Subconscious Beliefs Quietly Destroying Your Confidence - Alain de Botton (4K)

Alain de Botton is a philosopher, author, and founder of The School of Life. Healing yourself is one of the most transformative journeys you can undertake. From nurturing your inner voice to improving relationships, how can we embrace healing to not only grow personally but also show up better for those around us? Expect to learn where bad inner voices come from and how to hear a negative voice, why we struggle to connect with our emotions, if there is a danger of intellectualising challenges of emotion for smart people, Alain’s advice for obsessive people who want to let go a little more, advice for an anxious person dealing with an avoidant one, why we get stuck in unhappy relationships, how to improve your self worth and much more... - 00:00 Where Do Bad Inner Voices Come From? 08:22 Healing a Negative Inner Voice 22:31 Why Do We Struggle to Fully Connect With Our Emotions? 28:14 The Danger of Intellectualising Emotions 36:01 Letting Go as an Obsessive Person 43:06 Openness & Transparency in Relationships 52:13 Advice for People in an Anxious-Avoidant Relationship 58:37 How Malleable Are Attachment Styles? 1:08:42 Embracing Playfulness in a Serious World 1:12:26 How Childhood Impacts Adult Relationships 1:16:02 Why People Get Stuck in Unhappy Relationships 1:22:33 Our Tendency to People-Please 1:29:59 Taking Ownership of Your Patterns 1:37:12 Are Deep Thinkers More Lonely? 1:41:05 What Drives Alain? 1:51:51 Where to Find Alain - Get $350 off the Pod 4 Ultra at https://eightsleep.com/modernwisdom (use code MODERNWISDOM) Get a Free Sample Pack of all LMNT Flavours with your first purchase at https://drinklmnt.com/modernwisdom Get a 20% discount on the best supplements from Momentous at https://livemomentous.com/modernwisdom Get the best bloodwork analysis in America at https://functionhealth.com/modernwisdom - Get access to every episode 10 hours before YouTube by subscribing for free on Spotify - https://spoti.fi/2LSimPn or Apple Podcasts - https://apple.co/2MNqIgw Get my free Reading List of 100 life-changing books here - https://chriswillx.com/books/ Try my productivity energy drink Neutonic here - https://neutonic.com/modernwisdom - Get in touch in the comments below or head to... Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/chriswillx Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/chriswillx Email: https://chriswillx.com/contact/

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Chris Williamson?

  Alain de Botton, welcome to the show.

• 0:01Alain de Botton?

  Thank you so much.

• 0:02Chris Williamson?

  Where do bad inner voices come from?

• 0:06Alain de Botton?

  Well, the way I like to think about it is that an inner voice is always an outer voice that got internalized. You know, we're very porous people. The way in which we're spoken to becomes the way in which we speak to ourselves. I mean, if that sounds too weird, think of language, right? All of us arrive in the world not speaking any language and by the age of three, four, five, six, seven, you know, we'll have learnt a lot of words. But the fascinating thing about human beings is we don't know we're learning. So we can be doing other stuff, like, you know, doing handstands in the garden or drawing buttercups in the kitchen, and we're becoming expert grammarians. Hundreds of words are entering

• 0:49Alain de Botton?

  our minds. Complex grammatical constructions are entering our minds. Now, the way I like to think about it is that that language analogy holds true for emotional life as well. So at the same time as we're learning a language of, you know, words and declensions, we're also learning a language of emotions. We're learning things like, what's a man like? What's a woman like? What happens if you give someone something to someone? What happens if you're vulnerable? What happens if you want to play? What happens if you say no? What happens if you say yes? All of these are the syntax, they comprise the syntax of our emotional lives. And it's an invisible syntax, just as our grammatical syntax is

• 1:32Alain de Botton?

  invisible. But it's there, and it will operate throughout our lives, and it will be immensely hard to change. I mean, you know what it's like if you're, you know, if you grew up speaking English, and then you want to learn a foreign language, or suddenly want to learn Italian, well, good luck to you. You're going to be learning a long time. It's not impossible, can be done. But I think it's helpful to think of how hard it is, because sometimes people get very impatient in their attempts to change things about themselves. They go things like, you know, I want to change how I relate to people in relationships, say. And I've read a book, and I've been to three therapy sessions, and I'm really annoyed, nothing works. You want to go, okay, imagine this was Italian. So you've looked at a book

• 2:15Alain de Botton?

  on Italian, you've taken three classes, and you don't speak fluent Italian, and you're complaining. So we do need some modesty here.

• 2:23Alain de Botton?

  Just in order to be properly ambitious. I mean, as you know, you know, the the the root cause of sort of early despair and early retirement from things is a a false picture of what success demands in an area. And I think in the area of emotional improvement or maturation, we sometimes let ourselves down by thinking it's going to have an ease which it won't have.

• 2:45Chris Williamson?

  It's interesting thinking about how language shapes our experience of emotions and our experience of the world, that German, for instance, has a colorful number of ways to describe certain emotions that you can't in other. He said, well, does the fact that we have the word for it almost unlock that emotion in a way that allows us to do self investigation?

• 3:05Alain de Botton?

  Yes, I I think, you know, philosophers philosophers watching this, philosophers of language may have um arguments prone, you know, it's a big thing, but I definitely feel that the more words we have, the more we can attend to what we feel, and in some cases, the more we can feel. Um, you know, I I remember, I remember learning the word anxiety when I was a teenager. Um, and thinking, wow, that's a really useful word, probably nowadays people learn anxiety a lot earlier, but, you know, in those days, um, it was a fascinating word to learn. And the more one's vocabulary stretches, the more you're able to put a flag in bits of your psyche that are perhaps painful. And I think, if you think about why people go to psychotherapy or or even frankly, what

• 3:50Alain de Botton?

  motivates a lot of friendship, it's somebody else helps to give you a vocabulary for bits of your mind and bits of your experience that have not till now, um, that have eluded definition. And that definition is not merely, you know, it's not merely a fancy thing, it's it's a life saving thing, because the more you can define, um, the easier life gets.

• 4:15Alain de Botton?

  Freud speculated that the the the origins of language lie in an ability to bear frustration. So that if a child can think, um, you know, I'm currently frustrated, but you know, mommy's coming back. And I've got, and the person's got those words.

• 4:34Chris Williamson?

  Hmm.

• 4:34Alain de Botton?

  Then that can help you to bear missing and and also bear excitement or, you know, all sorts of things. Things can become more bearable, the more you can put them into language. And I think, you know, adults know this, when we we go about journaling, right? You know, what, why, why is it so helpful to journal? To, you know, because we we know it is, all research shows that it is.

• 4:58Alain de Botton?

  What is it about translating a feeling into a word for that feeling that's helpful? And I think it tames, it contains, and it narrows the spread of difficult emotions.

• 5:13Chris Williamson?

  It's very ephemeral, right? You've got these thoughts up here, moving around, floating about, and then they have to be concretized. And it, you're right, it almost feels like it squeezes it through an aperture of some kind. You say, okay, this is what I meant by that. It's not this notion.

• 5:28Alain de Botton?

  Yeah.

• 5:28Chris Williamson?

  It's not this sort of ambient set. It's somebody shouted a a noise in the next room. It's like, oh, no, it's here. Yeah, I can touch it. You can see it.

• 5:35Alain de Botton?

  Yeah, yeah, that's right. And and, you know, think of, think of relationships, couples, the more their vocabulary for what they're going through increases, the more they can say. You know, I'm feeling this, I'm feeling, you know, when you do that, I feel this, et cetera. And the enemy, you know, the the sort of normal word is people say communication, but it's really language. It's it's putting language to to feelings. And so much goes wrong in life because we're unable to do it. It starts, it starts with ourselves. We can't do it with ourselves. There's a useful phrase that psychotherapists use, disassociation. It's a fascinating concept. What what would it mean to disassociate? And the way it's understood sort of therapeutically is that you could feel an emotion.

• 6:19Alain de Botton?

  It's so difficult, tricky in some way, and you then stop feeling it. You you disassociate from the feeling that that's in you. It's still in you, but you're no longer registering it. Tricky, tricky. And the argument is always the more you can associate, um, and the less you can disassociate, the better off you will be.

• 6:42Alain de Botton?

  But look, there are many bits of life that are unbearable to us. Let's, let's remember this.

• 6:49Alain de Botton?

  There's a wonderful quote in Middlemarch, George Eliot, big fat 19th century novel, where she says,

• 6:57Alain de Botton?

  if we could properly register the sound of, the sounds, the full sounds of life,

• 7:05Alain de Botton?

  we would lose our minds from the full richness of existence. In other words, if you were sensitive to everything that's around you, would sort of go mad. You know, and I think,

• 7:20Alain de Botton?

  if we think about what madness is so-called, what colloquially called madness, if you think of people with severe mental illness, very often what has happened is that their ability to sequence thoughts has gone. Everything is coming at them and they can't grade thoughts. They can't say this thought must go away now. You know, so they'll go, I made a mistake 15 years ago. And if you're balanced, you'll go, well, that was 15 years ago. And it's not, it's not a problem. We can, we don't have to have it pressing down. If your, if your reason is, is buckling, often everything that is alarming comes at you at once. Everything that is difficult at once. And so,

• 8:03Alain de Botton?

  in a way, I'm, I'm sticking up for the ability sometimes to take distance from our feelings. So, you know, I started off by going, it's really important to, to know what you're feeling. But let's also remember at points, the ability not to feel the full force of everything also belongs to health. So it's a double edged sword there.

• 8:21Chris Williamson?

  What's your advice for how people can heal a negative inner voice? We've got this odd artifact that we've carried with us, this inheritance of our life, but kind of almost some previous life of ours.

• 8:34Alain de Botton?

  Yeah.

• 8:35Chris Williamson?

  Where should people begin if they want to have a more friendly inner voice?

• 8:41Alain de Botton?

  Such a good question. I'd say you have to start by finding the inner voice because it doesn't announce itself as an inner voice. So how are we gonna, you know, we're not, we're not talking here about literally hearing voices. Some people do, but we're not talking about that here. What we're talking about is a way of speaking to yourself, a way of, you know, way of conducting yourself in your own mind that owes more to something from outside than from inside and that is more negative, or you can put it this way, unfair to you and your chances, your hopes, et cetera. So how do we, how do we detect this is even going on? Because I don't think it's necessarily obvious. Here, I think that it's quite helpful to get people to do what are called

• 9:25Alain de Botton?

  sentence completion exercises, where you start off with a stub sentence and then you have an ellipsis, dot, dot, dot. So men are, women are, life is, I am, I want, if, dot, dot, dot, because, dot, dot, dot. And you say to people, right, here's a list, these things. Without thinking too much, right, important, right, important prompt. Without thinking too much, you say the first thing comes into your head. Men are, women are, life is, I am, et cetera. Or, or even beginnings of stories, story completion exercises. When I meet someone that I, dot, dot, dot, just finish, finish that sentence. And what people will come out with is fascinating. They'll go, you know, men are cruel. Wow, wow, wow, men are cruel, are they?

• 10:09Alain de Botton?

  You know, person might even be surprised that they've said that. And you say, okay, where's that come from? Where, what, what led you to believe that? And often what you'll find is a story that owes more to something outside than something inside. You know, or, um, you know, when, when I meet someone, what will happen is, dot, dot, dot. You know, um, they'll be very friendly to me, then they'll turn against me. Wow, wow, where did that come from?

• 10:37Alain de Botton?

  It's it's going to be a specific story in the past that, you know, is is being carried forward.

• 10:44Chris Williamson?

  Isn't it interesting that we're talking about maybe the thing people identify with most? You know, the texture of their own experience, the landscape of their of their inner mind. But you're then saying, well, this may not fully be self generated. This might be something which you've absorbed from the past, from society, from norms, from cultures, from the way that you've compensated for past traumas, et cetera, or just habits.

• 11:09Chris Williamson?

  But it brings up an interesting question, which is, okay, so who are you? Where are you in this? Are you that voice? In some ways you are, because you're inexorably linked to all of the experiences you've had.

• 11:21Alain de Botton?

  Yeah.

• 11:22Chris Williamson?

  But then we have this sort of transcendent us, which is better. It's the better us.

• 11:26Alain de Botton?

  Yeah.

• 11:27Chris Williamson?

  If only I could, it's the me without the compensation, the trauma, the et cetera.

• 11:33Alain de Botton?

  Such a question, you know, we're not, there's sometimes going to be this idea of, you know, the real me that is separate from everybody else. We are penetrated by society, you know, think of how we're speaking, right? We're using words as we speak to one another. Every one of those words is both spoken by us and was made by other people, long before we were even a rumor in anyone's mind, right? We are, we are penetrated by society. Every one of the words that I am using is the result of generations and generations of people who've used those words, refined their meaning, et cetera, and then given them to me.

• 12:07Chris Williamson?

  Yeah.

• 12:08Alain de Botton?

  So that's literally the language. We're permitted by social language. Even our biology, as we know, you know, our gut bacteria is, you know, both us and not us. And so the the neat, you know, Chris, Allah, we are, we are these sort of, you know, entities where you can put a strict circle around. Now, we're, we're, we're interpenetrated by society, biology, history, you know, et cetera. So then the question comes, well, is there anything, you know, that's, that's more me, less me? And I think here, absolutely, absolutely. And I think that one of the journeys, you know, life's full of journeys. One of the journeys that I think we all are on is to start to separate out a little bit.

• 12:53Alain de Botton?

  Well, what, I, I can understand there's a lot in me that was just put there by society, by the context in which I was born. Which of those bits do I want to keep or focus on and which of those bits do not fully represent, you know, my values, my considered choices, et cetera. And this is where life gets interesting because people start to say things like, where I come from, normal meant dot, dot, dot. But the more I think about it, the more I'm reflecting on who I really am, the more I want to ditch that and that and that. This is a form of editing process. Self-ortho-ship. Absolutely.

• 13:33Alain de Botton?

  And, you know, I think that the more mature someone is, I'll use that word because you've used others. The more mature someone is, the more what they do, what they think, the values they hold, owe more to their own work, their own sifting, their own editing, than it does to the context that they were born into.

• 13:57Alain de Botton?

  I think, you know, it's interesting if you look at the arc of a life, right? A very small child is often remarkably authentic, which is why we adults, in small doses at least, have such a great time with little ones because they they come out with stuff. And you think, oh, my God, I can't believe they've just said that thing. You know, they've just said that granny's nose is too big or that this restaurant's boring or this very expensive thing is a load of rubbish, you know, et cetera. They'll come out with stuff that is non-normative. And that's very interesting because as an adult, you recognize a kind of, you know, you recognize your own spontaneity that's been lost normally. So it's kind of bittersweet. You think, oh, you know, you don't want exactly the child's version of it.

• 14:41Alain de Botton?

  That would lead you into trouble, but you want an adult version and it's very hard to get. And and probably the high watermark of the opposite is when you're fourteen and a half and you're at school and your most fervent wish is to be like everybody else. You you want your parents to be like everybody else. You want your name to be like everybody else. You want your appearance, your haircut, et cetera. You cannot bear difference. And then slowly, slowly, you you individuate, you know. And and that's a very exciting journey, seeing.

• 15:11Alain de Botton?

  I don't think anyone, everyone, anyone individuate in all areas. So I think the first choice is, what are the areas that matter a lot to you? I'm interested in individuation, but when it comes to clothes, you might have noticed. I kind of, you know, it's a really interesting area, but I just, just leaving that one for another time. You know, I'm just not engaging with that. Similarly, food, fascinating area, you know, very interesting. Yeah, not quite on my radar yet, but you know, other areas, what I'm reading. Very, you know, opinionated, very individual. So I don't think all of us can do it in all areas, but we choose. And that's also part of what makes someone an individual.

• 15:54Chris Williamson?

  I love the idea of children being unencumbered by sort of expectation in that way. And yeah, trying to find the balance between what would the mature childlike version of ourselves do or say in this moment? Where we found ourselves too swayed by the opinions of others, by expectations, by societal norms, et cetera.

• 16:16Alain de Botton?

  Do you remember that story of Picasso who was going around in art school, like little kids were doing art? And some kid was sort of scrawling, you know, mummy, whatever. And, and this kid was seven and he, Picasso said famously, when I was this, when I was his age, I was painting like Raphael. You know, one of the great Renaissance artists, and it was sort of true. I mean, young Picasso. And then he went, and it's taken me all my life to remember how to paint like this.

• 16:43Chris Williamson?

  Unreal.

• 16:44Alain de Botton?

  Now, he didn't, you know, an adult painting like a child is not a child painting like a child. It's something different, you know, which is why we people go, oh, a child could have done that. Well, when a child does it, it's one thing. And when an adult does it, it's another thing. And I think it's quite different. And I think that's why, you know, when you look at Picasso, and there are lots of artists and lots of figures you could sort of draw that analogy with. But, you know, when you're looking at a painting that Picasso did when he was ninety, whatever, ninety, you know, at the end of his life. And it, it's got elements of stuff that a child might do, but it's gone through. You know that this guy has been doing so much other stuff, so he's got deeper reasons.

• 17:23Chris Williamson?

  Did you ever read His Dark Materials by Philip Pullman?

• 17:26Alain de Botton?

  No.

• 17:26Chris Williamson?

  Okay. Trilogy of children's books, ostensibly, I guess. This was my favorite series when I was a kid. And in it, the protagonist Lyra finds this truth teller. It's called an alethiometer. And for some reason, this particular device, it takes an entire lifetime of study to be able to read it. And as a child, she can do it immediately. So it's this beautiful arc, and it's the first time I ever thought about it. And Pullman takes you through unconscious incompetence to unconscious competence to conscious incompetence to conscious competence.

• 17:59Alain de Botton?

  Love it.

• 17:59Chris Williamson?

  And one of the final scenes of the entire book, at the very, very end, she goes back to the nunnery where she was being raised five years ago, before the story begins. And she's lost the ability to read it. She hits puberty and it's kind of this fall. It talks about kind of the awareness that her and her partner now have. And she says, I can't read it anymore. And the nun turns to her and she says, my dear, it's going to take you an entire lifetime. But the depth of knowledge you have will be greater than it ever was before. And it's that arc, unconscious incompetence, unconscious competence, conscious incompetence, conscious competence. And that finishing side, something that's been earned.

• 18:39Chris Williamson?

  You've found your way there through effort, agency, self-ownership is. Yeah, it's, it's, it's special.

• 18:47Alain de Botton?

  Yeah. And I think, you know, it's, it's interesting, isn't it? When, when people who've read a lot, thought a lot, et cetera, come out with stuff. And it sounds very, very simple. And I think our society gets a bit puzzled by that. Cause the, the sort of obvious respect goes to people that speak in a very dense way. And you can't quite understand what they mean. So, you know, philosophy, the discipline I started out in, you know, the heroes there, like Wittgenstein or Hegel, Kant, et cetera. It's very, very hard.

• 19:20Chris Williamson?

  Not superbly accessible.

• 19:21Alain de Botton?

  To make headway. And then, you know, you turn to the east, you look at eastern philosophy. You look at the poetry of someone like Basho in Japan, medieval Japan.

• 19:34Alain de Botton?

  It's so simple. It's, you know, it's four words on a piece of paper. And um very easy to go mumbo jumbo or or or child's play or whatever.

• 19:45Chris Williamson?

  Hmm.

• 19:46Alain de Botton?

  And to be kind of mature enough to go, okay, I'm gonna bear with the anxiety that this is very simple sounding, simple sounding. Um, in the east, the idea is that um poetry, for example, can sound very, very simple. The point is that it's in interaction between the reader and the work. So not everything is in the poem or the saying. You bring yourself to it. And therefore, the ultimate impact of that work is a collaboration between you and the work.

• 20:22Chris Williamson?

  Fascinating.

• 20:23Alain de Botton?

  So the Western view might be go, there's not that much in there.

• 20:26Chris Williamson?

  Hmm.

• 20:26Alain de Botton?

  Uh, and it's the artist's fault.

• 20:28Chris Williamson?

  Your job.

• 20:29Alain de Botton?

  Uh, whereas in east, the view is, well, it's a collaboration. So if you're not seeing anything, it's because you're not bringing enough of yourself. So very interesting to, you know, the lots of the arts, I mean, think of that Enzo, you know, in the in in in uh but you know, just a circle. This is the whole of life. Whole of life is just, you know, you're just doing a circle with your your brush. And um amazing, amazing, the the courage to say, okay, we're gonna go with this. We're gonna, you know, the whole of existence is this circle. And if you meditate profoundly enough on this, you will see the world, not just in a grain of sand, but in a circle, et cetera. And we really meet a fault line here in the Western

• 21:14Alain de Botton?

  understanding of depth and profundity where this takes a bit of time for the Western mind to kind of get to grips with that. We're like, come on, is this a joke? Are they, you know, they just peddling us something? Yeah, probably not.

• 21:26Chris Williamson?

  Why do you think we struggle to connect with our emotions fully?

• 21:31Alain de Botton?

  Come on, let's be honest here with the audience. And, you know, we know what emotions are like. They're not just lovely cuddly things. They're absolutely terrifying a lot of the time. Think of what it takes. Think about love, right? So people, we think that people spend their lives looking for love. And half true, that's a half truth. They spend a good deal of time running away from love as well in all sorts of forms. We are as assiduous in our escape from love as we are in our pursuit, perhaps more so. Why? Because it's terrifying. It's especially terrifying if you come from a childhood or a young world

• 22:16Alain de Botton?

  where there was some kind of disruption in your attachments, in your, you know, in your experience of love. The next time you then meet love as an adult, half of you is just wanting to run away. And I think people don't still not fully appreciate enough the, the strength with which we are going to resist love if our earliest experience of it was in any way, in any way difficult. And this explains a great deal of the misery of the world.

• 22:53Chris Williamson?

  It's very interesting to think about how much we try and push away the thing that we're also wanting, like how we are complicit in creating the scenario that was so terrified of having happened. Been thinking a lot about second order emotions, third order emotions. So you have a thing that happens, you feel agitated. And then you begin to tell yourself a story and you become stressed at your agitation. And then you become resentful at your stress about your agitation. And then you become anxious about, and I, that additional layering, this, you know, kernel that we began with, with regards to the emotion sort of explodes out. And before you know it, you're feeling an emotion that's not only the thing that started, but it's an entire universe away.

• 23:34Alain de Botton?

  Yeah.

• 23:35Chris Williamson?

  And this is now the problem, not this.

• 23:37Alain de Botton?

  Yeah, that's right. And, and I'm not sure if I understand you fully, but is it, is it really the case that you are not accepting the, the primary emotion? You know, so let's say. Uh. You go somewhere, it should be nice. You're disappointed. You can't be disappointed. It's meant to be nice. You can't, you can't accept that disappointment. And then you're angry with yourself for feeling disappointed. Um. And then, you know, and, and on it. Whereas if one could just go, okay, maybe it's, it's all right to be disappointed. I mean, it's not, it's not brilliant, but, but there it is. Or I'm feeling sad. Okay. Well, that's not, wouldn't be what I wanted, but let me not be sad that I'm sad. Or angry that I'm sad.

• 24:16Chris Williamson?

  Well, I think this is why we have certain signature emotions that feel like home base.

• 24:19Alain de Botton?

  Yeah.

• 24:20Chris Williamson?

  There's ones that we're intimately familiar with, and there's ones that scare us a lot more.

• 24:24Alain de Botton?

  Yeah.

• 24:24Chris Williamson?

  And, uh, a unsatisfactory but familiar emotion is often more safe to us than a slightly novel, more exotic, but, uh, scarier one.

• 24:39Alain de Botton?

  And, and also, uh, I think happier one. I mean, you know, talking just a minute ago, people escaping love. People also escape happiness. I mean, the way I think about it is that very often we're in a situation of it's like being a prisoner. You've been kept in jail for a very long time. Your diet's been restricted. It's not been much fun. Then the gate opens and you're allowed to walk out. Um. It should be a great day. Fantastic. You're free. Nah, you know, we know what happens. Uh. Let's say you've been on a calorie restricted diet. Suddenly someone says, you know, here's a buffet. You can eat anything you like. You don't want to eat it. You can't, you can't digest it. You can't process it. It's too much. So, you know, something similar goes on in our attitude to, to happiness often.

• 25:20Alain de Botton?

  I mean, it's useful to say to yourself, ask yourself, in the circumstance in which I grew up, what did it mean to be happy? And for some of us, it meant upsetting a parent. It meant challenging the dominant mood in a household. It meant taking away attention from somebody else. It meant, it meant danger. Um. And that's odd because we think, well, why would it be dangerous to be happy? Well, but there are all sorts of risks associated with it. And so in our deep minds, sometimes in adulthood, um. We simply cannot accept the circumstances of our lives and therefore go about spoiling them so that they so that we put the more, you know, there's a wonderful paper called

• 26:04Alain de Botton?

  something like a criminal psychotherapy paper, Criminal in Search of an Offense, a sense that you've done something wrong, if you carry that from your past and then you think, how am I going to get rid of that feeling? Oh, I know, I'll do something wrong and then I won't feel that feeling anymore. Sometimes, you know, it's a bit like that. It's like saying, I'm feeling happy, but I shouldn't be happy. What shall I do? Oh, yes, I'll make myself unhappy. Or, you know, I'm feeling love. Someone's offering me love. That's not normal. I don't recognize that feeling. Oh, what shall I do? Oh, I'll drive them away. Yeah, I'll, I'll go and be rude to them or go and have an affair with somebody else, whatever it is, something to spoil, something that's nice. So the impulse to spoil is really deep. Happiness and love are hard to bear.

• 26:48Chris Williamson?

  I suppose if reality is not delivering our model of the world, our expectation of the world, our prediction of the world, we have discordance between the two. And there are two things that we can try and do. We can try and bring our model of the world up to reality, or we can try and bring reality back down to our expectation.

• 27:06Alain de Botton?

  Exactly. Beautifully put.

• 27:08Chris Williamson?

  Is there a danger of intellectualizing challenges of emotion for smart people? People that like to read and consume YouTube channels like yours or podcasts like mine and like to investigate ourselves, we want to understand ourselves and the world around us. And maybe we've even got the theory from evolutionary psychology that explains why this is adaptive and ancestrally we are made up of blah, blah, blah.

• 27:35Chris Williamson?

  How, how much is that a prophylactic against us actually having to feel things? And how can we better break through this intellectualizing of emotions and rationalizing of them away?

• 27:48Alain de Botton?

  Let's start with compassion. You know, we are the way we are, you know, for poignant reasons, not, you know, we didn't get to be that way. You know, think of the, think of the bookish child, you know, think of the child who's reading a lot. Um, often it's because life's, life around is quite difficult. Now, it's great to read, it's good to read, et cetera. But if you spend all your time in books, um, that's often a sign things are, things are challenging. And so often, people who excel at intellectual pursuits, et cetera, are in flight from an overwhelming situation. Um, I'd wish them well. Um, in that in time, the overwhelming situation could get a little less intense and they could get a little more

• 28:33Alain de Botton?

  of reality into their intellectual world. I mean, I'm describing myself, perhaps you, you know, you, you want to try and see reality for what it is. And if you're warding it off with intellectual structures, um, you know, let's, let's say thank you to those structures. I think, I think it's really important whenever, whenever you look at people doing stuff that seems a bit suboptimal or a bit strange, they're reading too much, they're jogging too much, they're trying to make too much money, whatever. Um, that they're feeling too much, they're feeling too little. All, all of these departures from so-called health normality, et cetera, always ask yourself, why are they doing it? And it's normally a defense, it is a defense against a situation that was very difficult at some point. They learnt that defense. And even though

• 29:17Alain de Botton?

  it would be optimal now to let go of that defensive structure, they're still clinging on to it because that's what feels safe. It feels safe to make jokes all the time. It feels safe to be very serious all the time. It makes, it, it feels safe to be depressed. It feels safe to give up. Um, it feels safe to try and win at all costs, including your own health, et cetera. All, all these are defensive structures that once kept us safe, that I think in order to evolve, we almost want to say thank you, thank you to your younger self for working this out, for finding a way of coping with reality. But, but could we learn to cope in a slightly different way?

• 29:54Chris Williamson?

  So great. Well, I'm interested, just taking that one step further in the difference between knowing ourselves intellectually and knowing ourselves emotionally. Uh, I think.

• 30:06Chris Williamson?

  Even I I've in my less equanimous moments when I do journaling, I find myself writing more of an essay than a personal inquiry. And yeah, the difference between knowing ourselves intellectually and knowing ourselves emotionally. Again, for the cerebrally minded praying at the altar of cognitive horsepower people.

• 30:29Alain de Botton?

  Yeah.

• 30:30Chris Williamson?

  It's a coping mechanism. It's a way to distance yourself from this.

• 30:34Alain de Botton?

  Yes, and I think I think our minds, it's it's it is much easier to have the headline than the meat of the topic. And very often we we reach a sort of an uncomfortable state of half knowing ourselves. And we think, oh, I've I've covered it. I know in my childhood there was this and, you know, then there was this, then there was that. And you you've got to go to the headline, a tension with my dad or, you know, tricky with my mom, whatever it is. And we think, oh, I've got that. I've got that. I know it now. Let's go back to the the eastern, you know, Enzo circle, right? And

• 31:14Alain de Botton?

  the East says, meditate for hours repeatedly on the thing that looks obvious, the thing that you know. So they're saying the whole of life is that circle. So look at that circle and keep coming back to it. And the more you look at it, the more you will see in it. And the Western approach is a bit bit in is too impatient. It'll say, all right, yeah, it was tense with my dad. I know that. I'll go, hang on, hang on, hang on. That's an Enzo of its own. I was tense with my dad. We you could meditate around that for, you know, an hour a day or an hour a week or whatever it is. You can keep coming back to that. It's never, there are so many things still to be discovered there. It's not dead. And so I think I'd almost want to excite, you know, those who are listening to think,

• 31:59Alain de Botton?

  okay, I think I know something. Do I really know it? Might I go back there?

• 32:05Alain de Botton?

  Our our real experiences tend to be so much richer than our workaday sense of them.

• 32:14Alain de Botton?

  Think about, think about a holiday, right? So have you ever been to Greece? Oh, yeah, I went to Greece. All right, have you been to Santorini? Yeah, I've been to Santorini. Okay, so so we think we covered that one. Person's been to Santorini. Hang on. First of all, our minds are amazing mechanisms of capture. You know, we've got cameras around, sound equipment, et cetera. Nothing beats the human mind for capturing absolutely everything. Often the time to explore this is is sort of twilight of your mind is you're going to sleep or waking up. If you say to yourself, yeah, Santorini, what was that like? What was it? What was it really like? And you realise, oh, my God, I remember there was a tiled hallway that led to a blue door.

• 32:56Alain de Botton?

  And I actually remember there was a flower in a little vase and there was light coming in from, I think it must have been from the left. And actually, if I look to the right, there was a little window, et cetera. And it's all there. It's all in your mind, just waiting to be asked, waiting. This is the famous, can I talk about Proust? Marcel Proust, great French novelist, nineteenth, early twentieth century, et cetera, came up with this famous idea of the Proustian moment. Some of you'll know it, some of you won't. It's basically a moment when you take something sensory, like a sip of water or a smell. Imagine the smell of concrete after rain or the smell of snow just after a snowfall, et cetera. And suddenly you you you get that sensory experience and a world opens up.

• 33:41Alain de Botton?

  You think, oh, my God, I'm five years old again, and I've just gone outside of the garden of the yard where I grew up and there was a brick wall and there was that exact smell and I'm there again. And suddenly your world becomes so much richer. And these are just little moments of of of expansion around a topic like after a snowfall or first day of spring or Santorini, whatever it is. So in other words.

• 34:07Alain de Botton?

  Many of the things that are in our minds in intellectually compressed forms can be expanded with the addition of, I mean, you know, the sort of fancy trendy modern word is meditation. But, but you know, some people don't get on with the word meditation. Let's just say by giving it some time, by allowing an experience to assume its proper shape. And we, we do rush past our experiences. Things are very compressed. And that's why at the end of an average day, my goodness, how much we've seen, how much we've felt, how many little things cross consciousness. If we were able to give some of that space, how much lighter we would start to feel. But we, we live so much and we experience so little.

• 34:50Alain de Botton?

  We see so much and we notice so little.

• 34:53Chris Williamson?

  Hmm. What would you say to the obsessive person who wants to learn to let go a little more? A lot of what I see in the circles that I move in is a need for control, a desire to limit down the potential paths that the future could go down, to sort of constrain how unpredictable reality could be. And I think the optimization, life hacking, productivity world is very much a part of this, plus a denial of death. If I can fit more life into less time, then maybe it's kind of like living longer.

• 35:25Alain de Botton?

  Yeah.

• 35:27Chris Williamson?

  But yeah, that, that need to control, that obsessive sort of

• 35:34Chris Williamson?

  requirement to be able to wrangle reality, as you wish. Can people learn to take their hands off the wheel a little bit more easily?

• 35:42Alain de Botton?

  Well, I think, I mean, I think the simple answer is that these people are running away from something which is painful and difficult, et cetera. And they're not allowing themselves to think about it. They're not even allowing it inside consciousness. So think of the, think of mania, you know, but when we say so and so is in a manic mood or so and so is doing something manically, what we really mean is that they're doing something in order not to do something else, normally not think about something or feel something. And we all end up in certain points in manic states where, you know, we're, we're scrubbing the kitchen just a little bit too assiduously, or we're jogging a bit too hard, or we're scrolling our phones a bit too much.

• 36:27Alain de Botton?

  And really the question to ask ourselves at that time is a very simple one, which is If you weren't able to do what you're doing now, what might you need to think about or to feel? And the answer's there waiting for you. If you can, if you can bear, it could be a very, very awkward question to ask yourself. In other words, you know, if you weren't able to clean the kitchen manically or go jogging, et cetera, but if you just sit with something, what, what do you need to sit with? You know, the old saying, you know, don't just sit there, do something. Don't just sit there and think, do something. Well, imagine, you know, don't just do something, sit there and think, reverse it. You reverse it. And what is it that you need to think about?

• 37:05Chris Williamson?

  Yeah. Yeah. The coping mechanisms that we have and the inventive ways that we come up with alchemizing and, and justifying. Well, a lot of the time, people will say it's better to be addicted to the gym than be addicted to drugs. I don't think that's a particularly controversial.

• 37:25Alain de Botton?

  Yeah. If that's, if that's the binary choice.

• 37:27Chris Williamson?

  Yes, of course. But then I realized recently, but maybe over the last year or so, I spent a lot of time meditating toward the end of my twenties and I'm trying to turn myself out of the adult infant into maybe an adult adolescent. And, um, most people would look at meditation, you know, sort of an emotion arises inside of you, you notice it, you release and allow. Like that's, you know, a common sort of tempo that you have. Brilliant. You know, you, you, you are no longer as at the mercy of this particular emotion. But it was only when I started doing therapy, uh, as first ever suggested by Charlotte, one of your ex staff from the School of Life. Uh, it was only after doing quite a lot of

• 38:12Chris Williamson?

  that, that I realized that even meditation, or maybe breath work, or going to the gym, or whatever it might be, is still another way of not having to actually investigate where that emotion has come from.

• 38:23Alain de Botton?

  Yeah.

• 38:24Chris Williamson?

  And meditation particularly, or something more like breath work perhaps, is a Not nefarious, but it's a very, it's so close, it's internal.

• 38:34Alain de Botton?

  Yep.

• 38:34Chris Williamson?

  It feels sort of self investigative, it's mindful. This is brilliant, you go, yeah, but that is going to continue to come up. And you now have a coping strategy. It's not drugs, it's not even as obvious as you running 50 miles a week. But there is another strategy which is not forcing you to turn the eye back down to, where's this coming from and why does it keep on arising? And if you have this very good strategy to release these things as they move through you,

• 39:02Chris Williamson?

  that will, that cycle will continue. And I don't think, I think that those emotions are worthy of investigation.

• 39:08Alain de Botton?

  So Chris, how do you define therapy? Or how do you, how do you define what therapy might, might bring you that's a bit different from meditation?

• 39:16Chris Williamson?

  I mean, my, my, I did twice a week psychotherapy for the last year or so. And it was, I've said this before, it, I learned more about myself in a year of twice weekly psychotherapy than I did in 1500 sessions of meditation.

• 39:35Alain de Botton?

  And if you could characterize what, what was different about how therapy operates?

• 39:40Chris Williamson?

  You have another party investigating your statements, the language that you use. I use the analogy that it felt like living in a house your entire life. And then one day just inviting somebody else in.

• 39:53Alain de Botton?

  Yep.

• 39:53Chris Williamson?

  And they're walking around and they start pointing out doors in a house that you know intimately well, every inch. And they start pointing out doors that you never even knew existed. And you go, what's that over, and you go, and you open the door and you realize that the back of the kitchen actually leads into, I always wondered how those two things came together. And it's this sort of odd, it's very humbling. I found it very humbling experience to see somebody else who knows me for a hundred hours.

• 40:20Alain de Botton?

  Yeah.

• 40:20Chris Williamson?

  Point.

• 40:21Alain de Botton?

  Yeah.

• 40:21Chris Williamson?

  And say, what about, yeah, what about that?

• 40:24Alain de Botton?

  But I think, I think one has to be really, I mean, that's a beautiful way of putting it. Um, I want to be totally relaxed about that and just say, in the same way that you, you, you can't see the back of your head. It's just one of those things. It's not, it's not, you know, we're just, we can't see some very obvious things. I mean, a therapist, a trained therapist can see within minutes, things that have eluded someone for their whole life.

• 40:46Chris Williamson?

  Very humbling.

• 40:47Alain de Botton?

  Very humbling, but, but, but, you know, someone can do it for the therapist as well. Is it, everybody is like this, we're just, that's how we're wired. And best thing to do is laugh, it's, it's funny. I mean, it's funny how inept we are. But as everybody's in on the joke, um, we can, we can laugh together.

• 41:03Chris Williamson?

  You said, uh, talking about the emotion thing just from before, and I think that this sort of comes into when you're regulating, opening up with someone, whether it be a therapist, a friend, a partner or whatever, the sort of need for comfort and reassuring kindness. Like you can say these things.

• 41:19Alain de Botton?

  Yeah.

• 41:20Chris Williamson?

  I, I'm not running away.

• 41:22Alain de Botton?

  Yeah.

• 41:22Chris Williamson?

  I don't find you despicable.

• 41:23Alain de Botton?

  Yeah.

• 41:24Chris Williamson?

  It's actually kind of interesting.

• 41:25Alain de Botton?

  Yeah.

• 41:25Chris Williamson?

  Maybe it's charming.

• 41:26Alain de Botton?

  Yeah.

• 41:26Chris Williamson?

  For you to do this.

• 41:27Alain de Botton?

  I mean, this is so, you know, this is really very much at the core of what we could understand by the word love. You know, if, uh, think of it in childhood, a loving parent, right? The, the, the child, the young child gets an experience that who they really are is acceptable to someone else. So, you know, child, little child will go, I hate the teacher. And the parent, you know, good parent is able to bear that, even though it's not perfect. The parent is able to go, oh, okay, well, I wonder, wonder why, what, what's, you know, why, why they upset you? Sounds like they might have upset you, rather than someone who go, don't be so silly. The teacher's the teacher and they, and they work very hard to give you an education. So don't complain. Wow, that's, you know, that's a tough comment.

• 42:12Chris Williamson?

  Your emotion is not valid.

• 42:13Alain de Botton?

  Your emotion is not valid. I mean, you know. Parents do their best, but goodness me, stuff happens in that crucible of childhood that is a bit suboptimal. But you know, love, come back to love, what love is, is accepting, you know, I don't want to see granny. Okay, you don't want to see granny. All right. Or, or I really love you, or I really hate my sibling, or I really like the dog, or I want to live forever. We know all the stuff that little children come up with, or I'm terrified of daddy, actually. I don't like daddy. Okay, well, let's think about that. What does that mean? So being able to accept and then in later life, again, having someone, it could be a therapist, it could be a friend, who is able to bear the really difficult bits of our psyches, which we all have. I mean, we're all so much

• 42:57Alain de Botton?

  weirder than we're supposed to be, so much sadder, so much more worried, et cetera. And to be able to have someone, you know, it might only be one person, or two if we're really lucky, and three if we're, you know, God's gift, who can bear and who we've allowed into that sort of private sanctum.

• 43:18Chris Williamson?

  That was one of the realizations that Charlotte first taught me. And then I learned through my therapy over the last year. One of the very unique parts of a therapeutic relationship is that you're allowed to be as small or boring or petty as you want. And those are areas that with a friend or a partner, it's really difficult to do.

• 43:38Alain de Botton?

  Yeah.

• 43:38Chris Williamson?

  Because you're managing optics in some way, thinking, well, it's my job to kind of entertain this person, even if they're there to

• 43:46Alain de Botton?

  Sure.

• 43:46Chris Williamson?

  to sort of sit and listen with me. Like, not that.

• 43:49Alain de Botton?

  Yeah.

• 43:49Chris Williamson?

  Not the fact that the way that the lady in the canteen ladled my beans today seemed a little bit disparaging or dismissive or something. And like, oh my God, how shameful for me to think that that's something that should play on my mind. I'm so small, I, you know, the story I tell, the second, third, fourth order emotions come in.

• 44:07Alain de Botton?

  And um, that is one of the very few, it's that and your mum, a kind of. Not even your mum, because most, as you say, most relationships, all relationships, you have to manage and you have to curtail the fear of being abandoned, you know, if you, if you are too honest. This again, the canteen lady and the beans again, this is the third time in two months. Think of how this plays out in couples, right? So people come together um, because they're fed up of being lonely, right? You know, you, it's lonely. So you try and find a special person and we dignify this concept by saying, I'm in a relationship, you know, I'm, I'm a special friend, I'm getting married, et cetera. We've got these words. But really what this means is, I'm no longer so alone in a terrifying world. So you have a special person. And in the early days of love, it's thrilling that you can say stuff

• 44:53Alain de Botton?

  that you wouldn't say to anyone else. And it's so delightful. You can say things like, you know, I still long for my teddy bear. And they go, I long for them too. And then, you know, you hug to the teddy bear. It's so amazing because you know, you're the CEO and you know, you're an important lawyer, doctor, banker. And actually you're clutching your teddy bear and it's, it's amazing. Or you can go, I really want to put, you know, mayonnaise on the pizza and that's great. And then, you know, you, you push it further and and then, and then you go, I'm going to go to a museum, but I don't like any of the art. I don't like it either. Or I've never read that book, but I always pretended I did. And it's just thrilling and you know, and then, and then sex gets invited in. So you go, I, I like this strange sounding thing. And they go, I like it too. I like this other thing, et cetera. And you, you're building a wonderful universe. But um, you know, this is the, the challenging thing about love because,

• 45:39Alain de Botton?

  you know, let's imagine you're with this person and you've shared all this stuff, et cetera. And then you go to a cafe, say, and you, you say, waiters hot. And then you look at their face and they're like, look really quite heartbroken that you've just commented on the, you know, visual appeal of the waiting staff. And they, they feel hurt and they feel jealous and they feel upset. And suddenly you think, oh my goodness, there's a choice here. Between kindness and honesty. And I think that's what we're circling around, which is can you be, what moment does honesty run up against the limits of kindness? Or the requirements of kindness? I think what you're saying about therapy is you don't have to be kind to the therapist

• 46:22Alain de Botton?

  because it's a 50 minute session, you're giving them money. And do people go, oh, it's a bore that you're giving them money? Well, Freud thought long and hard about this, about the role of money in therapy. And his view was it's an agent of liberation. It's a good thing if you can pay the therapist. And that's why you want people to bring cash and leave the cash on the table at the end of every session. Nowadays, you might put your card on, but the point is it's a way of saying, I can be fully myself because I have earned this person's attention. Some people go, but they don't really love you, etc. And you go, maybe they don't really love you, but that's a liberation.

• 47:04Chris Williamson?

  Correct. Because you don't. There's no obligation.

• 47:06Alain de Botton?

  No obligation.

• 47:08Chris Williamson?

  Just lingering on that balance between transparency, emotional openness. And you said kindness, but I think that there's other reasons to add it to. Is there a place for editing yourself in a relationship? Should we not be open, honestly communicating all the time? This is how I feel. You want to see the inner texture of my mind, don't you?

• 47:29Alain de Botton?

  I mean, you're putting your finger on a big paradox. I think the idea that you should be yourself in a relationship is one of the most disastrous ideas, because the untrammelled self is a frightening specter, best kept for you and your therapist, you in the mirror. If you have to confront your partner with your stream of consciousness at all times,

• 47:57Alain de Botton?

  you can't do this. You know, parents don't do this with their children. Obviously, our partners are not children, but. It's telling us something about love. In a loving relationship, at points, you edit yourself. You know, it's eleven at night. I'm not going to bring that issue up. They're very tired. I'm not going to bring that up.

• 48:14Alain de Botton?

  I'm feeling stressed and raw. I'm not going to start a subject that I won't know how to handle, etc. No, all of us fail at points. All of us fail in this area. But I think as an ideal, it's a good ideal. I mean, I could stick up for a word which sounds very odd in the context of love, politeness. You know, it's a good idea to try and be polite. Oh, that's fake. That's fake. Well, it's also kind, you know, to edit yourself, to put a veneer of civilization on certain things. Yeah, why not?

• 48:45Chris Williamson?

  There's a very slippery slope with that, though. A lot of people, especially if they have started doing therapies and self-increase and emotional work, thank God, like I should push the amount that I'm emotionally open. I should improve my transparency. For so long, I played a role. I was terrified of making my needs known, my desires, putting myself first, realizing that I even have needs. I'm putting those out there. And now there's these odd bits of territory that I shouldn't stray into. What happens if I stray over there? And the tendency for you to over-correct and go in the other direction. Neil Strauss says, unspoken expectations are premeditated resentments.

• 49:28Alain de Botton?

  Right.

• 49:29Chris Williamson?

  And, you know, we have this balance between the two.

• 49:34Alain de Botton?

  Yeah, you're absolutely right. There are some people who need to work on being more transparent, more communicative, and others who need to be less, technical word I think for it is reactive. You know, they're not, you shouldn't come out with whatever it is that you're feeling at all times in its full force. It just depends. I mean, you know, that classic anxious, avoidant attachment pattern. We might say that on the whole, avoidant people need to work on their communication skills, you know, and they need to be more transparent and avoidant, and anxious people need on the whole to contain certain feelings, you know, and it's just, yeah, horses for courses on this one.

• 50:10Chris Williamson?

  What would be your advice to people in the classic anxious, avoidant relationship? The two polarities coming together?

• 50:19Alain de Botton?

  Understand, understand, understand where each one's coming from. I mean, why is someone an avoidant? They're not evil, they're not mean, they're not, you know, it, it, it can be pretty horrible to be on the receiving end of certain kinds of pattern of behaviour. But let's remember, why, why does this exist? Someone becomes avoidant when they've grown up in a calorie, emotional calorie controlled diet environment where they have had to get used to very little. The way they survive is mum's not so interested, dad's not interested, no caregiver around, a lot of disappointment, I'm just gonna hunker down and get used to very little, literally like a, like an animal that gets used to a very thin diet. That is what has happened to an avoidant person.

• 51:02Alain de Botton?

  And then when they get to, to love and someone goes, I adore you, let's spend every evening together, let's, you know, you're, you're marvellous. They feel, a bit, often they don't even understand that they're feeling it, totally engulfed. They feel overwhelmed, they feel their very identity is in threat of dissolution by, by something that's lovely, but it's too much too soon. And what they need is an experience of love titrated. They need the titration of love. But often they don't know how to ask for it, they don't even know, often they, they might smile through it and, and go, I'm, I'm not really feeling this. And then they can't bear it, they can't bear it, and then they run away. Or just become weird or something, you know, so, so explanation, you know, hello, I'm

• 51:43Alain de Botton?

  somebody who had to get used to a very, you know, calorie controlled diet emotionally. You know, I really feel warmly, this relationship is, matters a lot to me, but the kindest thing is not to be too kind to me in an overwhelming way. The most generous thing is not to be too abundant, not because I don't want this, but because I grew up in a situation of deprivation. So that's our avoidant friend. Anxious friend, similar kind of story of explanation. Why did both people become so-called anxious? Normally because unlike the avoidant person, they have had an experience of love. So in some ways, the anxious person's had a better childhood, better journey through life in a way. They have experienced love, but they've also experienced loss and a disruption of that attachment.

• 52:27Alain de Botton?

  So someone died, someone went away, someone had to go to, you know, the army, someone had to, something happened to disrupt the bond. It was very intense, but it was disrupted. And that person needs to understand that they are, you know, it's a wonderful sentence from Donald Winnicott, great psychoanalyst, who said, The catastrophe you fear will happen has already happened. And the key thing is, it's been forgotten. You forgot the catastrophe. And that's why you keep seeing it in the future, whereas actually it belongs in the past. So what you need to do is understand this structure and repatriate the emotion and put it back where it belongs. And so the avoidant person at dinner, you know, on an early date, needs to go.

• 53:10Alain de Botton?

  You know, I really want to believe in your love. But if you say you love me, I might not be able to believe it very easily. And what I will do is test it. And the person might go, oh, test, oh, fine, fire away. And the anxious person should go, yeah, this test can be quite unhealthy, quite horrible. You know, it's going to mean that when you say.

• 53:32Alain de Botton?

  I love you, I'm going to start to act up because I want to see if you really do. So I'm going to be really difficult around you because, not because I don't want you, but because I want to test whether your affection is really real. And the only way I know how to do that, because I'm carrying this stuff from childhood, is to act up, play up. And so when we're in a nice restaurant and you tell me that, you know, things are great, I'm going to say, actually, the food's not that nice. And I don't really like the clothes you're wearing and I'm going to cause a drama. Why? To test whether the love is real. Very unfortunate. So the more the anxious friends can get on top of their anxiety, the more they can translate everything I've just said into something

• 54:13Alain de Botton?

  that sounds like it's been processed and can be understood by another person, then the better it can be. So.

• 54:21Alain de Botton?

  You know, anxious and avoidant people are walking wounded and they need to be able to explain the nature of their particular wound so that appropriate care can be set up. Awareness, awareness, which is why, you know.

• 54:35Alain de Botton?

  It's great for people to go to therapy. It's great for people to explore themselves. It's not merely fancy, it's not really whatever, it's a serious indicator of an easier life with them. I mean, if you're, if you're with a partner who's able to go, okay, hang on a minute. I think I'm slipping down a, I, I think I'm confusing you with my mother at the moment. Or I think, I think an anger that actually belongs to my father is weirdly in the room. Because that's what happens when you start to explore your past, you see the intermingling of past and present all the time. And the more you're able to kind of handle on that and warn your partner, the easier it is. I mean, we don't need people to be perfect. We need people to understand how they're imperfect and

• 55:19Alain de Botton?

  warn us of the coming imperfection or retrospectively apologize for it in relatively civilized terms. That's what we need.

• 55:27Chris Williamson?

  How malleable are our attachment styles? Are the foundations of them able to genuinely be moved? Or is it a case that the best we can hope for is to just compensate for them in adult life?

• 55:42Alain de Botton?

  I'm hopeful here that, you know, we can definitely make progress. And wherever we start, we can make progress. That, you know, a temperament where we're inclined to close ourselves off because we constantly think that no one will be able to understand us. Once we start to think, okay, this is what I do. I feel very easily misunderstood and I go and essentially sulk. Once you notice that, that's a big step, you know, and we're so good at marking milestones. It's somebody's birthday, let's throw a party. It's, you know, somebody's just run a marathon. Let's give them a medal, et cetera. We, we need different kinds of medals, you know, the medal for the avoidant person who understood that they sulk rather than explain. Dong, let's put them on television. Let's give a game show in their honor.

• 56:26Alain de Botton?

  These are major milestones. Let's give a party. Let's give a party to the person who's understood that that's going on to mark. That's much more significant than their birthday. You know what I mean? Which might not be tracking anything significant. That's a significant milestone. So we, we should, you know, give more public, within our circles, public recognition of moments of emotional maturation.

• 56:50Chris Williamson?

  Hmm. And how much is that, you know, I think.

• 56:55Alain de Botton?

  Lots of people envy the other side. If only I could have a little bit of, a little bit more of that anxiousness. If only I could actually lean in a little bit more. If I could feel a little bit more easily, if I could communicate. Or, oh god, if I could just be a little bit more distant. If I didn't need the reassurance in this way. If I didn't have this requirement to feel safe in order to be able to feel comfortable. I wasn't externalizing my own sense of self-worth onto somebody else quite in this sort of way.

• 57:25Chris Williamson?

  Yeah, I think it's a question. You know, attachment styles are kind of the hot new girl in school. Psychological, emotional work at the moment, very trendy.

• 57:34Alain de Botton?

  Been around a while. I mean, in a good way. And it's based on very solid science. You know, we've been going at this for 50 years.

• 57:41Chris Williamson?

  I looked at some really interesting stuff recently that attachment styles, like everything psychologically, genetically predisposed, not necessarily predetermined, but predisposed. And given that you are raised in the environment, which is probably the breeding ground for that very predisposition, it gets reinforced.

• 58:00Alain de Botton?

  Yeah.

• 58:01Chris Williamson?

  So not only have you got the raw materials to make this thing happen, but unless your parents have somehow managed to sort of pivot in the opposite direction, you then get this additional boost, which is, oh well, the environment. Nature came along and nurture then enhanced it.

• 58:16Alain de Botton?

  Yeah.

• 58:17Chris Williamson?

  Yeah, it's, um, it's interesting. It's going to be interesting, I think, over the next few years to see what sort of interventions we have to be able to help people to ameliorate.

• 58:27Alain de Botton?

  Yes, and I think, um, not, not to try and sound trendy and, you know, think, but I think AI is going to have a real impact on us in a sense that so often what happens is we lose sight in the moment of things we know, but are no longer in our minds, right? And so people will have, you know, let's say a couple have a rather torrid time, difficult time. And then each one goes to therapy in the, in the week. And then they all come back and they're kind of, they're starting to, you know, they're back on track. They can, they can see things more clearly again, or they've spent some time alone, they've journaled, et cetera.

• 59:03Alain de Botton?

  I can imagine a world where we allow technology to nudge us in the same way that, you know, we've learnt that technology can nudge us awake, nudge us asleep, nudge us to eat this. And then just, you know, um, you know, imagine a little nudge for an avoidant, a little nudge for an anxious person, et cetera, a little reminder, hang on, hang on, hang on, what, you know, you're slipping, you're sliding. Um, and, you know, psychotherapists talk about the window of tolerance, where it's a window in which you're, you're in charge emotionally or you're, you're kind of in control and you slip out of the window of tolerance into something, you know, you, you lose command of, of yourself. And, and you can imagine a little AI helper just nudging you to stay within the window.

• 59:45Chris Williamson?

  Yeah, your attachment strap has piped up and said, notice you're a little bit stressed at the moment. This might be because of X, Y and Z.

• 59:52Alain de Botton?

  Yes. And, you know, it sounds supernatural and strange. And, you know, a lot of people will say things like, oh, it's not, you know, I don't want to give my data, blah, blah. Okay. I grant all of that. And, you know, it could be spooky, et cetera. It's no different from, think of people who got their first word religions. Religion is understood that if you want to keep people on track, you've got to get them repeating stuff. It's not enough to tell someone something. Once you need rituals, systems of memorializing the important things. That's why, you know, if you're in Islam, um, if you're Muslim, you know, you'll be praying a number, multiple times a day. You'll be saying the same words because those words have, as it were, been forgotten, not intellectually, but emotionally. Their full resonance has been forgotten. Um, in Judaism, uh, you're reading the Torah

• 1:00:36Alain de Botton?

  every Saturday in Sinagor, you're reading Torah and you just go back over it. You don't just read it once. You keep reading. You keep going back to, to, to the same important texts. We're very bad at that in the modern world. We think, oh, well, I, I read this book on attachment. It was quite interesting. And, and now that's it.

• 1:00:53Chris Williamson?

  I know it now.

• 1:00:53Alain de Botton?

  I know, no, no, you don't. You need to go back. You need to read it all the time. That's why, you know, the idea of nudging is not as strange as it might sound, not as futuristic. It's a very old idea that you might give new life to.

• 1:01:05Chris Williamson?

  One of the most, uh, Shameful or humbling realizations of going down a personal development journey for a while is that the tool that you're looking for to the problem you're encountering now is not only something that you know, it's one of the first things that you ever discovered when you began this journey. It's maybe something you wrote about. It's maybe something that you practiced for a very long time. And I often get asked, I was doing these live events recently, and one of the most common questions is, what advice would you give yourself 10 years ago? The interesting thing about that question, I think, is that the answer that you give, what you would tell yourself 10 years ago, is almost always invariably the answer that you right now need to hear as well, because the big problems remain the big problems

• 1:01:49Chris Williamson?

  because they're so fundamental to who you are. If they weren't fundamental to who you are, they would probably not be the big problems. If you were able to detox that, it's the ancillary stuff. It's the extraneous outsides that you end up tinkering with. But the core, you know, the middle of the cake is this chocolate, is it strawberry? That's really where it is. And, um, yes, to think, not only is this challenge that I'm encountering, you know, to break the fourth wall, I've used a number of videos from the School of Life over the last decade when I've encountered the same situations. Like, I already, I've, not only have I watched this, there's been periods where I've learned entire passages

• 1:02:31Chris Williamson?

  from this, as a little mantra that I can reflect on. I go, I'm going back to the same, but you're right, this temptation novel, new, there is a, there is a better answer. We're five years hence. There must be something that's come out in the last however long. And, um, I guess this is what art and heritage, history, uh, does, that it helps to sort of strip that away. What's stood the test of time? What's been sufficiently lindy that it's still with us now?

• 1:02:58Alain de Botton?

  Yeah. You know, it's, TSL is in the four quartets is, you know, we return to the place where we started. It's the idea of that that's kind of part of every journey is you come back to the place where you started.

• 1:03:09Chris Williamson?

  Entire Story of the Alchemist by Paulo Coelho, right?

• 1:03:11Alain de Botton?

  Right. Exactly. And so.

• 1:03:14Alain de Botton?

  I noticed also when you were speaking to us now, your smile on your lips and and that's not coincidental. I think the more, you know, one journeys through life, um, the more there's really only one major solution, which is a smile on one's lips at the sheer, let's put it bluntly, idiocy. Absurdity. Absurdity. Yeah. Of oneself. At the School of Life, we we did a class on confidence and we wrote a little book about confidence. Great book. And, thank you. And the, I remember sitting with my co-author, great friend of mine called John Armstrong. And I said to John, because we we started the topic, just like, okay, what what makes us confident? You know, and we'd we'd read a few books, each of us

• 1:03:56Alain de Botton?

  on like bestselling books and, you know, saying things like, repeat yourself, how great you are, repeat yourself, your potential, get in touch with, you know, what sort of. And I said, I've read all these books. I'm starting to feel humiliated. I feel a bit depressed. Like, I know that, I know that it's kind of wise, but I don't know. And then I remember John saying to me, okay, what makes you for confident? And I said, if somebody goes, it's okay, you can just be a total idiot. It's all right. You're a bit of an idiot and it's okay. Not you're an idiot, but we're all idiots. That makes me feel I'm ready to play. I'm ready to have fun. I'm ready to take risks. Removes the seriousness. Remove, well, remove the, an un, an inhuman expectation of what a human life can be.

• 1:04:41Alain de Botton?

  Pressure. And and accept that we're all of us blockheads who can't really make very much progress. And, um, and, you know, there's a wonderful painting, which we put in the book by a Bruegel. This ship at sea. Yeah, well, the ship of fools and and, well, anyway, forget this exact title, but it's showing people doing mad things, silly things. One person's eating his foot, the other one's walks into a wall, the third one's jumping off a cliff. And it just shows human folly in all its exaggeration. And and you think, yeah, that's us. That's we humans. And that opens up such an avenue of compassion. You just think, okay, compassion of yourself, compassion for the other. Uh, we're all flailing back in the darkness and

• 1:05:23Alain de Botton?

  If we can have a relaxed relationship to our foolishness and our blindness, that's a huge confidence booster.

• 1:05:31Chris Williamson?

  Yeah, I want to, I want to try and linger on that as well. I think, again, the sorts of people that listen to the show, the sorts of people that read your work, they'll probably take life seriously. They think it's a thing that you're supposed to apply earnest pressure to, perhaps, a kind of sort of dynamic persistence, but maybe more persistent than dynamic. And what's your advice for people to

• 1:05:58Chris Williamson?

  try and embrace some more playfulness when it comes to life serious, serious things? I want to be taken seriously. I want to do things. I want to make an impact in the world. I don't want to grip too tightly. I know that when I grip too tightly, it kind of ruins the entire point.

• 1:06:11Alain de Botton?

  Well, I think, I think the way is not to, not to say, oh, what you need is a bit, you know, lighten up and tell a few jokes, because I think that's not going to, that's going to rile people up. I think the thing to do is to push some pessimism away, because it's actually, if you think about what a joke is, a joke is always basically a bit of pessimism wrapped up in, you know, artfully wrapped, but it's basically pessimism. One of my favorite sayings by the Stoic philosopher Seneca, he goes, what need is there to weep over parts of life? He says, the whole of it calls for tears. And everyone who hears that sort of gets a smile on their face. And you think, the guy wasn't trying to tell a joke. He wasn't trying to make it funny. He was just trying to be bleak and say how it is. And then it makes a smile out of relief.

• 1:06:56Alain de Botton?

  And the relief is, phew, it's not just me.

• 1:07:00Alain de Botton?

  Arthur Schopenhauer, another great pessimistic German philosopher, said, today it is bad, tomorrow it will be worse, until the worst of all happens, death. You know, totally bleak. And you read that and you think. I feel a bit better about today already. I'm starting to cheer up. I think we really get it wrong, but we think, we think the only way to cheer someone up is to tell them someone cheerful, something cheerful. I think the, the Brits have understood this, you know, right? We, you know, great, this country's got lots of problems, but one thing it understands is melancholy. And the, the relief available in dark humor. And, and, you know, bless our American friends, but they don't get it.

• 1:07:43Alain de Botton?

  As, as much, you know, if, if you pitch up in LA and someone goes, how are you? And you go, you know, it's bad today, tomorrow it will be worse. For the worst of all happens. I don't know if you've sectioned, it's not, you're not, your, your life in Los Angeles is not going to take off.

• 1:07:57Chris Williamson?

  Yeah, I, I've heard you refer to melancholy as tragedy well handled.

• 1:08:01Alain de Botton?

  Absolutely. Tragically well handled.

• 1:08:03Chris Williamson?

  I, I adore that. I think it's so great. You know, Sam Harris has something, he says something very similar, you know. You, you have to smile at the absurdity of life. These situations, just as things were smooth, something comes along and completely sideswipes what you had planned. And an interesting insight, I suppose, that

• 1:08:27Chris Williamson?

  the volume that you complain is probably proportional to

• 1:08:33Chris Williamson?

  the amount that you aren't, that you're unable to see life for what it is, which is not at your whim. Life is going to have problems thrown at you.

• 1:08:42Alain de Botton?

  Yeah, but Chris, let's, let's not do down complaining. I mean, it's one of the great pleasures.

• 1:08:45Chris Williamson?

  It's one of Britain's great pastimes.

• 1:08:47Alain de Botton?

  Well, you know, it's one of everybody, you know, and, and, you know, being able to complain to a loved one and, and, you know, you'll have to listen to their complaints too. But to complain without expectation of a solution, I mean, the, the big complaint that every mortal you know, directs to the sky ultimately is why do I have to die? And, you know, and then you work your way down from that to why do I have to go to work? Why do I, you know, all these things, but yes, li- life would be a poor thing if we, if we weren't allowed to spend a good deal part, part of it complaining.

• 1:09:16Chris Williamson?

  I've heard you say that adult relationships are a litmus test of our emotional development. That there are a moment where your past catches up with your present. How so? Why is that the case?

• 1:09:28Alain de Botton?

  So the way we love as adults always bears the imprint of the way which we were loved and we loved as children. And that hugely restricts how we're able to behave and explains the very peculiar, often nonsensical, often counterproductive ways in which we love. We're not free to love just anyone. And this, you know, I'm sure you'll have had this in your life, met people, et cetera, who will say things like, I seem to have ended up with quite a difficult person for me. You know, they're really, they're quite challenging for me. Why can't I go and love somebody else? Why am I so in love with this person who's quite challenging? And often it's because what's challenging sits on the very area that was challenging

• 1:10:13Alain de Botton?

  in your past. And that's what makes them attractive. Now, before, you know, we want to jump off a cliff at the pessimism involved, let's be a little optimistic here. In a good relationship, we are drawn towards people who, yes, carry some of the puzzles, some of the knots, some of the challenges of a parental figure or figure of a caregiver. But they hold out the promise of a different ending. So whereas in the relationship with parental caregiver, it ended up with shouting and you stormed out of the house and you're no longer in touch with them. Imagine the joy, imagine the sense of triumph over adversity and human non-communication

• 1:10:57Alain de Botton?

  if you are together as a couple, able to move towards understanding and mutual growth. I think that explains why people hang in there with people who you might think, you know, from attachment theory, an anxious person who, who teams up with an avoidant one, you might want to go, why? Why are you with this avoidant person? And you look at this other, I'm going to present you with a perfectly securely attached person. And you go, oh, they're a bit boring. Don't really want them. You think, why? What's going on? This is pure perversion. Let's be generous towards that impulse. They're trying to find a different ending to probably a very painful early situation.

• 1:11:38Alain de Botton?

  And to be able to do that, to be able to grow together is literally, I think, one of the most exciting and lovely things. It's rare, which is why successful love is rare. But, yeah, to grow together away from your early attachment wounds powers a lot of the ambition of love.

• 1:11:58Chris Williamson?

  Seems like deciding whether to stay in or leave a relationship can sometimes be a protracted decision, which might be surprising, given that we have this short time on earth and we don't want to waste it. I think a lot of people have problems breaking up with someone, even though they might not make them particularly very happy. Why do people get stuck in unhappy relationships in that way?

• 1:12:22Alain de Botton?

  Um, there are, you know, I think the mood of the modern world, mood of modern Instagram, I've observed, is all about ditch them, chuck them, run away. It's a pure pathology. You are, you are sticking around someone suboptimal for purely pathological reasons. That's got to be true in some cases. It is definitely true in some cases. But because it's so well known nowadays that that's true, let's stick up for the other side.

• 1:12:52Alain de Botton?

  Sometimes it's hard. Sometimes we, we stick around very challenging situations because

• 1:13:01Alain de Botton?

  we want to try and grow together, want to try and make progress. And sometimes we can, sometimes we can't. So, you know, it's a balance. I don't want to advocate, you know, an end of the unfulfilling relationship, but, but

• 1:13:16Alain de Botton?

  good relationships will be marked by a heavy dose of what psych therapists call rupture and repair, a break and a repair. And the ability to, you know, the thing crashes at night, but the next morning it's fixed. You know, our friends in the East, you know, the Japanese tradition of kintsugi, fixing that, that bowl with golden lacquer, fixing the break. It's a very, very important and satisfying part of all relationships.

• 1:13:48Alain de Botton?

  Yeah.

• 1:13:49Chris Williamson?

  Yeah. What about the, what about the people who are in a relationship but don't have the courage to leave? They probably have this, they feel stuck, sort of stuck in this.

• 1:14:02Chris Williamson?

  Unsatisfactory, not abusive, not terrible, but just they have that fear pulling the pin, making that move.

• 1:14:09Alain de Botton?

  You know, you talked about primary, secondary emotions. Let's not shame these people. Right. Let's not add to their woes that they are deficient and ill in some way. They're finding something very hard and that's okay. Let's bear with how difficult it is, you know, again, I it. I'm frustrated by the modern temper, which is like, get out, shoot the awful person, you know, and and join the liberated uplands. Maybe, maybe, and maybe that is what they're gonna do, but. You know, let's be very thoughtful about why they've ended up there. Let's not, you know. This might just be, they might find a hundred things in life quite easy. This is what they're finding difficult.

• 1:14:52Alain de Botton?

  And let's acknowledge that. Let's be very kind to that. And let's hold their hands through it, you know, why, what's, what's difficult for them? Is it that they think that they'll be judged by other people? Right. What's the fear? What's the fear? I'll be judged by, okay, good. How does that fear stack up with? What might really happen? Or I'll never meet anyone new. Okay, let's think about that. Let's not immediately say, oh, you will. Maybe they won't, you know, let's. Take it calmly, etc. I just, I'm really resistant to some of this narrative, which is. You know, get out, get rid of awful, underperforming people and get into that golden relationship that's been promised to you in heaven.

• 1:15:33Alain de Botton?

  It's not, you know, that may be the direction of travel, but let's just acknowledge the bumps.

• 1:15:38Chris Williamson?

  Yeah, I think it's unrealistic. You know, there's a lot of people who just don't want to make a fuss. That there's this sort of fear, this question, is it fair to want what I want? You mentioned before, how do people that from the outside, you go, why, why? Her with him, why him with her? Why, why would that union happen? And um.

• 1:16:02Chris Williamson?

  We don't get to choose what we love in many ways, you know.

• 1:16:05Alain de Botton?

  Absolutely not. We are, we are, you know, we, we think we've done away with the arranged marriage. No, we haven't. It's just become an emotionally arranged marriage, internally arranged, rather than arranged by our parents.

• 1:16:17Chris Williamson?

  Yeah, I think, again, for the cerebrally predisposed, you kind of rail against that. Why can't I, why, if only I could, can you not get in line with you? Please, all of the things, they're there in front of me. They, they have the.

• 1:16:34Alain de Botton?

  And, and we get literally irritated. And, and just to be able to understand, it, it's, it's like saying, you know, why can't Mount Everest be smaller? Why can't the sky be less blue? Whatever. We, we're trying to change a constituent element of reality.

• 1:16:45Chris Williamson?

  Yes.

• 1:16:46Alain de Botton?

  And, and I think we need to have as much respect for the inner architecture as we do for the outer architecture. You wouldn't look at a building and go, I just want to get rid of that wing immediately. You, you'd understand that it was incredibly difficult. It's the same thing. Just because it's intangible doesn't mean it's not incredibly stubborn and hard, you know, it's hard to change.

• 1:17:05Chris Williamson?

  Do we need to build, create the capacity to give up on people? In that way, does that help?

• 1:17:13Alain de Botton?

  Yes, I think some of us do, you know, the, you know, again, it's, life's all about finding, what's the thing that, what's the lesson that you need to hear? So there are some people, not everyone, but some people really need to hear a little lesson about how sometimes they should give up on people. That sometimes making excuses for people or trying to understand where people are coming from, et cetera. It can go too far, that, that those very nice traits can go too far. And that the next best thing that you need to do is to be able to say goodbye without too much regret. That might be the lesson that you need to do. And let's remember, the people who on the whole find it very hard to give up on people are people who couldn't give up, as children can't, on parents who were very unsatisfactory.

• 1:17:57Alain de Botton?

  You can't expect a five-year-old child to give up on a parent. So a parent can be beating the child every night, and the child will think, oh, maybe it's my fault. Because the child cannot bear to give up on the parent and do the thing that would be natural to do, which is to say, I'm in the hands of an abusive parent. You can't do that when you're five. You've got no access to lawyers. You've got no money. You can't go anywhere. You are trapped. And therefore you become a world expert in not giving up on people. But some of what adulthood requires is precisely the opposite, sometimes.

• 1:18:28Chris Williamson?

  Getting perilously close to people pleasing here and that sort of tendency to put other people's emotions ahead of our own, make their emotional state our responsibility. If you're not okay, I'm not okay.

• 1:18:43Chris Williamson?

  How can we better alchemize that and understand that tendency?

• 1:18:49Alain de Botton?

  I mean, look, let's remember, so the psychology of the so-called people pleasing person is someone who no one tried to please for themselves, right? In other words, they were in an asymmetrical relationship, probably with a caregiver or parent, who didn't care about their feelings, they didn't prioritize their needs, et cetera, and they had to adjust to them. So, you know, if you've got a parent with a volcanic temper where anything might set them off, well, what you say or think is going to disappear completely because all you're going to be doing as a child is managing the mood of a parent. They will be an infant essentially, and you will have to be in the parenting role and you'll have to put aside your needs. And children are great geniuses at reading the room and doing what needs to be done

• 1:19:34Alain de Botton?

  to survive. It's a survival strategy. I will become a people pleaser, not in order to annoy people in later life, but in order to survive, in order to get to the next stage of existence, in order to reach adolescence, let's face it. And the problem with in this, as in so many other neurotic structures, is a very good idea outlives its use. And so it's still operating in circumstances where it's no longer needed. So what we need to tell, what the people pleaser needs to tell themselves is, it was amazing at the age of five, I cleverly worked out that I needed to people please in order to cope with my intemperate father, but that situation's now gone. And if I keep doing this with my partner, with my colleagues, et cetera, it's going to annoy everybody and it's going to create serious problems. So.

• 1:20:18Alain de Botton?

  What needs to be done is that person shouldn't feel shamed. They should be made to feel proud. There should be a little ceremony where they're able to say to their five-year-old self, "Thank you. Thank you, little whatever it is. Um, thank you for carrying me to a later stage um and working out something so clever." And this this applies for all defensive neurotic structures. I mean, let's imagine somebody who can't feel very much, who's invulnerable, doesn't open themselves up to other people. And in relationships, that person may be shamed. Oh, so and so, they're afraid of intimacy. You wanna go, okay, shaming this person's not gonna help. You have to ask a dozen other question, which is, in what circumstances did their current behaviour make sense? First question. And it always will make sense. You go back in time and you say, right,

• 1:21:03Alain de Botton?

  in those circumstances, of course it may, you know, your father was dying, your mother was absent. Of course it made sense not to feel anything. You would have been destroyed by your feelings. Therefore, very clever five-year, six-year-old you to work out that it's best not to feel. Problem is, you're now thirty-five or forty-five, and there's lots of reason to feel because there's someone loving nearby or there's, you've got children or whatever. Um, and therefore we need to say thank you to the younger self and then we can move on. But shame is not gonna do it. To wag a finger and go, oh, another one who's afraid of intimacy. No one ever changed like that.

• 1:21:38Chris Williamson?

  Yeah, the uh realisation that doing that internally, being a tyrant to yourself also isn't necessarily the best way to encourage you into behaviour change, whipping yourself into submission.

• 1:21:51Alain de Botton?

  Yeah, but also it's it's it's missing the logic of of why you're doing what you're doing. As I say, so much of what we do as adults makes no sense even to us. You know, why am I worried every morning? Again, ask yourself the question. It's a key question for your viewers, listeners. Um, when did the current behaviour, which now doesn't seem to make sense, when did it once make sense? In what circumstances did this pattern develop, this pattern that is now inverted commas mad or destructive or boring or counterproductive? When did it make sense? And if you can start to see a logic, and there always will be one, I would suggest, almost always will be one. There will be a moment when to feel anxious every morning was bound up with your safety and your survival to the next stage of life.

• 1:22:37Alain de Botton?

  So if you can recover contact with what that stage was, you will then be in a position to honour the defensive strategy, but also say goodbye to it.

• 1:22:46Chris Williamson?

  Hmm. What are some of the best and worst ways to tell somebody that it's over in a relationship?

• 1:22:53Alain de Botton?

  Hmm. Um, but one of the worst ways is not to explain at all why something has come to feel necessary. In other words, just running away and leaving someone no sense. Because that then leaves the person to imagine everything. And most of our imaginations are dark places in this regard. In other words, we think that someone hates us boundlessly or is trying to humiliate us or deliberately wanted to be cruel to us, et cetera. And in many, many cases, I venture to say most cases, when someone leaves someone, it isn't those things. It's, the truth is, the truth is better than we think. It's still tough, you know, it's very, very tough. Um, you know, those attachment ruptures

• 1:23:38Alain de Botton?

  in everyone's life, they're some of the most painful things we will ever have to go through to, to, to build a life with someone and then see that life disappear. I mean, we need, we need space to mourn, you know, in, in Judaism. When someone dies, you lose a spouse, you, you're allowed a year of mourning. You're allowed, you wear black and you have allowed a year of mourning. When not too much is expected of you, both professionally and personally, you can go a bit mad and that's all right. Everyone looks after you. They know you're in mourning. We kind of need that when we're heartbroken, when we're seriously, because we're dealing with something that is, from an emotional point of view, as serious. This is as serious, um, as, as a, I mean, this literally is a lot. Someone has died, you know.

• 1:24:22Alain de Botton?

  And, um, so we need, we need that space. So, so to come back to your question, how to break up, to, to be able to explain diplomatically, kindly, generously, some of the real reasons why. And as the person who's leaving, not to feel that those reasons, not to be ashamed of those reasons. You know, people feel, relationships don't have to go on forever. Sometimes relationships have a sell by date. They are there, they were formed for a particular purpose, unconscious, to, to carry us to a next stage. And maybe that stage has come to an end for, for someone. And we can explain that. We can try and, you know, verbalise that.

• 1:25:05Alain de Botton?

  But also clarity. And sometimes people try to be kind in ways that end up being very, very cruel. I want to leave you, but but let's go on holiday together, please. Is that is that a wise thing? Or I want to leave you, but you know, let's be in touch every day, you know, and I'll just still call you what I used to call you. And then when we were very intimate, that's tough. That's tough. So we may, you know, couples may out of kindness, out of mutual respect go. You know, there's still a lot of love, still a lot of affection, but probably we shouldn't be in touch that much for a little while.

• 1:25:36Chris Williamson?

  You think it's a bad idea for exes to try and be friends?

• 1:25:40Alain de Botton?

  Um, look, it depends, but I think, I think, you know, there needs to be healing, doesn't there? There needs to be a break that's marked and honoured so that two people can recover.

• 1:25:55Chris Williamson?

  How do you come to think about the balance between fixing our patterns, investigating them and dwelling on them? It seems like a lot of criticism is thrown at sort of reflecting on our past as akin to indulging in it. In a way, not allowing us to move forward.

• 1:26:12Alain de Botton?

  Yeah.

• 1:26:13Chris Williamson?

  This is a common debate that I'm seeing online at the moment.

• 1:26:17Alain de Botton?

  Yes, and people I think are very afraid about responsibility here, aren't they? They're very afraid that someone will go, oh, I'm sorry I did that thing. But the thing is, it's my childhood and that's why, you know, and the people will evade basic responsibility. So I think one can take full responsibility, full ownership while still explaining it. People are also very worried about blaming parents often. That's another one that comes up a lot. You know, people will go, if I start to investigate patterns, et cetera, the only solution is then to get angry with my parents. Well, again, there's a real, you know, people are lied, was like anger, blame, et cetera. You can, you can say this happened because of childhood dynamics. No one really wanted it. Maybe no one's evil, but it definitely happened. And, you know, we can't evade that.

• 1:27:02Alain de Botton?

  You know, is the result anger, fury? It doesn't have to be. Sometimes it could be.

• 1:27:08Alain de Botton?

  Yeah, so.

• 1:27:11Alain de Botton?

  Look, it's so many of these lessons, it's horses for courses. We need.

• 1:27:15Chris Williamson?

  Broad strokes are very difficult with stuff like this. I understand that. But yeah, I think I'm

• 1:27:22Chris Williamson?

  dealing with an unhappy childhood, retrospectively not resenting things that happened to us then, and we're now at the mercy of wanting to be able to investigate why we are the way we are whilst not allowing that to define us.

• 1:27:41Chris Williamson?

  I don't know, there's, there's an interesting movement at the moment, almost towards denial. We've got, you know, the horseshoe was horseshoed back around it. It's been rotated a couple of times. And I wonder whether this is just a requisite pushback to some of the over pathologization of normal human emotions, you know, the use of therapy language online that somebody hasn't been mean to me. They've caused me trauma, that that person isn't selfish, they're a narcissist.

• 1:28:06Alain de Botton?

  Exactly.

• 1:28:06Chris Williamson?

  And yeah, I'm starting to see now a little bit more of a lean away from reflecting on why you are the way you are. And again, it's very much, this is just one cohort of people saying that cohort of people over there, their strategy doesn't work for me and vice versa.

• 1:28:24Alain de Botton?

  Yeah. Look, I mean, we're a car that needs different gears. You know, sometimes we need to go forwards, sometimes we need to go backwards, we need to turn right, we need to turn left. We need full maneuverability, right? And I think when people discover an exciting idea, the great tendency is to go, well, this toolkit will explain absolutely everything and this will be the only thing I need. And, you know, this is why we need the whole history of ideas. This is why well-stocked mind has got in it, you know, some, some books on the Stoics, as it were, some ideas from the Stoics, some ideas about, you know, resilience and about shutting down emotion and about turning towards pain and all that. We need that. Sometimes we need the aristocratic side. We might have read Nietzsche and his aristocratic sense of, you know,

• 1:29:07Alain de Botton?

  needed to overcome and, you know, what doesn't kill you makes you stronger, et cetera. Sometimes we need Nietzsche, but if you're only dieting on Nietzsche, you may also need, you know, John Bowlby and attachment theory, but if you're only snacking on John Bowlby. So we need a well-stocked mind. And I think that, as I say, I appreciate that people fall so in love with certain ideas that they think that's all they're going to need. It's rather, you know, it's monotheism, you know, only one God.

• 1:29:33Chris Williamson?

  Correct, yes.

• 1:29:34Alain de Botton?

  And, you know, the great thing about paganism, you know, ancient Roman or Greek religion, but you know, finally in India too and other parts of the world. There were many gods. There was the god of the river, but there was also the god of the sky. There was the god of the cloud and there was the god of rain and there was the god of sunshine and the god, many, many gods. And we need many gods. And just as in our social lives, let's remember, you know, total monotheism doesn't, you know, it's like, I need one lover. And they will answer all my needs. Ah, that's quite tough on the lover. You may also need a friend who's brilliant at that thing and there's a friend who's also good at this. So we need a paganism of ideas.

• 1:30:12Chris Williamson?

  Yeah. My friend Gwinda has this idea called the golden hammer. When someone, usually an intellectual who has gained a cultish following for popularizing a concept, becomes so drunk with power, he thinks he can apply that concept to everything.

• 1:30:24Alain de Botton?

  Exactly. Exactly. We think it's the, yeah, the hammer that, you know.

• 1:30:28Chris Williamson?

  The one size fits all. Yeah. And this is, everything looks like a nail that slots into your very specific, very fancy gilded.

• 1:30:35Alain de Botton?

  Yeah.

• 1:30:35Chris Williamson?

  Uh, piece of work. Yeah.

• 1:30:37Alain de Botton?

  Look, but you know, we can forgive it. It's, it's very exciting when you come across an idea that you think and does explain a lot of the world. And this is what happens when people discover Marxism. They think, oh my goodness, this model explains everything. And then, no, it's really good to explain certain things. And then they discover Freud. Freudianism, it explains everything. No, you know, go steady. We need multiple tools.

• 1:30:57Chris Williamson?

  I wonder whether

• 1:31:01Chris Williamson?

  this helps to constrain some of the complexity of the world as well. Well, if I have one book, if it's meditations or if it's.

• 1:31:14Alain de Botton?

  If it's some ancient Chinese text, if we're looking at some Lao Tzu or something, and you think, well, that one thing answers everything. I don't need to look elsewhere.

• 1:31:23Chris Williamson?

  Yes.

• 1:31:23Alain de Botton?

  And the problem is that we're finite creatures.

• 1:31:26Chris Williamson?

  Yes.

• 1:31:26Alain de Botton?

  Surrounded by infinite complexity. So the battlefield is stacked somewhat. The deck is is offset against our favor. And if we can constrain down the complexity that we're fighting with, we say, oh, we've got this one person and he's got all of the answers. One guy has all of the answers.

• 1:31:42Chris Williamson?

  Why, I don't necessarily.

• 1:31:44Alain de Botton?

  Sure. And, you know, we've seen it in religion. We see it in politics. One person has got, you know, it's got everything. And, and it can't be true. But you're right. I mean, we're drowning in inputs. And that leads us to a certain kind of, um, yeah, remorseless quest for the one input.

• 1:32:02Alain de Botton?

  And I remember, I was remember, there was a, um, reading a book, there's a line saying something like, all of us are going to die with a book half read on our bedside. Might not literally be true, but this capturing something important there, that our exploration will be unfinished. It's quite daunting. It's very sad, very sad thought, you know, that we won't. And of course, the book that we really won't have finished reading is the book of ourselves. We won't have understood more than a share of ourselves. That's, that's very frightening. We'll have, you know, on an average gravestone, it should say, you know, here lies, you know, who half understood who they were. They only are honest. That's very weird. Like you have, you know, you're, you're on your deathbed

• 1:32:48Alain de Botton?

  and you don't really know who you have been.

• 1:32:50Chris Williamson?

  Was it Goethe that on his deathbed pronounced, uh, nobody really knows me. I don't really know anybody else. Nobody knows anyone, really.

• 1:32:58Alain de Botton?

  Yeah.

• 1:32:58Chris Williamson?

  Yeah.

• 1:32:59Alain de Botton?

  Yeah. Yeah. So that kind of despair.

• 1:33:02Chris Williamson?

  Surrounded by friends and family. What a way to cut and call. See you later on.

• 1:33:06Alain de Botton?

  Yeah.

• 1:33:07Chris Williamson?

  Speaking on that, do you think it's inevitable for deep thinkers to be more lonely? Is the, the deep or sensitive thinker kind of fated to have a bit of distance?

• 1:33:19Alain de Botton?

  It's a ticklish topic, isn't it? Because to say, um, you know, I'm, I'm not doing so well in life. I'm a bit isolated from things because I'm so marvelous. You know, you could go, come on, you know. However, let's face it.

• 1:33:35Alain de Botton?

  You know, look, it's like, imagine, imagine you had a very sophisticated diet and you walk through, you know, we're in London now, you walk through every street of London.

• 1:33:46Alain de Botton?

  There would be fewer restaurants and eating places and supermarkets that you could go into to get the food that you need because your dietary needs will be quite complicated. There's a version of this around sociability.

• 1:34:00Alain de Botton?

  If you only need to talk about certain things, you know, if you are, I don't know, let's imagine you're Brian Cox, we don't, I don't know Brian Cox personally, and you really just really love interplanetary phenomena.

• 1:34:13Alain de Botton?

  You're not going to meet that many people who, who will, who will really be able to meet you on, on those topics. I mean, or even be that interested. They might go, oh, Brian, I loved your show, but just, you know.

• 1:34:24Chris Williamson?

  Enough with the black holes, mate.

• 1:34:25Alain de Botton?

  Enough of the black holes, you know, and so he might find himself a little bit lonely. I mean, who knows about his life? I'm sure he's, you know, but, but.

• 1:34:32Chris Williamson?

  Used to be a rock star, you know that?

• 1:34:33Alain de Botton?

  Yes.

• 1:34:34Chris Williamson?

  Yeah, yeah, yeah, very cool.

• 1:34:35Alain de Botton?

  Or, or, or imagine if you are, I don't know, imagine if you were Freud and Freud was, you know, he had some collaborators, but he also fell out with a lot of them and didn't get on with, you know, lots of people. So one might argue that complexity of mind militates against easily finding.

• 1:34:58Chris Williamson?

  There's fewer people like you.

• 1:34:59Alain de Botton?

  I, I would say that's.

• 1:34:59Chris Williamson?

  You're going to have to work harder in order to.

• 1:35:01Alain de Botton?

  I would say that's fair enough.

• 1:35:02Chris Williamson?

  Yeah.

• 1:35:03Alain de Botton?

  Yeah.

• 1:35:05Chris Williamson?

  I, we mentioned, we sort of touched on it earlier on. I think it's maybe worth just revisiting a little bit, trying to, the deeper thinker, the most serious person, the earnest person, how can they find more fun, inject a little bit less of that loneliness in that they're in an area where maybe people don't resonate quite so much. They don't have quite so, so many of the conversations that they need.

• 1:35:33Alain de Botton?

  Can I answer a slightly different question? I, just because, look, I think it's really important to think that the deep thinker, the, the earnest person, et cetera.

• 1:35:44Alain de Botton?

  I wanna, I don't want us to suggest that there are these people called geniuses wandering around the world and they've got, they're so different from everybody else. I love this quote from Emerson where he says, "In the minds of geniuses, we find our own neglected thoughts." So key, "In the minds of geniuses, we find our own neglected thoughts." I think what he was saying there was, geniuses don't have thoughts that are categorically different from the ones everybody has. What's different is they hold on to them, they look at them, they feel them. You could say, "In the minds of artists lie feelings that, you know, lie our own neglected feelings." In other words, artists, geniuses, et cetera, they're just paying more attention to the stuff that's in everybody's mind. It's not

• 1:36:28Alain de Botton?

  that their stuff in their mind is completely radically different, which is why often when you, when you hear a great song or a great piece of poetry or whatever, or read a great book, sometimes you think, I kind of knew that that was already in me, that I'm merely being put back in touch with something that's in me already. Because what the so-called clever person has done is just pay it more attention. So let's not deify these people and let's also open up, you know, quickest way to become a genius, pay more attention to your own neglected thoughts.

• 1:37:02Chris Williamson?

  I'm interested, you know, having followed your work for a very, very long time, and it's been one of the most reliably influential things, I think, on my intellectual journey. So I want to thank you for parasocially guiding me through an awful lot of situations.

• 1:37:18Chris Williamson?

  I'd like to say that I remind myself of your work when things are good, but it does tend to be the sort of thing that I go to when I need a little bit more guidance. But I'm interested in what drives you, the sort of primary motivating forces that are behind your studies and sort of thinking over the years.

• 1:37:37Alain de Botton?

  So it's brutally and horribly simple, just to help me get through the day. It is extremely personal.

• 1:37:50Alain de Botton?

  And motivated entirely by, you know, a desire for self-help. If it helps anybody else, I mean, people sometimes say things like, gosh, you must have studied a lot. How did you know that about me? And I'm like, frankly, I have no clue. It's just, I was just doing my stuff and it's beautiful and lovely that it should echo in there. Somebody else, but that's not how I started. It started always with me.

• 1:38:16Alain de Botton?

  And, you know, I became a writer. I wrote my first book when I was twenty two and it was not, you know, it was a, it grew out of writing a diary. It grew out of trying to solve my own confusions. It was a way of trying to stay afloat emotionally, psychically.

• 1:38:37Alain de Botton?

  And it had nothing to do with a career in that sense. Later on became some of the accoutrements of a career. But as I say, it began and it still is to this day, an emotional necessity, I would say. It's a way of coping. I am, I'm an intellectual, not a sort of fancy fancy thing, but I'm an intellectual in the sense that I intellectualize pain. I, you know, if something horrible happens, my immediate impulse is not to jog or drink or do all sorts of things people do. But it's, it's to try and think about, well, what is this thing? What can we, what, what lesson is there here? And that lesson is being fished out for me. If it helps anybody else, fantastic, but I do it, I do it anyway. That's how I operate.

• 1:39:23Chris Williamson?

  I've found an odd resonance with what I've done with the show as well.

• 1:39:28Chris Williamson?

  You know, in many ways, there is a temptation to do what may be popular or trendy or accumulate the most exposure or status or make you look good. And that's always there and neither of us are immune to those incentives.

• 1:39:48Chris Williamson?

  But I think one of the reasons that I resonated with your work and hopefully some microcosm of people resonate with mine is.

• 1:39:58Chris Williamson?

  It very, research very much is me such in this situation. And the fact, you're right, how could you have seen? The, the, the human experience has been really sort of shown to me. It's like you've turned the mirror around on myself. Like that's, it's almost like you're speaking to me. It's well, because there's broad buckets of people that sort of fall into similar kind of cohorts. And it would appear that perhaps me and you are in a non too dissimilar cohort. And this, I think is a reason for confidence in our own work and in listening to our instincts. Rather than trying to

• 1:40:33Chris Williamson?

  work out what the market, the audience, the reader wants.

• 1:40:38Alain de Botton?

  Yeah.

• 1:40:39Chris Williamson?

  Just saying, okay, well, what would be useful to me right now? What would have been useful to me previously? Especially given the fact that the thing you need to hear right now is probably the thing that you would tell yourself 10 years ago. So it's still, it's the same lessons over and over. It's what, looking at that circle.

• 1:40:52Alain de Botton?

  Yeah.

• 1:40:54Chris Williamson?

  And I think it is a, it is the best justification for selfishly following your instincts when it comes to an intellectual investigation of yourself, of the world around you. Uh, because if you think a thing, if you feel a thing, if you're challenged with a particular issue, it's probably reliable that some non insignificant.

• 1:41:18Alain de Botton?

  Absolutely.

• 1:41:19Chris Williamson?

  Majority perhaps of other people are feeling the same. How fucking narcissistic do you need to be?

• 1:41:26Alain de Botton?

  To think that you're the only one?

• 1:41:27Chris Williamson?

  Me.

• 1:41:28Alain de Botton?

  Yeah.

• 1:41:29Chris Williamson?

  Me, this is a.

• 1:41:30Alain de Botton?

  Because that's too mean, that's too mean, because we don't think of it nastily. We think of it shamefully, we think I've been singled out for a particularly painful.

• 1:41:36Chris Williamson?

  Personal curse.

• 1:41:37Alain de Botton?

  Yeah, we don't think I'm so great and I'm alone.

• 1:41:38Chris Williamson?

  No, no, no, no.

• 1:41:39Alain de Botton?

  Oh, God, I've been cursed.

• 1:41:40Chris Williamson?

  I'm broken.

• 1:41:41Alain de Botton?

  Yeah, yeah, I'm uniquely broken. Yeah, and, and you're absolutely right. It's so important to bear that in mind. By the time you're feeling it, other people will be feeling it too. And it's so hard to hold on to that thought because we, well, frankly, because we see no visible evidence of it. We don't see people talking about it in our vicinity, in the, in the hundred people we know and move around. No one's talking about it openly. They're feeling it, but they don't talk about it. And, um, and, and so we have to hold our nerve. And, you know, there's a, there's a, a lesson here about, um, capitalism here and business, you know, which is fascinating. I mean, it's not naturally the area I fall into more, you know, you've talked a lot about this, but.

• 1:42:20Alain de Botton?

  So many great businesses start precisely like this, that somebody thinks there's this thing I really want and need, or that thrills me, and it sounds quite weird to everybody else, and the person just sticks with it and just has a hunch about it. Just as many, many business failures are all about someone going, someone doing something. And then if you, if you say to them, do you want this, would you buy this thing? And then they go, actually, no, I wouldn't, you know. So why are you making it for somebody else if it's not got no resonance with you? You know, careful, careful. You know, the biggest business disasters are people making stuff that they haven't asked themselves, would I really want this?

• 1:43:02Chris Williamson?

  Yes. The word grift is thrown around on the internet a lot, and I always, I've asked people to define it, you know, this person is grifting or shilling for a particular product or company or ideology, whatever it might be. And I asked the best definition that I've ever heard, one that I actually accept. I don't like the word because I think it gets pattern matched incorrectly almost all the time. But the best definition is somebody promoting something that they themselves would not use or believe.

• 1:43:28Alain de Botton?

  Right.

• 1:43:29Chris Williamson?

  I think, ah, that's good.

• 1:43:31Alain de Botton?

  And, and there's an intellectual version of that, when someone reads a book, et cetera, and they've lost touch and they're, and they're spouting Kant or Hegel or Witt Kinzinger, or whatever it may be, or attachment theory, and it's not fitting them, and therefore there's something, you know, wrong. But I think many hours ago now, we began in this place, which is how difficult it is to hone that authentic muscle, where you feel something, you hold on to it, you think, no one else is talking about it, but let me, let me stay with that because I think it's a thing for me. So it may be a thing for somebody else, even though no one's mentioning it. There's a lot of courage.

• 1:44:07Chris Williamson?

  How much better have you become at understanding yourself over the years? How much have you been able to nudge those fundamental physics of, of your system?

• 1:44:15Alain de Botton?

  Um, I've made some progress. Yeah, definitely made some progress. And I'd say that I understand myself more than I've been able to change myself. And one could go, oh, so nothing's really changed. Well, understanding is a thing as well. That is its own legitimate thing, you know? Do I always make, you know, wise choices now? Am I always, you know? No, but I do understand things better, yes. I think I've.

• 1:44:38Alain de Botton?

  Also better at understanding my unconscious. And by that, I mean, you know, it's also what people call their gut instinct. I do think that there are things we know without fully knowing why we know them or how we know them. And to allow a little bit more for that slightly mysterious form of knowing. You know, we're talking about sentence completion exercises where you're completing a sentence, just letting something bubble up from your unconscious. I try and do that more and more. But I ask myself simple questions like, you know, what's, what's, what am I really feeling here? Don't, don't overthink this. What's really going on? You know, you've met this person. What do you really feel around them? Just say it, say it to yourself. Don't, you know, what do you feel?

• 1:45:20Alain de Botton?

  And then, and then holding on to that, that something quite important's gone on there, that your answer captures something that a more thought laden answer might not. And, and trusting that a bit more. In love, in work, in friendship, you know, in areas of daily life.

• 1:45:40Chris Williamson?

  I would say that one of the biggest contributions, at least that I've seen from your work, for me personally, is that stark assessment of the human condition. A very sanguine, some would say British, slightly self deprecating, honest admission of how flawed, how insane, how irrational, how silly, shameful we can be a lot of the time. And yourself, Oliver Berkman, if you're familiar with Oliver as well. Again, you know, sort of really embracing that British melancholic sort of tragedy, well handled type thing. You know, I, this has been a very long time coming.

• 1:46:25Chris Williamson?

  I've wanted you on the podcast since before I began it. I went back and looked at my first ever set of notes that I had that has your name in. I'm sure there's stuff that's a little bit earlier than that. And that was 2017. So it's late to the party, perhaps in the broad scheme of things, but very early to the party in my intellectual trajectory. And making people feel less alone in the challenges that they face, the day to day.

• 1:46:52Chris Williamson?

  Machinations, this personal curse that, huh, I didn't know anybody else felt like that. At least I'm not, at least it's not just me.

• 1:47:00Alain de Botton?

  Yeah.

• 1:47:00Chris Williamson?

  At least I've not had this thing sort of thrown down on me from above. And yeah, I definitely, when I find myself embracing that with the show, with the content that I create, with the thoughts that I have, with the way that I try to direct things, with the way that I try to push people forward, especially at my age, I'm thirty six, and this is, there's a number of different directions that I can kind of go down. And the one that's pulling me the most at the moment is a much more stark assessment of the silliness and irrationality and shamefulness of the human condition. And I just wanted to say thank you very much for helping to be a role model for me to be able to do that more.

• 1:47:42Alain de Botton?

  Thank you so much, Chris. Lovely words. So generous. Thank you.

• 1:47:45Chris Williamson?

  Where should people go if they want to keep up to date with more of the stuff that you're doing?

• 1:47:49Alain de Botton?

  So, School of Life, the organization that I started, if you, if you follow our stuff, every, every day I'm writing stuff for, for our website, for our app, et cetera. So there's content coming out all the time. And we've got a lot of books. I've written fifteen books under my own name. I've written about seventy books under the School of Life, together with my colleague, John. So we've got a lot of stuff out there. Yeah.

• 1:48:14Chris Williamson?

  I appreciate you so much. Thank you, mate.

• 1:48:15Alain de Botton?

  Thank you. Thank you, Chris.