it was, like, actually, I never really thought about it, and if I did think about it, I would know it was wrong. But I kind of just thought, oh, things that fall just go like that.

• 31:40Speaker 00

  Yeah, but that would have come from the bombs, right? Yeah.

• 31:42Speaker 01

  Because the sound gets is getting deeper, yeah?

• 31:44Speaker 04

  Yeah.

• 31:45Speaker 01

  But as we know, from the Doppler effect, if there's a police siren driving past you or something, it will get higher as it approached you, and then deeper as it went further away again.

• 31:55Speaker 03

  It's because movies have tricked us.

• 31:56Speaker 01

  Yeah, yeah.

• 31:58Speaker 03

  The whistle that you hear in the movies is the perspective of the pilot, not the person on the ground.

• 32:02Speaker 01

  We should do

• 32:04Speaker 00

  I've started doing that since I read since I read, since I like read, read this and was like, oh, yeah, of course. You know, with kids, when you feed them, you go as an aeroplane. What I've started doing

• 32:17Speaker 00

  as it descends into his mouth.

• 32:19Speaker 01

  It's interesting, because it was used as a sort of intimidation tactic. I read an account by a guy called Harold Trautén, who in 1941, he was, he was a young boy, and he remembers being in his kitchen, and he, he hears the noise of the bomb coming down. And so they immediately jumped under the table, because many tables had cages underneath them as a bomb protection device. Turns out, it was the neighbour's kettle whistling, and that's how sensitive everyone was at the time, specifically to that sound.

• 32:44Speaker 03

  There was loads of it around in the war.

• 32:46Speaker 00

  Bombs?

• 32:47Speaker 01

  Loads of bombs.

• 32:49Speaker 03

  Yeah. No, loads of noise being used to a certain extent psychologically.

• 32:53Speaker 04

  Throughout all of history.

• 32:54Speaker 01

  All of history.

• 32:54Speaker 03

  Yeah, yeah, you're right. So the, but the, the Stuka plane, which was the Junkers 87, JU 87, they had little fan-like whistling devices put on, because they were dive bombing planes. So the idea is you dive down as close as possible to The target, release the bombs when you're really close so they land accurately and then you fly off again. But they were fitted with special devices which made them scream. And it was a very terrifying sound to hear, the scream of this Stuker plane. But it did slow them down a bit by about fifteen miles an hour. So they took them off eventually because it made them easier to shoot down.

• 33:25Speaker 04

  Well, like, do you remember the Night Witches who we've mentioned before? The Soviet female pilots and they were in really old rickety planes because they gave them like the wooden planes. But they couldn't go very high, but they were very noisy because they were old. And they used sound because it would just disrupt people's sleep. You were on edge all the time or also like you would have to use anti-aircraft stuff in the middle of the night so no one could get any sleep. So it's kind of a psychological thing in that way that you disrupt. I think it's called harassing fire, it's known as.

• 33:59Speaker 04

  You deliberately do something just to harass people and not necessarily to bomb them.

• 34:03Speaker 00

  Well, the famous example in Second World War that our grandparents always used to talk about was the doodlebugs, wasn't it? The doodlebug was basically a German drone, essentially.

• 34:11Speaker 03

  Is that the V1?

• 34:12Speaker 00

  Yes, the V1, which it would be fired and it was sort of like powered by a pooh, pooh, pooh, pooh sort of jet as it went through the air. And it was programmed to stop at a certain point. And the famous thing about the doodlebug, which everyone always remembers, is that when its engine was programmed to cut out, that was when it plummets out of the air. So you hear that pooh, pooh, pooh. And then a sudden silence, which actually a friend of mine in the village, Laurie, is in his early nineties and he still remembers whenever you heard that silence. You know, you probably don't have time to save yourself at that point.

• 34:42Speaker 04

  Well, he must be very happy to live next door to someone with a young child. Never any silence.

• 34:49Speaker 03

  The V2, which was the successor rocket, you don't, you don't have that psychological nightmare of hearing it and then cut out because it's going so fast that you don't hear it. You just hear a big bang.

• 35:00Speaker 04

  Right.

• 35:00Speaker 03

  Well, if you hear the big bang, you know you haven't been killed by it.

• 35:04Speaker 00

  That's a good point. Relief.

• 35:05Speaker 03

  I mean, they're both, they're both bad.

• 35:07Speaker 04

  But not as bad as the Big Bang Theory.

• 35:12Speaker 03

  If you hear that, you know, oh no.

• 35:16Speaker 00

  You long for some. Silence.

• 35:18Speaker 04

  Um. Here's a interesting whistling bomb. Um. In nineteen sixty five, the attack squadron twenty five, the American squadron, toilet bombed Vietnam. So they wanted to mark the fact that they dropped six million pounds of ordnance on the country, and they did it by taking an old toilet, taking it up on the plane and then dropping it out. Uh. And because of the holes in the toilet or something, it just whistled all the way down.

• 35:44Speaker 03

  Right.

• 35:44Speaker 00

  And that's to commemorate how much they've dropped on.

• 35:47Speaker 04

  It's just like soldiers, you know.

• 35:49Speaker 00

  Soldiers being soldiers.

• 35:50Speaker 04

  Soldiers being soldiers, yeah. Uh. But actually, previously in the Korean War, there was a kitchen sink bomb that was dropped on Korea, uh, because someone had said, we've dropped everything on them except the kitchen sink. And so they deliberately just got a kitchen sink and dropped it down as well.

• 36:05Speaker 03

  Gosh, you've got to make your own fun, haven't you, in war? Guess your sense of humour changes a bit, doesn't it?

• 36:10Speaker 00

  Yeah. I like this real nonchalance in an article I read from Time Magazine in nineteen forty. Cause so it's, it's, um, September nineteen forty, this is written, so middle of the Battle of Britain. Um. And it said, last week, while screaming bombs were falling on London, C. Martin Wilbrook, curator at Chicago's Museum of Natural History, called attention to the exhibit of Chinese whistling arrows and used the blitz as a way to segue into ancient Chinese whistling arrows.

• 36:37Speaker 03

  Nice.

• 36:37Speaker 00

  But these were the precursor. So these were arrows that were hollow on the inside. And so they whistled as they flew and they were to frighten people. And the Emperor, Manchu Emperor, used them to scare people off the streets when he was walking through. So they couldn't harm people, the ones that he used.

• 36:53Speaker 01

  How interesting. Genghis Khan used those as well.

• 36:56Speaker 00

  Yeah.

• 36:56Speaker 01

  That was a biggie. Uh. Yeah. And that was more so used as an intimidation tactic prior to a siege. So if the noise and the confusion, it'd scare horses. If you had all these arrows and this noise coming. So it would cause chaos amongst the enemy and then you make your strike.

• 37:11Speaker 04

  That was kind of like one of the earliest things in war, wasn't it, to scare the horses? That's why you would use, you're scaring the opponents as well. But scaring the horses was a really big deal. And then people started using elephants in warfare and noise is really good against elephants because elephants are like really weirdly skittish about loud noises.

• 37:30Speaker 03

  Hey.

• 37:30Speaker 04

  Yeah, they really are.

• 37:31Speaker 03

  Perhaps I too am an elephant.

• 37:34Speaker 04

  So they get annoyed.

• 37:35Speaker 03

  Don't show us that part of Tric again, I think.

• 37:39Speaker 04

  They have very sensitive hearing elephants. So Alexander the Great learned that a good thing to do when battling against people who had elephants was to get a load of pigs and trumpets, make the pigs squeal and blow the trumpets and then the elephants would run away.

• 37:55Speaker 00

  I know, you know, if you're one of his cavalrymen and he's, do you want a pig or a trumpet to carry on your horse? Like when he's run out of trumpets, you've drawn the short straw, haven't you?

• 38:04Speaker 03

  But if everyone's going hungry, you can't eat the trumpet.

• 38:06Speaker 00

  Good point.

• 38:07Speaker 03

  So it's, yeah, it's make the blessings. Yeah. Is that just because elephants have got really big ears? That their hearing is so good?

• 38:12Speaker 04

  Uh, I think some of the hearing goes through their feet as well. This now, I think they just don't like vibrations.

• 38:18Speaker 03

  Yeah.

• 38:19Speaker 04

  I think, I don't know, because they don't like bees either, do they? Like because of the buzzing of the bees?

• 38:23Speaker 00

  Yeah, they hate bees.

• 38:24Speaker 03

  Not the stings, the buzz.

• 38:25Speaker 04

  Yeah.

• 38:26Speaker 00

  And mice.

• 38:27Speaker 03

  Is that true? I thought.

• 38:28Speaker 00

  No, it's cartoons.

• 38:29Speaker 03

  Yeah, but we're dealing with whistling bombs falling. So, you know, I did find tv tropes.com, which advised me on the whistling bombs thing.

• 38:37Speaker 04

  Oh, yeah.

• 38:38Speaker 03

  Said, please remember, if you should ever find yourself in an area often bombarded from the sky, that not all projectiles make such a sound. If you are informed something deadly may land nearby, you should duck or take cover, even if you don't hear the whistle. I think if you're taking your advice, if you're in a bombardment situation and you're reading your on tv tropes.com.

• 38:56Speaker 04

  Well, look, I could, I tried to speak to the buffins at fun.com.

• 39:02Speaker 04

  I think these days it's like the buzz of a drone, isn't it?

• 39:05Speaker 03

  Yes, yes, yes.

• 39:07Speaker 04

  You're in trouble.

• 39:08Speaker 03

  We do get to hear a close example of a whistling bomb in London these days. When would you have heard that? On nights of celebration, on bonfire night? Fireworks. The whistling sound, it's a manufactured sound that's attached to it. And so like all these things, like the toilet has a hole in it, has holes. It's not even by holes. It's a chemical mix. It's called whistle mix. And whistle mix, yeah. Potassium benzoate is used.

• 39:36Speaker 04

  I gotta start a tribute act of little mix called whistle mix. We just play very high pitched.

• 39:44Speaker 00

  For dogs.

• 39:45Speaker 03

  That's insane.

• 39:46Speaker 04

  Yeah.

• 39:46Speaker 03

  And is it the fireworks? It's because they're going further away.

• 39:49Speaker 04

  It's because they're going away.

• 39:50Speaker 03

  They're doing the right thing.

• 39:51Speaker 04

  They're doing the right way around.

• 39:54Speaker 03

  They're begging lots of physics. Thanks fireworks. My favourite bomb disposal person, as there were on bombs.

• 40:00Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 40:01Speaker 03

  Have you heard of Peter Gurney? He was this massive hero of bomb disposal. And obviously, people who do bomb disposal are unbelievably brave.

• 40:09Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 40:09Speaker 03

  Particularly when you're dealing with bombs that, for example, have been planted, whether it's a car bomb, like a second world war bomb, or a bomb that's been fired and then not gone off. They're all kind of made in a factory, right? So you know roughly how to do them. People have known how to defuse particular bombs.

• 40:24Speaker 04

  Can I just say, Andy, I actually think the people who defuse those are quite brave as well.

• 40:29Speaker 03

  Okay, well. Yeah, I guess. That's true. But the really brave people.

• 40:37Speaker 03

  No, when you're like, if it's like an IRA bomb or something, which has just been made by an enthusiastic amateur.

• 40:42Speaker 04

  What's that TV show where that woman goes around defusing bombs?

• 40:45Speaker 03

  Oh, I don't know.

• 40:46Speaker 04

  Oh, it's Trigger Point.

• 40:47Speaker 03

  Fictional.

• 40:47Speaker 04

  Yeah, yeah, yeah.

• 40:48Speaker 03

  Oh, nice.

• 40:49Speaker 04

  No, it's a real TV show.

• 40:54Speaker 03

  So Peter Gurney did this. He defused thousands of bombs over his career. It was in Berlin and Egypt and Libya. But he just had to walk towards them, you know, knowing nothing about the structure. And then like seeing what was there and that because they have tricks on them.

• 41:07Speaker 01

  So what would you use? Intuition? Well, like, how could you possibly use any logic for an unlogical thing?

• 41:12Speaker 03

  Lots of experience or like if one part of it is removed, then that'll trigger another bit and you have to work it out. So he would often use medical scalpels, a ball of string, garden secateurs and fish hooks. And then this moment happened in 1991 in February. Some shells were fired at 10 Downing Street and one and more in the middle of town. One landed in the garden of 10 Downing Street. Hugely dangerous. He has to walk towards it, but the buildings around there are really tall, so he has no radio signal.

• 41:40Speaker 04

  It's his stature era.

• 41:41Speaker 03

  Uh, John Major, it would have been. Um, so he has to straddle this bomb, right? And he, what he's armed with is a twig and a spanner that he's borrowed from the prime minister's boiler. Okay. Why does he bring his equipment? I guess, I don't know why he didn't have it with him, but he, it was an immediate urgent thing. He didn't have time to go and get it. It's just landed in 10 Downing Street.

• 42:03Speaker 01

  Bet that happens to him all the time.

• 42:07Speaker 04

  I'm Prime Minister, have you got any secateurs? No, but I've got this spanner from my boiler.

• 42:12Speaker 03

  And my lucky twig.

• 42:14Speaker 01

  So he was sitting astride the bomb, and this is from his obituary. By the way, he died last year, aged 93. He survives this. He was conscious of an intense heat through his fire resistant trousers. As he, so he remembered to put his fire resistant trousers on. I don't know why he doesn't have his kit. But.

• 42:34Speaker 04

  Prime Minister, do you have any clothing that I could use?

• 42:38Speaker 01

  I do have these fire resistant trousers. But as he put it in his autobiography, braver men walk away. He suddenly realised that if he didn't do something quickly, he would never again sing anything other than soprano. So he has to hop off the bomb, scoop up some snow from a nearby snowdrift, because it's February, shove it down his trousers. Wow. Then get back on the bomb. And he manages it. He diffuses it.

• 43:00Speaker 04

  Wow.

• 43:01Speaker 01

  Incredible. And like I say, he lived to the age of 93 and he died last year.

• 43:04Speaker 04

  Bravo.

• 43:05Speaker 00

  I can't believe he needed to be straddling it rather than just next to it.

• 43:08Speaker 01

  Uh.

• 43:09Speaker 00

  Because that's, I mean, he'll refuse that excuse with me in this.

• 43:14Speaker 04

  That was also John Major's excuse with Edwina Curry.

• 43:20Speaker 01

  Well, I've got one other old ancient whistling noise to intimidate. It's the Aztec death whistle. Have you heard of that?

• 43:28Speaker 04

  Yeah.

• 43:29Speaker 01

  Yeah, so in the 1990s, they were doing some excavations in New Mexico when they found this boy who was in a temple underground, um, dead. Holding.

• 43:38Speaker 00

  A long time ago, right?

• 43:40Speaker 01

  A long time ago.

• 43:41Speaker 00

  A long time ago, dead.

• 43:43Speaker 01

  So expected, like, not, not.

• 43:45Speaker 04

  We're too late.

• 43:48Speaker 01

  Not the surprising bit, okay. So he was holding in, in one of his hands, this object that no one had really seen before, and it was called the Aztec death whistle from then on. And you would blow into it and it would make a noise that sounded like a wind that everyone thought maybe it was used for rituals when wind wasn't available. And they're not sure whether or not, there's lots of theories, but might have been used in the warfield to intimidate people. And so I happened to know someone who owns a modern death whistle, Aztec death whistle. And so I reached out to them to give us a sample. So this is a friend of the podcast. So here we go.

• 44:27Speaker 05

  Bit of Death Whistle there for you by Reece Darby.

• 44:30Speaker 01

  Yeah, so thank you Reece.

• 44:32Speaker 04

  But knowing Reece, that could have been just him screaming.

• 44:34Speaker 01

  I do have questions if that was just him.

• 44:38Speaker 04

  But I've read about those death whistles and I think we might have done it on QI or we might have thought about doing it on QI that probably the modern ones are bigger and they're deliberately made to make screaming noises and the original ones, like you say, have more windy bass.

• 44:55Speaker 01

  More wind bass. Yeah, I think that's, I think, and some people are trying to push that they were used on the battlefield. But again, we've got so little info about it, but it was found in this temple. But that scream is a very realistic, sounds like a woman wailing. Um, yeah.

• 45:09Speaker 04

  I mean, it sounded like Reece Darby wailing.

• 45:12Speaker 01

  I'll check with them.

• 45:13Speaker 00

  Sounds like Reece Darby wailing after he's sat on a hot bomb.

• 45:21Speaker 00

  Stop the podcast.

• 45:22Speaker 03

  Stop the podcast.

• 45:24Speaker 00

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• 45:57Speaker 00

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• 46:03Speaker 02

  ChatGPT for Teens is designed to help teens learn, think critically and grow their skills. ChatGPT for Teens supports active learning by breaking concepts down. Rather than giving teens the answer, study mode helps teens work through problems and interactive quizzes test their knowledge and provide immediate feedback. Safety protections are on by default and parental controls offer families additional options like setting study hours and quiet hours. Visit chatgpt.comPARENTS to learn more.

• 46:33Speaker 01

  Okay, it is time for our final fact of the show. That is Andy.

• 46:37Speaker 03

  My fact is, flatworms sometimes grow heads at both ends by mistake.

• 46:43Speaker 00

  How do we know they're doing it by mistake?

• 46:46Speaker 04

  Yeah.

• 46:46Speaker 03

  Would you do it on purpose?

• 46:51Speaker 01

  A party trick, yeah?

• 46:52Speaker 03

  Yeah, they do, they normally grow them the right way around and occasionally things go wrong.

• 46:57Speaker 00

  I see.

• 46:58Speaker 03

  That's why we think it's by mistake.

• 47:00Speaker 00

  Okay.

• 47:01Speaker 03

  Yeah, scientists haven't done the requisite interviews to find out if this is just like a fun thing for them. So, right, flatworms, right? These are, for anyone who's not familiar, these are just, I mean, as they sound, they're flatworms. They're not your fancy posh ringed worms.

• 47:14Speaker 04

  They're not even related to earthworms, really, are they?

• 47:17Speaker 03

  No.

• 47:17Speaker 04

  Like, things that you get in your garden.

• 47:19Speaker 03

  They're just completely different. These are just, like, useless little flatworms.

• 47:23Speaker 00

  What?

• 47:24Speaker 01

  Oh, no.

• 47:25Speaker 03

  Okay, well, we've got a disagreement of opinion about them, but I think...

• 47:28Speaker 00

  They're only flat at the edges, like toasties, like those jaffles. That's what they remind me of.

• 47:33Speaker 03

  Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. Well, they're very ancient life forms, obviously, and there are loads of different species of them. Some of them breed by just separating themselves in two. These are the ones that, if you cut the head off, they grow another head. Or if you cut it in two, it becomes two worms. Or if you cut off a tiny bit, it grows a whole new one from that. So imagine if I, right now, grew a head in, like, roughly where my stomach is.

• 47:57Speaker 04

  Yeah.

• 47:57Speaker 03

  And then, everything above that head grows a new pair of legs from there.

• 48:01Speaker 04

  Does the head look exactly the same as yours?

• 48:03Speaker 03

  Yes.

• 48:04Speaker 04

  Or does it look like a brother?

• 48:06Speaker 03

  I think it's a cloning thing. So it's a new Andy's head in the middle of my stomach.

• 48:10Speaker 04

  Yeah.

• 48:10Speaker 03

  And then from above that, I just grow new legs and hips and everything. And then that Andy has my legs already.

• 48:16Speaker 04

  Why's it got the same name? I would give it a different name. Because that's going to get confusing. Even if it's Andy 2, that's better than Andy.

• 48:22Speaker 03

  Okay, yeah, sorry. So Andy 2 gets my old legs.

• 48:25Speaker 04

  Right.

• 48:25Speaker 01

  Does Andy 1 and Andy 2 communicate with each other? Do they...

• 48:28Speaker 03

  We're not friends, we're not friends, but, yeah, we're colleagues.

• 48:32Speaker 04

  Yeah, I mean, that's as close as you get to a friend, isn't it, really? Look, I know, I know you grew out of my body. I just don't think we're quite there yet.

• 48:43Speaker 03

  So that's, that's how the flatworms do it.

• 48:46Speaker 00

  Well, I don't, I didn't understand that explanation, even though it was really good. So you're saying grows up your tummy and then he, he keeps your original legs, but some new legs grow higher up your body.

• 48:56Speaker 03

  Yeah, I, old Andy, me, I grow new legs.

• 49:00Speaker 00

  Okay, okay.

• 49:00Speaker 03

  And he gets my legs and he grows a new head, right?

• 49:03Speaker 04

  Lucky him, because you have very long legs. Where you keep a lot of your height.

• 49:07Speaker 03

  It certainly is. I've got a real job growing another pair of legs as long and, and listen as those, but.

• 49:14Speaker 00

  No one said listen, but okay.

• 49:17Speaker 03

  And sometimes these flatworms get it wrong, right?

• 49:20Speaker 04

  Oh dear.

• 49:21Speaker 03

  They will, they will grow a second head. This is quite confusing. They grow a second head halfway up them, facing the right way, but then at the bottom of the top half, so my old Andy, right? Me, I accidentally grow another head after separating off. So I, Andy, am now ahead at this end and ahead at the other end as well.

• 49:38Speaker 01

  Is, is your new bottom head, is that facing upside down or the right way up?

• 49:44Speaker 04

  Are you like the king of clubs?

• 49:45Speaker 03

  Yeah. Yes, yes.

• 49:48Speaker 01

  Right.

• 49:48Speaker 03

  Facing the wrong way.

• 49:49Speaker 00

  And you've got no legs now, right? Or do you also still grow the legs?

• 49:52Speaker 03

  Well, I'm a worm with this, so it doesn't matter.

• 49:55Speaker 01

  But you've got to move.

• 49:57Speaker 00

  You just said you grow new, if it goes right, you grow new legs.

• 50:00Speaker 03

  That was the analogy I was.

• 50:01Speaker 00

  But actually, good point. Worms don't have legs. Hang on.

• 50:05Speaker 04

  In this whole analogy, whenever Andy says legs, you have to imagine it's the tail of a worm.

• 50:10Speaker 03

  I don't, I don't think I could have made it any clearer than I have done.

• 50:14Speaker 01

  I think you're right.

• 50:15Speaker 04

  So let's imagine Andy one and Andy two, okay? Andy one has now got two heads and has no tail.

• 50:23Speaker 03

  Yeah.

• 50:24Speaker 04

  How are you gonna poo?

• 50:26Speaker 03

  Don't know.

• 50:26Speaker 04

  You don't know?

• 50:29Speaker 00

  Haven't thought this through, have you?

• 50:31Speaker 03

  We've consulted with each other and neither of us know. And that's why I said by mistake in my original fact, because I do think this is a dingo. Do you know, James?

• 50:39Speaker 04

  I do know.

• 50:39Speaker 03

  How am I gonna poo?

• 50:41Speaker 04

  Well, the lucky thing is that flatworms poo and eat in the same hole. That's not lucky for most of your life, but in this specific instance where you have two heads, it doesn't matter so much because you can poo out of your mouth.

• 50:54Speaker 03

  But surely, I'm sorry, this is now getting a bit gross, but if I've got a head at either end, aren't things heading the other way towards Andy too? I'm not going to have to poo out anything he's been eating, nor he me.

• 51:08Speaker 04

  You would eat it and poo it out of your face and then Andy too will eat it and poo it out of his face.

• 51:14Speaker 03

  Okay, that's fine. Well, that's fine.

• 51:16Speaker 01

  You'd have to come to a compromise if it was that other version, wouldn't you? You'd take turns in eating and then being the anus for the meal, wouldn't you?

• 51:23Speaker 00

  Oh, I thought like no curries or something.

• 51:25Speaker 03

  Oh, right. Yeah, yeah, yeah. Because you don't want to be a date and then suddenly you're just pooing out of your mouth.

• 51:31Speaker 04

  I don't think I'm going on many dates.

• 51:35Speaker 02

  Let me tell you about my lissome legs, for God's sake.

• 51:41Speaker 03

  Over there, there's Andy with two sets of legs upside down. He's surrounded by women.

• 51:48Speaker 00

  The thing about the heads coming off and the new heads coming is the new heads have the same memories and we don't understand that. So they tested this with planarian flatworms, a kind of flatworm. They trained them up on a half on a rough surface, half on a smooth surface. And then they got them to find food all on a rough surface. And the ones who've been trained on a rough surface darted to the food because they like travelling on it. The ones who've been raised on the smooth surface were like, oh, what's this rough surface? Anyway, then they cut all the heads off. And then when the new heads came back, the heads that had been raised on the rough surface remembered to be chill about the rough surface. It's like a really complicated way of showing they have memories. I don't know why they didn't just ask, you know, do you remember nine 11 or whatever? But that's

• 52:33Speaker 00

  how they did it. And they remember their upbringing, even though it's a different head.

• 52:37Speaker 04

  It's wild. They do really stupid experiments with these things though, don't they? Because they're so wacky, they want to see what their limits are. So there's a guy called James McConnell in 1964, who put some flatworms in a maze and taught them how to complete the maze. And then he chopped them up and fed them to another flatworm.

• 52:58Speaker 04

  And then put that flatworm into the maze and the flatworm could also complete the maze without being taught how to do it. And his theory was that basically they had learned through their food.

• 53:08Speaker 03

  Interesting.

• 53:09Speaker 00

  Is it like talking to them from inside?

• 53:10Speaker 04

  Well, it turns out that no one's been able to replicate this experiment. And what they think happened is the first flatworm left a load of slime in the maze and the second one just followed the slime.

• 53:20Speaker 00

  He didn't clean the maze out. That's loose.

• 53:25Speaker 03

  But given what we know about that, given that they can regenerate memories after being decapitated, I mean, yeah, it sounds like that experiment was flawed, but it's crazy what they can do.

• 53:34Speaker 01

  Yeah. What can they do?

• 53:35Speaker 03

  They can regrow their head and remember.

• 53:37Speaker 01

  I thought you meant once it's regrown, what they can do.

• 53:40Speaker 03

  Well, we know someone who can't remember things even with the same head.

• 53:45Speaker 03

  But it's just, it is just nuts, isn't it? Like if we could harness these abilities, we'd be unstoppable.

• 53:50Speaker 01

  We would.

• 53:50Speaker 03

  If we could, they can regrow from one two hundred and seventy ninth of their original mass.

• 53:55Speaker 01

  That's insane.

• 53:56Speaker 03

  So I don't know what that is for a human. It must be your little finger or something.

• 54:00Speaker 00

  And there are also, there are so many firsts in the flatworm world. They, so they're incredibly old. They're about eight hundred and thirty nine million years old. I'm going to take away the about because that's a very precise number.

• 54:13Speaker 03

  Yeah.

• 54:13Speaker 00

  They are eight hundred and thirty nine million years old. They're probably the first hunter and the first thing that moved with any kind of purpose rather than just floating like plankton. So they chose what direction to go and moved. They're the first animals with a nervous system, a head, a brain, eyes. They're the first animal ever to internally fertilize rather than just leaving eggs around. And they were the first bilaterally symmetrical animals, i.e. ones with left and right sides, like pretty much all animals we know today. They pioneered that, having a left and right side. So obviously you get like jellyfish and stuff or stuff that's symmetrical in lots of directions. But. Um, yeah. And I was looking up other, I was looking up asymmetrical animals. There are some really cool, can you think of asymmetrical animals?

• 54:57Speaker 03

  An amoeba?

• 55:00Speaker 04

  I know what you mean, but they're just as likely to be blobby on one side as the other, right? It's not like they'll always have this on the left and always have that on the right. I was thinking like starfish, but I don't think they are, are they?

• 55:10Speaker 00

  They're symmetrical. I'm talking fiddler crabs.

• 55:13Speaker 04

  Oh, fiddler crabs, yeah, because they have one massive claw.

• 55:16Speaker 00

  A massive claw. Flatfish, remember that eye migrates around a flatfish so that it has two eyes on one side?

• 55:22Speaker 04

  Javelin throwers.

• 55:24Speaker 00

  Javelin throwers and raffinadale, yeah.

• 55:27Speaker 04

  Chronic masturbator.

• 55:31Speaker 03

  Fiddle of people.

• 55:37Speaker 04

  Welcome back, Anna.

• 55:38Speaker 00

  Thanks very much, yeah.

• 55:40Speaker 04

  Did you read about the new flatworm they discovered that was named after Covid?

• 55:45Speaker 03

  Hmm, no.

• 55:46Speaker 04

  Uh, Humbertium covidium. They just named it after that because a lot of the study was written during lockdown. Uh, but there's another flatworm called Hancock anus, which has nothing to do with Covid, surprisingly. Uh, but they get involved with penis fencing. Penis fencing, it's because they're all hermaphroditic. They're always fighting over who will be the one that puts their sperm into the other one. And the way that they do it is by a little bit of a penis fight and then, um, the winner gets to inseminate the other one.

• 56:17Speaker 00

  Yeah, because it's worse to be pregnant, as I personally know, than to not be pregnant.

• 56:22Speaker 04

  Yeah, but at least they get nine months off.

• 56:31Speaker 00

  I'll see you after the show, James.

• 56:35Speaker 03

  I was reading about, um, the native and non-native flatworms, because the, the, oh, okay, they're great, they're very interesting, but lots of them are not native to the UK and they absolutely decimate normal earthworms. Because they hunt them, they kill them, and na- native earthworms, which are really good for soil, obviously, and are, you know, brilliant in all sorts of ways, just get written off when flatworms invade. That's because we're trading plants and trading soil and stuff. But as a result of this, I found and joined the

• 57:02Speaker 03

  The Earthworm Society of Britain.

• 57:04Speaker 04

  Oh, that's nice.

• 57:07Speaker 03

  Membership is £5 per year.

• 57:09Speaker 04

  Okay. How did these guys make any money? And all of these people that you join, like the Lighthouse Keepers Association, all the Wallpaper Association? They get so little money from you.

• 57:20Speaker 03

  Well, those guys are 25 quid. This was a fiver. It didn't say anywhere what you get for the fiver, but I was so excited by that point that I just joined.

• 57:27Speaker 01

  Maybe you sponsor an earthworm. You know, you got letters from it.

• 57:32Speaker 04

  I think you got it cheaper because you got an early bird discount.

• 57:38Speaker 03

  Why isn't that on their website?

• 57:43Speaker 03

  I'll tell you what happens when my membership is processed. I'm very excited.

• 57:46Speaker 04

  Yeah.

• 57:47Speaker 00

  Oh, so that's it? You're a member?

• 57:48Speaker 03

  Yeah.

• 57:49Speaker 00

  Okay, looking forward to installment two of that.

• 57:53Speaker 00

  God for James's joke. Everyone's gonna think they forgot to put in the end of that anecdote. There wasn't one, guys.

• 57:59Speaker 03

  What happens is, Annette, I've developed this tactic where I just say something and then these guys save me.

• 58:04Speaker 00

  That was my thing.

• 58:08Speaker 00

  Did you guys come across the Myers Tapeworm Trap?

• 58:10Speaker 03

  The Myers?

• 58:11Speaker 01

  Tapeworm Trap?

• 58:12Speaker 00

  Yes.

• 58:13Speaker 01

  No.

• 58:14Speaker 00

  So tapeworms are a kind of flatworm. I'm famous for living in your tummy and eating all your food. And they're things that you don't necessarily want living inside you. And so in 1854, a doctor called Alpheus Myers patented a trap. And it's so good. I don't know why it wasn't mass-produced, actually. It's a hollow tube made of gold that contains a bit of cheese.

• 58:34Speaker 03

  What?

• 58:37Speaker 00

  And you swallow the trap. You leave it in your tummy. And as he explains, the worm will eventually seize the cheese. You have to fast for a few days so that the worm's really hungry. It will seize the cheese and then the trap will spring shut on it and trap it. And then you can pull it out with a string. So he says, and he says, the convenient thing is you can just fix the cord that hangs out of your mouth somewhere on your shirt.

• 59:00Speaker 03

  Right.

• 59:01Speaker 00

  A bit like a baby's dummy.

• 59:02Speaker 03

  Right.

• 59:03Speaker 00

  So you don't, you can go about your day.

• 59:04Speaker 03

  But it's dangling out of your mouth all the time.

• 59:06Speaker 00

  Yes. But eventually, he says, you'll feel the tugging and you'll see the string move. And it'll be the tapeworm tugging on the cheese. And at that point, you just pull the string up and you extract the tapeworm.

• 59:18Speaker 03

  I have a question.

• 59:19Speaker 00

  Yeah.

• 59:19Speaker 03

  I have a few. Isn't your body constantly trying to process and push this tube through you? Yeah. Because you've swallowed it and that's how your intestines function.

• 59:29Speaker 04

  The peristalsis would take it down to your stomach, but I think it could theoretically stay there if there's not, if you've got something else.

• 59:36Speaker 00

  Yeah.

• 59:36Speaker 03

  If it's tethered. So stomach, okay. I thought tapeworms were in your lower intestine or something.

• 59:41Speaker 00

  You know what, Andy? Well done. You've highlighted the flaw in his plan. The tapeworm couldn't have got up to the tummy. So it was actually a perfect invention, except for the fact that it wasn't the right organ.

• 59:51Speaker 04

  But could he not just shove this golden trap up his arse?

• 59:55Speaker 03

  As I'm sure a lot of early potential investors told him.

• 1:00:11Speaker 01

  Okay, that's it. That is all of our facts. Thank you so much for listening. If you'd like to get in contact with any of us about the things that we have said over the course of this podcast, we can all be found online. I'm on at Shriverland on Instagram. James?

• 1:00:23Speaker 04

  My Instagram is nosuchthingasafish.com or you can email [email protected].

• 1:00:27Speaker 01

  Correct. We're on Instagram.

• 1:00:29Speaker 00

  Or you can do Instagram at Nosuchthing or TikTok probably.

• 1:00:32Speaker 01

  Yeah. And if you want to send us any of your feedback to make it towards our bonus shows, which is Little Fish and drop us a line, [email protected] as Anna says, send them there. Andy monitors all the emails coming in. He picks out the best bits of feedback for Jewel. Drop us a line. And that's a hidden members' club show. So if you want to be part of the secret committee, the secret club known as Club Fish, just go to patreon.com/clubfish and you'll find us there. But if you've got a great fact as well, do send that to the same email address because we pick the best of those and bring them to our Monday show, Little Fish. So if you want to hear your fact read out, do that there. Otherwise, just come back next week because we're going to be back here with another episode and we'll see you then. Goodbye.

• 1:01:38Speaker 02

  ChatGPT for Teens is designed to help teens learn, think critically, and grow their skills. ChatGPT for Teens supports active learning by breaking concepts down. Rather than giving teens the answer, study mode helps teens work through problems, and interactive quizzes test their knowledge and provide immediate feedback. Safety protections are on by default, and parental controls offer families additional options, like setting study hours and quiet hours. Visit chatgpt.comPARENTS to learn more.