A Closer Look At The Climate Change Statistics - Hannah Ritchie

Hannah Ritchie is a data scientist, editor, and senior researcher at the University of Oxford focusing on environmental sustainability and global development issues. Climate alarmism dominates headlines, painting a grim picture of impending global catastrophe. But what if the actual data reveals a less worrying situation, one where we don’t all end up in a fiery inferno? Expect to learn why everyone thinks the world is doomed due to climate change and what we can do about it, Why people are more pessimistic about the world than the data suggests, what the actual data says about climate change and why they’re being over exaggerated, Hannah’s thoughts on population degrowth and much more... - 00:00 Do People Think the World is Doomed? 05:12 The Problem With Doomsday Climate Narratives 09:13 Most Exaggerated Climate Change Concerns 16:33 The Emissions Progress in the UK 18:38 Degrowth & Depopulation as Solutions 24:34 The Impact of Data in Persuasion 29:40 Why is Deforestation Happening? 34:27 Are We Living in an Era of Mass Extinction? 41:45 The Issue of Ocean Plastics 47:58 A More Sensible Approach to the Climate Issue 52:45 China’s Role in Climate Change 59:40 Where to Find Hannah - Get access to every episode 10 hours before YouTube by subscribing for free on Spotify - https://spoti.fi/2LSimPn or Apple Podcasts - https://apple.co/2MNqIgw Get my free Reading List of 100 life-changing books here - https://chriswillx.com/books/ Try my productivity energy drink Neutonic here - https://neutonic.com/modernwisdom - Get in touch in the comments below or head to... Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/chriswillx Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/chriswillx Email: https://chriswillx.com/contact/

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Chris Williamson?

  Why do you think that there's so many people who believe the world's doomed?

• 0:06Speaker 01

  I think because we're facing a pretty broad range of what are potentially existential or very catastrophic problems. So like from my domain, the big one is is climate change and that's what I write about most of all. But there's also other ones. There's nuclear war, there's the rise of AI. I think there's now a host of problems that in the past might not have seemed existential, but to many people today seem very existential.

• 0:31Chris Williamson?

  If you are knee deep in the data, why aren't you in agreement?

• 0:37Speaker 01

  So I can't speak on AI or or nuclear war, but my background's environment and and climate change. And I think actually probably I was in a similar position, you know, a decade ago or so ago, where I did really feel like in the depths of there's no way that we're going to solve this problem. This is an existential problem. We are all kind of doomed. And I think that was a lot of the the message that was coming through. My perspective on that has changed. Not that climate change isn't a big problem, it is. That's why I study it. But there's a really broad spectrum between climate change is not a problem and we're all doomed and there's nothing we can do about it. I think there's a big space in the middle and that big space in the middle is determined by what we do about it.

• 1:21Speaker 01

  So I think like my stance on it is it's a big problem and it's an urgent problem. But there actually are things that we can do about it and there are ways that we can adapt to a changing climate.

• 1:31Chris Williamson?

  When it comes to climate change in particular, why are more people pessimistic about the world than the data suggests that they maybe should be?

• 1:43Speaker 01

  I think one of the key misunderstandings on climate is that, you know, we've kind of set these climate targets that we want to keep temperature rise below 1.5 degrees if we can, and especially below two degrees. And I think some of the message that's come out of that is that, you know, 1.5 degrees is this tipping point where once we're past 1.5 degrees, there's this kind of the point of no return and we're doomed. And that's that's definitely not the case. Climate change is more of a spectrum than an immediate tipping point. So 1.5 degrees, the impacts are worse and at 1.6 they're worse again and 1.7. And you can get escalating risks where the the change is not necessarily linear with every 0.1% degree.

• 2:25Speaker 01

  But there's nothing particularly special about 1.5 degrees. So I think, I think it's very clear that we probably, we are gonna pass 1.5 degrees. But if your mindset is that once we're past 1.5 degrees, there's nothing we can do and it's kind of eternal tipping point, then I think that breeds a lot of this kind of apocalyptic thinking.

• 2:43Chris Williamson?

  What is the, what's legit and what's bullshit about tipping points and stuff?

• 2:51Speaker 01

  So there are big tipping points. Where in the kind of climate system there are, we don't know. There are like a lot of unknowns about when we might hit a tipping point and what that tipping point would be. There are some potential like quite near term tipping points where you're in the kind of between 1.5 degrees and two degrees range. There are a couple of tipping points that that could be breached.

• 3:15Chris Williamson?

  What, what happens? What, what do people mean when they talk about tipping points from a like functional, climate functional perspective?

• 3:22Speaker 01

  So I think the, the kind of definition of a tipping point is that you kind of change a system from one state into another. And it's very hard, if not impossible, to take it back from that. Now, I think one of the misunderstandings of tipping points is that people think that it's kind of abrupt and immediate, that, you know, it's almost like a domino effect, whereas as once it's set off, it's like, within a year, the whole thing kind of blows up. And I think some tipping points can be fast, but often they're quite slow on kind of human time scales. So some of these tipping points will evolve over, you know, centuries or, or thousands of years. It's not just like the entire ice sheet just immediately melts in the space of a year. So I think that's one of the, the

• 4:04Speaker 01

  key differences there. But there are some near, near term potential tipping points where you will shift the system into a different state and that will contribute to more warming. But it won't necessarily set this like, this full chain where, you know, it's kind of unstoppable and there's nothing we can do about it.

• 4:22Chris Williamson?

  Well, this is one of the common talking points around coastal cities. Miami, Miami's gonna be underwater. If we go over this, I'm gonna guess that Miami may be underwater, but in 1,200 years, not like 2030.

• 4:39Speaker 01

  Yeah, some of the, some of, I mean, there is, the sea levels are rising, and they're rising at a pretty steady rate. That could accelerate, yeah, but a lot of the, the very extreme sea level rise scenarios tend to be on the order of, of centuries, for example.

• 4:53Chris Williamson?

  Extreme takes centuries, so we, at least there's a little, a little bit.

• 4:57Speaker 01

  You have the time to, yeah.

• 4:59Chris Williamson?

  Yeah.

• 4:59Speaker 01

  I mean, I think the, the, the risk of sea level rise around coastal cities is, is very valid. Um, and there are, there could be some near term displacements, um, but a lot of them could be on a longer time scale than we imagine.

• 5:12Chris Williamson?

  I read an article from you where you said, many young people feel like their future is in peril. To make progress on climate change, we must move past doomsday scenarios. Why?

• 5:23Speaker 01

  Because I think it lulls us into a kind of state of paralysis. Like, I speak to a lot of young people, a lot of people email me, and they're in a very dark place. They're in a place where they don't even know whether they should go to college, they don't know whether they should actually invest in the future, because they've kind of received the message that there's no point, because they're kind of doomed from climate change. And I think one thing that's just like bad for people's mental health, but I think the second is that, I think it paralyzes us and, and stops people from taking action. Like, if we're doomed, then what's the point in actually taking action against it? So I think in some ways it hinders progress and, uh, in terms of taking action.

• 6:02Speaker 01

  And then I think there's another dimension to it where I think some of these really extreme scenarios have been used by people on the other end. So kind of more on the climate denial end, when they see the really extreme scenarios, it's just the, the perfect ammunition. They just think, oh, this is so ridiculous. Um, and so often like pushes people away at the other end of the spectrum that might normally engage.

• 6:25Chris Williamson?

  Yeah, it seems like in an attempt to try and convince people that this is something we need to pay attention to, something which is important, which needs resources and time and, and, and energy spending on it. Uh, that encouragement to try and get people to work harder is done by over-exaggerating, uh, or, or creating, um, more catastrophe where there perhaps isn't quite so much. But the actual reality is it just makes people sad and anxious and believe that their efforts are futile, which is like, from a net effect, is actually the opposite of what you want.

• 7:01Speaker 01

  Right. I mean, I think that, I mean, there's also like a really broad spectrum in communication. I mean, I think many, most climate scientists are very good on the communication. They're very careful about how they communicate. I think that often messages are are weaponized by some people. And actually, they put in front of it, the science says, and they say a statement that the science doesn't say. And I think for some people, probably a small segment of the the population, that actually does work. That does, that fear, it does drive them, they do get involved. I think there's like a much larger part of the spectrum that that that that puts them off.

• 7:32Chris Williamson?

  Yeah, I watched a video that you spoke about in that article from Roger Hallam, founder of Extinction Rebellion. The video is titled Advice to Young People as They Face Annihilation. Hardly inspiring stuff.

• 7:47Speaker 01

  No, and I mean, and he says, he's kind of a big point of the video. I think he says that young people should just have no hope for the future.

• 7:54Speaker 01

  And that's that's not in line with the science. I mean, the science is very clear that the climate change is a big problem. There are really big potential risks. But, you know, it's not a an all or nothing, like there are things that we can do about it. So this, the the notion that we should have no hope because there's nothing we can do is just false.

• 8:12Chris Williamson?

  What was that story of the group called The Last Generation?

• 8:17Speaker 01

  Yeah, so there's an activist group, I think in Germany, called The Last Generation. And I think the the message there can be interpreted in several ways. I think one is like very valid, which is we can be the last generation to solve climate change. And I think that's true. That, you know, we're talking about solving climate change. We're talking about, you know, the next few decades or thirty or forty years. So kind of, yes, we are the generation that will have to to solve this. But I think the other interpretation is kind of this notion that if we don't solve it, then we will literally be the last generation. And that's very similar to the kind of Extinction Rebellion activist group, where it is very much geared towards we will be kind of the last generation and we're kind of doomed.

• 9:02Chris Williamson?

  Yeah, and they did a month-long hunger strike that resulted in a ton of them going to hospital.

• 9:09Speaker 01

  Yeah, yeah, there was a hunger strike, yeah.

• 9:12Chris Williamson?

  So when it comes to climate change, what are the, what are the most salient concerns that you have? And what are the ones that you think are most exaggerated or most misrepresented?

• 9:28Speaker 01

  So I think for me, there are a few big concerns. One is just exposure to heat. I mean, I think they're just the very, the most obvious and most well documented link between rising temperatures is just exposure to extreme heatwaves, as you would expect. And I think that will be a significantly growing problem. It'll be also be a really big problem because many of the people that will be exposed to this will be people closer to the equator, typically in lower income countries where they don't, you know, have an air conditioned house. So 10 will also fall disproportionately on, on people on lower incomes where they might not have the money and luxuries that we would have

• 10:10Speaker 01

  to just adapt to that. I think then the other big concern for me is agriculture, where we've got a growing population, climate change there could be a significant problem. One in terms of extreme weather events, so floods, droughts, you could lose like a whole harvest for an entire season, but also crops, and it varies across the world depending on where you are and what crop you're working with. But increased temperatures could start to reduce yields. So some of the kind of scenarios you could see, for example, a 30% drop in yields. Now, at a time when we need to be increasing food production because we will have a growing population, that could be a significant concern. So for me, those are the two like biggest direct impacts, I think.

• 10:56Chris Williamson?

  What about the efforts that have been made over the last few years? You know, it's not just now that people have started talking about climate change, even if maybe the discourse is getting more heated all the time. It's not like this is a new thing. And there's been many initiatives that have been put in, in the UK, in the US, trying to counter this. How effective or ineffective have those been?

• 11:25Speaker 01

  I think we are getting there, we're just not getting there fast enough. I think people have the notion that we're still in the same position on tackling climate change as we were a decade ago. And I think that's not true. I think, I mean, what's really, what's really fundamental to addressing climate change is that humans need energy, right? They need energy for development and that has been a massive driver of human progress over the last few centuries. So our basis of producing energy has been fossil fuels. Now, in order to tackle that, there are billions of people still trying to move out of poverty, still trying to increase their energy use quite validly. Um, and they're, they're not going to stop doing that, right? You're not going to stop them doing that.

• 12:07Speaker 01

  So you need to substitute, as a, as a substitution exercise, you need to substitute fossil fuels with a low carbon energy source. Now, the problem in the past has been that these energy sources were way too expensive, right? So you're never going to use solar or wind or batteries or electric vehicles because they were just way more expensive than fossil fuels. What's been a really dramatic change, especially in the last decade, is that the prices of these have plummeted. Um, so you know, they know, electric cars are growing now and they're getting very cost competitive with petrol or diesel cars. But they were really far away a decade ago. Uh, same with solar and wind, they were extremely expensive, they're now undercutting the cost of fossil fuels. Now, that's completely and fundamentally changed the position that we're in because we're

• 12:52Speaker 01

  no longer asking people to make a trade off of, do you want to escape energy poverty or do you want to keep your CO2 emissions low? Because like they were always gonna uh move out of energy poverty. I think we've reached a position now where there's no longer that trade off such that often people will just go for the low carbon energy source because it's the cheapest. I think to me, that's fundamentally changed the equation. So the overall story on carbon emissions there is that rich countries over the last few decades have tended to reduce their emissions. Whereas middle and low income countries are, are still growing there. So we kind of have this tug of war at the global level, which means that global emissions are kind of now hovering around a peak.

• 13:32Chris Williamson?

  Hmm, yeah, I think this is, I don't know, this sort of a.

• 13:41Chris Williamson?

  The fact that we have a shared environment, but individual actors acting independently of each other to contribute to it, means that there is always going to be this sort of push and pull, right? There is going to be a group of people in developed countries that are going to be told, you need to reduce energy emissions. And it's very easy to say, well, they're not, they're not going to do it. And yeah, this, what's it called? The tragedy of the commons. Yeah, there is always going to be some equivalent of a free rider problem, or something else. It's always going to be there. And I think it's always going to make people feel uncomfortable about making sacrifices. I guess if they were to go and

• 14:23Chris Williamson?

  live in a country that didn't have access to reliable energy, or was burning wood or dung to be able to do it, they might think, maybe I'm not making that much of a sacrifice. But, you know, humans are creatures of relativity, right? We have anchoring biases. Like, I remember how much my refrigerator energy fee was last year, and I've seen it go up this year, or I've been told that I can't water my garden, or whatever. Like, you know, we anchor off where our lifestyle was previously, not off someone in the Sudan.

• 14:54Speaker 01

  Right. And I think, yeah, I think that's been a key stumbling block, has been these divisions. I think for me, there's, there's so much finger pointing in this. It's kind of young people pointing at old people, or old people pointing at young people, or left pointing at right, and right pointing at left, and, and rich countries pointing at China or India. And I think that's created a lot of divisions. I think in general, what's worked better on climate is that the way international climate processes used to work was it was a very like top down, where basically there's kind of global coalition, and the kind of would set, try to set imposed targets from the top down. And actually, it didn't get us that far, and countries didn't really like it. What's actually been more successful

• 15:35Speaker 01

  has countries, it's been like a bottom up exercise, where countries have decided, this is the pledges or the targets that we're going to put on the table, and they nominate it themselves. Now, you might think, well, they'll all just not put anything on the table. And to some extent, there's much room for them increasing these, these promises, and we, we hope they do. But you do start to get like a little bit of a competition exercise, where it does start to put pressure on different countries. So I think the, the bottom up approach of, of people volunteering what they're willing to do, has actually Counterintuitively worked better than a top down, this is what you have to do. I think in general, that also works at the individual level.

• 16:17Speaker 01

  I think the, I think there's a lot of pushback against people trying to tell others what you should and shouldn't do. Often that's like the best way to get someone to do exactly what you don't want them to do is to, is to try to force them to do it.

• 16:31Chris Williamson?

  Yeah, what, uh, I mean, I'm interested in this stat that you put up about, um, in the UK, carbon emissions per person are half what they were when our grandparents were our age. And we haven't just offshored all of these either. That seems like quite a big win.

• 16:52Speaker 01

  Yeah. So carbon emissions in the UK have fallen a lot. They've fallen by around 50%. A big driver of that has been the reduction of coal. So like most of our electricity used to come from coal and we're basically now coal free. So we've kind of got rid of the kind of the dirtiest fuel in our electricity mix, which has pushed down emissions a lot. Now, the caveat there is that the 50% like exaggerates the total amount of reductions that we've incurred because we've offshored some of them. So, um, we've kind of got rid of a lot of our manufacturing industries. So like we import goods from other countries that produce them. And it's very valid to say that, you know, the UK's carbon footprint should be what the UK consumers are actually consuming.

• 17:34Speaker 01

  So the, the, the total drop on that basis is not as big as 50%, but there is still a decline and emissions are still falling. And that's a kind of general trend that we see across most high income countries that domestic emissions have reduced. But they've also reduced when we take offshoring into account.

• 17:52Chris Williamson?

  Got you. How difficult is it going to be to provide a good quality of life for eight billion people while still being sustainable?

• 18:00Speaker 01

  It's a big challenge. Um yeah, it's gonna be big. I think it's achievable. I think, I think for me, what's key is the time scale. I think it's just inevitable that we will just move to clean energy. I think how long we take to do that will be the big question. That will be the big question about what temperature rise we we get to. Can we do it in the next thirty years? Um it will be a big challenge, but I would expect that we would do it in the next fifty or sixty years. So the the emphasis is on the speed, um which is going to be very difficult, but to me is not completely unachievable.

• 18:37Chris Williamson?

  What do people mean when they talk about degrowth?

• 18:41Speaker 01

  So I think there's two terms here. I think one is focused on population, so it's more like depopulation. So kind of an environmental movement, so big, especially in the past, uh like a big point was that the the problem is just there's just too many people. Um and and the the planet cannot possibly provide for so many people. So the solution to this problem is to have less people. And then there's more of a kind of degrowth movement where the argument there is that the driver has been overconsumption and therefore in order to reduce our emissions, we need to basically shrink our economies.

• 19:22Chris Williamson?

  Right. And what are your thoughts on degrowth?

• 19:25Speaker 01

  My thoughts are you cannot do degrowth at a global level because you would like leave billions of people in poverty and that's to me just morally unacceptable and you just won't achieve it, right? Like you're not gonna stop people in low income countries from from trying to move out of poverty. Now, there's a question of should you

• 19:46Speaker 01

  keep GDP in rich countries the same or should you shrink the the economies of rich countries? I don't think that's going to be a political reality. Like I do not see any political leader standing up and saying our main policy is that we're gonna reduce our economy in order to reduce our CO2 emissions. And it's definitely not gonna happen and on the time scales that we're talking about, right? We need to get moving on this in the next decade. Um and to me, I do not see it being politically feasible that that one, that a leader would stand up and promote that. I think it would kind of be political suicide. Um. But also that they would actually get elected into government. And then you've got the long, the long time period where even if you did get that and people voted for it and they went into government, then you've got the time that it takes to actually

• 20:31Speaker 01

  implement that. And we don't actually know how effective that would be in reducing emissions. Like, no one's tried kind of deliberate degrowth. So I think there's like tons of unknowns there. And for me, it's kind of a political nonstarter.

• 20:44Chris Williamson?

  Well, I guess over a long enough time horizon, the next hundred years, the people calling for anti-nate list or deep population, they're going to get the, they're going to get the outcome that they want. It's just going to happen due to declining birth rates. I know, you know, you made a really good clarification at the very beginning of this, which is the difference between existential risk and just, you know, a big problem, basically. Existential risk, permanent unrecoverable collapse, right? It's a very specific category of risk that shouldn't be thrown around incorrectly. And I don't think that declining birth rates are one of those either. But they're definitely going to be the sort of thing that will impact human life front and centre, very, very harshly, very quickly,

• 21:28Chris Williamson?

  you know, within what, when are we going to peak? Twenty one hundred ish? Twenty nineteen?

• 21:33Speaker 01

  I think, I think the, I think the latest UN projections was that it would, global population would peak around twenty eighties. And they've actually brought that forward, like the first project, the late, the one prediction before that was, you know, still increasing past twenty one hundred. And actually, because fertility rates, which is just the number of children that a woman would have, average woman would have, is falling quicker than than we expected. That's actually what being brought forward to the twenty eighties.

• 22:01Chris Williamson?

  Yeah. So by the end of this century, the degrowth from a population standpoint, I'm aware that we're going to have to gain two billion before we start to come back down toward where we are now. But how much, how concerned are you about that? You know, if we presume that what we're trying to do here, I don't know the basis of your philosophy. I don't know if it's seeing the earth as something that needs to be protected, whether it's trying to maximize human flourishing, whether it's trying to, you know, there's a variety of reasons why people don't want the world to go to shit. But if we presume that in amongst that is the flourishing, utility, eudaimonia, happiness of the conscious humans that live on it, reducing that number down precipitously is dangerous. It, it, it didn't, that doesn't seem to be in alignment either. So how much time do you spend thinking

• 22:44Chris Williamson?

  about birth rates and what's your concern with population collapse?

• 22:50Speaker 01

  Um. I don't spend much time at all thinking about birth rates in a climate context. Um. And I don't think it's effective in any way to try to to use climate or environment to to promote lowering birth rates. I mean, I think the the basic story of falling fertility rates and falling birth rates is that um as countries develop, as they get richer, as girls go to school, women go into education, uh women go into uh economic opportunities and jobs. Um. Fertility rates tend to decline. So you see a very clear relationship, but as countries get richer, they decline. Um. And the, I think, I think one of the key part, key parts of development

• 23:35Speaker 01

  is that fertility rates will actually just continue to fall. The countries, like low income countries where birth rates are still quite high, like maybe like four or five or or six, um, those will just fall because they will develop. Uh, good, girls will get to go to school, women will get going to work and and have economic opportunities. And I think those are all fantastic developments. I actually don't think you need the climate lens as part of that. I mean, if your list of priorities of what would be the driver of declining birth rates, I think climate change is very, very low on that risk, like. I'm all for promotion of girls going to school just because they should have the opportunity to go to school, not because we should reduce the population in order to address climate change.

• 24:18Chris Williamson?

  Right. Okay. That would be, that would be like a five dimensional chess move to try and uh, speed up the education of girls in low income countries in an attempt to reduce down birth rates. That would be, that would be an impressive strategy. Uh, you said, um, I saw another quote from you that said, we should use data to understand the world and make better decisions. That seems to be like a nice tagline. How effective have you found data being at nudging beliefs and culture and debate? If you are part of this great website, Our World in Data, and you put this stuff forward. But I would guess that the

• 24:57Chris Williamson?

  Vanguard, like the front lines of trying to convince people by data, might be more difficult than we would think, given that data is like truth, as long as it's right.

• 25:08Speaker 01

  Yeah, yeah, no, I mean, it's very mixed. I mean, I mean, there are some people that are so immune to data that there's nothing, there's no data you could throw in front of them that would make them change their mind. And there will always be, you know, an excuse why that data doesn't fit with the narrative or why that data is flawed.

• 25:25Speaker 01

  I think some people are swayed by data and can make good decisions based on it. I think, I mean, a range of people use our work, like the general population use our work, but also journalists, policymakers use our work. And then I think in those fields, data can actually make a difference to informed decisions.

• 25:45Chris Williamson?

  What's happening with air pollution?

• 25:47Speaker 01

  So there have been a couple of big air pollution problems. There have been a couple of what we'd call like transboundary problems, which is more again, the tragedy of the commons problem where it's not just, you know, pollution in your own country, it kind of crosses across many countries. And you kind of need, you know, several countries or the whole world to work together to solve it. And one of the big ones there was the ozone layer. So kind of before climate change, the big environmental problem was the ozone layer. And the growing ozone hole. And at the time, it was really politically controversial, a bit like climate changes today. There were kind of pushed back against scientists. There was, it was really politically controversial.

• 26:29Speaker 01

  But we, we actually managed to, to solve it. Like we, we brought in what was called the Montreal Protocol. And we reduced the emissions of the gases that were destroying the ozone layer by like more than 99%. So we've basically got rid of them. And the ozone hole should just repair itself in the next few decades. There was another big problem of acid rain, which when you burn coal, you tend to produce what's called sulfur dioxide. And that can dissolve in rainwater and you can get acid rain. Again, that was a big problem and we're, we've been pretty successful in solving it, especially across Europe and North America. And then there's the other problem of what we call local air pollution, which is like

• 27:10Speaker 01

  the pollution you'd find in your city, uh, from like cars and burning fossil fuels and home heating and stuff. Now, the, the story there is mixed. Rich countries have gone through this process where, um, as they tended to get richer, air pollution increased. So, you know, if you think about London or Edinburgh, where I am, um, go back to kind of the, the beginning to mid twentieth century, these cities were so, so polluted, like really unimaginable from what you would assume today. I mean, there's stories of like, you know, the great smog in London where, you know, you couldn't see, even see a few feet in front of you. They're kind of shuffling, trying to find the curb by their feet. So the, these cities were incredibly polluted and have actually been really successful over the last fifty

• 27:53Speaker 01

  years or so and, and dramatically reducing the amount of local air pollution, uh, especially in rich countries. It's a little bit of a different story in low and middle income countries. They're sort of, kind of going up that curve that, um, London or Edinburgh went through, uh, kind of fifty years to a century ago. Um, and air pollution in general is a, is a big killer in the world. So there are a range of estimates, but they're all in the range of kind of millions of premature deaths per year. So it is a, is a, a big, big problem. In some sense, you know, today, in terms of number of lives lost, it's arguably bigger than climate change, although that could change in the future.

• 28:33Chris Williamson?

  Wow. What do we do? How do you help air pollution now?

• 28:38Speaker 01

  You can, I mean, the key one is stop burning fossil fuels. Um, you can put kind of strict, uh, air pollution kind of standards on power plants. Like that was the big thing of acid rain. Like, it's not that we necessarily just stopped burning coal. We managed to put what called scrubbers on the power plant where it kind of took the sulfur out. So you didn't get the, the sulfur emissions. Um, a big driver in, in, in rich countries has been just increased, uh, air quality standards for cars. So the amount of, um, Of pollution spewing out the back of a car today is much, much less than it was in the past. And actually, a move to electric vehicles would would decrease that even further.

• 29:23Speaker 01

  So even in rich countries, you know, the the estimated deaths attributed to air pollution in the UK, for example, is still tens of thousands. So we know that we can still bring down that down further. And that would be by, for example, moving away from petrol and diesel cars.

• 29:38Chris Williamson?

  What about deforestation?

• 29:41Speaker 01

  Again, it's a bit of a story where countries tend to go through a transition where they would initially cut down forests for wood for energy, like before they have fossil fuels. But then the biggest driver of deforestation is just expanding farmland. That's by far the biggest driver of deforestation. You need more land to grow food, therefore you you cut down forests. Now, the UK, for example, we cut down our forests like a long time ago, like centuries and centuries ago. And actually, there was really, really very little forest left. But then we stopped doing that. And in many rich countries, forests are regrowing. And most of the deforestation that's happening today is happening in the tropics. And it's

• 30:23Speaker 01

  happening because we're, again, we're still expanding agricultural land. So deforestation rates today are still very, very high. But we think they've global deforestation rates have fallen since around the 1980s. But we we still have a big challenge on our hands because deforestation rates are still high.

• 30:41Chris Williamson?

  What's the truth about the cycle between raising or rising CO2 levels with like re-greening and the increase in plant growth and tree growth, forest growth, based on that increase in carbon?

• 30:58Speaker 01

  Yeah, there again, it's a little bit mixed. In terms of like greening forests and natural habitat, not natural vegetation, it can't like CO, extra CO2 can increase regrowth to an extent. I think this is often also discussed in terms of agriculture. Like I was saying earlier, that one of the big risks of agriculture is is climate change. And it is true that to a certain extent, more CO2 means can mean more. Um, more higher yields and more crop growth. But it's about how much of that is outweighed by the detrimental impacts of drought, of floods, of temperatures. And for many crops, the increased temperatures will just outweigh the increased benefits of CO2.

• 31:42Speaker 01

  So even if you increase CO2 a bit, you would still see negative effects from the temperature effects.

• 31:49Chris Williamson?

  It's interesting that everything's so interlinked here that, for instance, deforestation is intrinsically linked with food and hunger and agriculture. So what progress has been made with with food and hunger as well?

• 32:02Speaker 01

  So, um, I mean, food and hunger, again, global hunger rates have declined substantially over the last 50 years in particular. We've kind of plateaued on progress there and actually in some regions that has started to regress. So we have around 800 million people in the world when nearly one in 10 just don't get enough food to eat. And that's the key challenge with with deforestation and these problems is that, again, there you have this tension between people just need more food and we need more agricultural land and there's wild habitat and there's forest in the way. So that's the big challenge. One of the big solutions to that is just to make agriculture much more productive. Right?

• 32:44Speaker 01

  So if you can increase crop yields by, if you could triple crop yields, then you can produce the same amount of food on a third of the land. So one of the big necessities there is to just increase crop yields and productivity. And I think in many regions, there is still a lot of scope to do that. I think the the other big link to deforestation there is like animal agriculture. So a lot of the deforestation of the Amazon, for example, is clearing land for pasture for cattle grazing, for beef production. And by far, that's the biggest driver of deforestation. And in general, beef is just a really inefficient way of using land to produce food.

• 33:24Chris Williamson?

  What, what is the, you're talking about crop yields there. How much truth is there in topsoil degradation and, and the quality of what we're growing our plants out of?

• 33:36Speaker 01

  Yeah. So the, I mean, there's been lots of headlines about, you know, soil loss and there's this kind of like, we've only got, the world's only got 60 harvest left headline that kind of went viral and that headline is not true. And kind of no soil scientist would back that up. Across the world, you have a mixed, again, a mixed picture. Like some soils are stable and, and they're, are doing fine. Some are actually growing. So the, they're, they're actually topsoil is growing. And there are others that actually are degrading over time. And it's a serious worry, but we're not going to get to, you know, this, you know, single point where, you know, just the whole, in 60 years, the, the world's harvest just stopped because of topsoil.

• 34:19Speaker 01

  There's just a really large variation in soils across the world where you could never just put a single figure on when this would happen.

• 34:27Chris Williamson?

  Hmm. What about biodiversity? That's something else that I've seen talked about an awful lot, that the, the fifth great extinction or the set, whichever one we're in, this is the beginning of the sixth, whatever, that one. Six, sixth great extinction. We're in the middle of that and we, we've lost more species in the last X number of years than in the whole bigger number of years before that.

• 34:49Speaker 01

  Yeah. I mean, the trends on biodiversity loss are not good. I think they're like the area where I'm most pessimistic. So yeah, there's been five previous mass extinctions on earth and there's a question of like, are we in the sixth mass extinction? Now, in order to, to qualify as like a mass extinction, you kind of have this threshold of you need to lose like 75 to 80% of species. And you need to do it on a, it's called a fast time scale, but it's like 2 million years. Like it's fast on geological time scales, but on human time scales, it's obviously not.

• 35:25Speaker 01

  Now, we're obviously very, very far away from losing that percentage of species. But what you can do is you can look at the rate of change and say, we know roughly how many species have gone extinct over the last few centuries, for example, or 500 years or a thousand years. And you can say, okay, what's the, the rate of extinction there? And then you can compare that to what was the rate of extinctions in the previous five mass extinctions. And actually, what you find when you crunch those numbers is that we are actually losing species at a faster rate than we were in the five previous mass extinctions. Now, if we just continued to lose species at that rate, then yeah, it would qualify as being in the sixth mass extinction. My optimism there is that we

• 36:09Speaker 01

  won't just continue to lose species at that rate, because we will hopefully address deforestation, we will hopefully curb climate change, we will hopefully be able to restore natural habitats. So this kind of, I think it's reasonably fair to say that, you know, the trends point towards a sixth mass extinction if we just continue as we are. But my hope is that we won't continue as we are.

• 36:31Chris Williamson?

  What is driving this loss in biodiversity? Where's it coming from?

• 36:36Speaker 01

  I mean, it's often referred to as death by a thousand cuts. So there's no like single driver of biodiversity losses. It tends to be a mix. I mean, the biggest driver is is food production. So it's either like, either over exploitation, which is just like direct hunting or direct overfishing, or kind of logging of forests, or it's destruction of habitats for farming and agriculture. And that can be either cutting down forests or moving into wild grasslands, but it can also be, you know, losing insects because of the use of fertilizers or pesticides on agricultural land. That's a very, to me, that's a very, very tricky problem to solve, because there's a kind of, there's kind of

• 37:21Speaker 01

  two camps on how you produce food in a kind of biodiversity friendly way. Like, one, you could just use lots of fertilizers, lots of pesticides, get really productive land. You could use less land by doing that. So basically, say, we're going to accept that we're going to have lots of biodiversity loss on this smaller bit of land. Or you can go for another approach where say, we're going to lose less biodiversity, but we're going to spread it over a larger area. And I think the kind of jury on that is still out on how best to manage that.

• 37:49Chris Williamson?

  Yeah, that's a difficult, a really difficult balance to strike. Have you got any idea what types of animals have contributed most to this biodiversity loss? Has it been segmented out? Has it been the fish, they're all falling off, but mammals are fine? Or is it mostly insects and reptiles are fine? Have you got any idea?

• 38:13Speaker 01

  It's kind of mixed, um, like the mammals are not doing well in particular. I mean, if you look over the course of human history, the big change has been what we call like the downsizing of mammals. So we've tended to just lose the big mammals, such that they're getting smaller and smaller over time. That's because we predominantly hunt larger animals. Um, and they tend to go extinct and they also take longer to reproduce. So smaller animals can kind of recover because they can reproduce really quickly. Whereas larger animals take much longer. So we've tended to lose the largest mammals. Birds are not doing particularly well. Neither are amphibians. Um, insects, like the, the general trend there is, is not looking good. I think insects in general are just harder

• 38:57Speaker 01

  to count. It's very hard to get really long-term data on insects. Like you can kind of count elephants like pretty well and kind of get good historical records, but it's really hard to do for insects. I think insects are pretty uncertain, but I think they're definitely in decline. There are very few, very few like good, good trends here on biodiversity.

• 39:17Chris Williamson?

  I was trying to find a, a silver lining in the biodiversity loss, but it doesn't really seem to be there.

• 39:22Speaker 01

  No, I can give you one. Like in some regions like Europe, for example, we lost a lot of mammals, but we're actually bringing a lot of them back now. There's been lots of like restoration, um, uh, programs and you know, the European bison is, is on its way back. So I think there is stuff that you can do. Um, and it is possible to restore a lot of these populations, but the overall trend is down.

• 39:47Chris Williamson?

  I had a conversation a couple of months ago with a guy who is bringing woolly mammoths back to life.

• 39:53Speaker 01

  Right. Was it Strutbrand? No.

• 39:56Chris Williamson?

  No, it wasn't. I can't remember the, I can't remember the name of the place. Colossus, Colossum, Colossus, I think. Uh, is the name of the company. And, um, yeah, they, they've sequenced it from a bunch of frozen uh, bone and I think maybe something else samples, uh, and then they're going to use in. Asian elephant, maybe, and they're going to implant and then over time they will have this and then maybe they can go up north and they're good at compacting down the earth and compacting down the earth changes the way that heat hits it and then they help with fertilizing and moving so that's and he also wanted to do he had this really cool idea

• 40:37Chris Williamson?

  of wanting to bring back the dodo bird and the reason that he wanted to do that was as a symbolic gesture to remind people about biodiversity loss. So thinking basically explaining this huge process that you would have to go through and we'd have to do this and we'd have to do this and we'd have to do this and then finally we would get something that looks like the dodo bird. I think there was one other type of tiger maybe that he was thinking about doing it with and then to basically use that as the tip of the spear to say, do you see all of this work that we've just had to do to try and bring this bird back to life? Like just try not to try not to kill it this time type thing.

• 41:15Speaker 01

  Yeah, I mean, it's it's a little bit the same story with with forests where I think we often think about like planting trees and regrowing forests, whereas like the best thing we can do with forests is just like not to cut them down in the first place. And into some sense, it's the same with biodiversity where, you know, it would take a massive effort to be able to bring back a species or even restore a population. So they, you know, the obvious best thing is like not to to push it to extinction in the first place.

• 41:42Chris Williamson?

  What about ocean plastics? I'm aware that microplastic like we can Alex Jones our way into phthalates in the water all that we want, but ocean plastics, I'd heard this story about this island the same size as Texas that's somewhere and it's swirling round. And then there was that guy that made the the ocean scraper thing and he was doing, he was doing really great work. But what's the what's the story there with ocean plastics?

• 42:06Speaker 01

  Yeah, I mean, I don't, I can't solve the plastic problem. Like I, I think plastic is a really tricky one. It's like a really amazing environmental material, which I think is why it's we produce so much of it and it's so hard to get off of it. But the the simple problem of like, Plastics flowing into the ocean is a very, very like tractable one. Uh. We do have a significant amount of plastics flowing into the ocean, like the latest estimates are like around one to two million tonnes a year. Now for perspective, that's about zero point five percent of the plastic uh waste we produce. So, I mean, the notion that, you know, all of our plastics are

• 42:47Speaker 01

  flowing into the ocean is not correct. Like it's a quite, quite a small percentage, but in, in absolute terms, it's quite big. Um. The key problem with plastic, ocean plastics is not necessarily using plastics. It's like how they're managed. So if you can um store plastics in landfills or they're recycled or they're incinerated, then they don't leak, leak out into the environment and they don't end up in the ocean, rivers or ocean. The problem is often that um in many countries, the waste management infrastructure is not there to, to, to deal with the amount of plastic that's there, such that it's often dumped or it's in an open landfill and blows into the

• 43:26Speaker 01

  ocean. Um. Now, I mean, it is a, I mean, to some extent that then is, the socializing is quite simple, like, and it's not sexy. It's just like build landfills or build waste management structures, but like that doesn't tend to get a ton of investment because it's not like flashy. Um. But there is also projects trying to do the opposite. One is, as you said, is a guy called Boyan Slat and he created the Ocean Cleanup Project where they are basically trying to scoop plastic out that's already in the ocean and get it out. And I think that they're doing a really good job. I mean, they haven't got all the plastic out yet, but they are being quite successful in getting some of it out. And then they've also generated a kind of separate project, which is

• 44:11Speaker 01

  trying to stop it going into the ocean in the first place. So a lot of this waste tend to come, tends to come down through rivers. And what they've done, they've like modeled to try to work out, like what are the biggest rivers that are contributing to the ocean plastics. Then they have what's called an interceptor, where they basically try to like stop the plastics going in. At the end of the river before it reaches the ocean. So I think there are, I think he's done an amazing job and he's kind of came out of nowhere and decided, I mean, we all just watch and say, oh, that's really bad that there's plastics in the ocean. And he's like, no, there doesn't have to be plastics in the ocean. And he's kind of tried to engineer a solution out of it.

• 44:48Chris Williamson?

  Have you got any idea which were the rivers that were contributing heavily?

• 44:54Speaker 01

  I mean, it's changed a lot. Our understanding has changed a lot over time. I think initially, you know, there was estimates that, you know, most of it was coming from like 20 rivers. No, actually, that's quite good because then you only need 20 interceptors. But I think more recent studies have shown that actually it's coming from like a thousand different rivers, which is a much trickier problem to tackle. Like, most of these rivers from the latest study from, you know, Boy and Slat and his colleagues tend to show that a lot of them tend to be in Asia or South America or Africa. They tend to be in middle income countries where people have got richer, they're now using much more plastic. But again, the

• 45:37Speaker 01

  waste management infrastructure hasn't managed to catch up.

• 45:41Chris Williamson?

  Rich enough to buy the things that are in the plastic, but not rich enough to be able to work out how to deal with it once you've used it.

• 45:49Speaker 01

  Right, exactly.

• 45:50Chris Williamson?

  What about overfishing?

• 45:54Speaker 01

  They are, again, there's a little bit of a split where overfishing is a tractable problem. It is a problem that you can manage. The key for that is being able to balance fish populations such that you know how much you can catch without massively reducing the population of the fish, right? You want to be in a state where for fishing, you're fishing and the population is not decreasing. Now, if you've overfished, so if you fish too much, that population will start to decrease and decrease and decrease. And actually, even from an economic perspective. That's only good in the short term, right? Because in the medium to long term, the amount

• 46:37Speaker 01

  of stuff that you can fish will just decline over time. So it's like a really short term benefit for a medium to long term detriment. Now, many regions, fish populations are actually doing fine because we can do that quite well and we have policies in place and quotas on how much fishermen can catch. In other parts of the world, that's just not there. And you would expect often that the fish populations there are declining. So the estimates that are around, around a third of the world's fish populations are being overfished. Now, there is a slightly different story to that, where in the past, you know, our only way of having

• 47:20Speaker 01

  fish was to like catch wild fish. What we've seen over the last few decades is the rise of what we call aquaculture, which is fish farming. Now, a little bit like on land, where we would normally just hunt animals, we then decided, no, we'll grow animals. So we'll have livestock and we'll raise our own animals. That's kind of what fish farming is all about, where rather than only catching wild fish, you basically farm your own fish. And actually, now fish farming produces more than wild fish. So most of the growth in global fish production over the last few decades has come from fish farming, it's not come from catching wild fish.

• 47:58Chris Williamson?

  Hmm. It seems to me, like thinking about all of the stuff that we've spoken about today, this tragedy of the commons thing really just comes back to the fore, that we are individual nations who are not always even coordinated internally, but definitely not coordinated effectively externally between all of us. And that by trying to improve the quality of the shared environment, that requires different actors and agents to behave in different ways. And it can feel to some like they're having the brakes pressed on them while other people are getting away on a free ride. You've got this free rider problem.

• 48:39Chris Williamson?

  How do you, how like, how do you suggest that especially developed countries that are going to have to potentially go to their citizens and say, hey, your quality of life is going to stagnate or perhaps even get more difficult, more expensive, more whatever. Have you thought around, necessarily from a public messaging standpoint, but just like culturally, how do you deliver this message to people? Because we're not, it's not in our nature to say, oh, like, sorry, the people in Chad or Zimbabwe or whatever need to have better access to whatever. Don't worry, people of Chad, like, I've got you. Like,

• 49:22Chris Williamson?

  that's just not, that's not in our nature. And it's very difficult in an age of the internet and sort of quippy soundbites and TikTok length videos. It's way too nuanced and subtle to get across. But the alternative is to kind of use a more doomsday scenario, which kind of just blanket coverages everything with fear and terror. And that also is not only not accurate, but doesn't necessarily have the desired outcome. So have you, have you kind of conceived this, what a, what a like climate culture 3.0 would look like?

• 49:52Speaker 01

  Yeah, I mean, I think, I think part of this has come, come down to the fact that I think we've often not been very good on our messaging on this. I think coming from, and I'm part of kind of the environmental movement, I think often it's framed as a sacrifice, right? It's like, you have to sacrifice this in order to solve this problem. And I think, again, again, I think in the past, that might have been true. I think the only solution in the past would have been, you just have to use less energy and you have to have less stuff and you have to have, it's all about less, less, less, less. And I think we're moving to a stage with the development of many of these technologies, where you can switch, and it's not necessarily less, and it's not necessarily a sacrifice,

• 50:34Speaker 01

  it's just better, right? So there are technologies where you could actually just reduce energy bills, you could create employment opportunities, like, and many of the, these growing industries, like, they are creating a job boom, and they are creating employment opportunities. You could get lower energy bills, the cost of running your car would be lower on electricity. So I think there are a range of solutions there, where it's not necessarily a massive sacrifice, it actually can just benefit and enhance life. So I think we've Done quite poorly on the messaging on that because it's all been about less, less, less, sacrifice, sacrifice, sacrifice. I think in terms of the role of rich countries and how they contribute to this dilemma in lower income countries is that, I think the responsibility of rich countries is they,

• 51:19Speaker 01

  they need to get their emissions down first and foremost, right? They've had high emissions, in the UK we've had high emissions for a really long time. We've managed to get to a stage where we're rich. Um, we have really high living standards and in some sense, I think it's just a responsibility to get our domestic emissions down. But I think the role that they all, rich countries can also play is that they can also be the drivers of innovation and deployment of these low carbon technologies that we need. And these tend to follow what we would call a learning curve where solar or batteries or wind, for example, the more you deploy them, the lower the price gets. So it's like a self fulfilling trend where deploy more, prices fall, deploy more.

• 52:01Speaker 01

  So what, what that means is that by um pushing these technologies and innovating on these technologies, we basically drive down the cost for the rest of the world. So we can, we can, we can invest money, we can deploy them, we can make solar, batteries, electric vehicles really cheap such that people in lower income countries don't need to face that trade off anymore. They can develop, they can follow um a pathway to a really high standard of living, but they won't follow the pathway that the UK or the US uh followed because they won't have really high coal emissions, they won't necessarily drive a petrol or a diesel car. So I think that's the, the big role that rich countries can play. Again, I don't, I don't think it's necessarily this big sacrifice that's often made out to be.

• 52:45Chris Williamson?

  What about China? Obviously, it's often brought up in this discussion as a country that is quite developed, but also I have no, you will probably know how much truth there is in it. They built more coal plants or whatever plants in the last however many years than so on and so forth. The point being that the, that the free rider or free riders would be China. What, what's the truth about that?

• 53:10Speaker 01

  I don't think China's a free rider. I think it's true that they are, and they produce, they're the highest emitter and they produce a lot of coal. Um, and they are still building coal plants, but I think the, the kind of paradox there is that they are actually just leading completely on low carbon technologies, like they're building solar and wind so fast. They are, uh, pushing really hard on electric vehicles. So the biggest, uh, car, uh, electric car company now is not Tesla, but BYD, which is a, a Chinese company. Um, they are dominating the supply chains for these minerals. They are, they are seeing this as an economic opportunity.

• 53:50Speaker 01

  And in some sense, they're going to start pushing a lot of Western manufacturers out of the market because they've been slipping. Um, and I think that's the kind of general trend of where that's going. So China is deploying these technologies really quickly. As an example, last year China produced or, or, uh, installed enough solar and wind to power the UK or France. And they're adding that in one year. Um, so they are building this stuff quickly. And to the extent where, and we're really bad at predicting peaks, so I'm not going to put a definitive peak on it. But some people have been talking about whether China's emissions could peak this year or next year. Just because they're building low carbon technology so quickly.

• 54:32Speaker 01

  So that's the paradox of China, or like they are still producing lots of coal, but they're also really leading the way on low carbon technologies. Again, not necessarily because they really, really care about climate change. They're doing it for the economic opportunities. They're doing it for employment. There's an opportunity there. Um, which to me in some senses are positive, right? Because it's really hard. I would love everyone to be really passionate about climate change, but that's just not the reality. So you need to create other incentives for people to act. And the, the key point there is that people will just act because it's economic to do so. And you get the side benefit of, yes, we reduce carbon emissions and we also reduce air pollution. So for me, in some sense, that's also a positive.

• 55:16Chris Williamson?

  Yeah, I mean, this seems to be the kind of like one of the, I don't know, one of the laws of physics of of climate change or of impacting it in an effective way, which is show me the incentives and I'll show you the outcome. You know, before Tesla came along, at least in the West, driving an electric car wasn't a status symbol. So the incentive of I want to buy a vehicle that I look cool in and it gives me prestige and people think that I'm like trendy or whatever for driving it. Wasn't happening so much with a Prius. It was like a political statement to drive a Prius was a political statement. Whereas if you can make the thing that you want people to do, also the thing that they want to do.

• 56:00Chris Williamson?

  Then you're swimming downstream. And yeah, totally. If if this is the way that it is, and if getting reliable energy from solar, from wind, from other stuff, I've heard a lot of criticism around the reliability of it, Germany's problem that they've had where they've had to like retrofit gas and then obviously they became super dependent on an area of the world that was dominated by a war for two years. And then that meant that their prices were going up and then all the Germans are going to freeze in the winter and all this stuff. But presumably all of these are just, I would imagine, teething problems that are only going to be made by one country. And moving forward, it's like, I don't do a Germany. Like if you ever make yourself into, you know, like one of those quotes, that's if you've memed yourself into an energy.

• 56:43Chris Williamson?

  Energy strategy, that's probably a bad idea. But yeah, if we can get it to the stage where it's both more economically viable and also impacts the environment in a positive way, that like that's literally the best. If if the people that we and I don't know, I've been super critical of China. But I do sometimes find myself like leaning into the. They're almost like immoral. It's like an immoral country somehow and that, you know, that they, because they're antagonistic or adversarial with the West, that they're doing things to try and, you know, they're completely disregarding the environment. Like, that's not necessarily the case. Like, so I need to kind of fact check my thought check myself when I

• 57:25Chris Williamson?

  do do that. But the point being that we presume China has more priorities than simply the climate. And yet, if they've managed to build sufficient renewable energy to power the UK or France in the last year, you go, okay, that if, if we can encourage them to do it, then countries that are part of the G20 or whatever other organisation, it should be pretty easy.

• 57:49Speaker 01

  Yeah, I mean, I mean, there's a range of examples that, like, I, in the book, I give the example of, like, on a personal level, like, my brother. Now, my brother bought a Tesla, and he didn't buy a Tesla because, like, he really, really cared about climate change. He just bought a Tesla because a Tesla was cool, and it was a really nice car to drive. Like, he sat on one and was like, this is the best thing ever. I'm going to get a Tesla. And obviously, he massively cut his carbon footprint, but it wasn't necessarily because of climate. I think another, like, clear example there is that, like, in the US, there's obviously, there is a very quite strong partisan divide on climate, where, like, left are really pro-climate policies, and a lot of people on the right are, are less so. But then you look at what, which states in

• 58:32Speaker 01

  the US are producing the most renewable power, and the top five, five states with the largest amount of wind in their energy sector are all Republican. And again, they're not doing that for climate. They're doing it just because landowners can make money, there's an economic opportunity, the community starts to get behind it. And actually, when you look at kind of messaging around climate in these kind of contexts, the language you use is so important. So if you just talk about clean energy, Many more people are behind it. Like on the left and the right, everyone loves clean energy. What they don't like necessarily, or like, is talking about climate. And actually, you ruin the chances of the clean energy being deployed if you try to push the climate

• 59:17Speaker 01

  message too far. So I think really gearing the climate message to like whoever you're talking to is so important. If you're talking to someone that's really into climate change, of course, talk about climate. But if you're talking to someone that's a bit skeptical, but they they're pretty in favour of clean energy, then you actually can actively push them away from it if you try to force the climate message too hard.

• 59:37Chris Williamson?

  Yeah, use the right language with the right audience. Very interesting. Let's bring this one home, Hannah. I really appreciate you for today. Where should people go? They want to keep up to date with all the stuff that you do. Where should you send them?

• 59:46Speaker 01

  Um, I have a newsletter called Sustainability by Numbers, and I try to break down all this stuff by numbers. I have a new book out called Not the End of the World, where I discuss all of this. And then I work at Arodin Data, where you can find like all of this data and research on how all of this stuff is changing.

• 1:00:06Chris Williamson?

  Hell yeah. Thank you, Hannah.

• 1:00:07Speaker 01

  Thank you.