Pod Insights The Knowledge Project #91 Russ Hudson: The Pursuit of Presence About this episode Author and co-founder of the Enneagram Institute, Russ Hudson, explains how the Enneagram was developed, how it helps us grow personally and with others, the nine interconnected personality types and what it means to be present.
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Transcript 17,021 words · 5 speakers
Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.
0:01 Speaker 00 As soon as I bring attention to my breath, to my sensation, to the kind of luxurious feeling of really being here in this body, for example, just to use that one center, the more we tend to be present and we'll start to notice things that we were not noticing before. And that's the other sign, is that the field of our attention deepens, gets crisper, and we notice all kinds of things that ordinarily we don't notice because our attention when we're not present is sort of welded to these preoccupations and patterns. And that's what we're looking at with the Enneagram. That's what our type does without presence. It tends to become the survival machine.
1:01 Shane Parrish? Hello and welcome. I'm Shane Parrish and you're listening to The Knowledge Project. This podcast and our website, fs.blog, help you sharpen your mind by mastering the best what other people have already figured out. If you enjoy this podcast, we've created a premium version that gives you even more. You'll get ad-free versions of the show, early access to episodes, transcripts, and so much more. If you want to learn more now, head on over to fs.blog/podcast or check out the show notes for a link. This week, I'm talking with Russ Hudson, the co-founder of the Enneagram Institute. This episode covers what the Enneagram is, how it was developed, how it helps us grow, its limitations, the nine interconnected personality types, the triads, how you can
1:45 Shane Parrish? use the Enneagram to deepen your relationships, what it means to be present, and so much more. It's time to listen and learn.
2:01 Shane Parrish? How did you get started with the Enneagram?
2:05 Speaker 00 Well, like a lot of things, it's not a simple or a one-shot deal. I, you know, like a lot of people, back in the 1970s, I was looking at various systems of spirituality. I was checking out Indian gurus and I was going to churches and I was doing all kinds of stuff. But I encountered a book called "In Search of the Miraculous." And it was, it was a book written by a man named Peter Aspensky, but it was about the teachings of Gurdjieff. And George Gurdjieff was a Greek guy who brought the Enneagram symbol and the teachings
2:46 Speaker 00 around it into the modern world. So I was really impacted by that book. And after searching around for a while, I actually found an ongoing real Gurdjieff group and started studying it. And that was long before I learned about how the Enneagram could also be about types, because the original sensibility, it wasn't that. But, you know, it was, the stage two of that process was that I read the first book of my friend Don Richard Riso. And that book was called "Personality Types," came out in the mid 1980s. And I was so impressed with it that I sought him
3:26 Speaker 00 out. And it turned out, he lived about a mile away and his office was even closer. So we started talking and I started working with him.
3:36 Shane Parrish? Oh, that's awesome. And you've been doing that ever since?
3:39 Speaker 00 Yes, indeed.
3:40 Shane Parrish? So I was thinking about how to approach this with readers, our listeners in this case. And I think there's just so much mystery around the Enneagram. So we can start with the basics and like work our way up. So what is the Enneagram?
3:55 Speaker 00 Well, I think it gets complex for people around the fact that it is more than one thing. Originally, the Enneagram is a symbol, and it's a circle with some inner lines in it, and some people think it looks like a pentagram, but it's not a pentagram. It's, in fact, there's a, there's a triangle in the middle of it. But it, that has certain esoteric meanings, the symbol itself. It's looking at the relationship between what things are in their fundamental nature, you might say, as consciousness, and it's looking at how things come into form and the relationship between those things.
4:36 Speaker 00 But the, the part that got popular is that a man named Oscar Chazot, studying the symbol in relation to a lot of other long-term spiritual teachings, shall we say, started to see some connections and brilliantly saw that there was a sensibility around each of the nine points. The Enneagram is a circle with nine points on it, and he saw that there were elements of character that had been studied for thousands of years that fit in a certain pattern around that symbol. So I think the part that most people learn about is this nine,
5:18 Speaker 00 the nine points and how they are actually representing facets of humanity. I think sometimes people take it too far, and the sort of popular version of the Enneagram that is also a turn-off for some people is that it's nine boxes. Which box do you go in, right? But that's not really what it ever was originally. It was originally about, these nine points were gifts, capacities that human beings have, needs that human beings have, but that when we get too identified with any one of them, a lot of our total humanity kind of drops out, but that we get habituated to live that way. So the idea was to become aware of that to free ourselves up again.
6:02 Shane Parrish? I think of it as sort of like a topology.
6:06 Speaker 00 Yeah, I mean, most simply, that's where it starts.
6:11 Speaker 00 It is a typology, but unlike some of the others, it's a typology for waking us up.
6:17 Shane Parrish? Go further on that.
6:19 Speaker 00 Yeah, it's like, the way I tend to explain it to my younger students is that you have a type, most definitely, but you are not a type. It's not who you are, it's not what you are. But just like we have hair color, or height, or certain predilections, we're not born a tabula rasa, a blank slate, right? We have certain predilections, we have tendencies, we have what psychologists call temperament. And it's very interesting that there was a major study of temperament in infants, done at New York University back in, she was early 1960s,
7:04 Speaker 00 by two famous psychologists, Thomas and Chess. And in that study, just looking at it empirically, they boiled it down to nine basic patterns of temperament that they found, and they correspond very nicely to the nine Enneagram points. So the idea is your temperament is what you lead with. It's how you cope with things. When the chips are down, there's a certain way you're probably gonna deal with. Some of us, if there's a conflict, we get in people's faces. Some people, when there's a conflict, we go hide. Some people, when we're in a conflict, we start brooding. But people have different reactions, and so it's not really about just giving ourselves a free pass about all that.
7:48 Speaker 00 It's about noticing it so that we have some options and freedom, and can choose other behaviors than, other than just our default, if you see what I mean.
7:57 Shane Parrish? So is it safe to say that's our default, sort of like human behavior? That would be your type, but you're not necessarily, it's just identifying that default, but you're not defined by that default? And you can overrule, and part of being human is that you can overrule that default?
8:13 Speaker 00 Exactly. Perfectly put. You, you have this default and it comes in handy and we don't need to knock it. We've survived this long with it, right? And it's very good for certain things. The point is, when we're just going on default, well, it's like we keep doing the same dance, no matter what the music is. And so sometimes that's helpful and sometimes it's not so helpful. Sometimes it messes things up. And so the Enneagram originally was always paired with a study of presence or mindfulness. And I'll be here now, pay attention to notice what we're up to. It was to train us in a system of self-awareness
8:58 Speaker 00 so that we could choose things other than that default. And it helps us do that by seeing how we fall into that default. How we keep getting sucked into a certain way of being, certain way of reacting to things. And again, to look at that without judging it, or thinking it's bad, but just to notice, oh, I'm stuck. I have other options. It's like that.
9:21 Shane Parrish? How, how was this developed? Like, where did the Enneagram, like, how did this come into being?
9:26 Speaker 00 Well, there's, as I said, there's several pieces. A lot of credit has to go to a man named Oscar Chazo, as I said, who passed away just a few weeks ago. And he was originally from Bolivia, but lived a lot of his life in Chile. And he learned about the Enneagram through Gurdjieff sources and really was a brilliant genius guy who was looking at various ancient systems for looking at human development. He was looking at ancient Jewish and Christian sources, some Buddhist sources, Hindu sources, et cetera, and seeing correspondences
10:09 Speaker 00 between them, the way they fit together. And so he kind of came up with a map of these patterns, shall we say. There was a psychologist named Claudio Narano, who was Gestalt psychologist, he actually is a psychiatrist, to be more accurate. And he studied with Fritz Pearl. He went and learned this from Chazo, brought it to the United States and started teaching it to a small group of people. Well, subsequent to that, it kind of exploded. My old friend and writing partner, Don Richard Riso, learned it through the Jesuits.
10:48 Speaker 00 And he started to write about it. It took him 10 years to write his first book. It's sort of funny. It's I get a lot of enthusiasm from young people. It seems like a lot of people have discovered this work recently. And it's not really so much about having a guru tag, or being an amateur. It's not really about that. But I just forever trying to explain to people, you can learn the basics pretty quickly. You can learn the distinctions of these nine points, and they're pretty mind blowing. But to really master it, to make it useful, to be able to help people with it, takes a long time. There's more than we bargain for sometimes.
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12:31 Shane Parrish? It strikes me that we're looking for somebody to tell us why we do the things we do, not necessarily wanting to change or overrule the things that we're doing, or look inside ourselves and figure out what's really going on. Now we can just like throw our hands up and absolve ourself, right? And say-
12:47 Speaker 00 That's right. Oh, I did that because I'm a seven. I did that because I'm a four. I did that because I'm a three, whatever.
12:52 Shane Parrish? Exactly. Where does sort of the Enneagram align with? And where does it differ from modern psychological research?
13:01 Speaker 00 I think a lot of the interesting work that's been done in the last 30, 40 years has been aligning it more with psychology. Certainly, Don Richard Riso had a master's degree in psychology from Stanford, and social psychology, as I recall. And we had Dr. David Daniels, another one who passed away recently, who was a professor in the School of Medicine at Stanford. And so there were some seriously trained people involved in it. And so there was always a wanting to show and demonstrate how the ideas in the Enneagram link with things that we've learned,
13:45 Speaker 00 particularly from developmental psychology. How in the process of forming a personality, an ego, certain forces get set into play. And so I think, over the years, my goodness, I've probably trained or taught tens of thousands of psychotherapists, psychologists, psychiatrists, a lot of people. And they're all marble at, once they get beyond the, hearing the cruddy, you know, pop versions of it, and they get into it, they're almost universally amazed at how it illuminates things that they learned in psychology, and vice versa. I think that there, we're trying to be good students of human nature.
14:28 Speaker 00 We're trying to really understand what goes on in the psyche, and there's a lot of different avenues by which we can do that.
14:35 Shane Parrish? Talk to me about the role of environment when it comes to sort of personality or temperament.
14:41 Speaker 00 Well, it's a factor. And, you know, people ask all the time, does your Enneagram type come from nature or nurture? And the correct answer is, nobody knows. And it's the same with psychology. It's probably both. What we can say is that the basic template is there in temperament, meaning it's, we're born with it. We don't know if it's genetic, or if it forms while we're still in the womb, but it's very early. In other words, we're sort of set on a certain track very, very early in life, in the beginning, infancy and before.
15:23 Speaker 00 It's not like you become a type because your mom forgot your birthday when you were six. That is way too, way too late then. However...
15:32 Speaker 00 One of the big contributions that Don Riso made was that we could be at different stages of development in any of these types. We could be in the more healthy expression of them, more grounded, more heartfelt, contributing, not having crazy thoughts in our head, or we could get sort of stuck in the more neurotic and difficult manifestations of it. And that is definitely about nurture. Like, how much I'm wedged into my type, how much I'm stuck in that stuff is a function of nurture. Because if I'm growing up in a crazy, difficult, scary,
16:17 Speaker 00 heartbreaking environment, and that's always gonna be true to some degree, but if it's a lot, then of course, the child has to form very intense defenses. And those intense defenses manifest as this kind of adhering to these survival patterns. Whether or not the coast is clear, we're gonna still experience it as being in a siege situation. We're gonna keep acting certain ways. So what we do, we, I don't think people can do anything about what their dominant type is. But what we can do is work at freeing ourself up from the scary parts of
16:59 Speaker 00 it and opening to the beautiful parts of it. That we can do.
17:03 Shane Parrish? We're gonna get into the types here. I know everybody's just waiting to hear about the types. But before we get there, we sort of have to like, build this up a little bit, right? And, and figure out like, where it comes from and what the limitations are. And like, how does it help us grow?
17:20 Speaker 00 I think it helps us grow by learning a few things. And, and the growth comes from seeing our type in action. But it also comes from learning a different orientation toward ourself. We're learning to be self-aware, but compassionately self-aware, kindly self-aware, to not judge ourselves. Because, you know, we didn't decide to be this way. It wasn't like I woke up, I, my dominant Enneagram point is five. I'm a dominant five. So I didn't wake up one day and just decide I was gonna be this. It's just happened.
17:59 Speaker 00 As I start to see what that five-ness is in real time, while I'm doing it, not just as a reflection later on, but as Donna and I used to put it, to catch myself in the act. In that moment of seeing, right now, I'm stuck in my pattern, to take a breath, to pause, to get grounded, to look at it with kindness, opens up a whole new toolbox, opens up a whole new palette of colors to paint with. Suddenly, I have access. What I always tell people is, as we get liberated from being identified with the pattern, as we get less stuck in it,
18:43 Speaker 00 the good sides of all of the nine points, which also represent human capacities, or talents, or gifts, start to come into play more and more. And that's why we learn it. So we can be, not so we can just be a type, but so we can be a more total human being.
19:00 Shane Parrish? How do we learn to debug our brain in real time? Like, that seems like, how do we, like, sort of like, we have this execution path that's default and habitual, and then we want to intersect it? Like, how do we learn to do that as it's happening? And not, as you mentioned, later, which is post and reflection?
19:20 Speaker 00 Right. Well, as I was saying, the Enneagram was originally meant to go with the practices to help us be more present and awake in our life. And we do that in the Enneagram by learning about what are called the three centers, the three centers of intelligence, which is the body, the heart, and the head. The body is kinesthetic intelligence. It's instinctual intelligence. As I tell people, if you're hungry, it's not a thought. It's not an emotion. It's your body, in a very direct way, communicates that information. Food is needed, right? The heart has its forms of intelligence, emotional intelligence, right?
20:04 Speaker 00 Heart has certain roles to play. And the head, when the head is actually presensed, it becomes something different than what we're used to. It's not this inner chatterbox. It's more a quality of deep listening.
20:20 Speaker 00 And not just listening externally, listening internally so that, you know, new ideas, new realizations can emerge and we're not just feeding on the stuff we already have thought about or already believe. So, we, we learn a practice of getting more grounded in our body in the here and now. Good thing about the body is it can't be anywhere but here and now. It's, it's, my thoughts and feelings can be all over the place, but you know, if I can feel myself breathing or feel myself resting in the chair, standing or wherever I am, in the car,
21:01 Speaker 00 wherever I may be, it brings me into a, a kind of contact with myself. From there, my heart becomes less reactive. When we're present with our heart, it brings out more of the qualities of kindness, patience, peacefulness, courage, a lot of good stuff. When we're not present with the heart, we're reacting to everything. Everything's pushing our buttons all the time, positively or negatively, but if you take one, you get the other. And then cognitively, we've, we, as we actually come back to ourselves, our mind simmers down and not into a sleepiness,
21:40 Speaker 00 but a kind of calm clarity where we just see what's going on in us and around us. And when you bring that sensibility to your personality, you can see it in action because you're not so identified with it. The problem is not that we have an ego and I'm not one of those people who goes around saying, you gotta get rid of your ego, you gotta kill the ego. I think that's nuts. I think that, you know, even the people saying those kinds of things have an ego. The problem is not that we have an ego, it's that we identify with it to the extent that we forget there's other parts of us. We get lost in certain habitual identities and then we stop looking. So, we're learning to
22:26 Speaker 00 Be present with the manifestation. So that has an interesting implication. A lot of people think spirituality is about transcending, about getting the hell out of here. I mean, gee whiz, we're all suffering a lot. Of course, we want to sort of shoot off into some, you know, non-dual condition where we won't be ouchy anymore. And completely understandable, but ultimately, I think that we need some experiences of that nature. But the more those are established, we start to bring that sensibility to our ego. When we do that, we're able to live what we've come to understand, instead of it being an escape from how we are most of the time.
23:11 Shane Parrish? I like to think of ego as something that helps us or hinders us. And we just need to be aware of where we are on that spectrum between those two at any given time. Like, nothing great would be accomplished without ego. We'd never try anything new. We'd never, you know, endeavor to do anything because we would, we need to feel confident. And where do you think that? Like, how do we identify when it's helping us and hurting us? And then a follow-up question to that is like, where does confidence come from?
23:45 Speaker 00 Well, it's, it's a tricky business, as you're saying. From my point of view, the ego is helpful to the degree it's taking its proper place. In other words, if I'm remembering what I am here and now, if I'm presencing with you here and now, then my ego is here as what it's for, which is to help me function in this world. It's a set of habits and customs and protocols and programs that are just help me to operate in the world. And I learned them very young and they still work. I don't particularly want to have to learn how to speak English all over again, right?
24:28 Speaker 00 So that is very functional and necessary. But when we are present in those centers, like I was saying, the ego more naturally takes its correct position. It's meant to be a servant, not the master, is the traditional way of putting it, and I think that's right. Confidence. Can be different things. Confidence could be acting tough, you know, that's a kind of ego version of it. But actually, organically, confidence arises out of our relationship with our body. Like, the more I feel embodied, the more I feel I'm here, I feel like I belong here.
25:11 Speaker 00 Like, it's, in a sense, right for me to be here, or I have a right to be here. And it's, it's not an inner debate. It's, it's not something that needs to be argued or asserted. It feels natural. So the more we're in our body, the more we're in our power. And that relates to one of the Enneagram points. From this point of view, each of the Enneagram points is a vital ingredient for living a good human life. And that's why we want to learn to embrace all of them and not just act like a cartoon of one of them.
25:44 Shane Parrish? Where, in your experience, teaching this to tens of thousands of people over the years, like, what are the limitations of the Enneagram? Where do people take this idea too far?
25:56 Speaker 00 Well, they take it too far all the time. For one thing, they try to put everything into the Enneagram. And there are things about human beings that just have nothing to do with the Enneagram. Talents, for example. If you have musical talent, or athletic ability, or you're, you have a good brain for numbers, whatever, all of those things really have nothing to do with your Enneagram point. They're independent factors. Enneagram can help us understand certain kind of emotional problems and things, but for others, good old regular psychology will do the trick. I think also, the big problem I see, you, you touched on this earlier, Shane. People learn this, and they use it to
26:36 Speaker 00 reinforce their self-concept. They use it, and oftentimes, and this is, you know, what I have to be very patient with, I do not bust people on their Enneagram type. I don't believe in, I think it's rude. And it's just also presuming that I know that truth, which I may or may not. I find that people identify with a concept, and sometimes it's not even their correct Enneagram type.
27:05 Shane Parrish? Oh, go on.
27:06 Speaker 00 So sometimes, like, a classic example here in North America is that a lot of people read this or learn it, and they instantly assume they're a four. I'm a four because I have deep feelings, and, well, guess what? Everybody has deep feelings. And I'm creative. Well, guess what? Everybody's creative. And, you know, there's a lot of factors-
27:31 Shane Parrish? They just see attributes that they like, and then they're like, oh, I'm not.
27:34 Speaker 00 Yes, yes. Or, I suffered in my childhood. Well, that's everybody. You know, so there's a way that we can use it to actually block it getting to us. There's a way we can prevent it from actually doing its magic. We can use the knowledge to strengthen our ego defenses rather than to work through them. And that's a common problem, particularly now that so many people are learning about it quickly, online, from people who never studied or trained in it, but who read a book or two and learned the basics. And the danger of the Enneagram is that if you know even a little bit about it, it seems like magic. Like, how did you know that?
28:19 Speaker 00 How did you know that about me? So you can seem like a wise guru, and you've just read a couple of books. But in point of fact, to actually be able to use this in service to ourselves and others is, requires a long apprenticeship in acquiring those capacities, skills I talked about, presence skills, and learning to be with people in that. That takes time.
28:45 Shane Parrish? Alexander Pope had that poem where he said, at Perion Spring, right? A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. And we read a website, and all of a sudden, we're experts, and we can teach it to everybody else.
28:56 Speaker 00 Yeah, and that's the thing. I have a friend named Suzanne Stabeel, who co-wrote a book called The Road Back to You with a man named Ian Cron. And their book is hugely popular. It's just out recently. And it's particularly popular with evangelical Christians, who are the new group that's just flooding into awareness of this. And it's understandable. I think a lot of Christians are seeking a deeper, more mystical relationship with their faith. Stands to reason. The Enneagram has some of its roots in Christianity, so that would be a natural. But Suzanne was talking with me, and she asked me this great question. And just to paraphrase it, she's saying,
29:40 Speaker 00 "How do we old timers hold the enthusiasm and energy of all these new people, when a lot of that enthusiasm is based on an assumed knowledge or mastery of something that we've spent decades, our whole adult life, trying to master?"
29:57 Shane Parrish? Right. And you're not going to figure it out in five minutes on the internet.
30:01 Speaker 00 Right, right. Yeah. And just, there's a thing here that it does reveal to me is that it is true that everybody has access, everybody has a point of view, everybody has some kind of truth. But sometimes, in that conversation, what drops out is the value of experience. That, you know, there are people with more experience. And some things, like working with people's psyche, you kind of want somebody of a little more experience. I don't want to go and get brain surgery from someone who's just read a couple of medical books. I want somebody who's had experience in how to do surgery and had medical training and so forth.
30:46 Speaker 00 And the Enneagram, in a sense, we're going into the core motivations. So it goes very deep. It's not like Myers-Briggs or some of the others, which has no diss to those systems. It's just that the Enneagram is looking at a deeper... Layer of human motivation. So it opens up a lot more for people. So I I'm just, I suppose I'm just advocating for the fact that we need to be humble and patient in learning it because it takes a long time.
31:14 Shane Parrish? Can we dissect experience a little like as you were saying that I was thinking back to this study I read a while ago about doctors and it was like they stopped getting better after sort of like five or six years of practice. So experience beyond that point doesn't actually correlate and I'm going to have to look this up and try to find it for people, but experience doesn't correlate for beyond a certain point. Like at what point, like what is experience? Is it? Is it just that you've gone through something? Or is it the reflection component that you thought about it? And then you come up with sort of heuristics on the other side of it or an understanding or simplicity because you've gone through the complexity? Walk me through your, your thoughts on like what experience actually is.
31:57 Speaker 00 Oh, what a cool question. Yeah, there's, well, there's some elements to it in this work that's a little different than maybe what they were finding in that study.
32:09 Speaker 00 And if I look at it more from a medical or a physiological perspective, one thing that they were studying out in California a few years back at UCLA Medical and some other places was the fact that what we're calling mindfulness or presence changes some things about the human brain, which isn't surprising to people who have explored it. But you know, it's interesting that they actually were looking at this. They were doing real time brain scans and they were actually studying people with OCD, obsessive compulsive disorder,
32:49 Speaker 00 and seeing what methods helped them because it's known as a cognitive disorder. When they. Did this study, they gave placebos, they gave drugs, they gave them different things to do, they did different kinds of therapy, but they had one group that practiced, they learned mindfulness, they learned Buddhist meditation, practice, centering, presence, etc. What they discovered in doing these brain scans was something they did not expect, was that the group that was practicing mindfulness had good results in terms of their OCD, but also that it seemed to reactivate what psychologists call neuroplasticity.
33:31 Speaker 00 Neuroplasticity is our brain's ability to rewire itself. Now, it was thought for many, many years that there were limits to neuroplasticity, and that basically, we were hugely enabled to rewire in the first few years of our life.
33:52 Shane Parrish? Right, and then after that?
33:53 Speaker 00 It kind of drops off precipitously. But the study suggests, to those willing to look at the data, that no, we stopped being present around age five or six.
34:08 Shane Parrish? What does it mean to be present?
34:10 Speaker 00 Well, that's a lifelong study right there.
34:14 Shane Parrish? I need the 30 seconds internet answer.
34:16 Speaker 00 Okay, the short answer, yeah. Well, going back to the centers, the centers are a great way to sort of calibrate that. Am I with my breath? Can I sense my body here and now? That's one indicator. Am I identified with my emotional reactions? And by the way, being detached and shut down is a reaction. Or am I meeting my emotions with a fuller sense of heart? Is there any quiet in my mind? Or am I completely identified with that incessant inner dialogue? Right, so?
34:56 Speaker 00 All of those are indicators on these different fronts. And the more we're present, the more we are able to access these other resources. And the way we learn to do that is simply by bringing attention to those things. As soon as I bring attention to my breath, to my sensation, to the kind of luxurious feeling of really being here in this body, for example, just to use that one center, the more we tend to be present and we'll start to notice things that we were not noticing before. And that's the other sign is that the field of our attention deepens, gets crisper, and we notice all kinds of things that ordinarily we don't notice.
35:41 Speaker 00 Because our attention when we're not present is sort of welded to these preoccupations and patterns. And that's what we're looking at with the Enneagram. That's what our type does without presence. It tends to become the survival machine.
35:57 Shane Parrish? I always thought of presence sort of as where you are on the spectrum between the past and the future. And there's only one moment right now. And if you're thinking about the future, you're not present. If you're thinking about the past, you're not present.
36:09 Speaker 00 That's one way it can manifest, but I would suggest that you can be present to thinking about the future.
36:16 Shane Parrish? Oh, go deeper on that.
36:18 Speaker 00 Yeah. For example, if I'm really here in the moment with my body and breath, and I need to think about what I'm gonna do next week, I can be aware of myself in the here and now and present with the thinking process and planning of that. Otherwise, we start to think of presence as a trance, which it isn't. That's a common error that people make, and this is the experience side of it. We think of presence as a groovy place to hang out where life won't bug us anymore. Right? That's the trance of point nine, for example, which is at the top of the Enneagram for a reason.
37:03 Speaker 00 When we are actually present, we're present with content. We're present with what's happening in our body. We're noticing our postures and how we're breathing. We're noticing what's in our emotions. We're noticing what's in our mind. And as we're noticing, again, it gives us options. In other words, instead of my mind just coming back to its obsessions and its fears and its the paces it goes through every day. I used to say, can you imagine if we could, like in The Matrix, plug something into the back of your head, but instead, put a little TV screen on top of your head and along with our masks we're wearing these days, you put a little screen up there with two little speakers
37:48 Speaker 00 hanging down the side and everybody could see what I'm thinking. I think people would quickly realize no one's thinking. No one's thinking about anything. Our minds are on idle, just running and regurgitating the same nonsense over and over and over 98% of the time, and I'm being kind. To think, to realize, to ponder, to not question as a position of skepticism, but question is to really be curious about something is not common. And those are attributes of being a little more present.
38:22 Shane Parrish? I like that a lot. Okay, let's finally dive into these types here. This is a question you've probably had a million times, but let's go through all nine and maybe you can give the name of them and then maybe the one or two sentence summary of the key sort of behaviors associated with that dominant type.
38:41 Speaker 00 So just diving in, a lot of times I like to start with eight and people want to know, why don't you start with one? Well, it's because there's a certain order to the way these are. They're not a random grab bag. And the eight, nine, and one represent what we call a triad and they represent the intelligence of the body. So you go through eight, nine, and one, you get lessons about embodiment, what that means. Eight, starting off with eight, it's, we call this type the challenger.
39:15 Speaker 00 And it's pretty easy to recognize a kind of person. So the way I like to talk about is what's the gift here? And what's the challenger, the difficulty? The gift of the eight is that when we're present and we're connected with what it's really about, we feel confident, to answer your earlier question. We feel empowered. We feel not like we're powerful, but we're empowered. And the more we are with that, the more we are living life in immediacy and fullness and energy. And we got it and we are decisive. We don't dilly-dally around. We're not timid.
39:57 Speaker 00 The downside of this is each type, the ego does a substitute for the real thing. And so the substitute in the eight and the eight part of all of us is to the degree, we don't feel that aliveness and energy and immediacy. We get tough and we harden ourselves and we resist. And we also control. So we become, we control our feelings. We don't want to cry. We control our lives in different ways. We control other people if we feel like they're going to get to us. So and to the degree that we're disconnected from the eight gift, we're going to be some kind of a control freak.
40:42 Speaker 00 And that can go very far. So as I said, a person who is an eight is it isn't that they're not engaging the other, the other eight types, but that that's their, the main track they need to be aware of. That movement between that alive, real, sensitive empowerment and that kind of hardening oneself. So the nine, next door neighbor, Dawn and I call this the peacemaker. And each Enneagram teacher, each Enneagram teacher tends to have their own names for it. But I always encourage people, the names are just there to get you started. I always use the numbers because they're neutral. They don't say anything about the type, good or bad.
41:23 Speaker 00 And they don't highlight a particular quality at the expense of another. But nine's peacemaker is about.
41:32 Speaker 00 When we're present, we're grounded. And we feel at home in ourself. And as feeling at home in ourselves, we are, our agitation settles. We feel peaceful. We feel ready for life. And we feel more, this is the weird thing. The more present we are in our body, the more we feel connected with everything. We feel connected with nature, with life. We, we feel more of the wholeness of everything. That comes through our body. It's not a cognitive thing. So, um, that's beautiful. And a lot of great things come out of it. People who are nines have that beautiful capacity to land and invite other people in for a landing. Nines also tend to be very creative type.
42:16 Speaker 00 That always gets underestimated. A lot of great musicians and artists and writers are nines. When nines are not so present, what we do is we disengage. We're still there at the meeting, but we're not there at the meeting. We're saying, "I love you" to our partner, but we're just saying it. And there's a way we, we've sort of withdrawn ourselves into an inner world that we then protect against the outer world. And that, that disengagement, and you know, everybody does this to some degree. Nines are just the best at it. And it's something we learned to do in childhood to handle what was scary or overwhelming. It's a great example.
42:58 Speaker 00 But when we're in there, it, it's costly in the long run to our relationships, to our work, and so forth. And so there's a way that nines don't really bring their gifts forward, even when they're brilliant and so talented. And, and so you can get into a place where people just wanting to connect with you feels threatening. So you, you just stay in that inner world. One is the reformer. I've also called one the educator. One is the part of us that really loves integrity.
43:33 Speaker 00 That has, it's a kind of when we're in our body, we kind of naturally don't slouch. We're not like all crunched up. We kind of, when people are present, there's a beautiful alignment and expressiveness to the way people are. There's an elegance and a dignity to people who are more present. And that dignity and alignment is what the ones are generating and expressed behaviorally as integrity, honesty. There's a way that the ones then, when we're in that space, life feels more sacred. And I don't mean by that according to any particular religious point of view, although if you have a religious point of view, it would make it more real and immediate for you. But people have sacred
44:18 Speaker 00 experiences that aren't necessarily connected with any religious belief. So that beautiful part of the self is also about, and it's hard to find language for this, but it's about goodness, feeling good, knowing there's goodness in me. So much of the difficult part of ego is that we feel not good. So much so that we even get defensive by trying to be badass, like we're trying to be bad, just as a defense against the despair of feeling the loss of goodness. So it's easy to look at the world and see, man, where is the goodness? Right? And so the one out of presence can't feel or find that goodness
45:01 Speaker 00 in the same way. And so the world seems kind of corrupt, nasty, dishonest, mean spirited. And so the ego rises up and says, well, I gotta set things straight. I gotta be a straight arrow. I gotta, and that natural alignment becomes a kind of physical tension because it's all on my shoulders and I'm going to make sure things straighten up and fly right, at least in my world. And if I can affect beyond that, so much the better. So it's like being a warrior for goodness. But again, the ego in trying to do that tends to create even more problems for myself and others.
45:40 Speaker 00 I've become kind of rigid, kind of testy, impatient sometimes, judgmental, not attractive traits and not things that I really wanna be. But it's it's out of the ego trying to get someplace that it's is not really its province. Moving along, we come to the heart triad, which is two, three, and four. Two is um the part of the heart that where we feel connected with others. And you know, obviously with someone we are in relationship or love or could be family member, could be, you know, friend, but can be with animals.
46:19 Speaker 00 You know, if a lot of people have their pets and my gosh, you can sure have a heart connection with your pet. But you can even have heart connection with nature, with the sky, you know? It's the way our heart kind of goes out into some kind of sense of communion. And it's also the part of our heart that wants to respond. Like when we see need, when we see hurt, when we see suffering, there's just natural. It takes a lot of conditioning to stop this part of a person can happen. But we naturally respond when we see someone in need. And that part of us is the two part. And it's intelligent, the heart is smart. It's not just having sentimental feelings.
47:02 Speaker 00 When it's liberated, our responses to people and their difficulties are intelligent. Like sometimes we might see someone crying and we get the the heart wisdom. Give them space. This person needs to cry. They haven't cried for years. If I go over and and fuss over them, that's actually gonna stop something they really need to do. So that heart intelligence is attuned. Now, when we are not present, that beautiful heart connection, we can't feel it. And the the beautiful attunement, the intelligence that gets blurry. So we're going out trying to do thing, we get more impulsive if we are attuned to trying to do things for people,
47:47 Speaker 00 whether they need it or want it. And the other side of it is we're trying to connect all the time, which blocks us from noticing the ways we already are connected.
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48:56 Speaker 00 Like if, you know, I ride, I live here in New York City. I ride the subways and sometimes, you know, without being, you know, in any way creepy, you can just be sitting on the subway or a bus and you just make that little eye contact with somebody for a second, just a little smile and a nod, and there's nothing that needs to be said, but in that moment, it's like two hearts said, "Howdy." And I'm a human and you're a human and we're on this journey and there's something that can change your whole day, if you have a moment like that. You feel connected. That's right. That's a moment of essence. That's a moment of a deeper aspect that the Enneagram is trying to get us back to.
49:36 Speaker 00 That's not weird or far out, or, these are real, normal, human experiences that make our life livable, but we forget how to get there. That's the point. And that's the helper? That's the helper, yes. Thank you for reminding me to put the name in. Yeah, so that's the helper, and you see why it's called that. The next point is three. We call this type the achiever. And three is having to do with the heart, although people our threes might not initially recognize themselves as heart types. Because threes are the doers of them all. They're doing stuff. They're active. They like to have
50:16 Speaker 00 things to do. They like to focus on getting things done. Get that checklist done.
50:23 Shane Parrish? The type is the world who are waiting for this to get to the nine items.
50:28 Speaker 00 That's right. Get through the stuff and get to the goal. And threes are also thinkers. They can be very smart. They strategic. They like to have plans and lay things out and they like to be logical. All that being said, what's motivating them is from their heart because the heart is where we find meaning. Meaning is not cognitive. You can argue endlessly in your head about what's meaningful, but if it doesn't land in your heart, you don't get it. Meaning, purpose, big word for
51:06 Speaker 00 threes, having a purpose. And it's weirdly the heart that connects our self as consciousness with our functional life. It's through the heart that we feel the connection between what we are beyond our personality and our actions in the world. And when that's happening, it's what, you know, if we're talking about this in the business world, what we call flow. It's about when you're in that state of flow, you're just with your heart, you're present, you're just doing what you do and you're loving it and you're not reviewing yourself or worried about what anybody else thinks about. You're just into it and doing it. And that's a hard thing. Our hearts get so lit up when we're able
51:51 Speaker 00 to do that.
51:53 Shane Parrish? Right.
51:54 Speaker 00 And so threes at their best, they know that they're finding, they're taking their amazing talents and skills and boy, they really work to acquire those things, but those things are in service to stuff they care about. It's in service to what they love. And then in a way, what they're doing is like an act of love, you know, whatever it is, whether they're helping out their family or whether they're doing their career, whatever. And that's a gorgeous way to live. When we lose the presence. The doing stays, but the sense of meaning fades. So we think that by getting stuff done, we'll get that sense of meaning. We think that by accomplishing that goal, then we're going to feel all happy about ourselves.
52:39 Speaker 00 But you don't need to go too far looking at the newspapers and magazines and blogs to see that many enormously successful people are in great despair. Get into addiction, commit suicide, et cetera, because it feels like such a ripoff to work so hard, achieve those goals, and you still feel empty inside. So the three is about that journey back to the heart being there in the midst of what we're doing in this world. So you can think of all these as a journey or a lesson, as much as they are a type of person. If you are that type, it means that's your kind of personal myth. That's your life journey.
53:24 Speaker 00 That's your hero's journey, you could say. So the four, the one I was mentioning earlier, that everybody seemed to want to be in North America. This is not true, by the way, in Asia. They don't want to be fours in Asia.
53:36 Shane Parrish? I was gonna ask you after how cultures play into how we see ourselves, but four, let's go through the list first.
53:44 Speaker 00 Okay. So four is that our heart brings depth and intimacy. People always say they like intimacy, but when it actually starts to happen, they sometimes get a little scared because intimacy is the experience of landing the depth of what we are beyond our personality. So if we're really identified with thinking that we're our personality, when we actually have a moment of intimacy, in that moment, who am I? Who is my friend? What's actually here? The mystery deepens. But as the mystery deepens, and we're actually moving closer to what we are beyond our personality, let's say our true identity, everything gets more beautiful.
54:28 Speaker 00 Everything's filled with a kind of resonance and mystery and beauty. And fours are on the lookout for that. And when they're in their healthier manifestation, they're bringing that to other people. They're inviting people into that. They're creating a life of intimacy and beauty and richness. And they're reminding other people to come back to their depth and humanity.
54:55 Shane Parrish? And fours are the individualists.
54:58 Speaker 00 That's right. I don't often use examples, but I just was posting the other day about your fellow Canadian, Joni Mitchell, as a great example of an Enneagram four, who has done exactly what I was talking about, as that was her offering to the world. When we lose the presence, it's as though the mystery and the beauty fade. And then the world seems barren, ugly, pedestrian, purposeless, dull, and so forth. Just as the three, there's no meaning. Why am I doing all this? The four is like, who am I? What am I? What is the point of all this? And there's a kind of existential despair about the loss of this depth and mystery and beauty.
55:43 Speaker 00 Everything seems ugly. I sometimes feel ugly, right? I've lost whatever it was that made me beautiful. And so, there's a, the four in the fixated pattern is, gets caught up in emotional reactivity. Because I know that what I lost has something to do with my heart, but I can't go to that deeper place without the presence. So what I see is all my reactions to the loss, that my reaction to this ugly, crude, senseless world. And that, or to myself and all the ways I feel I'm not being this truth of what I am. And so that reactivity kind of engulfs me.
56:28 Speaker 00 And then it makes it very hard to have a good life. So we move on to the five, six, and seven, the head types. Have to do with being more or less connected with our presence in the head center.
56:45 Shane Parrish? So, so hold on, the, the eight, nine and one were which type?
56:50 Speaker 00 The body or belly.
56:51 Shane Parrish? Body and then the two, three and four were the heart.
56:54 Speaker 00 Heart.
56:55 Shane Parrish? And then so the five, six and seven are the head. So the five is the investigator?
57:00 Speaker 00 That's right, the investigator. Another popular name is the observer, which is fair enough, but I think it, it muddies the water a little bit because nines are also good observers. Nines observe, but observing and investigating are kind of different. There's more of an aggression investigation. You're gonna go find out. You're gonna, you know, you're not just looking at the beautiful stone. You're turning it over and looking what's under it or you're chipping off a piece and looking at what it, what's inside. So investigator is the five and the, the five has to do with the, the capacity in human beings to come to realizations, to new awarenesses, to seeing new truth.
57:46 Speaker 00 And, you know, think of where we'd be if we didn't have that. We'd still be back in caves, if we even found caves, right? So that capacity is enormous to come to, to have a kind of clarity, a clarity of thought, of communication, of perception. And I would add that another big component here is that when we find our true mind, our deeper mind, it brings with it a sense of solitude. Solitude is a kind of inner quiet that's kind of not disturbed by the activities of life, not disturbed by other people. So that solitude is kind of like I can hear myself think.
58:26 Speaker 00 So those are really important and in a healthy five, not only are those qualities there, but they're also in service of the heart. It's kind of a Buddhist view here. The, the awareness and the realization, the enlightenment about what's true and isn't, is helping me see what's needed and help people, help the world. It's, it's in service of the heart, in service of compassion. The other big element here is also as you see what's real, you're also seeing what you've believed that isn't real. So it's the part of us that can liberate us from stuff we used to believe. That we now see, well, okay, that was like training wheels. It was good at the time, but I don't really need that now.
59:09 Speaker 00 And so we can let go of concepts and beliefs and ideas without getting freaked out. It's, and that's necessary for us to grow up. And certainly if we're going to get any freedom from our personality pattern. So when fives are not so present, their, their challenge area is that they're trying to have that knowing and discerning of truth and untruth and their solitude, but without the basis of them. So what happens then is my, my mind is constantly working, trying to figure things out. What's going on here? What is this? What's that? What's that? You'll see sometimes little kids who are fives going around naming everything. Like, oh, that's, there's a truck on, there's a plane.
59:53 Speaker 00 It's like, I'm constantly trying to establish what's here and what isn't. What's real and what isn't? That can lead to certain kinds of expertise, but can also really lead me down a rabbit hole of obsessive thinking. And the, the need for solitude becomes the avoidance of human contact. So it's not true that fives don't want any human contact, but they want to be in control of the duration and amount of it.
1:00:21 Shane Parrish? Oh, that's interesting.
1:00:23 Speaker 00 Yeah, I'll, I'll go to the party with you darling, but what time will we come home?
1:00:28 Shane Parrish? Right. Or I need to know a destination when we're going for a walk or something. You need to know.
1:00:33 Speaker 00 Exactly. Yeah, it's like, I'm willing to do it, but I, I, the sense of the five starts to be that more than a little will probably burn me out, deplete me, uh, be too much. And so depending on some variations within the type, which that's another whole topic. You know, my capacity for being with people is, is perceived as limited. So then that can lead me to a lot of isolation and the isolation and weird thoughts and away we go. One of the types that when we are having problems, they actually look like mental problems. It's not, some of the types, they're still running a company or a country and they got a lot of problems, but fives look like they got problems.
1:01:19 Speaker 00 So six, we call this type originally the loyalist, although not one we're, we don't call that in Ireland. The loyalist is, I also like to call this type the troubleshooter, because a troubleshooter is somebody who's anticipating problems and looking down the road and figuring out what could go wrong, and then doing the necessary steps to make sure that those bad things don't happen. Or perhaps they're also looking at problems that have happened and considering alternative things to do to create safety. And that's what sixes do. Sixes are just as much thinkers as fives.
1:02:03 Speaker 00 They're very analytical, they think about a lot of things, but they're more overtly feeling than fives are. They're more openly emotional. They respond more to people's emotions. That being said, what is their gift? The gift of the six is the quality of alertness and awakeness and paying attention, even the ability to pay attention. Like, how cool that we can be mindful. You know, that there's, that we can gather our attention and notice what's going on. And that serves them in paying attention to what's going on in their life, with their families, with their loved ones, with their company, et cetera.
1:02:48 Speaker 00 And sixes often will get this heart feeling of being entrusted with something. There's, it's, I'm on my watch now. I'm, yeah, I'm in the night watch, right? A little, for you Game of Thrones fans. And I have a duty to uphold something and to be aware. And on my watch, I'm going to do my best to make sure these things get taken care of. And I'll use my mind to do that. And so there's a kind of devoted quality, a beautiful sense of service in sixes that I find very lovely. Now, when we lose presence, we lose that sense of alertness, awakeness.
1:03:28 Speaker 00 It's an interesting thing, too, that alertness, when it's present, is also steadying. We feel more confident, courageous, steady.
1:03:39 Speaker 00 It stabilizes us somehow. And when we lose it, the awareness turns into a kind of hypervigilance. We're like, we're like deer that just heard a sound, like, what was that? What was that? What's going on? What's happening next? When, when's this pandemic gonna be over? What's happening here? Right? And so our minds now get activated and we start to hyperthink. And that hyperthinking is driven by anxiety. That anxiety then is, is not what my focus is. My focus is on my thoughts that are generated by the anxiety. But I'm now, I, life isn't to be lived or enjoyed, it's to be handled. And so I'm like, in my mind, forever putting out fires, fixing problems,
1:04:24 Speaker 00 dealing with life rather than living. And then the stress of that can get really wearing. And I can get impatient with myself and others and really kind of into a downward spiral where just, I, I feel like nothing I do is ever good enough. And that, that, I'm like in a pit of sand that no matter what I do, it just keeps getting worse.
1:04:46 Shane Parrish? The self sabotage in that one seems very more apparent.
1:04:50 Speaker 00 Yes. Dawn used to say, and I, I like this, that the three anchors of the difficult parts of the ego can be found in the nine, the three and the six that are on the central triangle. Self forgetting is the nine, just forgetting to be present here. I, it doesn't matter if I'm here. Three is self deception. I am the ego and what the ego wants is what's important and what's gonna fulfill me. Wrong. But we have to convince ourselves to keep going with a lot of this stuff. And then six is you, you named it self sabotage. How I keep my life off kilter so that there isn't the space to consider that there might be anything else going on here.
1:05:34 Speaker 00 Uh, so anyway, you get the idea of that being kind of anxious. Sixes are one of the types that sometimes thinks they're fours because they, they, when they're caught in their stuff, they have a lot of emotions and they, they have a really low self concept. So they can think they're fours. Seven.
1:05:52 Speaker 00 Is our last stop on the train. Seven is also about the head center. So we saw that clarity of the five, the awakeness of the six. Seven is the openness of mind. This is the enthusiast. The enthusiast, right. And so there's a kind of enthusiastic, positive energy, curiosity, willingness to try things, try new food, try new experiences, travel, experience this world while we're here. And, and that openness also brings a sense of appreciation. That openness experience brings a kind of lightness of heart and makes us feel positive,
1:06:35 Speaker 00 but not a positivity that's an avoidance of difficulty or pain. It's the positivity that's there for us when we're having difficulty and pain. It doesn't flee because we're having difficulty. It's, it's the spirit in us that stays there even when we're having a terrible time. When sevens are in their power, they're the most exploratory, adventurous people. They check things out, they read, they study, they learn about a lot of things. They, if something grabs their attention, they check it out. And that's a cool thing. Not only that, but they're the ones who bring hope. They bring positivity. When bad things are happening, they rise to the occasion
1:07:19 Speaker 00 and, and show people that, you know, don't give up. We can still do this. They keep the lights on. And so they're the bringers of that positivity. When they lose their, oh, the other big thing here, I didn't say, is that openness is also the experience of freedom, but inner freedom. It's, it's freedom, not as the ego understands it. It's, it's not that I have freedom, it's that my nature is freedom. In my soul, I am free. It's funny how many people discovered that in prison. Go deeper on that. Yeah, I was in South Africa years ago. I used to go there and teach pretty regularly and, you know,
1:08:03 Speaker 00 God willing and health permitting, I'll go there again sometime. Beautiful country, great people. But I was at Robben Island and went and visited the prison cell of Nelson Mandela.
1:08:18 Speaker 00 And it was really small and very simple, very primitive and just thinking of him in there for years. But it was in there that his vision of how to save South Africa and end apartheid came to him. And if you read his writings, it was there when he didn't have the ego's idea of freedom, he found his inner freedom. Now, we would want him to have the outer kind too. But the cool thing about the inner kind is you can't take that away from somebody.
1:08:49 Shane Parrish? Right.
1:08:50 Speaker 00 You know, people found that, you know, Viktor Frankl wrote about this.
1:08:54 Shane Parrish? Yeah, I was just thinking that about the Holocaust and his experience and Auschwitz, right? And he said, the last of the human freedoms is sort of like the ability to respond.
1:09:04 Speaker 00 Yes. And exactly. And so people sometimes discover these deeper aspects. Sri Aravind in India, one of the great saints of, of the last couple centuries of Indian religion, he also came to his realization while he was imprisoned for sedition against the British government. So, you know, what we're saying here, that doesn't mean that it's okay that people are suffering or imprisoned, or that's not what I mean, but that we will be dissatisfied by what looks like freedom to us, which on the ego is having more options, having more choices, being able to do whatever I want, which is, I call that lovingly, my inner
1:09:49 Speaker 00 two-year-old. Yeah. But real freedom, as one of my teachers used to say, is no longer being ruled by an inner two-year-old. Right? It's another thing. And look at these figures who found it. They didn't come out and just indulge themselves. They were pivotal figures for their cultures. So that finding that inner freedom, that positivity is, becomes a source of inspiration. When we lose it, then we're just trying to find what's interesting, keep our options open, do this, do that. And the danger for some is that they scatter themselves. They're often brilliant, talented people, but they don't, they lose patience with themselves before they get to the gold of whatever it is that they're exploring.
1:10:33 Speaker 00 So they're, they try this, they try that, they try that, but you can feel the kind of frustration that I'm looking for something. I'm trying to find out who I'm supposed to be when I grow up, right? But the, the point of matter is that that mental activity, like in the six and the five, is obscuring the freedom and the spaciousness that is my nature.
1:10:58 Shane Parrish? So just to recap for everybody, one was the reformer, two was the helper, three was the achiever, four was the individualist, five was the investigator, six was the loyalist, seven was the enthusiast, eight was the challenger, and nine was the peacemaker.
1:11:15 Speaker 00 Right.
1:11:16 Shane Parrish? And like, I, I remember reading one of your books in preparation for this, and you said the dominant emotions in the triad were anger, anxiety, and shame.
1:11:27 Speaker 00 Yeah.
1:11:28 Shane Parrish? Walk me through that, which is which? And, and that's when you're disconnected with your, your, your presence, right?
1:11:35 Speaker 00 Right. The idea is that when we start in the course of ego development in childhood, to lose the felt sense of what we are, which must happen, it happens, right? Just for some reason, we go through these developmental stages, and that's part of it. But in the course of losing that grounding, our heart goes into reaction, and our nervous system goes into reaction. And so we talk about these as kind of emotional, instinctual energies that are there in all ego states. So there's always some degree of anger or rage. And the way we look at this too, is that if you dig into particular psychological issues,
1:12:20 Speaker 00 you will sooner or later hit a layer that's just pure emotional energy, that what's really there underneath, whatever the story is, it's just a lot of anger that didn't have an outlet. And we talk about also how each of these emotions is workable. It's not bad or wrong. But again, if we bring that three-centered presence and kindness to it, it, it finishes its job. It does whatever it was there to do and it transmutes into an ingredient we actually need. So anger, if we're present with anger, it only lasts a few seconds. When we're not present with anger, it can last our whole life.
1:13:00 Shane Parrish? Yeah, I like to think about that as like, we often just push feeling actually aside. We, we analyze it, we rationalize it, we investigate it, but we, we do everything but actually feel that feeling and that emotion. And because we don't experience it, it, it comes to crop up later and it boils over and we, we can't. And if you just take the time in the moment to feel what you're feeling, it'll pass.
1:13:27 Speaker 00 That's right. And there's a difference between, this where some people get scared of their emotions. There's a difference between feeling my emotion and acting it out. Many people think if they feel their anger, they're going to go around smash things or attack people. But that's not it. The people going around smashing things and attacking people are not in touch with their anger. It's going instantly into a behavior and that's how they've learned to control it. But that's not the same as being with it.
1:13:58 Shane Parrish? So what does it mean to be with your feelings or your emotions?
1:14:02 Speaker 00 Well, again, it comes down to this acquiring the capacity to be in the body. If I'm in the body with anger, anger has very particular sensations. It usually feels like heat, for one thing. We may feel it in particular places. Sometimes it manifests when we're resisting it. It locks up our jaw, our necks get tense, our shoulders. There's a whole musculature around the resistance and holding of anger. But when we sort of let it go, it feels almost more liquidy and it feels like liquid heat. And that heat can be useful in dissolving these rigid places where I've been holding anger.
1:14:46 Speaker 00 So there's a logic to how we unpack. You know, some people have studied trauma. I think of Peter Levine, uh, looked at how animals are so good at just doing, going through their kind of physiological paces to release trauma. But trauma will usually come accompanied with really big emotional energies. It doesn't always have to be at the level of trauma, but we learn from that study that that's how you can work with these things. So just getting in touch with the energy of it, moving, expressing can all help to move anger through. When anger is present, it transmutes into empowerment and confidence
1:15:28 Speaker 00 and the ability to take a stand, to have a voice, to speak your truth. People who can't be in touch with their anger have trouble with all of those things. What do we do with anxiety? Anxiety is, um, it's deeper root. I, I was looking for a long time to find the right word. And I use this for the, the so-called passion of point six. Each type has a particular quote, passion, but we don't mean like being passionate. It means a form of suffering. And I couldn't find a good English word, so I turned to German. And the best word is angst, angst, which is not just anxiety,
1:16:08 Speaker 00 but the suffering of anxiety, the sort of twisted, anguished, ah, feeling. Anxiety is, you know, unprocessed fear. Oh, tell me more about that. Yeah, fear could be, you know, you see something dangerous. Uh, somebody's approaching you with a weapon in their hand. If fear is just suddenly adrenaline pumps through your system and activates your arms and legs to move and groove you toward running away or fighting back or, or freezing, you know, fear is, you know, fight, flight or freeze. However, when we don't process fear, it becomes this backlog of sort of jitters and unease and not being able to sink into ourself and.
1:16:54 Speaker 00 It keeps our mind turning and turning and turning, you know, I noticed a lot of people as we're having this conversation, we're in the midst of this COVID experience across the planet and a lot of people are having anxiety, needless to say. And so a lot of, what's a manifestation, sleeplessness, a lot of people having trouble getting to sleep at night. So this restless quality is, is the symptom of anxiety and the mind turning. But anxiety, when we feel it, again, it's an energy in the body. It feels like battery acid, it's kind of acrid and energized and little electrical feeling. When we presence anxiety
1:17:40 Speaker 00 and we, we're with it in the body, with the heart, with the mind, to whatever degree we can, it transmutes into awakeness, into paying attention. Cause when we're scared, we're not sleepy, we're not out of it.
1:17:55 Speaker 00 Our attention may be misdirected, but we're paying attention. If you hear a bump in the middle of the night, you're suddenly not sleepy. You know, you're suddenly boom, you're activated. So when you can relax, the tense reactive part of that, when you breathe through the anxiety, it becomes awareness, becomes lucidity. You know, I think it was
1:18:21 Speaker 00 Virginia Satir, who said that anxiety is excitement without breathing. So they're all workable, but again, the five, six and seven ha- tend to have more issues with anxiety. The turning thoughts, the restlessness and so forth. Sometimes people say, I'm not sure if I'm a nine or a five. I said, do you fall asleep easily or is it hard for you to sleep? There's, do your mind keep turning and you can't stop it or are you able to just chill out? That's one distinction. Whereas the eight, nine and one have more issues with anger and the expression of anger and finding out how to be with anger. The, uh, the two, three and four are about, we, we talk about shame. We also talk about hurt, brokenheartedness.
1:19:07 Speaker 00 If you've got an ego, you've got some brokenheartedness. Part of the challenge of waking up is being able to be with our brokenheartedness. And my gosh, everybody else. But it's a weird thing, you know, we're so afraid of it, yet it's the one of the main ways we human beings connect. When we can acknowledge each other's hurt and the difficulties and how despite the difficulties we've been through, somehow we're both still here. Well, that's kind of remarkable. So there's a sense of being able to learn to be with our brokenheartedness and not be into some kind of narrative or story about it. Like it's some proof, there's something wrong with me.
1:19:51 Speaker 00 I'm not lovable. I'm a flop. I'm boring. I'm not sexy, whatever. We have all kinds of negative narratives that can come out of that. On the other hand, the defense against it is narcissistic grandiosity. I'm more loving than anyone and without my help, everybody in my life will fall to pieces. Well, that's kind of grandiose. I'm the only one who knows what to do in this company. I can make things happen. I'm gonna, a little grandiose. I'm the most talented person around, maybe. I'm deeper and more profound than anyone I know. Really? How do you know that? That's a rather narcissistic view of yourself. I need to be needed. I need that validation. Exactly.
1:20:35 Speaker 00 Narcissism, if we look at it this way, is a pretty normal human thing. If we're going to work with this stuff, it needs to stop being a dirty word. We need to sort of acknowledge, everybody has some. But it's to what degree is it running my life? And what is it defending me against? People are more narcissistic, have big wounds and heartbreak around their lovability, their value, their sense of worth. And so they need to create an inflation as a defense against that. So when you're looking at this, this underlying shame. And hurt, the shame actually is the recognition, if I can be present with it,
1:21:16 Speaker 00 it's the recognition that I am aware that I'm not being my truth. I'm aware that I'm not who I am. And the first step I always tell my students is acknowledging that you don't know who you are is a step into who you are, right? To start to feel just that question alive. Then the shame becomes more of a fire that's going to carry me toward the truth that will set me free. And so, everything that we're looking at is workable. And that's why we learn it. It is no point in just saying, here's what's wrong with you. We already think there's so many things wrong with us. This is how the Enneagram takes us from what seems to be malfunctioning in us and connects it with what is most beautiful in us.
1:22:00 Speaker 00 That's, I think, the magic of it. It's both, yeah. What are wings and stress arrows? Wings are just the idea that whatever your Enneagram type, the two types on either side of your type on the circle represent tendencies or variations on the theme. So, for example, as a .5, my wings could be four, because going around the circle is four, five, six, so my wings could be four or six. Meaning, as a five, I lean towards the four side of that, or I lean toward the six side of it. Now, I think the wings are a little more flexible, and I used to talk about this with my friend, Richard Rohr, who some of you may know.
1:22:44 Speaker 00 We both felt that people in childhood figure out one of those angles gets my needs met better than the other one. Right. It gets fed. Exactly. You get your, people respond, you get taken care of by emphasizing some part of your type, the range of your type. But- As you get older, usually in midlife, some, some people in their 30s, some people in their 40s, some people in their 50s, you start to explore the other wing again, like, well, here's this part I kinda, this side of my type I didn't use. It's like opening up some rooms in your home that you, you, you closed off.
1:23:26 Speaker 00 Oh yeah, there's some old stuff here. It's kinda interesting. And you start to find this, it, it, part of the cool thing about midlife and going into your later years is you start to find these other parts of you that you didn't necessarily develop in the first part of your life.
1:23:42 Shane Parrish? Why do you think we find that later in life?
1:23:46 Speaker 00 I think because as we're getting started in life, we're, we're sort of eliminating things that don't get what we need. And we're putting our eggs in the baskets that seem to provide the best means for us to get what we're looking for. And so we narrow our focus. We're trying to figure out who we are when we're adolescents and teenagers. We're, we're trying things on and eliminating things. And so we're zeroing in on something. But having zeroed in on it and it producing whatever result it does, in the latter part of life, we can relax a little bit and say, okay, what's, what else is there in life? It's pretty normal, you know, a lot of the people that I
1:24:29 Speaker 00 end up working with who are in mid or later life, that's it. Like, I did X, Y, and Z, and now I'm feeling like, what's the, what are these chapters about other than, you know, playing golf or something?
1:24:41 Shane Parrish? Right. What are stress arrows?
1:24:44 Speaker 00 Stress arrows are the internal lines. If you look at the Enneagram symbol, it's got a circle, but each of the nine points has two internal lines connected to it. Now, one of the common misunderstandings is, and it came out of one of the, let's say, lineages of transmission in the early days of the Enneagram, is that one of those directions is good and one of them is bad. Well, it's not like that. They both are ingredients that can be helpful because they tend to be ingredients that get dropped when we're overly focused on our core point.
1:25:26 Speaker 00 When we're too identified, too stuck in the fixated pattern of our own type, we're not conscious of the importance of these other two directions. So they're sort of like skeleton keys, they're magic. So when we're not particularly present, these are so important to us, we act them out in different situations in life. Some more generally, some our loved ones are gonna get. So for example, I'll use my example again, I'm a five. When I am under stress, one of the directions is to seven. If you look on the Enneagram symbol, there's a line between five and seven.
1:26:04 Speaker 00 What that means is I can't focus, I can't contract, I can't withdraw anymore, I'm sort of fiving out, if you see what I mean. So the psyche automatically starts to compensate by bringing the opposite, which is the seven is to suddenly go out, explore things, do this, do that. I used to say I could tell how overstressed I am by how many books I have stacked on my nightstand. Because instead of reading one, I've started, you know, six. And that's more like a seven in stress. So it's not like I become a seven, but the seven represents a reaction to me overdoing my fiveness and a necessary reaction.
1:26:48 Speaker 00 But it's a very different thing when I'm consciously invoking the good qualities of seven as a balance to my own type. The other direction would be for me as a five would be eight. And so that direction I tend to be more blind to, but you know, I can be really, and the low side of it, the acting out of that can be real bossy. I can be real controlling. If there's a party going on, I'm gonna decide what the music is or I'm not going to that party. I'm not going to listen to somebody else's terrible mix unless I really trust them. Now, I'm better at that than I used to be, but when I was a younger guy, forget about it. Very dominating.
1:27:31 Speaker 00 If you guys don't want to do what I want to do, I'll go do it on my own. But I didn't see that about myself.
1:27:35 Shane Parrish? You marched to the beat of your own drum.
1:27:38 Speaker 00 And beyond that, I made other people march to the beat of my drum. But you see, I didn't see that about myself. But it represented, yeah, as a five, I needed that grounded, confident embodiment so that there was an outlet and an output for all this stuff I had figured out. So when I brought it in consciously, see consciously is also acknowledging the shadow part of it. But they suggest paths of development again. And so that's the really short version of it. You could do a big study of those inner lines. But some teachers say they're not really, they don't matter. I think if you take them out, you don't have the enneagram. You just have, again, a tic-tac-toe board of nine descriptions, which won't get you too far.
1:28:23 Shane Parrish? One of the things I appreciated when you were giving the descriptions is sort of what it looks like when you lose your presence and what it feels like and what happens in those cases. So you can sort of like feel yourself slipping away and see what that default response would be. How do you think about the mental biases arising from each of the nine sort of approaches or types?
1:28:46 Speaker 00 Oh, yeah, absolutely. We all are going to sort for what we value. And we're all going to look to certain kind of responses. Some types are looking for an emotional response. They're looking for some kind of visceral, real, put your cards on the table, get in the trenches with me. And so I'm looking for that. And my bias is that people respond that way are straight shooters. That's somebody I can work with, that's somebody I trust. Some types want to be positive and want to be inspired and want to be reassured and they want to reassure. And that's their gift and it's their bias.
1:29:29 Speaker 00 And some types don't want to get into positivity or emotions. They want to be logical and reasonable. And so that's what my prejudice is toward talking about things that way.
1:29:41 Shane Parrish? It needs to make sense to me. It needs to, yeah.
1:29:44 Speaker 00 Exactly. So I am always.
1:29:49 Speaker 00 Saying that if we're going to be skillful in human communication and working with people, we need to develop two other languages. We might kind of, usually people are really good at one and kind of okay at another and one, they just don't know that language. So if you're going to be good at this, you can be logical and rational, you can inspire and reassure and bring positive vibes, and you can be real and say what's really going on in you and invite that from others. And that doesn't, it sounds so easy and reasonable when you lay it out on paper, but actually doing it is not that common.
1:30:27 Shane Parrish? And how do we use this information? Like, how do organizations use this commonly to improve their ability to hire people or be more productive?
1:30:38 Speaker 00 Well, you know, people use it a lot of different ways. I've used it in a few particular modalities. There's things I think it's good for and things it's not good for. To go back to one of your earlier questions, my friend and colleague Catherine Bell lives out in Calgary and she's been using it in organizations a great bit. I have other colleagues here who have been doing so. I find that it's especially good for executive coaching and leadership development and kind of the formation and of qualities that are needed for people to be effective in any kind of leadership role in organizations. And I also find it very good for team building.
1:31:19 Speaker 00 And when I'm using it for teams, I'm not necessarily focusing on everybody, typing everybody in the room.
1:31:27 Shane Parrish? Oh, go on.
1:31:28 Speaker 00 I'm getting more of a sense, in a group, even a country or any organization, has certain type memes, if you like, dominant. And every group has certain type capacities or, or...
1:31:48 Speaker 00 Ingredients somewhat lagging, or in some cases even absent. And so you can look at a group that way and analyze, what do we do well? What comes easily as a group? What's been our focus? What's kind of okay? And what really do we need to put a little loving attention into? Because in my experience, the stuff that you leave out comes back to bite you on the backside later on if you don't deal with it.
1:32:15 Shane Parrish? What do you mean the stuff you leave out?
1:32:17 Speaker 00 Well, for example, practical example, I worked with a number of banks back in the mid to late knots, you know, around 2007 and so. And not surprisingly, a lot of financial institutions were reaching out for help at that point. Because in their, you know, 1130 wake up call, they realized they were in big trouble. And a lot of times I would work with a group of directors of those institutions. And what we found on their team over and over was they had a lot of energy that another grouping that we use the Enneagram, they a lot of assertive energy. They a lot of go getter energy, which you would expect from somebody in that
1:33:01 Speaker 00 in finance and arbitrage and so forth. You kind of need to be that if you're going to succeed in those businesses. And so there was a lot of that energy, a predominance of those types in the group. But also just their overall values were in that direction. So they saw a goal, went for it. There was a certain degree of what I call the sort of maintenance and standards types that were, and that energy was there, like maintaining things, making sure protocols were observed, making sure that, you know, things got connected and there was follow through and all that stuff. They had a certain degree of that. What they were almost always absent in was what I call strategic long view.
1:33:46 Speaker 00 Or what in in our book, we called the withdrawn style, which is they each corresponded types, three, seven and eight is the go getters, the the assertive, the initiators. And then the one, two and six is the dutiful style, altruistic, dutiful, make sure it gets done.
1:34:08 Shane Parrish? The mechanical sort of proficiency almost.
1:34:11 Speaker 00 Well, just making sure that the right things happen and. Willing to make sacrifices to have that occur.
1:34:18 Shane Parrish? Right.
1:34:19 Speaker 00 The, the four, five and nine are the withdrawn style, but in business I call them strategic long view because they're the people who are really quiet at the meeting and sometimes have something to say at the end. But their style is to take in all the bits of what's going on and get the gestalt of it and say something about the bigger picture. Now imagine banks in the mid knots making money hand over fist. What were they not doing?
1:34:49 Shane Parrish? Thinking about the future.
1:34:51 Speaker 00 They weren't seeing the bigger picture. They weren't seeing the implications. They were not hearing that waterfall that they were headed toward. They weren't reading the signals. They didn't want to because they were getting excited about approaching the goals that they had. So when, that's a really practical example, and I think a pretty understandable one. So when you bring in that view, when I work with a group like that, I wouldn't necessarily say you got to hire a certain type. That may or may not be practical, but we'd look at the group and say, who in this group can play that role? Which one of you could reasonably, and then they have an interesting creative discussion about it. So I, when I use it in organizations, I'm not using it going around typing people because a lot
1:35:35 Speaker 00 of times people just get obnoxious with that. They, they use it to make fun of colleagues. I mean, that's not helpful, but I use it to help them see their strengths and weaknesses in accomplishing whatever their particular mission is.
1:35:52 Shane Parrish? I think it's also, I mean, it sounds like it'd be super useful in the context of a couple or a relationship, right? Where, walk me through that. Let's, let's dive into that.
1:36:02 Speaker 00 Sure. I, you know, one thing that Dawn and I always used to say, people would ask us questions like, which type should I be with? I'm this type. What would be a good type for me? And Dawn's funny answer was always healthy.
1:36:17 Speaker 00 Get a healthy type. Uh, the, the higher side of any of them, somebody who's done some psychological work is gonna be a more of a delightful person to live with. And I would add, i- if you wanna be with such a person, make sure you're ready.
1:36:33 Shane Parrish? Right. What does that mean to be ready?
1:36:35 Speaker 00 Well, that you've been looking at yourself, you know yourself, you know your guts. You, you have some awareness of your strengths and weaknesses. And you've done some psychological or some spiritual work. So that you are able to engage meaningfully in conversations about these things should problems come up and will problems come up? Yes, they will.
1:36:56 Shane Parrish? Yeah, how you handle those problems is sort of like everything, right?
1:37:01 Speaker 00 Absolutely. So it gives, I think, gives a lot of couples language to talk about what's going on with them. It helps them see where they align on values and where they see things differently. And so when I'm counseling couples that really are committed to working things out with each other, uh, I'm always saying, okay, here's where you guys are different. How can you turn that into a benefit? Where you're kind of coaching and helping each other with something that's your strength, but you're also receiving the strength and the wisdom of your, your partner who has a different set of values. We get into that, talking about just the Enneagram types, but there are all kind of
1:37:43 Speaker 00 other elements to that, like we haven't talked about the subtypes or the instincts is another. You could do a whole.
1:37:48 Shane Parrish? Oh, yeah, we would be here a week just for that, yeah. But like, maybe we could break it up into the triad a little bit. And if I'm, um, if I'm in a relationship or I'm married to somebody who's thinking, like, how do I, how can I, um, go deeper into my connection with them? Or what if they're feeling, uh, what do I do as a partner to, um, to bring that to a more meaningful place? Or what if they're anxious? How do I respond when they are anxious? What are the things that we can do as partners to improve that aspect of our relationship? And go deeper with our partner?
1:38:25 Speaker 00 Well, it's kind of a two parter and, uh, there's general principles I could give us in, in the timeframe we have. Um, people, when they're having difficulties, are always hoping that someone will show up for them in the way they would for us when they're, they're best. For example, if if I'm in relationship with a nine,
1:38:50 Speaker 00 when I think about my nine beloved or my nine friend, what do they do that's so helpful to me when they're at their best? They're just there. They're not laying trips on me. They're not putting an agenda on me. They're not trying to fix me. They're just there in a steady, kind, understanding way. And and in that I can kind of find my feet and and get back into orientation again. They're present, you feel safe. They're present, you feel safe, not laying trips. Guess what my beloved nine wants? Me to do, right? Be there in the same way.
1:39:29 Speaker 00 Yes. Now, I may bring also the gift of what I can do from my type, but I don't have to think about that. I just do that very automatically. But if I do that in the context of what that person is seeking, that reminds them of them at their best, which helps them find their center. So my eight friend would be really fiercely there with me, would be so there, would be inviting me to to talk about what I was feeling, would let me know that they're strong enough, they can take it. Let me know, right? And and that kind of bid for realness, that's what they want. They want to know, I'm in the trenches with them. I I'm I'm with them. I'm not feeling their feelings for them,
1:40:13 Speaker 00 but I get it and I'm there and I'm I care, right? I got you. That's it. So you, if you study your partner as what they do, as their gift to you when you're having trouble, see if you can bring some of that to them. That's one thing. The other thing is that by those triads, as you were asking me, each triad, meaning the belly oriented types, the heart oriented types, they're looking for certain things from their relationship. For the eight, nine, and one, they're looking for respect.
1:40:50 Speaker 00 They're looking for a field of respect. So if you look at the eight, nine, and one, even if they're troubled, even if they're having a terrible time, they can feel if you're there in a way that honors their integrity, their autonomy, who they are. You're with them, respecting them and who and what they are, even in the midst of their difficulty, and they will pick that up. Because again, at their best, that's what they do. And again, it's kind of a non-negotiable. Eight, nine, and one, you know, if I don't feel you're respecting me, you know, the deal's off. I'm done with you. Nines might be nice about it.
1:41:29 Speaker 00 They, it's a namaste with a certain Anglo-Saxon phrase that follows it. But, you know, that I've written you off. You don't respect me. But it's also true that they, when they're really angry with somebody, they punish people by not respecting them. Two, three, and four want to be seen, known, and validated. You see me, you get me, you're validating, you're okaying, you're with my feelings.
1:42:09 Speaker 00 All those types may later on want to sort things out. Okay, let's see what this is really about. But that ain't gonna happen if first there isn't that sense that you're with me, you're seeing me, you're getting me, you're really wanting to know me, you care about that I'm having these feelings, and you're letting me have these feelings. Right? And they work that out in different ways. It's sort of interesting because fours, that's leads. They're gonna put those feelings out right away and see what other person does. The two and three are more cagey. I don't necessarily trust that you will be with my feelings or see me.
1:42:54 Speaker 00 But if I perceive that you do see me and get me and see that I'm struggling and you're making that okay. I'm relieved and I'll come forward and I'll, I will meet you more. And that, you know, all three of them really don't expect, they, they, they're surprised when they perceive that someone sees them or gets them. They don't, they don't expect it. Of course, everybody's like that to some degree, but twos, threes, fours, that's the main thing. And again, when we are not doing too well, we punish others by withdrawing our seeing and validation of them. We just kind of cut them off emotionally.
1:43:34 Speaker 00 Five, six and seven, it's a little harder to put into words, but they're looking for someone who can just be there with them in a steady way. Not approaching, not withdrawing, not glomming on or taking over or fixing and not abandoning. Like you're, you're not leaving me and you're not getting into my stuff.
1:43:58 Shane Parrish? Just consistent.
1:44:00 Speaker 00 Consistent, right. And so if I perceive that, that you're just here with me and try, you know, and I'm going to work this out. All five, six and seven has that conviction. I will work this out. But if I know you're there, you're my ally, you're in this with me and you're not leaving me and not trying to take over and, and all three, five, six, seven hate to be the recipient of someone else helping them or saving them.
1:44:29 Shane Parrish? Right. Don't solve my problems for me. Just hold my hand and like go through it with me.
1:44:34 Speaker 00 Exactly. So as, as I feel someone will do that, then I will start working it out and I'll feel more connected and, and it helps heal what's ever going on in the relationship. And of course, again, five, six and seven are the worst in being steady for somebody when they're not having troubles. Am I in the relationship? Am I out? Am I too close? Am I running away? I'm all over the place. Nobody knows what I'm going to do, including me. So that's one bit of advice around all that stuff.
1:45:07 Shane Parrish? That's amazing. I know we're, we're cutting up on time here. So two, two final questions. What's the best starter material? Like where can people go to learn more about the Enneagram if they're interested and curious?
1:45:19 Speaker 00 Well, you know, there's a lot of good material out there. There's a number of books. Kind of depends on your orientation. I, of course, feel that some of the books that Don Richard Riso and I wrote together are very solid and helpful. A lot of people would say that the book, The Wisdom of the Enneagram, that he and I wrote.
1:45:45 Shane Parrish? That's the best one.
1:45:47 Speaker 00 Yeah, a lot of people, you know, including other teachers, will sort of acknowledge it's like a classic textbook. You know, I've done 20 more years of study, so there's a few quibbles I'd have with things I said in that book. But overall, I think it's powerful because it also gives you the orientation. It's not just describing types. There are that we wrote a number of books and any of them would be, you know, worthy. We have websites, theeneagraminstitute.com is, or just enneagraminstitute.com is.
1:46:18 Shane Parrish? Is that where people can find you on the internet is sort of the Enneagram Institute?
1:46:24 Speaker 00 Well, two places. That would be the site that was created for Don Riso and me, and our work is on there. And our Enneagram test, the Rheti, R-H-E-T-I, is on that site. Also, I have a site just for what I'm doing that includes stuff that I'm not doing with the institute, and that's just RussHudson.com. You know, some of my colleagues have done wonderful work. I would say, you know, you're better off with people who have been studying this a while. And I would also say that whatever book you look at, consider that it is a view on this. None of them is the Bible. None of them is the final say. And you'll feel
1:47:09 Speaker 00 in just what's helpful, what's useful, what actually opens things up for you, and what tends to reinforce. The other thing I always look for in any Enneagram book, or teaching, or teacher, how even-handed is it? How much are the teacher or writer's prejudices hanging out? Like, they had a bad relationship with the four, so the four gets a lot of shade, you know, or the, maybe it was a three, or some type is still idealized for some reason. So, when you, when you have more mature teachers or teachings, there's a fair and a...
1:47:45 Speaker 00 Seeing the light and shade of each of the Enneagram types.
1:47:49 Shane Parrish? Russ, thank you so much. This has been an amazing conversation.
1:47:53 Speaker 00 Thank you so much, Shane. I had a lot of fun. These were really good questions for me to think about, too.
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