The Hidden Truth About Our Collapsing Birth Rates - Mads Larsen

Mads Larsen is an author and journalist whose research focuses on the history of human mating ideologies. The truth can be a tough pill to swallow, but when it comes to saving humanity, even the hardest truth is better than the softest lie. So why is Mads facing outrage for speaking a truth that could save a country? Expect to learn why Mads was cancelled for talking about Norway's declining birth rates, the key reasons why people aren’t having more kids, the underlying psychology behind modern mating, the potential interventions to fix this and much more… - 00:00 Why Mads’ Activism Caused Trouble 05:59 The Stats That Caught Mads’ Attention 09:23 Why is a Declining Birth Rate a Bad Thing? 23:51 Is Mads the Vanguard of This Issue? 27:01 The Global Issues Causing a Birth Rate Crisis 39:09 Do Men Need to Change & Improve? 47:42 How Society Can Help Elevate Men 57:07 How to Improve Our Mating Ideology 1:02:31 The Actual Reasons Why People Aren’t Having Kids 1:08:09 Opposition to Mads’ Work 1:19:01 Where to Find Mads - Check out Mad's book here: https://bit.ly/4fIfT8S - Get access to every episode 10 hours before YouTube by subscribing for free on Spotify - https://spoti.fi/2LSimPn or Apple Podcasts - https://apple.co/2MNqIgw Get my free Reading List of 100 life-changing books here - https://chriswillx.com/books/ Try my productivity energy drink Neutonic here - https://neutonic.com/modernwisdom - Get in touch in the comments below or head to... Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/chriswillx Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/chriswillx Email: https://chriswillx.com/contact/

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Chris Williamson?

  You managed to get yourself in trouble.

• 0:02Speaker 01

  Well, I I tried to get my country of Norway to start taking the fertility crisis seriously. And as we've seen in many nations, people are unwilling to do that. And yeah, that motivated some some attacks along that way.

• 0:20Chris Williamson?

  How did all of this start?

• 0:23Speaker 01

  Well, it started with with an article that me and Leif Kinner, a professional evolutionary psychologist, wrote earlier this year where we conceptualized and theorized the concept of involuntary single women insinues. And then I did some interviews about that and people weren't happy. They felt that talking about involuntary single women was misogynistic and they didn't want to connect that to declining fertility.

• 0:53Chris Williamson?

  What's the line between talking about involuntarily single women and misogyny?

• 1:01Speaker 01

  Well, one of the main drivers of low fertility is that people is having too hard of a time to find partners. So women either do not find a partner with whom they can have children or they find one too late so that the reproductive window is shortened. So this means that women aren't having the children they would like to have. In Norway, women would like to have 2.4 children and they're having 1.4. So dysfunctional dating market is an important contributor to this fertility crisis.

• 1:28Chris Williamson?

  Okay, and how's that misogynistic?

• 1:31Speaker 01

  That is a bit of a puzzle that I think I have eventually managed to solve through going through this process.

• 1:41Speaker 01

  Many felt that if you bring the attention to how the dating market works for women, you are somehow blaming women for low fertility. And as an evolutionary scholar, I would never think of assigning blame to any groups. We are born into this environment with a certain nature and that plays out differently in different environments. And now we've created an environment where it has become very difficult for women to find partners.

• 2:07Chris Williamson?

  What are the specifics of the mating psychology that are going on that are contributing to making this environment difficult for women in that regard?

• 2:16Speaker 01

  Well, we are the first societies in human history that have individual partner choice. No other society have done that before. It's always been different extents of various degrees of arranged marriage. So when we opened this up in the 1960s, we talked about this last year, how this six million year buildup to the today's mating regime. And when we opened these mating markets up, what has happened is actually quite predictable as a consequence of the difference between women's promiscuous attraction system and pair bonding attraction systems. And the regular fertility researchers do not understand these mechanisms. For everyone, it's just a big puzzle while we're no longer partnering up and creating children.

• 3:01Speaker 01

  But from an evolutionary perspective, it's quite predictable.

• 3:03Chris Williamson?

  Explain, man. Think deeper for me.

• 3:05Speaker 01

  Well, as we talked about the last time, six million years ago, with our last common ancestor, chimpanzees, we made it promiscuously, which is what most animals do. So there, women or females are incentivized to be very juicy. They're supposed to give mating opportunities predominantly to the most successful males because that is the most effective way of distributing beneficial genes to the population. So, and then because of the development of our species around four million years ago, we evolved a different attraction system, pair bonding attraction system. And there, that's more, say, egalitarian, because then it's, you want paternal investment

• 3:48Speaker 01

  from the male, and then a woman will typically then pair bond with a male of similar partner value. So you have in a promiscuous system, mating opportunities going to the most, mostly to the most attractive males, and in a pair bonding attraction system, it spreads more evenly. But we didn't become a pure pair bonding species. We have a mixed system. We both have a promiscuous attraction system and a pair bonding attraction system. And for every human community that has existed, a fundamental challenge has been how to reconcile women's different preferences according to those attraction systems in a way that allows functional mating. Now, men are different. Their promiscuous attraction system is very inclusive.

• 4:30Speaker 01

  Most men would sleep with most women, while most women would sleep only with a small proportion of men. So what what happened when we tried to introduce this system for the first time with the West Second Sex Revolution in 18th century, things went very poorly because we didn't have contraceptives and we were so poor that breaking up was very hard and women weren't independent, they were dependent on men. So you had a very high rise in illegitimacy because women competed for the most attractive males. And when when they became pregnant, a lot of the time, the man just moved on, which wasn't allowed a century earlier.

• 5:07Speaker 01

  So then we had a pullback with romanticism and we went back to we connected population to pair bonding again. But then in the 1960s with birth control and post-World War II prosperity, we were able to implement this system. And then because of this this gap between women's promiscuous and pair bonding attraction systems, we've seen an increasing stratification among men, where some men at the top get an increasing amount of mating opportunities. And then while men at the bottom are being excluded from mating, both long term and short term, that means relationships and uncommitted sex respectively. And if and if people can't find somebody to partner with, if they can't pair bond, it's just much less likely that they will reproduce.

• 5:50Speaker 01

  So as the the single rate has skyrocketed over the past four or five decades, you also see an increase in in low fertility.

• 5:59Chris Williamson?

  What are the stats that convinced you this was an important area to look at, both from a birth rate standpoint, but then also from a relationship satisfaction, singletonness standpoint as well?

• 6:15Speaker 01

  Well, so in Norway, the fertility rate is 1.4. And experts haven't wanted to portray this negatively. They've said that, well, it's low, but the population going to continue to increase. And people have an impression that centuries ahead, this will have drastic consequences. But the fact is that with a fertility rate of 1.4, you lose one third of your generational size per generation. So in only three generations, we will have lost seventy percent of the children. And that is if we in Norway are able to keep a fertility rate of one point four. The leading experts in this field predict that the rates will just continue to decline as they have for a long time now. Not so long in Norway, but in other nations.

• 6:56Speaker 01

  It seems to be a self reinforcing process where as people get used to there being fewer children, even though they want more. For each generation, people want less children. So if our fertility rate keeps falling, for instance, down to South Korea's level of zero point seven. Then in three generations, a hundred people in generational sizes reduced to just four and in the next generation, one. Which means countries will be empty. And that is, that is, that is a very real existential threat. Uh, that experts and populations have not so far wanted to take seriously. And that's what I tried earlier this year by spurring this debate in Norway. And, um, yeah, people weren't ready for it, but, uh, but it is moving along and people are contributing and.

• 7:39Speaker 01

  With time, I think people will accept that this is an existential threat, perhaps the greatest challenge of our era. And then we perhaps can start experimenting with ways to, uh, to find a way to motivate people to reproduce again.

• 7:53Chris Williamson?

  Yeah, I mean, I've been harping on about this, what to me felt like kind of late. Uh, but to the internet and maybe wider society was still outside of the Overton window as an early adopter. But yeah, I, I, you'll be maybe the fifth, sixth, seventh conversation that I've had on something to do with birth rates. Uh, declining fertility and, um, I'm going to keep on fucking banging this drum because. Uh, we can, uh, think about how much. Public attention has been galvanized towards climate change, worthy cause, something that people probably should be concerned about, but not trying to destroy the ecosystem, so on and so forth.

• 8:31Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 8:31Chris Williamson?

  It's not going to happen in seventy five years. There are more pressing concerns and my biggest learning when I started digging deep into X risks. Were that you should be triaging your efforts onto the ones that are more global, more catastrophic and sooner. And, uh, there is nothing, there is nothing, I mean, maybe. Maybe you could look at, um, misaligned AI, nanotechnology and engineered pandemics. But even those, you don't have a particularly good prediction mechanism. We know how many.

• 9:09Chris Williamson?

  One year olds were born last year. We know how many there are in Norway, in the UK, in America, in Australia. We know that number. Demography is destiny, as it's called. So if we know that, we have a guarantee. And one thing that some people may be thinking is,

• 9:28Chris Williamson?

  why is a declining birth rate a bad thing? I think this is one of the sort of key

• 9:37Chris Williamson?

  areas of ignorance that a lot of people have if they haven't thought about it. So whoa, the world's overpopulated in any case, or maybe that just means more room, or maybe that means more jobs, or maybe that means it's easy to get into good schools, or something like that. So can you just give the overview of what a declining population means downstream from that for the people that are alive to see it?

• 10:02Speaker 01

  Yeah, absolutely. A few weeks ago in Norway, we had this this big controversy because up north, they had to shut down a school and people were very unhappy. If every generation, you lose a third of your generational size, there's going to be a lot of schools shut down. And then when they grow up, there won't be enough people to step into the jobs that exist. And this across time will age the population drastically. You can imagine if, look at a situation like South Korea's, where in three generations, you'll go from 100 to four people. Who's gonna, who's gonna keep society running? You're just gonna have

• 10:43Speaker 01

  a bunch of really, really old people. And this will also change cultural psychology. We've been very fortunate since World War Two with a with a growing economy. When we start have to have to fight, when we have negative growth or stall growth, we're going to be fighting over a shrinking pie. And our species tends to get quite unpleasant in those situations. Also, you would think this is connected to the, this is, this has some interesting connections on several levels with the climate crisis. One thing is that people assume that this will be a slow decrease and that having fewer people will be good for the climate. In a way, that is true, that is one factor. But if we're going to solve the climate crisis,

• 11:28Speaker 01

  we're going to have to make a lot of progress between now and, say, 2050, when we're supposed to reach net zero. And it's possible to do that. But if we have to channel more and more of our, of our resources toward taking care of the elderly and we see societies start solely disintegrating and becoming, we'll have more and more ghost towns and the cultural psychology turns uncooperative.

• 11:52Speaker 01

  I don't think we're going to be able to make those technological steps to allocate those resources that we need in order to get there. So I, I think solving the climate change, the climate crisis and other challenges that we have in the decade ahead is just going to be a lot harder if we have collapsing population numbers. And also, because of the climate crisis, people are less willing to engage low fertility because they assume that it will be beneficial. So some people are, they're so used to the, to the, to the challenge of overpopulation, which we talked about for generations. So that switching your mind and thinking about a brand new problem that goes against the previous concern, it's just really difficult.

• 12:37Speaker 01

  But if we don't have these discussions now,

• 12:41Speaker 01

  things do not look good. We're going to have to start experimenting and see what we can do soon. Because I'm pretty sure very few people would want to live in societies where there are less and less young people and where we eventually disappear. And that is where we're headed now. This isn't, this isn't some temporary thing. This is a really large trend and experts think it will only get worse. So at some point, we have to take this seriously and see what we might be able to do about it.

• 13:08Chris Williamson?

  Yeah, maybe not the best thing for us to bond over, but the UK's recent census data came out and said that we were at, I think, 1.44 compared with Norway's 1.4. So just for clarity, to run those numbers again, because it's very difficult to work out what 1.4. Multiplied by 1.4, multiplied by 1.4 when you need two or 2.1. That means that last year there were 591,072 births in England and Wales in 2023. That's the lowest number since records began, the lowest number that has ever been recorded, 1.44.

• 13:46Chris Williamson?

  That means that 100 people in Britain today will have 52 grandchildren between them and only 37 great grandchildren. So in 100 years' time, you're talking about 63% of the population being wiped out. Every 100 Norwegians, 30 great grandchildren, and for every 100 South Koreans, four.

• 14:09Speaker 01

  Yep, that's, those are, those are terrifying numbers and that we're not sounding the alarm and refusing to talk about it. It's, it's, it makes you feel like you're in that movie, "Don't look up." I mean, the asteroid is heading straight for us, but out of misplaced concerns, political concerns, confusion, we're not willing to accept the facts the way they are. And I've, I've experienced that in Norway over the past months. I've talked to quite a few of the leading experts and the people that research fertility, people that work on this in the government, and they all have this unified approach to this, that we can't portray this as a negative thing.

• 14:52Speaker 01

  We, this is, this is, I mean, this is their, this is what they research, this is what, this is all they do. And they are concerned, but they're afraid that if, if they tell people how seriously, how serious this is, somehow the politicians won't take them seriously, they will think their alarm is this could affect their career and their funds. And they're hoping, like the current strategy among commentators in the media and among researchers.

• 15:18Speaker 01

  Is that somehow those children that weren't born when women were in their early twenties and late twenties and early thirties will now over the next ten years be born when women are in their late thirties and their early forties? So there's no data that supports that this will happen, but the researchers are assuming that if we just wait ten years, perhaps the fertility rate in best case scenario will go up to 1.7 because women around forty will start having so many children that it really boosts the fertility rate. And that could happen. It's not impossible, but it's a really puzzling strategy after we waited now for fifteen years while this has plummeted, that we should wait ten more years before we portray this

• 16:01Speaker 01

  negatively because the rate could go up over the next ten years.

• 16:06Chris Williamson?

  It seems strange to me that somebody doing research into the literal future of the human species, forget the kind of projected future of the environment that the potential human progeny will inhabit, climate, this is the number of people that are going to be around in future. It seems odd to me that when you're able to throw soup over a Van Gogh or glue yourself to the M25 in protest of big oil or whatever, and you know, even the more sort of down-to-earth data science-y people, Hannah Ritchie from Our World in Data, who specializes in climate science, been on the show, you know, she's, she doesn't pull any punches when she's talking

• 16:51Chris Williamson?

  about the climate, you know, she's really, and she's as science-y and evidency as it's possible to be. Seems odd to me that these researchers would think that they wouldn't be taken seriously if they gave what are, to be honest, much more easily verifiable pieces of data that will occur in a much shorter time about something that's a pretty big threat to human civilization.

• 17:15Speaker 01

  Yeah, no, I mean, we will get there. South Korea, the government there is pretty clear. They said not too long ago that this is the point of no return. If we don't get the fertility rate up now, we're going to disappear. We're not there yet. This is a process. Finland is a little bit ahead of Norway. A colleague of mine, she's been running the debate there for three years. And three years ago, they had the same anger and the attacks on people who said that this was a really serious problem. But after a process of a few years, the population and politicians have gotten to where they're now taking this seriously and they're going to start experimenting to see what they can do. And also here in Norway, the politicians are beginning to take this seriously.

• 17:58Speaker 01

  Strangely, they're taking it more seriously than the researchers that have the data and work on this. So we just established a national birth rate committee that will study this and see what kind of solutions they may suggest. I don't have too high hopes to anything substantial coming from there. They're probably going to try to throw a little money on the problem when we know from other countries that that doesn't work. Giving money to parents to have children, it doesn't have an effect. In those instances, there are certain ways you can boost the numbers a little bit, but then suddenly you're paying a million dollars or two million dollars per extra child. So it's just not feasible.

• 18:40Speaker 01

  But the researchers that are doing this and those that are working on it and the government, they have what I think at least are misplaced fears. I was in a debate last week with someone from the birth rate committee and someone from the Ministry of Finance. And the woman from the Ministry of Finance started by showing the audience a kind of frivolous...

• 19:07Speaker 01

  The equation was showing that having more children would be negative for the national economy. Because in Norway, we are a very generous welfare state and we have oil money. Every group in the population is a net negative. So she was making that, kind of jokingly saying that, well, at least children aren't profitable for us. And then later in the debate, because I was so curious, and I've been curious for so long, why they're not portraying this with the seriousness that it requires. They all have this attitude that, okay, let's talk about it, but not negatively. And then when I pushed her on it and I asked her, just to amuse me, could you say, could

• 19:48Speaker 01

  you confirm to the audience that 1.4 means that we lose a third of the generation? And she did that, she finally did that. Yes, that is true, but you can't portray this so negatively, because then you will empower the political forces on the right. So there's this belief that if we talk about low fertility, there's going to be, there are going to be these people on the right that will deprive women of their reproductive rights and we will be taken back to the Dark Ages. And at least in Norway, the risk of that is infinitesimally small. We, even our right-wing party are, from an international perspective, feminist social democrats. So I don't think, I don't, I don't think us having this discussion and taking things

• 20:33Speaker 01

  seriously is going to turn us into the Handmaid's Tale. But this is, this is a common assumption, and also some, some of them, they're afraid that they will be perceived as racist, that if we are concerned about Western countries having low fertility, that would be inappropriate, because there are so many people in Africa. So they have all these strange, um, strange fears.

• 20:55Chris Williamson?

  Hang on, that is, that is Olympic-level mental gymnastics, to say, if we care about our country, that somehow throws into harsh light people of a different skin color in a different country. I mean, I've been banging the drum from my conversation with Stephen J. Shaw, who wrote, did this amazing documentary called Birth Gap. South Korea is his pet project. Like, who's, who's campaigning for the South Koreans that are going to, by their great-great-grandchildren have one person for every hundred South Koreans that there are now? There's entire schools that are empty in Korea at the moment. And uh, uh, uh, does it not count? It, it, it only counts if it's the dark, the darkest skin people.

• 21:40Chris Williamson?

  It doesn't matter if it's the ones from the east.

• 21:43Speaker 01

  I wouldn't take the content that seriously. This is the beginning of a debate that is very confusing. And at that phase of the debate, personal attacks, anger, those kind of accusations tend to be quite common. So uh, over the last months, I've been called, I've been called a misogynist, a fascist, uh, because, because I bring up this problem, people assume I want the government to force women to have sex with and have children with incels. Uh, and yeah, so those accusations of racism or wanting to empower the far right.

• 22:24Speaker 01

  It's just the, the confusing beginning phase of a, of a really important debate. And that will only last for so long. Once we, once people work their way through that and throw out those accusations that, I don't know if they're that serious when, when they accuse people of being racist.

• 22:42Chris Williamson?

  I very much applaud your patience with this, but I find it, I find it so difficult. You know, I, my default is never to throw a label at somebody like that. I don't, none of my friends do that. None of the people that I respect or care about do that either. And I just find it, I find it very trying to imagine the psychology of somebody who defaults to, to that, the defaults like this. It's so boring as well. It's so fucking predictable, like these, these, oh, oh, eh, eh, eh, bigotry. Well, like just, it's like the bigotry dartboard and you just close your eyes and throw a dart

• 23:23Chris Williamson?

  and whichever one it lands on, you know, it could have, honestly, you could have told me that this would have been transphobia. And I would have said, yep, could have picked that one as well. Like, it's just so.

• 23:33Chris Williamson?

  Obvious to me, and it doesn't, it doesn't take the best of what your interlocutor is trying to propose to you. It takes what your mental model of the worst of it and then just tries to run away with that. So I mean, fair play for keeping your cool with regards to it. Do you see, you know, you, you do seem quite even keeled as best I can tell. Do you kind of see your role at the moment as being like the vanguard of this political talking point? You're kind of through the breach first and you're going to take some arrows and maybe that's a price that's worth paying? Is that kind of how you're perceiving it?

• 24:12Speaker 01

  Well, people are people and in the cultural moment that we live now, those kind of accusations are the weapons available. So when I presented my research for the Norwegian fertility institute a few weeks ago, and they had been so amazed at how I this summer had been able to elevate this debate about low fertility to the national level and trigger a really theory debate and theory debate on it. They had tried to do that for years, but they weren't successful. And the reason why they weren't successful is because they didn't portray this as, as the problem that is as serious as it is. While I said that this was an existential threat

• 24:54Speaker 01

  and that we need to look at how mating markets work, how, why is modern dating so dysfunctional? And then I described using the evolutionary sciences, what it is about female and male mating psychology that in our current environment creates a stratification that contributes to single them that then results in low fertility. So the way I see this, there's, there's several, there's, there's several bottlenecks in the pipeline between being single and having a child. And then I described the different hindrances along that pipeline. And of course, especially in a culture like the Norwegian one, a very social democratic culture, and the evolutionary sciences are not broadly embraced, to say it mildly.

• 25:39Speaker 01

  And yeah.

• 25:40Chris Williamson?

  I saw in one of the articles that it referred to it as a controversial wing of psychology, or a controversial subset of psychology that you come from.

• 25:50Speaker 01

  Yeah, and when we published the NSYNC article in Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, one of the newspaper commentators referred to this as the online publication, the Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences. So yeah, it's been strange and also the attacks of, I would say over the last few weeks, people in newspaper commentators, experts, even the leader of the of the birth rate committee have disproven my positions, about 10 or 20 of them. But the weird part is, when they write these articles to disprove my positions, not a single time have they argued against the position I actually have. It's been exclusively straw man, which is a little bit predictable too, and it's okay.

• 26:35Speaker 01

  I just want this debate to get started, and now it has started. And if that means that I have to just endure all those weird attacks and personal attacks and being discredited, well, hopefully I'll be able to be in this for the long haul, and I hope to contribute more productively with time. But right now, the debate is going, and for that, I'm thankful.

• 27:01Chris Williamson?

  Let's get back to the underlying dynamics that are driving this sort of decline in birth rate, because it's something that we are seeing across the world. For, as I'm sure that the researchers that you were talking with recently know, the birth rates, especially in sort of south, the south areas of Africa, fittingly, I think Chad has the highest birth rate in the world, which is kind of on brand, given the name. Every 15 years, every 15 years, the birth rate decreases by one child per mother in African countries too. So it's from eight to seven to six, around about every 15 years or so. At least this was when I looked at the data, about 18 months ago. It may have sped up, it may have slowed down. But my point being, this is a global.

• 27:46Chris Williamson?

  Situation, I think everywhere except for Israel, basically, they've managed, everybody is dealing with this. And this was really interesting and telling to me when I looked at the news article from the UK that came out, because you had some very country-specific reasons given by people in the comments. They were saying migrants, Islam, taxation, cost of living, the Covid jab, who would want to bring a human into this cruel rotten world, tap water, this is good, the country's too full, and this is good, the world is too overpopulated. And I was thinking, well, some of the stuff is kind of universal, right?

• 28:28Chris Williamson?

  But a lot of that migrants, Islam, taxation, cost of living, Covid jab, you know, this is very specific to the country, and yet we're seeing birth rates across the world change. So can you just square, square the circle of the dynamics for me of what is universally happening that's causing this to occur? Because presumably the intersexual dynamics and the sex ratios in different countries are all at different levels, and yet we seem to have this sort of universal degradation of birth rate.

• 29:00Speaker 01

  Yeah. So let's line this up along these bottlenecks that I talked about. So I like to view this as something that happens in three steps. First, you have to be able to find a partner. You have to date, you have to find someone, you have to agree that you're a couple. And that has become increasingly challenging. The next step is that you have to decide to have children. And there, there are different hindrances. And then you have to be able to make one. Now, the latter one, it's not, it seems not to be that big of a deal, as you're aware, sperm quality has decreased 40% among men. But according to the experts, it's still more than good enough for making children. So it's not that we're

• 29:42Speaker 01

  not able to. Now, then there are some problems for women because they postpone having children, but women aren't, their fecundity has not decreased in all likelihood at the earlier ages. So the latter bottleneck seems not to be a real issue. And then we have to

• 30:00Chris Williamson?

  Just to just to step in there. You mentioned at the early ages, but obviously if the first and the second one, finding a partner, getting a partner, then push you into the third one, the third one can then become right. I've I've jumped ahead of the ending.

• 30:12Speaker 01

  But yeah. Yeah, yeah, yeah. No, absolutely. So the the but the issue that there hasn't been changes in Fakondiri. Fakondiri seems to be the same or better than before. So it's not that we're not able to have children. But yeah, when women start very late, then it becomes more problematic. But that is not more problematic than it used to be. It's just that women are starting later. So then we have to look at then we have to look at the world. So where and and so where in the world where birth rates, where people are still reproducing and growing? Or in countries where female equality is not a very high value? And and and this is an important factor. This is a result of the empowerment and liberation and equality afforded to women in the process that has been ongoing in the West since for like eight hundred years.

• 30:54Speaker 01

  And here it's very important for me to state that I am an enormous supporter of equality for women. I am such a big supporter of that, that I would like also women in the future to have the same rights and opportunities that women have today. If we continue down the path we are now and just self eradicate, those populations that are left are not champions of women's freedoms. So when when we go into this and we talk about what has happened with women over the past, say, particularly hundred and fifty years, that explains much of the first bottleneck. But describing these mechanisms and this process is not

• 31:38Speaker 01

  doesn't mean that I I'm against it. I'm just describing these are the mechanisms that are at play. This is how human nature plays out in certain environments, and I wish it wasn't that way. But it really seems to be that way. So this is what I I will be describing. So what we talked about last year is that Our lineage, uh, over the, yeah, it's interesting to look at the last six million years. Uh, we became a pair bonding species around four million years ago. And women only evolved an attraction to men. Uh, that motivated sufficient pair bonding and reproduction in really impoverished environments.

• 32:18Speaker 01

  So men, as we talked about, because their promiscuous attraction system is so, uh, generous. They're a lot more willing to have sex with women and, and engage with women than what, or a lot, many different kinds of women than what women are. So if, if

• 32:36Speaker 01

  a man activates her pair bonding attraction system, that can be a man with similar mate value as she has. They fall in love, they have sex, they have a child. But if you have an environment like you have now, that appeals predominantly to, or to a great extent to the promiscuous attraction system, uh, which is what Tinder does, et cetera, uh, then women will be a lot more selective. So we have a few things that have happened here. Women have been empowered to have their own jobs, make their own money, be free. And importantly, to choose their own partners for the first time in human history. The result of that has been that the better women are doing, the more they exclude, uh, the lowest value men from their potential pool of partners.

• 33:21Speaker 01

  And with prosperity and with a promiscuous mating regime like we have now, or that is a lot more promiscuous than before.

• 33:29Speaker 01

  Female mating psychology seems, uh, to channel the attention to higher value men to avoid, uh, the deception of similar value men. That's something that happens in promiscu-, when there's high promiscuity. While lower value men in a, in a, in a, um, environment like we have today, even though they are, uh, receiving less mating attraction and having less opportunities. And we see their number of sex partners going down, they will have increased expectations of promiscuity. Uh, so you, you get more and more dysfunction, the further away from this third sex revolution of the 1960s we get. This is only getting worse.

• 34:13Speaker 01

  So the problem with creating relationships now, and this has been something that's been in the in the debate in Norway to an enormous extent. What women are, what very many women have said in this debate, I don't know how representative this is, but their main point, talking point is that men aren't good enough. And if men do not become better, women simply don't want to partner with them and certainly not have children.

• 34:36Chris Williamson?

  What do you think they mean when they say better?

• 34:40Speaker 01

  It's it's quite predictable. Women, of course, because they have, because of our evolutionary past, they have a lower desire for partner variety, while men, because by having permission to sex, they would leave a larger genetic legacy, they have a higher desire for partner variety. So one Norwegian, one study show that Norwegian women want five lifetime sex partners and Norwegian men want 25. So this is a question of how markets work. When you have a high demand of female sexuality and a low supply, women will have the power on the short-term mating market. So as we know, if you, if you as a woman go on Tinder now, you will get access to thousands and tens of thousands of men and you will have men that have much higher mate value,

• 35:23Speaker 01

  give you a lot of attention and try really hard to get a date with you and then get you to bed. So when you have that kind of enormous choice, that kind of power, it's very natural that you increase your standards. Now, if women understood better, and I do understand it, many understand it very well and some understand it to some extent, but this isn't, this isn't a cultural script that we're raised with. We're not offered this information when we grow up. It's just not a part of our culture because its mating regime is so new. But it's it's a big difference between a short and a long-term mating market. So if many women confuse the power they have on the short-term mating market with the long-term mating market where men and women are more equal.

• 36:03Speaker 01

  So the short, their experiences on the short-term mating market motivates women to increase their partner demands, which then when they're when, which they can do on the short-term mating market, there's no limits to how many attractive men they can have there. But if they want a boyfriend, then they have to go on dates with men that have similar mating value with them because in a monogamous regime, our species mates assortatively. People with similar value find each other. And this makes it harder and harder for women to find partners. And and the funny thing in the debate that's been in Norway is that So many said that, "Oh my God, we real... Those men need to stop telling women to lower their standards."

• 36:46Speaker 01

  The problem isn't that we have high demands, and then they go and list ten things that men have to do to get better. So this environment that we live in now, it just motivates women to... Number one, they don't need men anymore. They used to need men. And those emotions, that attraction women have for men, evolved in a much more impoverished environment, where having a man was, could be of existential importance. And now they don't need him. Women can have wonderful lives without men. For many women, the type of men that they would have access to simply isn't good enough to justify not longer being single. And on an individual level, that is perfectly fine, and I support it 100%. So what women are doing on the short and long-term mating market,

• 37:31Speaker 01

  I have no issue on that. As individuals, I lay no blame. But our society will disappear if we don't do anything about this. And the thing is, this is a brand-new system that no human community has succeeded with. And we've been doing this for 50 years. And these processes, these changing between different mating regimes, typically can take centuries. Some of them, the older ones, took much longer even. So that we, after 50 years, haven't found a way to reconcile individual and social needs, it's no wonder. But now that we see the effect, that our inability to find partners leads to self-revocation, we need to talk about it. We need to agree that this is a problem, and that it's an existential problem. And we have to start experimenting.

• 38:16Speaker 01

  Not by forcing women to marry incels, but to try to find if we can create new dating arenas, if we can increase the knowledge around this, if we can change people's approach to dating and mating. Then I am I am naively positive. I mean, I I've studied the human or hominid mating over six million years. We face tremendous challenges and our ancestors solved every single one of them. And the 21st century's reproductive crisis, it's not the biggest one. I I I think we can make changes. And these fertility researchers that I've talked with, they don't have much of an historical perspective. They look at today and they see this is a problem. They don't understand why it's happening. And then they give up

• 39:01Speaker 01

  and a lot of them say, we just need to embrace low fertility. We've solved problems like this so many times. Yeah, go ahead.

• 39:09Chris Williamson?

  How do you know that it's women's standards being too high and not men, the standard of men decreasing?

• 39:20Speaker 01

  Um, because it's it's relative. I mean, men are men and women are women. Uh, going out and saying to men, you have to get better. I mean, who would go out and say, uh, Somalis need to get better, or people with Down syndrome have to get better. We don't talk like that to groups. We don't say they're not good enough and tell them to better themselves. Uh, uh, one, because it's inhumane and two, it doesn't work. You can't tell groups to pull themselves together. Uh, so yeah, maybe men have gotten worse and worse. Maybe women have gotten better and better. But I think it's more it's a it's it's a change in that

• 40:00Speaker 01

  women, we had patriarchal societies where women were subservient and dependent on men. Uh, if they didn't find a partner, they would be sanctioned socially hard. Uh, they would live in poverty many times. So now that we've created these wonderful new societies, that innate biological attraction that women had to men that motivated sufficient reproduction in the past, it's no longer strong enough. Life is too good. And given that, we have to look for new solutions.

• 40:32Chris Williamson?

  I can see why, uh, uh, somebody that wanted to find, uh, potential holes or headlines to pick in your argument would be replete with options because, uh,

• 40:45Chris Williamson?

  A mean characterization of some of the points that you're putting forward would be something like, so the argument is women should get into relationships with guys who either aren't good enough or that they don't fundamentally like, that bringing back a patriarchal or enforced monogamy style, socially enforced monogamy, not handmade style, socially enforced monogamy style, society is better, that equality and women's financial and socioeconomic independence is anathema to having a flourishing society. Therefore, all of the things that we have done should be rolled back, and the more that we roll them back, the more that we then get the

• 41:26Chris Williamson?

  birth rate to be able to flourish again. So, I mean, we've spoken about this, I've spoken about this hundreds of times, but it's a difficult circle to square, to say that something which was good and that everybody is in support of, women getting their socioeconomic independence, women having equal access to the things that they should, women not being under the boot of their father or their brother or stuff like that, like, these things are good in a developed society, and yet, they can also have this externality, which is, well, it's misaligned with mating psychology, and downstream from that, what you end up with is this really

• 42:06Chris Williamson?

  difficult situation. And, you know, to the women that are listening to, especially the ones that are struggling to find a guy that they think is good enough, you know, there's no, and this is where we get into interventions a little bit later on, but I think it's very difficult to say, hey, girls, lower your standards. Like, what does that mean? What does that mean? In the same way as telling guys that you need to do better, like, what does that mean, especially at a group level? You know, the individual level, what you're asking is...

• 42:40Chris Williamson?

  Kind of like a tragedy of the commons type thing, a god's eye view coordination. You, individual man, you should work harder so that you can help the birth rate. Or you, individual woman, you should lower your standards so that you can help the birth rate. Like, not for you. You take a personal cost, you pay a personal cost in order to supply a public benefit. And, uh, yeah, it's fascinating. So, okay, we've got a couple of other things here. When women say men do better and they've got a list of things, what are the main areas?

• 43:23Chris Williamson?

  Because presumably, one of the places that we should be looking at for intervention is, how do we make men more attractive to women in this new environment? That has to be one of the roots that you lay out. It would be stupid to not give that information out to guys because there will be a subset of men that go, hey, just give me the cheek. What is it they're looking for again? And if you just give me that and I'll just like tick, tick, tick, tick, tick, and I'll be sweet. So what are the areas that women say men are lacking in?

• 43:50Speaker 01

  Well, these lists that that has spread, they're not terribly insightful or helpful, I think. But it reflects the experiences that women have had with men. Don't be so interested in hunting and fishing and cars. Don't talk about yourself. Give me the right emotional support.

• 44:12Speaker 01

  Don't brag about things. It's these minutia that they say that men in general suffer from. And it's not men in general. There's a normal distribution among men. You have a few men at the top that are phenomenal and a few men at the bottom that are terrible. And then you have just a bunch of normal guys. And women are right. In today's environment, men aren't good enough for women. But then we have to ask, what are we going to do about that? And I don't know a single person, I don't even know if I've met a single person who wants to go back to the dark ages and put women under the boot of the patriarchy. But if we really love female freedoms as highly... As many proclaim, and I certainly do,

• 44:57Speaker 01

  then we owe ourselves to start experimenting and trying new things to see if we can have societies that exist in the future where women also are free. I mean, the stakes couldn't be higher. So this misplaced fear that if we talk about low fertility, women will suddenly live in oppressive patriarchies the day after tomorrow, or 10 years down the line, or 50 years down the line? I mean, I understand the fear because nobody wants to go back. Women don't want to be unfree again. But what I've done in my research and in other projects also, I I've studied the cultural changes over the last thousand years to see how, what is it that made modernity emerge? And we never go backwards.

• 45:40Speaker 01

  We have these really deep cultural changes intermittently, and they're terrible, and we're living through one now.

• 45:48Speaker 01

  And in those cases, we have to start entertaining new thoughts, new norms and new values. And and different communities should try different solutions based on what is salient to them, based on their cultural legacy. And I think Norway is in a unique position here. We've been spearheading, spearheading new gender relations for 150 years. We've been in the forefront of female equality. And in Scandinavia, we have really good culture for this. We have cohesive populations. We have a lively national debate. We're willing to find and experiment with new things and find solutions. And I think we can do it here also. And I think all nations should do that. Build on their cultural legacies and try new things.

• 46:32Speaker 01

  And I mean, in Norway, it would be so anathema for, I think the risk of us going back to the Dark Ages is very small. And I'd be willing to to suggest a suicide pact on this. I mean, we're steering towards self-eradication. Let's just agree, and I understand women's fear of this. So let's agree. Female freedoms at the level of 2024 can never be threatened. Let's have that as our starting point. Let's experiment with new ways of dating and mating, but never, ever anything that would involve jeopardizing women's freedoms. And if those means that we come up with aren't able to help us increase fertility... Then we'll die together, we'll disappear, we'll, we'll just dwindle until there's no one left.

• 47:16Speaker 01

  And that will be the Norwegian way. And then I'm sure some other countries in the world will experiment with more handmade tail like, like means for racing fertility, but that won't be us. And, and that is, that is the key to success. We have all these different communities, all these different cultural legacies that make different means sail into us. We need to start experimenting, we need to do something because we're all disappearing in, in this part of the world.

• 47:42Chris Williamson?

  Yeah, I am, just to kind of play the other side and so much of what I was learning about over the last few years to do with, you know, the increasing socioeconomic success of, of women over the last 50 years, particularly the tall girl problem. As I've come to say that if you stand on the top of your own status hierarchy, it's very difficult to find someone above and across on the other one. And, um, you know, 50 years ago, when Title IX came in and the, the gap between women and men in university was smaller than the gap between men and women now. Men are now further behind in terms of their university attendance than women were when Title IX,

• 48:27Chris Williamson?

  a policy that was brought in to precisely help raise up what was at the time, an underperforming minority, right? Or an underperforming group, perhaps not a minority. And, um, I'm just trying to think about like where that energy is to help raise up underperforming men. Um, you know, if we do have, if, if this is true, let's say, let's, let's, let's take the sort of public proclaimments as accurate that men are not being of a high enough standard in order for women to date them. That would be like saying, well, women aren't of a high enough intellect in order to get, to go to university. Or what do you do?

• 49:04Chris Williamson?

  You, you, you help, you spend billions and billions in taxpayer funded money to create councils and research initiatives and social change campaigns and you help to change norms and you raise up the group which is falling behind. But even more so in this one. The dearth of appropriate and eligible male partners directly impacts the well being of the life of the single women who don't have anybody to date. You know, you could say that kind of in a roundabout way, more smart people, including women going to university makes for a smarter and more prosperous world because there's like people doing innovation and stuff like that. But it's a much less direct route, right?

• 49:47Chris Williamson?

  Than if you spend a lot of money helping men to become better, which I'm sure that the men aren't going to have a problem with. It's like, hey, man, like here's free gym membership and mindfulness training and blah, blah, blah. Or looking at the socioeconomic problems, which is, well, why aren't men flourishing? Why aren't they going to university? Why is it two women for every one man doing a four year US college degree? Why do women out earn men between 21 and 29 by over a thousand pounds a year? The age during which the socioeconomic success of your partner is probably going to be more indicative of your mating success when men and women are more likely to be available and trying to find potential partners, where their fecundity is highest. So you're going to be able to get the best bang for your buck, so to speak, out of your mating efforts, stage two of the bottleneck that we'll get on to.

• 50:33Chris Williamson?

  I just get the sense that there really is very little sort of charitability being paid. You know, even the word incel, William Costello, Andrew Thomas was on very recently talking about it. The word incel just sort of conjures up all manner of, of, of, maybe it needs to be rebranded. You know, unfortunately, it's a very great term that was used and sort of spread too widely as a meme. But like, who wants that? Who wants there to be people who wants to do a thing and can't do the thing and sort of clawing and desperate and, and trying and, and don't get that. Like, that's not, that'd be like saying like, uh, in, in intellect or something, oh, involuntarily stupid or something. That's the reason that women aren't going to university. It's like, no, no one said that.

• 51:18Chris Williamson?

  No one thought that. But because we are dealing with men who traditionally have been in a preferential position in society, and because we're talking about women's bodies, which is a very fraught topic that nobody wants to come in and, and feel like they're starting to mandate anything.

• 51:39Chris Williamson?

  Yeah, you know, if you talk about. Situations that sort of raise up men and men's standards, that feels like kind of manipulating the market in a way like men, no, men should raise themselves up. They should try, they should want to do it. It's the if you loved me, you'd know why I'm mad at you kind of argument. And then on the other side, if you say, well, what about women's standards being too high? They go, well, what are you saying? You're saying that you want me to get into a relationship with somebody that I don't like, that I don't love, that isn't good enough for me? We've spent all of this time building up our socioeconomic success, finally getting egalitarian access to all of the things that we need. And you're telling me that now I have to row back my financial independence to like some weird, old and worldly 1900s, 1800s Victorian England version of mating mentality,

• 52:23Chris Williamson?

  just so that I can feel remotely satisfied with a partner that I don't think meets my standards? And that's not going to happen. So, I mean, this is like a, I mean, you seem to think it's a tractable problem, but to me, it's a, like a, you know, spaghetti junction of cables that every time you try and pull on them. But today, there's between the two of us, there's been like 20 absolutely unspeakable things that you've, that one of us has said, right? Like that these, this area of discussion is so non typically done in a manner that isn't used as a cudgel to hit people over the head with, or to try and get some sort

• 53:03Chris Williamson?

  of nefarious campaign across that you don't, nobody uses what's called the Oxford manner, right? The ability, the ability to play gracefully with ideas. That's not allowed. But yeah, anyway, just to kind of fight the other side of this, when women had a problem, we said, what can we do to fix society? But now that men have a problem, we say, what is it that men are doing where they can't fix themselves?

• 53:26Speaker 01

  Yeah, we don't tell, that's certainly not in Scandinavia. That's not what we tell poor people. You just pull yourself up by the bootstraps, that more of an American strategy. But what you said about the incel term is very interesting. Unfortunately, that coin was termed, or at least it spread into the mainstream with these terrorist attacks of the 2010s. And what this has caused, it's very unfortunate. I mean, incels, it's arguably the most or one of the most marginalized groups in society. On some level, it is the most marginalized group. These are men that they are being deprived of life opportunities. You're just suffering in solitude. And I wrote one op ed in Norway where I said, there's a reason why you don't know the name of a single Norwegian incel.

• 54:12Speaker 01

  I speak up about these matters and I'm in a position to endure the hatred and the attacks that come and they have become increasingly grave. Could you imagine what happened if a regular guy, an incel, spoke up and said, "I have never had any mating opportunities. Let me tell you how this destroys my life." First, he wouldn't be met with compassion. He'd be villainized. He'd be seen as a misogynist and a potential terrorist. So we've created the culture where these men that are the most marginalized and you could say oppressed, aren't even allowed to speak up about how terrible their lives have become. So we don't hear anyone bear witness to this marginalization.

• 54:55Speaker 01

  Women spoke up loudly and proudly about what the patriarchy were doing to them and they succeeded with liberating themselves from that. It's very difficult to see in the short to mid-range how these men can be a part of the public conversation because the costs that we impose on them are so enormous. And to that other thing you said about "How can we raise up men?" Well, that's what you could call one of the Scandinavian paradoxes. In raising up women, as I, again, a thing that I mentioned to you last year, the Norwegian welfare state, men pay more into it in taxes than they receive from it.

• 55:40Speaker 01

  Women receive more than 1.2 million dollars from the welfare state over their lifetime than they pay in in taxes. And 1.2 million dollars, that's still pretty good money. So, and I think that is one of the linchpins of our society. The reason why Norway, according to the UN, almost every year is the best society living in the world, is precisely because we transfer these resources from men to women. And that allows, and there's a variety of reasons why that creates a better society. But then a negative aspect of that is that men lose these resources and women gain them, which is good for society, good for the women and the children they bear.

• 56:22Speaker 01

  But it makes men relatively less attractive because, number one, women, to a much lesser extent, need the resources of a partner and men have lost these resources that in previous times would make them more attractive to women. And that's a, that's a very bad externality. So we created the, perhaps the greatest society in human history. And because of the way we did that, we're now steering towards self eradication because we created society where men actually aren't good enough to entice women's attraction systems so that women are, are want to have sex with them and pair bond with them and have children with them. And that is unfortunate. And like you said, that is a spaghetti.

• 57:08Chris Williamson?

  What about the second bottleneck? Let's say that we've managed to weave our way through the first one. We've managed to find a partner. We're happy with them. We're ready to settle down, get married and, and, and the question comes up, are we going to make babies?

• 57:26Speaker 01

  Yeah, so that has to do about culture and ideology. This is what we covered the last time over, over, over an hour. And I recently published a book called Stories of Love from Vikings to Tinder, where I take the reader through a 800 year journey of Western ideologies of love to show how we ended up where we are today and how that explains our dating dysfunction and the demographic collapse. So we now live in a world with the mating ideology that's called confluent love. Confluence means to come together. So we're supposed to come together and as long as that's beneficial, we're supposed to stay together. When it's not, move on. So it's, we have serial pair bonding interspersed with opportunistic short-term relationships. So we sleep around when we're single and hope, preferably not when we're hitched up and then

• 58:11Speaker 01

  relationships last for as long as they last. And this, this, the values of this mating regime is convenience, reward, and individualistic self-realization. So we're supposed to, to do whatever works for us as individuals. And to modern ideology, that makes a lot of sense. And we've, we've wanted, we wanted to do that for a good while, but we weren't prosperous enough. But now we are, and now we've implemented this regime, a symbolically from 1968. Before that, to give an example of another ideology of love, from the early 1800s until 1986, we had the ideology of romantic love. Where cultures imposed on people, they indoctrinated them, acculturated them, socialized them, however you want to put it,

• 58:55Speaker 01

  into thinking that a man and a woman, as individuals, they're only half a person. So you're supposed to find that other soul that matches yours, and then you're supposed to merge in a pair bond, underpinned by very strong, true love, and this love lasts a lifetime. And then you self-realize as a couple through the breadwinner housewife model. So from our perspective, that that sounds a little bit silly, but impulsive those beliefs on people, pushed them together and made them have children to a sufficient extent. Well, you could say maybe to a too high extent, uh, because they really, the population growth during that period was enormous. So

• 59:38Speaker 01

  in that second bubble, when it comes to having children in earlier times, in all earlier times, I'm sure there were exceptions here and there, but maybe those weren't too functional. Societies imposed on people that they had to pair bond and have children. If not, you would be sanctioned, ostracized, or maybe you'd be a monk, or go to war, or work the fields. And we don't do that anymore. And we only, and here's an important part, contraception. We only, we didn't evolve to have this incredible desire to be parents. We have a desire for it, but as we see now, it's not strong enough for our current environment. Evolution works in a way that implants proxies for you're sexually attracted to someone.

• 1:00:22Speaker 01

  Uh, you, you, you do these things and then in some, it leads to sufficient reproduction. But now that we detached copulation from, from reproduction through effective contraceptives, those adaptations that we evolved for the previous mating regimes don't work as well. And we also have this ideology, we're not having children, we're having children has become quite voluntary. I mean, there's still some pressure, but you'll define without. In some milliards, it's even seen as heroic not to have children. You have environmentalists uh, that think having children is wrong. You have all kinds of different anti-natalist beliefs. And, and this reduces the pressure that in previous times pushed people toward reproduction.

• 1:01:06Speaker 01

  So that's when people do manage to pay a bond and they have to decide whether they have children. You have those ideological differences from earlier times and then you have other environmental pressures, such as the costliness of having children, the difficulties, the time pressure, et cetera. So you have all these factors that play in there and what politicians and fertility researchers are drawn to are those more mundane environmental factors. So Norway probably has the best social regime in the world for having children. We give incredible benefits to parents and children. There's probably never existed an environment in the history of humanity where it's more beneficial to have children than in Norway and still we're not doing it.

• 1:01:49Speaker 01

  So what this birth rate committee is probably going to do is suggest we throw another hundred dollars there, another thousand dollars there, but we know from research that that's not going to work. So if we're going to work on this second bottleneck, it's about cultural change and evolving towards a new ideology of love. And that sounds very inappropriate for modern minds. We're not, we're supposed to leave individuals alone. A lot of people have said in the debate in Norway that it's inappropriate for politicians to engage. But I mean, if we're steering towards self eradication, nothing is more important than than the question of existence versus non-existence. So we really should be open to experimenting and trying to question even our most sacred values.

• 1:02:31Chris Williamson?

  In a lot of the studies, I think that I've seen lots of the survey data, G S S data and a few others come back. And some of the highest rated reasons for why people haven't had kids is not ready yet, still working on myself, don't have the money and insufficiently financially secure. What do you make of the sort of cost of living and self actualization ideologies, sort of slash thought pattern when it comes to its contribution? Because at least in terms of self reports, haven't found somebody I'm sufficiently attracted to. Wow, didn't mean to do that.

• 1:03:15Chris Williamson?

  Haven't found somebody that I'm sufficiently attracted to, to be able to have a partner with. It's very low down the list, very low.

• 1:03:24Speaker 01

  Yeah, yeah. Well, we don't know. That is the thing about this. We experts actually do not know what the precise factors are that have created this situation. They don't understand why people aren't had. They know some, maybe they know that urbanization is a factor, individualization, but how they play in, how much they affect things, it's still a puzzle. And especially, what of these factors could be a minimal to policy? What is it we have to do? What kind of society do we have to move towards to make people again having children? It's been very under researched. That is among other things. I'm part of a group of researchers

• 1:04:07Speaker 01

  that are applying for funds now, and we want to actually find this out. We want to study female and male mating reproductive psychology and see what are the actual factors, not what people say are the factors, but through longitudinal studies to uncover what the actual elements are that motivate or demotivate reproduction. And it's especially within evolutionary psychology, this has been so under researched over the last few decades. There's been so many valuable contributions on dating and relationships and parental investment, partner preferences, sex, everything within mating except its ultimate function, which is to reproduce.

• 1:04:47Speaker 01

  That's been enormously under researched, which is puzzling. And now it's become existentially important to understand these mechanisms.

• 1:04:56Chris Williamson?

  I suppose you hinted at it before, the difference between proximate and ultimate reasons, you know, proximate reason, sex feels good, ultimate reason, it makes babies.

• 1:05:07Chris Williamson?

  Looking at the ultimate justification, it's a much more direct intervention to just get straight to the proximate, because you know exactly how that works, you can manipulate it more directly, getting in and sort of the ultimate is usually the unspoken thing. It's the thing behind the thing. But I do wonder I was having a conversation with a friend who was telling me that he held his sister's newborn baby for the first time. And this is the first member of his kin that's been like newborn, his first family newborn. He held it in his hands. And as he was doing it, immediately,

• 1:05:47Chris Williamson?

  he had these sort of classic visions of a warrior man going to protect this child. It's not his child, but he's pretty close, right? You know, he's an uncle. And we had a conversation, I think, there's an odd, maybe sort of mimetic child desire that goes on that increasingly atomized, non-pangenerational living where people are in their own houses, they move away from home at 18, they don't get to see their brothers and sisters and potentially their children quite so much anymore. Everyone's in their own silo. On top of that, a declining birth rate means that there are fewer children around to show people who don't yet have children that children are

• 1:06:27Chris Williamson?

  a thing that you can have. How much have you considered this, this kind of, one of the big impacts of being around children is that it perhaps encourages you to have children. And by that, having fewer children begets reduction in the incentive to, or the drive to have children?

• 1:06:46Speaker 01

  Yeah, that's, that's, that's why the leading research in this believe that this unfortunately is a self-reinforcing process. Like I mentioned, Norwegian women want to have 2.4 children, but they have 1.4. Now that it's fell to 1.4, the next generation will probably want to have quite a bit fewer than 2.4. And we see in this through the generations. So we're not able to fulfill our fertility ideals. And this puts us in a spiral that just entails us as society circling the drain until there's no one left, unless we're able to turn this around.

• 1:07:22Chris Williamson?

  Yeah, the fertility.

• 1:07:23Speaker 01

  Yeah, so that's why.

• 1:07:24Chris Williamson?

  As well as a moving target.

• 1:07:27Speaker 01

  Yeah, no, that's why I mentioned at the beginning of our conversation how unfortunate it is that the main Norwegian researchers on this, they're just waiting for women around forty to have an unprecedented number of baby because, I mean, the leading international experts are pretty uniform. They're never all agree, but they're pretty uniform. This isn't turning around. It's, it's, they say that it's more likely that it continues to decline than that it tapers off or goes up again. So if we don't turn this around, likely it will only get worse and this circling of the drain is just gonna go faster and faster until our societies collapse.

• 1:08:04Chris Williamson?

  Didn't someone say that the best you can do is, for the fertility rate, is to just resign and relax?

• 1:08:13Speaker 01

  Yeah, that was the commentator in Norway's biggest newspaper. She, she thought one point four was just, that was just a, um, a, a number that captured the moment. Uh, and she also, so she talked to these experts and they said, yeah, yeah, I know Norwegian women will start having babies soon in their forty, so this, this is gonna go up again. So yeah, she, she actually wrote that the best thing we could do for the, to increase the fertility rate is to resign and relax. And if we do that, we disappear.

• 1:08:44Chris Williamson?

  And then Norway's ex-sexiest woman of the year said that men were whining, and then a gay guy said that men are trying to cry their way into women's pants.

• 1:08:56Speaker 01

  Yeah, there's, and, and I'm grateful that they chime in. I'm, I, I haven't responded to almost any of them. Uh, I'm just glad that people are participating in this debate. And if they wanna smear men or, or wanna attack my credentials or my intentions or call me a fascist, that's just how these debates work. And hopefully, this is the first phase of the debate, and then if we're able to get past it, we can agree that this is an existential challenge. And after that, we can start talking about experiments and then executing them. And maybe we can have more research on this and, and we can have a national movement to try to turn this around. I, I, like I said, I think especially

• 1:09:41Speaker 01

  Scandinavian nations are. The best situated nations for doing something about this. We should spearhead this. We should be in the forefront. We're so rich and wealthy and we have such good national conversations and we're so far ahead in general. We've been doing this for so long. Why can't we like cease? This is the biggest problem we've faced, at least in a very long time. Let's try to solve it. Let's not resign and give up.

• 1:10:08Chris Williamson?

  What happened at your university when they found out that you were researching fertility rates?

• 1:10:16Speaker 01

  Well, there too, I am very understanding. I was working at a center of environmentalists. And they need to have their profile and I respect that. And when they found out that I was going to research declining populations from a negative perspective, they didn't want to have anything to do with it. But I found a different university that I'm applying for research funds from, so I'm okay. But uh, well, it's, people don't understand that 1.4 means that our societies will disappear. They don't see the problems with it and they don't see how this can work against solving the climate crisis. Collapsing societies aren't going to develop new technology. They're not going to be cooperative.

• 1:10:58Speaker 01

  They're probably not going to recycle too much either. I mean, it's, we want functioning societies, stable functioning societies for the next generation so we can fix the climate crisis. And this is a new situation before this summer there. Maybe one or two op-eds a year in leading newspapers where people said that we'll be fine. 1.4 isn't a big of a deal. And one op-ed wrote that this for sure won't be as bad as the Black Death. So we'll be okay, which is a pretty little bar. So yeah, I, I,

• 1:11:32Speaker 01

  I, I understand. I'm, I'm, and yeah, I'm, especially for environmentalists, it's hard to wrap your head around how a declining population could be a negative thing. So I, I try to be understanding, but yeah, it's, it's, it's, yeah, it wasn't too cool, but I'll be okay.

• 1:11:50Chris Williamson?

  I, I applaud your patience. I really do. It's a. You know, when you're, I had this really great conversation with Richard Reeves. I'll send it to you once we're done because I think the political psychology side of science communication activism, talking about topics that are kind of on the edge of the Overton window, I think it really might be good framing for you, given that he's the founder of the American Institute for Boys and Men, so he's having a similarly unpopular discussion. And we spoke about that and he had this really interesting insight where he said that people who talk about unpopular topics and feel scapegoated or castigated or, you know, insulted when

• 1:12:35Chris Williamson?

  they do it, what they do is they become increasingly aggressive with their tone because they're more and more frustrated that they get sort of labelled as this really nasty thing. So, you know, you see a lot of, I think, men's rights activists, probably a good chunk of them get thrown into this bucket because they've been fighting about family court or divorce law or, you know, male suicide or whatever it is for a long time. And because they've either been ignored or insulted, what they do is they just keep ramping the rhetoric up. I think you could see this with the climate movement too, right? No, you don't understand if we get past however many parts per million in CO2, it's going to be a problem.

• 1:13:19Chris Williamson?

  So I'm going to throw paint over, throw soup over a painting. I'm going to glue myself to the M25 and I'm going to do, you know, big, big, all bigger, bigger, bigger. And as Richard said, the problem you have when you do that is that you become less and less acceptable to be understood, especially in an arena that's increasingly inflammatory because you are more inflammatory. The way that you communicate these ideas becomes more aggressive, which is the exact opposite of the impact that you wanted it to have. So at the very time when you need to be as peaceful and gentle as possible, you're putting the strong argument forward, but you're doing it from a place of sort of rationality and realism as opposed to one of like just steaming in, it's all emotion.

• 1:14:02Chris Williamson?

  Because it's much easier to dismiss the arguments of somebody saying something you don't want to believe that is already unpopular if they do it laden with emotion, as opposed to if they come in and they say, hey.

• 1:14:15Chris Williamson?

  Interesting stat. I'm just gonna put some some facts forward for you here. Here's here's some things that you should consider and they go, what a reasonable. Nothing that anybody can say is that you haven't been reasonable with the way that you've put your your points forward. And I I never thought about that before. It was really interesting. I've never been an activist really for anything. I've got interests and stuff, but I've certainly felt that

• 1:14:38Chris Williamson?

  distaste sometimes when I've been talking about stuff to do with men's mental health or whatever. And I, you know, rhetoric does get a little bit more agitated. It does get a little bit more fiery. You think, ah, is that actually effective? What am I doing? Am I using this as a punching bag opportunity to vent about my own internal frustration at nobody listening? Or am I doing this to try and make as big of an impact as I can in the world? Because those two things often are actually counter to each other.

• 1:15:09Speaker 01

  Yeah. No, you asked her earlier if if I saw myself as some kind of firebrand. I I wish I wasn't in a position. I want to jump over these next two phases and jump to the one where we start researching this and conducting experiments and try to turn things around. I don't enjoy being the object of hatred and derision and having, well, if if at least they attacked something that was actually my position, but so far it's been exclusively straw man. And it's, of course, it's it's tiresome. It sucks my

• 1:15:46Speaker 01

  my department lied to a newspaper that I was no longer connected to them. I have a contract out the air and they just didn't want to be associated with me. The reason why I'm sitting here is because my university would no longer let me use the podcast studio, which are just

• 1:16:04Speaker 01

  bizarre. I'm like, just what is this? It's so odd. That's how these things work.

• 1:16:11Speaker 01

  Yeah, I was at a dinner a couple of weeks ago with a member of the birth rate committee, a very reasonable person. And then he said he's, they haven't been able to create debate about this. And this summer I was able to do that. And that noise will help them. So now, now we're working through that phase where people are just arguing and bickering and saying, this isn't a problem. And hopefully, we can get to the point where we can have a reasoned discussion about this. And that's when the birth rate committee will put forward their findings, however useful or unuseful they are. I don't know. We'll have to see. But then after that, something else will come. I mean, this isn't a one year conversation. We're going to be talking about this for generations unless

• 1:16:54Speaker 01

  we're able to turn this around, as we circle the drain. I mean, it's going to become more and more apparent how devastating, how disastrous the consequences will be of losing a third of your generation, or two thirds of your generational size per generations. It's, it's, this discussion is not over. It has just started. And thank you for, for pushing this and not just inviting me, but so many others to talk about this. You're the, you're one of those who really are spearheading this in the international marketplace of ideas. And that's really valuable.

• 1:17:26Chris Williamson?

  I appreciate that. Thank you. Yeah, it's a, it's such an odd type of existential risk, because, you know, some of them, wildfires start, you feel the heat, there's black plumes of smoke in the air, or there's smog on the ground, or, you know, people die in a pandemic. But demographic collapse is this sort of really unique class of

• 1:17:51Speaker 01

  We've never faced this problem before. Yeah. No, I mean, you send an enemy at us, guess, it's, we're immediately going to know exactly what to do. Our neighbor comes, go to war against us. We're going to band together. We're going to forget all the bickering, and we're going to unite, and we're going to do our best to survive and beat them and murder them and win. That's in our nature. When we're now self eradicating?

• 1:18:16Speaker 01

  We're just what? It's we've had low fertility before, but we never had this kind of increasingly global phenomenon that is that just isn't stopping. It's just it's just a continuing decline. So our cultural intuitions, our cultural legacies, we have almost nothing to build on. We have to think anew. We have to analyze and understand something that is really complex. And then we have to come up with completely novel solutions, probably. And that is a hell of a challenge. We have very little to go on here. This is a brand new environment.

• 1:18:50Chris Williamson?

  Well, I know that you've only just published your last book, which was awesome. But I mean, you've got a hell of a topic for the next one. And jumping in with two feet and doing whatever it is that you need to do. Dude, I appreciate you. I really do. I very much appreciate you sort of sticking your neck out, as we would say in the UK, and and doing this work. It'll be interesting to see how you and Leif and the rest of the guys get on. I loved when we met at HBES last year. And it's been a it's interesting to see where people end up. So I really hope that you sort of make it through. If people want to keep up to date with what's happening from your side of the world, your data, your research and stuff like that, where's best to go?

• 1:19:29Speaker 01

  Well, maybe under the YouTube video, you can put a link to my stories of love and vengeance to Tinder. It's open access, so it's free to download. If you want to see what I published, you can go to my Google Scholar. Yeah, thank you. You can go to my Google Scholar page and just type in my name and then you'll see my publications there. Also, Research Gate is good. There are different ways to find it.

• 1:19:49Chris Williamson?

  Unreal. Mads, until next time, mate. I'll see you.

• 1:19:53Speaker 01

  Thank you so much, Chris. It was a pleasure talking to you again. Take care.