#77 Mike Maples: Living in the Future

Mike Maples, a partner at the VC firm Floodgate, shares how mental models shape his decision-making process, where to find the next big idea, and how to rally people to your cause. Go Premium: Members get early access, ad-free episodes, hand-edited transcripts, searchable transcripts, member-only episodes, and more. Sign up at: https://fs.blog/membership/ Every Sunday our newsletter shares timeless insights and ideas that you can use at work and home. Add it to your inbox: https://fs.blog/newsletter/ Follow Shane on Twitter at: https://twitter.com/ShaneAParrish Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

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• 0:00Speaker 00

  What we've come to realize is that a startup isn't really a company at all. A startup is a set of founders with, hopefully, a set of proprietary insights that are a result of them living in the future.

• 0:26Shane Parrish?

  Hello and welcome. I'm Shane Parrish and you're listening to The Knowledge Project, a podcast dedicated to mastering the best of what other people have already figured out. I'm going to help you better understand yourself and the world around you by exploring the ideas, methods, mental models, and hard-fought lessons learned from some of the most incredible people in the world. The Knowledge Project is part of Farnham Street, a website dedicated to helping you think better and live better. Farnham Street puts together a free weekly newsletter called Brainfeed. Our team scours the internet for the most mind-expanding books, articles, and resources so you can spend less time searching and more time learning. Discover what you're missing at fs.blog. Today, I'm talking with Mike Maples Jr.

• 1:10Shane Parrish?

  Mike is a partner at the venture capital firm Floodgate, and this conversation is all about mental models. Mike's developed a series of mental models for evaluating opportunities, and he's going to pull back the curtain and show us the mental models that he uses to find the risks worth taking. You're going to love this conversation. It's time to listen and learn.

• 1:41Shane Parrish?

  Can you describe what your typical day looks like as a VC?

• 1:44Speaker 00

  Well, it's funny. The typical day when I'm winning is I get to meet with the folks and the opportunities that I'm excited about. And the days where I'm doing not so well is where I'm just reacting to crazy inbound. And you kind of learn over time that you've got to be the best you can at spending time with the folks that you think are living in the future and are going to make a difference in bringing it forward for us all. So, most of my day is spent... Trying to spend time with people who are living in the future.

• 2:17Shane Parrish?

  When you're being reactive, what are some examples of the things that come in?

• 2:20Speaker 00

  Oh, a friend from high school says, oh, I have a buddy who started a company and can you meet with them? I think you're going to think it's amazing. Family friend says, hey, can you can you connect me to Mike Jr.? I'd like to pitch his startup. Lawyer buddy will send me something from his client.

• 2:41Speaker 00

  We meet with this startup. I think it's really exciting. And so you have people that you've known through your whole life that you respect and you value the relationship. But they don't always necessarily have a grounding in the types of startups that you're looking for. And so those are tricky.

• 2:58Shane Parrish?

  Yeah. How do you say no in those cases and maintain that relationship?

• 3:02Speaker 00

  It's hard, right? And I'm probably too nice about it. I probably say yes too often. And, you know, in the end, you only have so many hours of the day. And you got it. You got to decide how you want to spend it, who you want to spend it with. And, and I also think it's good to just have some serendipity and not be too dogmatic about who you're going to meet and who you're not going to meet. And so you just, you just try as hard as you can to meet with as many people as you can. The other hard part about it is the more people that you meet with, the more follow ups you have. This has always been hard for me. You want to help everybody. You want to make intros for everybody. And, and if you take more meetings, you're going to have to do more of those and you have, it's more likely you can't get it all done.

• 3:45Shane Parrish?

  One of the things that we had chatted about on the phone that I really liked about Floodgate's approach was the concept of mental models that you guys have developed. And we're going to, we're going to dive into those during this conversation. But can you give me an idea of how you landed on the idea of mental? What is a mental model and how did you land on this idea?

• 4:03Speaker 00

  Well, without flattering the interview host too much, I have been a big reader of Farnham Street for a while and have liked a lot of your podcast episodes. I'm friends with Naval and just got into the notion of mental models. And then I went down the rabbit hole and I read books about and by Charlie Munger. I read this book that I'm sure you've heard of, Thinking Fast and Slow by Kahneman. And so I got, I got interested in the following question. There seem to be a lot of mental models for investing or operating companies.

• 4:38Speaker 00

  But they didn't seem to apply to startups. So I looked at companies that we should have invested in like Airbnb and we passed on it and none of those mental models would have been helpful. And that's a problem because had I invested $250,000 in Airbnb at the time, it'd now be worth a billion dollars. And then there's other companies that we did decide to invest in Twitter, Twitch, Okta, Lyft. Well, Okta was called Sasher. Twitter didn't know what to call itself. Twitch was Justin.tv. And so Lyft was Zimride. And so I started to realize that we didn't really have mental models for startups.

• 5:21Speaker 00

  And so I got really interested in the question of how would you come up with mental models for startups or is it just purely random? And so I spent a couple, three years trying to dig into that question.

• 5:32Shane Parrish?

  It sounded like when you're making these investment choices, are you actually investing in a company? Like is a startup a company?

• 5:38Speaker 00

  Well, I think that's a really insightful question because I've concluded that one of the fundamental insights is that it's not. And so when you think about a company, a company has a brand, they have products, they have supply chains, they have or value chains if it's a software company, but they have resources, processes and values and capabilities that give them a market position. A startup has none of those things. And so what we've come to realize is that a startup isn't really a company at all. A startup is a set of founders with hopefully a set of proprietary insights that are a result of them living in the future.

• 6:23Speaker 00

  And so, you know, what a startup has to do to become a company someday is they have to achieve three or four crucial breakthroughs. One is they have to have a breakthrough insight and then they have to have a breakthrough value proposition. And then they have to have a breakthrough killer predictable growth strategy. And all of those things require capabilities that don't really exist in normal companies in terms of the team and how they operate and what success looks like.

• 6:55Shane Parrish?

  Can you walk me through those miracles in a little bit more detail? Like what is the insight? What does that mean?

• 7:01Speaker 00

  Sometimes people will ask me, how do you get a good startup idea? And the counterintuitive answer to that question is, don't try to think of a startup. And people are like, what are you talking about? That's, that's a crazy answer. Well, it turns out that most of the great startups come from a great insight. And a great insight usually occurs when someone is living in the future and they notice something that's missing. So if you take somebody like Marc Andreessen, he didn't try to think of a startup. He was in a computer lab at the University of Illinois. And they were trying to experiment with the internet and share notes and documents and collaborate. And the internet wasn't useful to him.

• 7:47Speaker 00

  And so he built Mosaic, both the browser and the web server, to make the internet immediately more useful for him. And so insights are kind of a play on William Gibson's quote. He wrote a bunch of sci-fi cyberpunk novels. The, the future is already here, it's just not evenly distributed. And what, what you find is that most of the really great startups are people who are living in the future and they notice something that's missing. And then their job, it's, it's almost like if, if the metaphor of customer development is experimenting, which we'll get to, right? The metaphor of insights are the time traveler. And somebody's living in the future and they notice something important.

• 8:31Speaker 00

  And then their job is to come back to the present and bring early true believers with them into the future. And eventually it accelerates to a whole lot of people. So, you know, insights are the bedrock of a great startup. And the, the failure mode in insight development is to live in the present and to look for market white space. Because if you're, if you're looking for gaps in today's markets, chances are lots of people have tried that. And if you're looking for gaps in today's markets, you're not realizing that sometimes the insight defines the market. And that, you know, markets in startups. Aren't about mapping the territory or geography.

• 9:12Speaker 00

  Markets with startups are about finding something valuable about the future and then starting a movement of people who believe what you believe until everybody believes.

• 9:23Shane Parrish?

  How important is the team with the idea? Like when you're evaluating these opportunities, you could have this most like execution sounds like it's sort of multiplicative by zero. Right? If you have a great idea and you can't execute it, you're just it's not going to go anywhere.

• 9:40Speaker 00

  That's right. So the, you know, the insight is a necessary prerequisite because it really contains the potential energy of the idea. Right? And you want to have, you have an insight that's so powerful that if you're right, you change the rules in markets and you create this massive movement with massive asymmetric upside. But to your point, you also have a team and teams are different in startups than they are from companies. Because I like to say that in a, in a company, it's more like a marching band. People need their sheet music and they need to dance in formation and play their instruments in exact terms.

• 10:21Speaker 00

  Whereas I don't know if you've ever been to New Orleans and seen improv jazz, but it's, you know, with improv jazz, you have a tune, but you're kind of going in a direction. And usually the lead performer starts to do a riff and goes in a different direction. The rest of the band just kind of goes with them. And so that, that tune is never going to be played exactly that same way ever again. And startups are a lot like that. There are these close knit teams of people who enjoy the craziness of the ambiguity. And they, they enjoy improvising and they understand that startups are ambiguous and that you're, you're trying to improvise your way to success rather than, you know, have objectives and key results

• 11:05Speaker 00

  and a lot of the basic management frameworks that a larger company needs.

• 11:09Shane Parrish?

  And then, so you have an insight, you have a team that are working towards this insight. And then the next thing you have to do is the value. How do you test the value proposition? Like just because you have an idea and you have a decent team, doesn't mean that people are going to pay for it.

• 11:24Speaker 00

  That's right. So once you have a non-consensus and right insight and you have a team of people who have the stuff. Then you go into this mode of the value phase, or what I sometimes call value hacking. And what you're trying to do in value hacking is figure out what you can build that is unique, that people are desperate for. And if your insight is truly powerful, it will connect with somebody desperate because you'll be solving a problem in a novel way that's never been solved that way before. And it's an order of magnitude noticeably better for those people. And so the trick in value hacking is to say,

• 12:07Speaker 00

  okay, in the insight phase, I posed a truth. Now, in the value hacking phase, I need to discover the truth. I need to validate that it's, that my idea was true. And the way that I do that is I find the people out there who believe what I believe and who are desperate for the product that I'm going to deliver. And then and only then do you start to, you know, only when you've proven your value hypothesis, do you start to test your growth hypothesis.

• 12:37Shane Parrish?

  That's really interesting. It strikes me from the outside looking in, and please correct me if I'm wrong, that a lot of startups focus on growth over values.

• 12:45Speaker 00

  Yes. And I, yeah, I call it fake growth.

• 12:49Shane Parrish?

  Is that what happens when you're acquiring customers with, you know, this unlimited sort of VC money that's coming in without sort of turning a profit? Like, how do we think, how should we think through this at this point in time?

• 13:01Speaker 00

  Yeah, so the way I see it is that the value phase or value hacking is really about seeking the truth rather than selling. And so if the truth of your value proposition is super compelling, then growth becomes the exercise of syndicating the truth. And if the truth of your value proposition is not present, you have to grow by throwing money at the problem of growth. You have to spend money on marketing programs and you have to persuade people to buy rather than teach people to buy. And so value hacking is this phase where you get this scar tissue and muscle memory.

• 13:41Speaker 00

  But it's incredibly valuable because now all of a sudden you know how to deliver value in a way that nobody else knows. And so what what happens in too many startups is, and I, I think venture capitalists are at least as guilty of this as anybody, is they go read on a blog somewhere that says, if I want to raise money in the future, I have to do $200,000 of revenue a month. And so pretty soon they're trying to get, they're trying to grow their revenue 15% a month. Well, that's just artificial numbers in a spreadsheet. And what, what people need to think about is, how do I have a value proposition that is awesome, that is resulting in customers literally pulling product out of me desperately?

• 14:25Speaker 00

  And then I could start to think about growth because I have a value proposition that's true, and now I only have to teach people to buy rather than to persuade people to buy. But you want to have a value proposition that is so strong that the customers in your target audience would be irrational not to buy if they knew the truth. And then you're, then you scale in terms of the market's readiness to adopt your solution, you know, kind of along the technology adoption curve.

• 14:53Shane Parrish?

  What are the odds that somebody can lead through all four of these different phases? So it sounds like there's different skills involved in sort of insight versus running a team versus discovering the value proposition and then growing it.

• 15:09Speaker 00

  First of all, this is why 10 companies of, out of 10,000 every year, create 95% of the value in the startup business. It's just incredibly rare to have a combination of an awesome insight, an incredible startup team that's like a jazz band with a composer running it, who could persuade the world to join their movement, and then create a value proposition that's super compelling, and then switch gears yet again into predictable growth, and start to convert from zero to one to one to X mode. And so over time, the jazz band starts to morph into being a marching band, and the founding team, and in particular the leader, has to be willing to upgrade the skills of

• 15:54Speaker 00

  the team as value gets created differently through time. And, and you know, that's why people like Bill Gates and Mark Zuckerberg are so rare is that they, that they were learn it alls who at every phase of the company were able to shift gears and focus on how value had to get created at that particular point in time.

• 16:13Shane Parrish?

  Last time we talked about this, I sort of elaborated on this theory I have, which is at no point in time were they the best CEO at that particular point in time, but they are the best, most adaptable CEO that can take the company through the, the entire process.

• 16:29Speaker 00

  Yeah. And it's funny that you mentioned that because in the, we have all these different types of mental models for startups, right? And we've alluded to some of them. We have insight models and team models and value models and growth models. And one of the, one of the team models is you want to have a leader in particular who's a learn it all. And so the thing I think you would have noticed about Mark Zuckerberg or Bill Gates is if you'd met with them once a year, it would have been like you're meeting with a different person. And these people just have this ability to just absorb new ideas like a sponge and they're incredibly mentally flexible in their ability to acknowledge when they might be

• 17:11Speaker 00

  wrong about something or when they don't know how to do something. And so they're, they kind of have this combination of determination, but sort of a lack of ego around what they don't know and sort of a willingness to go fill the gaps in what they know.

• 17:25Shane Parrish?

  How did you come up with the mental models?

• 17:28Speaker 00

  I wish I could say it was by being smart, but it was, it was as much as by being dumb. So like, if you look at what Charlie Munger talks about is great investors, they, they read a lot, they're genuinely curious and they try not to repeat avoidable mistakes. And so, so I went back in time and I looked at all the companies that we had passed on that we should have invested in Airbnb, Pinterest, who else? PagerDuty.

• 18:00Speaker 00

  Anaplan, I did a forensic analysis of it. I found the initial intro email and who the source of that intro was. I looked at all the notes we took. I looked at the pitch deck at the time we saw it. And I even looked at the notes between us and the past email I sent. And then I studied what happened in that round? What price did it get done at? What were all the future rounds? Who said yes and why? And then when I get a chance, I actually interview the founder a few years later. And the reason this is so important, Shane, is that startups are so random that you can literally forget how it happened.

• 18:42Speaker 00

  So, for example, we invested in Lyft when it was Zimride back in 2010. And it would be very easy for us to believe we knew more than we knew at the time we made that investment. Same with Twitter, same with Twitch, same with Okta. And so in the ones that we did say yes, and it was a big win, we try to not breathe our own fumes too much. And we similarly try to go back in time and say, what went right? And what did we get right? And did we get it right on purpose or by accident? The mental models then emerged from understanding what it was that we should have noticed about that startup. So, for example, Brian Chesky, I should have noticed the notion of an earned secret.

• 19:26Speaker 00

  And with Twilio, I should have understood the why now. And with Lyft, we did understand the why now. And with Twitch, we did understand the why now. But it was kind of a combination of where we should have said yes and a combination of where we did say yes. And then try to understand what questions reveal the answers that would cause you to say yes. And by extension, what should you not pay attention to? So, for example, when Airbnb presented to us, their presentation didn't work because they had it on the server. They couldn't load it. When Lawson at Twilio presented to me, it was a clumsy conference call where we could barely connect. And even he acknowledges in Inc. Magazine, it was a terrible pitch.

• 20:11Speaker 00

  And he realized it was terrible from our discussion, but then he changed it. It was an awesome pitch. And then the rest is history. And so what should I think about that? I probably shouldn't criticize his pitch too much because his company's worth over $10 billion. Who's the dummy? I'm the dummy, right? Like, I have to, as an investor, I have to have a humility to say, well, maybe the pitch didn't matter that much. Maybe there's another question I needed to get to the bottom of, rather than evaluate the pitch for what it was.

• 20:43Shane Parrish?

  Is there a point where you'll trust the team to come up with the insight, but skip the insight?

• 20:48Speaker 00

  Usually, the questions that I ask now are about teasing out the insight and the capabilities of the founders.

• 20:55Shane Parrish?

  Okay.

• 20:55Speaker 00

  And it helps me because I can, I can look at a wide variety of markets. So you could imagine, we get deals for ad tech, we get deals for agriculture, for cryptocurrency, for like, marketing technology, for bottoms up B2B SaaS offerings, I mean, almost anything you could imagine. And it's very difficult to be an expert in all those markets at the same time. But when you ask a founder questions like, okay, why do you think now is the time for this to happen? Why hasn't it happened before? Why isn't it going to happen sometime in the future from now? Like, why right now is the time? A good founder, regardless of

• 21:38Speaker 00

  the market they're in, will usually have a good answer to that. And it won't be a bunch of gobbledygook. It'll be something clear where you're like, man, you know, that guy just changed my point of view on something. And so I find that these mental models are good. It's kind of like the Timothy Geithner stress test. No one single mental model tells you whether to invest or not, but it helps you notice things that you might have missed if all you did is spend time looking at the presentation.

• 22:07Shane Parrish?

  Do the mental models help you get a higher batting average? Or do they help you win bigger awards when you're right?

• 22:14Speaker 00

  The latter. So this is the other thing that's true about startup investing. So if you look at Buffett and Munger, they're investing in big companies with understandable businesses. And so when you invest that way, your mental models are oriented towards avoiding avoidable risk and not, you know, they look at risk almost as not knowing what you're doing. In our business, you have to look at risk differently because 10 companies a year are going to produce 95% of the value in the business. And so what you realize is that you're making a bet on a low probability of a huge outcome.

• 22:57Speaker 00

  And when that's what you're doing, what you're really trying to understand is what risks are worth taking. And the risks that are worth taking in a startup have less to do with the business for what it is and more to do with the power of the insight and the capability of the team.

• 23:11Shane Parrish?

  We hear a lot, I mean, just in the news, people that are somewhat familiar with investing about what goes on in these pitch meetings. Can you take us behind the scenes a little bit? What kinds of questions do you use to hone in on insights, founders? Like, can you give us any, like, just pull back this veil a little bit here?

• 23:35Speaker 00

  Yeah. And so first of all, I should say, when it comes to pitching VCs, your mileage will vary dramatically, right? So VCs very often can't even agree with themselves about what they're looking for week to week. So I am sympathetic to founders trying to, trying to figure out, right, how to do it. But when I'm talking to somebody very early in the discussion, I try to ask them just like, what motivated you to do this? Just like, tell me, what's up with that? Why did you decide to start this? And you can learn a lot about whether it's a real insight by why they decided to do this.

• 24:17Speaker 00

  And so, answers that I don't love are, I think that real estate technology is going to be huge. So I studied real estate technology for nine months and I found this area of white space in the market. That may be a valid opportunity, but I'm more skeptical of those.

• 24:35Shane Parrish?

  Is that because you went into it looking for something versus you're solving a problem that you're encountering?

• 24:42Speaker 00

  Yeah, so it kind of goes back to the insight notion. So I like to say, don't think of a startup, right? So, the problem with thinking of a startup is you immediately put yourself in the present. So, one of the examples that I like to use on our podcast is Fanbase. So, Sarah Leary and Nirav Tolia, who are great entrepreneurs, now they're the founders of Nextdoor. They started this thing called Fanbase. It was a social network for sports fans. And the venture people that they pitched it to said, I think that this will be the biggest company we've ever funded. And when you think about it, the problem with living in the present is, your ideas actually sound plausible.

• 25:23Speaker 00

  Because you're talking about present issues in the world, or present opportunities in the world. But, the problem with living in the present is usually, the disruptive power of the ideas is big enough. So, whereas when you're living in the future, and you notice something that's missing. You know, Marc Andreessen noticed that you couldn't make the internet useful. Todd McKinnon, when he was at Okta, understood what was happening in the cloud and understood the problems that the early adopters of the cloud were having. When you notice problems that people are having when they're living in the future, your intuition is far more likely to be right. Because you're solving a problem in the future that is going to one day be obvious to more people. Whereas if you're solving a problem that's a gap in the present...

• 26:09Speaker 00

  The odds that lots of people have thought similar thoughts and already tried it is super high.

• 26:14Shane Parrish?

  So you're almost, you're getting out of competition too.

• 26:16Speaker 00

  That's right. And so, you know, great insights avoid the, the trap, you know, the best competitive strategies to not compete with anybody. And if you, if you find a non-consensus and right insight, then you've got much more time to develop the idea without the threat of competition.

• 26:32Shane Parrish?

  What are some of the other questions you try to hone in on?

• 26:36Speaker 00

  I, I try to find out how committed the team is. So, so for example, I don't react super well to, uh, we're, we're all still working at our jobs and we can't, we can't wait to leave as soon as we get funded. So I, I, I'm like, look, if you're not passionate enough to leave your job and do this full-time, why would I be passionate enough to write a check? And so I like people who say, I'm doing this. And they would do it even if they couldn't raise the money because they know they'd find a way. And it's like, I'm doing this. I'd love to have you on board, but this is happening. Are you in or you're not in? And so, um, you know, teams that are tentative, teams that are sort of, I'll,

• 27:20Speaker 00

  I'll do it when I get validation of the funding, not, not my, not my tempo.

• 27:27Shane Parrish?

  That's really interesting. Yeah.

• 27:28Speaker 00

  Yeah. Like what I find is that great startups, and I, I experienced this myself when I, when I helped start Motive or when I helped start Floodgate, our venture firm, I found that my regret for not having tried it felt much stronger than my fear of failing. I had this feeling of if I don't do this, somebody's going to do it and I'm going to watch them do it. And I knew all along it should be done. And so, uh, you, when you get that feeling, not starting is not an option. And so you, you have to stop doing what you're doing immediately and go full-time 100% into it. And so when, when it's not all team members all in, I think that's a real problem. I think startups are so impossible

• 28:12Speaker 00

  that if you're not 100% committed, you just almost have no chance.

• 28:17Shane Parrish?

  What are some of the exclusion filters that you use to avoid the noise or avoid situations that you don't want to be involved in?

• 28:25Speaker 00

  Well, sometimes it could be a surprise. So one time we were pitched by somebody who said that they were in the Guinness Book of World Records for Tetris.

• 28:37Speaker 00

  And, you know, we had this great meeting, a bunch of other stuff, and, and we were gonna have a second meeting. And just on the side, we're like, huh, I wonder if he really does have the Guinness Book of World Records at Tetris. Let's just check that out. So we looked at the Guinness Book of World Records. The guy wasn't in there. And we looked around for more things. Wasn't in there. And so then we, we called and said, hey, I know this is kind of crazy, but we're doing our diligence and, you know, what year were you in the Guinness Book of World Records for Tetris? And they said, you know, I'll get back to you and, you know, kind of didn't call us. And then they said it was the challenge book of World

• 29:18Speaker 00

  Records, which I've never heard of. I don't even know if it exists. And then next thing you know, they kind of go radio silent. They're like, ah, we raised the money somewhere else. But like, I find that when somebody lies about something that is in no way germane to their business, I'm like, that's, that's a red flag for me, right? Like, that's somebody who has a difficult relationship with the truth and facts and reality. Elon Musk, right? Will sometimes say, well, this car is gonna be ready before it's ready. But to me, that's a different type of problem than lying about something that doesn't even matter.

• 29:56Shane Parrish?

  Are there any other lies? Like, what are the different types of lies that we tell ourselves?

• 30:00Speaker 00

  Most of the lies that we tell ourselves relate to not facing reality, right? So startups are impossible. And usually, there's, there's kind of this big boogeyman risk that if, if we don't overcome this risk, we're gonna fail. And so I'm a big fan of like, getting that boogeyman right front and center and punching into the face. And like, going dead at it. And so the best founders I know, know what are the most important risks that stand between themselves and success. And they tackle those risks early, because if you eliminate those risks, you massively improve the probabilities of winning, as well as you

• 30:42Speaker 00

  make the company more valuable, you learn more faster, you know, a whole bunch of good things go your way. Whereas, the, the, the reverse of it could be The company wants to give its product away, but they don't have a good strategic reason to give it away. And really, what you learn is they're giving it away because they don't have enough confidence in their value proposition to charge a price for it. And it's like, okay, well, you know, we'd be better off charging a price with products half done. Because, you know, then we're going to find out how visceral is the pain and how compelling is the value that we're here to deliver for them.

• 31:22Shane Parrish?

  How do you teach people to face reality? Like, if I was one of your kids and I walked up to you and was like, "Teach me how to better deal with reality." What would you tell me?

• 31:32Speaker 00

  Well, I think some of it, particularly in startups, is a level of artistry. So I think that, I think that when I'm, when I'm working with a startup founder, there are things that I can do to help them avoid avoidable mistakes. I can help them have a better hiring process. I can help them think about what kind of meetings they want to have or how they think about sequencing the risks that they take out or how they think about iterations or that kind of thing. But all of that, on some level, is science. And the only reason that I possess it is that I have a database of companies that have been really successful. So it's, it's not that I'm smarter than the founder. It's just that in that very rare case,

• 32:16Speaker 00

  I have a database of great examples that they don't have yet, that they haven't seen before. But, you know, Beethoven composed his symphony when he was deaf. And so there's no music theory class Beethoven takes to become Beethoven. And so there's a, there's an element of, and it kind of goes back to the jazz band notion, but there's a, I believe, a big element of startups where a business function is not the right way to describe an entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs aren't experts in business functions, as you and I would think about them. Yes, very often, they're technical. But the defining characteristic usually of the leader is that they're an artist in

• 33:00Speaker 00

  the sense that they notice things that other normal people don't notice and they present their ideas in ways that move people to act in ways that where they're abandoning their logic.

• 33:09Shane Parrish?

  That's really interesting. I hadn't thought of it that way before.

• 33:12Speaker 00

  Yeah. So if you think about it, like I'm, I don't know. One time I went on this, when I graduated from college, I got a Eurail pass and I went all around Europe and I went down to Rome and, and Vatican City, they had St. Peter's Cathedral and the letters on top of the dome are like six feet tall and you could barely see them. And then I walk up and there's this statue by Michelangelo called Pietà, which he, he did when he was 21 years old. And it just, I don't know if you've ever had this happy to you shame with a piece of art, but you're just like, you can't even describe what you're feeling when you see it. And it's like, it's, it's elation and confusion and like excitement all at

• 33:53Speaker 00

  the same time. And you're just like, how in the world did this guy do this? And I just stood there kind of transfixed by it. And to me, that's like artists, they, they have a sensitivity to things that most people don't have. They can feel something emotional or compelling or powerful in something that other people would just not even see. But then they have that added skill of being able to render it or deliver it in such a way where you're moved beyond your logic. And startup teams are a lot like that. The founders, in particular, the leader, they have to convince a bunch of people to do something that most people in the world think is crazy. And, you know, you're not

• 34:37Speaker 00

  gonna, you're not gonna use just logic to convince people to do that. You're gonna have to get people to join a movement that they believe in, that they're literally moved by the same way that that statue moved me in St. Peter's Cathedral.

• 34:49Shane Parrish?

  Would you say that it's, are the founders charismatic? Or is there, there a myth of charisma that leads to this sort of people following you? You're seeing thousands of them a year effectively. Like what percentage of them are using charisma versus idea? Like how are you getting people compelled to follow you into this pursuit?

• 35:10Speaker 00

  Yeah, I think charisma helps, but I think it's more about the power of the vision. So, you know, Steve Jobs, super charismatic, obviously, but Bill Gates and Mark Zuckerberg, I wouldn't say are, you know, a standard deviation more charismatic than most people. But I think that both of them believe they were working on something important and that they were doing kick ass exceptional work and they attracted people who believed their vision and wanted to work hard on a great project with them. And so I think that that's really the defining characteristic is they have a vision that compels a set of like minded people and they all feel like they're in on a secret together.

• 35:53Speaker 00

  And they believe that they're going to convert everybody else to their point of view until one day, everybody has their point of view.

• 36:01Shane Parrish?

  Because it's so obvious to them that everybody should see it.

• 36:03Speaker 00

  Completely, completely. And so it's not like they're like, oh, I wonder if this is going to work or not. It's like they're not, they're not even really thinking about it through that lens. Like when I talk to the Instagram guys, they're like, I never remember wondering if it would succeed. I always just remember loving the project and enjoying working on Instagram because I love photos and I couldn't think of anything I'd rather work on than this cool photo app.

• 36:27Shane Parrish?

  When you're making an investment in a company, say like Instagram as an example, because you just brought them up, what, how do you think about monetization? Because you might be like, oh, it's a great idea, but it might not. Or do you not consider that? Do you sort of probe around that? Is that the ultimate outcome? Like, at what point does that come up in your thought process?

• 36:44Speaker 00

  Well, first of all, I wish I'd invested in Instagram. You know, that would have been a good one.

• 36:49Shane Parrish?

  Don't we all?

• 36:50Speaker 00

  It'd be a pretty good one. In general, it depends. So I think different companies have different iteration tempos. And so if you're a consumer mobile app, you might iterate twice a week or even more often. And if that's the case, I care very little about how you're going to monetize. I care more about, are you coming up with clever ways to get distribution to spread your idea very quickly? And if they can iterate a lot, I may not even care that much if they have distribution yet because they have a whole lot of iterations left in front of them before they run out of money.

• 37:33Speaker 00

  But if it's, if it's a company that's selling business to business enterprise software for more than a million dollars a customer. I need to be pretty convinced that they can make money selling that software. Because, you know, if you're selling like, say, autonomous vehicle simulation software to General Motors, you don't get many chances at the plate. You can't deliver half a loaf, or you can't just say, hey, just kidding, I've changed my mind what the product is.

• 38:02Shane Parrish?

  Right.

• 38:02Speaker 00

  So you've got, you know, you've got to deliver something they really care about that they're desperate for, and you got to get paid for delivering that. And so I think monetization is a function of the iteration tempo that's innate to the idea, but also just the field that the idea is going to be in. If it's consumer mobile, how I think about monetization is really different from B2B enterprise, or, you know, even somewhere in between like SMB, SaaS, or things like that.

• 38:32Shane Parrish?

  Okay, let's start diving into some of these models and how you think about things. But before we do that, what is a mental model?

• 38:38Speaker 00

  Yeah, well, the way, the way I look at a mental model is it's a way to think better. And so, you know, and I got a lot of this from your site, Shane, back in the day, right? Was that lots of people tend to go through life taking one problem at a time, deciding one problem at a time. And I think it's helpful in living a better life to kind of acknowledge that there are better ways to decide things. And sometimes you know there's a better way through experience, or reading books, or whatnot, and sometimes you don't know what the better way is. So I look at mental models as frameworks for making decisions that maximize the probability of the best outcome.

• 39:22Shane Parrish?

  That's a great way to put it. Let's start with insight models. So some of the insight models I want to talk about, let's start with the earned secret. What is the earned secret?

• 39:30Speaker 00

  Yeah, so a great example of the earned secret is Brian Chesky at Airbnb. So it's basically some work that you did to discover something that most people would think is non-intuitive. So the case of Brian Chesky, he didn't have any money. He wanted to go to a design conference. He'd just come out of Rhode Island School of Design, and he couldn't afford a ticket. So he put his apartment and an air mattress up on Craigslist, and he got 400 to 500 people saying they wanted to rent his room. And you know, keep in mind how counterintuitive that that must have been in 2007. You know, a year later, there was the Craigslist killings. And you know, who's gonna, who's gonna want to stay in a stranger's apartment?

• 40:13Speaker 00

  And who's gonna want to invite a stranger into their apartment? That, you know, that's crazy. But he had hundreds of people wanting to do this. But Brian took it a step further. He said, huh, that's interesting. Why did that happen? Oh, the town was out of hotel rooms. Why was the town out of hotel rooms? There was a conference. Huh, I wonder if that happens a lot when there's conferences. And by the way, what's up with the hotel business anyway? What's their business model? How long have they been in business? Why do people go to hotels? And he started to realize that the, the main reason people go to hotels is because of trust. And he started to realize, well, if you could have a trust rating, perhaps you could have all the benefits of a hotel business without having to own a hotel.

• 40:57Shane Parrish?

  Hmm.

• 40:57Speaker 00

  So, you know, by the time he starts Airbnb, he has a lot of earned secrets that are counterintuitive, but have been sort of validated by the fact that he was willing to do the work to, to discover whether they were true or not.

• 41:12Shane Parrish?

  I like that a lot.

• 41:13Speaker 00

  Yeah.

• 41:14Shane Parrish?

  Let's talk about adoption or inflection.

• 41:17Speaker 00

  Yeah, so I like to say that Y now has two components, technology inflection and adoption inflection. So like in the case of Lyft, for example, you had to believe that enough people would have smartphones so that enough people who wanted to be riders would have a smartphone and enough people had to be, who wanted to be drivers would have a smartphone. Because if not enough people had smartphones, it doesn't matter how good the service is. So back in 2006, when the smartest phone was a BlackBerry, Lyft couldn't have worked no matter how good the idea was. So to me, an adoption inflection is a bunch of people either are using or about to use

• 42:00Speaker 00

  a, a technology or a product that no longer was the case. And so smartphone penetration was a great adoption inflection, for example.

• 42:09Shane Parrish?

  And the ability of GPS to get very accurate too, I would assume contributes a lot.

• 42:14Speaker 00

  Exactly. And that would be a technology inflection. And so a technology inflection is usually

• 42:21Speaker 00

  An enabling technology that's never existed before such as super accurate GPS location, or it could be an exponentially improving technology curve. It could be, how much money does it take to sequence a genome, or how fast does it take to print something in 3D, or that kind of thing. You know, Moore's law has been kind of the fundamental driver that's animated technology inflections. You know, this idea that chips get twice as fast every 18 months. But technology inflections produce these kind of exponential improvements in a whole lot of different areas in data analysis and disk storage and GPS accuracy. And what's interesting now Shane is that in a world where there's so

• 43:06Speaker 00

  many of these phones, you, in order to make the phones perform the functions that they want to perform, these chips can now be repurposed to other devices. So you wouldn't have drones as cheap as they are if it wasn't for the iPhone and for Android. Because now you have cameras and sensors and chips that never would have been built just for drones, but now are mass produced and can be harnessed by drones and by other devices.

• 43:35Shane Parrish?

  That's a really good insight. So for the why now, we need technological inflection and adoption inflection. Talk to me about the idea maze.

• 43:43Speaker 00

  Yeah, so the idea maze sort of brings them all together. This term was coined by a friend of mine named Balaji Srinivasan. And so the basic idea of an idea maze is, it's not enough just to have an idea to say, hey, I have this idea. Let's do ride sharing. What you want to say is, okay, who's tried that before? Well, Uber's tried that before, but they're doing it with black cars and not people sharing rides. Okay, has anybody ever tried it before with people sharing rides? And, you know, at the time, there weren't many. I think Sidecar might have been one. But then Lyft had a few differences

• 44:25Speaker 00

  to their implementation than what Sidecar had. And then they also had just some clever things in terms of how they marketed it and how they got distribution. But what you want to do when you go through an idea maze is you want to, you want to look at every previous attempt. At the boundary of your idea, oh, am I going to charge for my software? Okay, great. Has it ever been built in open source? Am I going to charge for it by the copy, by a subscription, or by the download? Oh, has that ever been tried before by somebody? And so the idea maze helps you think in a very structured way. What have been the prior attempts in my category of idea? That have worked or haven't worked?

• 45:10Speaker 00

  And if they have been tried, why is it going to work this time when it hasn't worked before? What a lot of people tend to do, which is an answer I don't love, is my team is awesome. That's why now. The other teams haven't been as awesome as my team. So we're going to win when they haven't because they weren't as smart as we are. That may be true, but that's not a very insightful answer. You know, it's kind of a, it's kind of a hand waving answer.

• 45:37Shane Parrish?

  Hmm, yeah. What about Think Wrong? What model is that?

• 45:42Speaker 00

  Yeah, so incumbents have a harder time retaliating against a startup that has a orthogonal asymmetric attack. So like, let's suppose that you want to.

• 45:56Shane Parrish?

  Can you, whoa, before we go on.

• 45:57Speaker 00

  What the heck is going on?

• 45:58Shane Parrish?

  Yeah, yeah.

• 45:59Speaker 00

  So like, let's, let's imagine that, that I want to sell a product. And 90% of the people who are going to use the product are going to be people who also use SAP. SAP charges by the seat. It would be better for me if I can charge by the transaction or some other way. Because if I charge by the seat, SAP can say, oh, yeah, well, we're going to put that in our product someday. We'll just give it away or we'll charge an extra $2 a seat for this. And you know, this startup is charging 10 bucks a seat, so. And then it freezes you in the sales cycle. Whereas if you're charging in a totally different way. It's disorienting to the incumbent, right?

• 46:41Speaker 00

  Because their entire value delivery system is around pricing by the seat, delivering chunks of code by the seat, supporting the chunk of code by the seat, upgrading the chunk of code by the seat, and monetizing it by the seat. And so that would be one example would be pricing. But but thinking wrong is all about saying, I'm going to take the way the incumbent does something and do a flippanting of it. And by the way, charging by the transaction may not work, but it's think wrong is like it's it's more of a thought experiment. It says, let's imagine I do the opposite of what the convention is and follow the thread all the way through.

• 47:25Speaker 00

  And if if by following that thread all the way through, you actually get to a good answer, you're like, wait a minute, this isn't crazy. That's the right kind of crazy, because you don't want to just have a product that's different. That's the what. You want to have a business model that's different, which is the how.

• 47:41Shane Parrish?

  Hmm.

• 47:44Shane Parrish?

  Switching gears just a little bit, everybody talks about total addressable market in terms of like justifying almost any valuation for any company. And one of the models that you have under insight is the myth of total addressable market. Can you talk to me about that?

• 47:58Speaker 00

  Yeah, so in a company, markets can be mapped. You know, you can say, OK, I'm coming out with windows for college students, or I'm coming out with smart water rather than fancy packaged gourmet water. It turns out that in startups, I don't think markets can be segmented that way. So so like a market in a in a traditional company, the way people think about markets is I'm Lewis and Clark, and I'm trying to map the territory and understand where are their opportunities and where's the market real estate I want to capture. But in startups, you're living in the future. So on some level, there is no market yet, right? There was no market for browsers in 1993, and there was no market for ride sharing in

• 48:43Speaker 00

  2009. But what markets in the startup world are movements. And so trying to quantify the total available market, it's wrong headed. It's more about quantifying the potential energy of the insight. So like I like to say, in physics, you have potential energy and you have mechanical energy. And when, when you're holding an object in the air, it's all potential energy. When you drop it and it hits the floor and makes a bang, it's converted to mechanical energy. And, and markets in companies are more like the mechanical energy of an available, mappable market. And markets in a startup are movements yet to be created of innovators in on a secret together.

• 49:27Speaker 00

  And the market happens as a function of more people joining the movement. Until someday, everybody's in the movement, it's a big market.

• 49:33Shane Parrish?

  Are there incumbents that are so strong that you wouldn't want to fund a startup in that space? Because they could just dominate by flipping a switch?

• 49:41Speaker 00

  Sometimes, but, and it goes back a little bit to thinking wrong. So Clay Christensen's taught us that you don't want to operate in an incumbents, what he calls value network. So for example, let's say I want to start a new airline. Southwest has it right because there, there are airports that love field rather than Dallas, Fort Worth. JetBlue started out faster than Southwest, but they run their planes through the same airports as American Airlines and all these other guys. The reason that Southwest has a better business model in the long term is they're not hostage to the incumbents' value networks. So if you're, if you're running your planes out of Dallas, Fort Worth,

• 50:26Speaker 00

  the big airlines will lobby the local government to give you the worst gates and to do other things to handicap your business. Well, similarly, if I see a consumer startup and their strategy is to get big by having a business model that resembles Facebook, I get worried about that because. Facebook can co-opt their business really easily. Whereas the ideas I like the best are ones where they're quote-unquote thinking wrong. There's something about their business that is so fundamentally orthogonal, right? Which is kind of like, you know, the opposite direction, if you will. That even if the incumbent decides to counter-attack, they would have to change their business model

• 51:11Speaker 00

  to do so. And they don't have the skills, or the values, or the capabilities internally to do that very well. So like, here's a great example: Google. You know, when Google comes into business, everybody's saying, "It's over. Microsoft's won. Nobody can build Windows apps without being co-opted. It's over." Well, Google did a flipping of all of like, Microsoft's value chain. First of all, you didn't have to have it installed on PC. You could just get it on the internet. And they didn't make money by selling per-seat software. They made it by running ads. And so, none of Microsoft's assets as a company were available to them to attack Google. And in fact, quite the opposite.

• 51:55Speaker 00

  Google was able to grow very rapidly, and Microsoft, when they did Bing, they just didn't have the internal skill to be an effective competitor with Google on Google's playing field.

• 52:06Shane Parrish?

  That's really, it's like Microsoft was playing with one hand tied behind its back.

• 52:09Speaker 00

  Probably my favorite example in history is the telephone versus the telegraph. So, the telegraph company was the biggest company for communication. They could do transcontinental telegraphs. And Alexander Graham Bell shows up with a telephone, and they say, "What could you do with this telephone? Well, I can make calls 250 feet, but you can talk to the person on the other end of the line, rather than do Morse code, or, you know, code over these transmission lines." And they say, "Well, what good is, what good is being able to hear somebody from 250 feet away? That's useless, right? We can, we can communicate with people across the entire country." And so Alexander Graham Bell's like, yeah, I guess you're right.

• 52:50Speaker 00

  Well, what he, what he did was he, over time, improved the voice coils, the amplifiers, all the technology for making the calls progressively longer. And by the time, you know, Alexander Graham Bell's phone could make a call across the entire country, the telegraph guys are screwed, right? Because, right, the telegraph guys have no idea how to make telephones or how to perfect the technologies. And so Clay Christensen used to call this the sword and the shield. Like, um, the shield is your, your go-to-market strategy is so different and the customer context that you're targeting is so different that the incumbent doesn't feel an incentive to attack you.

• 53:35Speaker 00

  They just say, ah, you can have that market. That's a stupid product, a stupid idea. And that, so that's the shield that gives you time to perfect the technology. The sword is the skills that you build through time that the incumbent lacks. And as you build the skills, the skills come up with a momentum. By the time the incumbent realizes that you're a threat, the asymmetry of your skills compared to theirs is too overwhelming for them to respond effectively.

• 54:03Shane Parrish?

  Wasn't that the, the mini mills and the rebar too that Christensen used as an example?

• 54:08Speaker 00

  Absolutely. Right? And the pattern's always the same. It's the incumbent says, oh, you're going after a market or you're charging with a pricing model or you're, you're doing something that I don't really care about. It's not really a threat to me. And so they give the upstart time to satisfy the early desperate customers who are unsatisfied. And then over time, as they build their skills and their capabilities, they become more effective attackers in the core markets of the incumbents.

• 54:36Shane Parrish?

  What I liked about that model so much is that at every point in time, the incumbent was making the decision that they were basically taught to make in business school.

• 54:45Speaker 00

  Yeah.

• 54:46Shane Parrish?

  By ceding that market share, by ceding the, the lower sort of gross profit to somebody else, by outsourcing more, but, and then you wake up one day and you're, you're sort of irrelevant.

• 54:57Speaker 00

  That's right. The problem with not having a compelling insight, and so these insight models that we're talking about, is when the incumbent sees you...

• 55:07Speaker 00

  The notion of your attack will be too obvious and their ability to respond to the attack will be too powerful. And so, part of the value of being in non-consensus and right is not just that you find desperate customers who value what only you can deliver for them. The incumbents are disoriented by how you go to market because the insight around your idea is novel, not just in the technology, but in how you deliver the technology.

• 55:36Shane Parrish?

  Do you think we're losing a lot of competitiveness right now by outsourcing manufacturing?

• 55:41Speaker 00

  I'm a little bit more optimistic. I actually think that 3D printing is going to be a bigger deal than some people realize. And so, I think that, you know, I like to, I like to say that every sector of the economy is going to get reimagined from a traditional hierarchical corporation to a software-defined network that has machine platform and crowd intelligence. And so, I believe that 3D printing will be the way that we get network manufacturing. And like Lyft is an example of a network capitalist ride service, whereas a taxi is

• 56:23Speaker 00

  a corporate hierarchical ride service. And so, I think in, yeah, market after market, we're going to see that the software-defined network approach wins.

• 56:33Shane Parrish?

  That's fascinating. Yeah, I'm going to have to think on that one. Switching gears to a little bit, team models. One of the ones I wanted to bring up was disagreeableness as one of your mental models for a team. Can you expand on that?

• 56:47Speaker 00

  Yeah, so it's funny, if you think about the 20th century, the archetype worker was sort of like the organization man and, you know, kind of the cog in the business, the person that stayed at a company for a long time and kind of, part of the reason they got ahead is because they were well-liked and they had good political skills and, you know, they're just likable. What I find in the great startups that I've seen is

• 57:15Speaker 00

  The great leaders are very often willing to be disagreeable. And they're not motivated as much by approval seekers. Or they don't seek approval as much as they seek the actualization of their vision. I think it comes from this idea of a lack of mimetic behavior. Have you ever talked about Rene Girard on your podcast?

• 57:39Shane Parrish?

  No.

• 57:41Speaker 00

  Oh, so you, oh, man, this, I think your listeners will like this. So, so Rene Girard was this French philosopher. And he, he had this theory that he called mimesis. And his basic idea is powerful. He basically said that most desires that humans have are not innate desires. But they're desires that rise because they see other people caring about it. So like, why, why do we want to have, go to the best school? And why do we want to have the best car, the best job, and the most money? And live in the best country club and have designer kids and live in a fancy house? It's because we think everybody else wants that.

• 58:19Shane Parrish?

  Oh, that explains the like hedonic treadmill.

• 58:22Speaker 00

  Exactly. So, so the, so the idea of mimetic behavior is that people tend to mimic the behaviors and seek the approval of others way more than most people realize. And that it's literally baked into our operating system as humans. And so if you, if you think about what does it mean to have a non-consensus and right insight? You are not engaging in mimetic behavior. And so what you're doing instead is you're saying, I think I've come up with a novelty and a heresy. And I'm going to go prove it. And in order to be a heretic, you've got to be willing to deal with the disapproval of the crowds. And you've got to be willing to say, I don't really give a damn what the crowds think.

• 59:07Speaker 00

  I'm right, they're wrong. And so you're no longer defining your decision or your objective function based on approval seeking. You're defining it based on truth seeking. And you know, all great inventions, you know, and it's not just in business. It's Euclidean geometry, Galileo understanding the sun's at the center, not the earth. All these things came from people who were heretics in their time. And they were, they were able to put forth those theories because they were more preoccupied with their vision of the future and the truth than they were in getting everyone to agree with them right then and there.

• 59:43Shane Parrish?

  There's a great quote by Lou Brock, the baseball player who said something along the lines of, "Show me somebody who's not willing to look like an idiot and I'll show you somebody I can beat every time."

• 59:54Speaker 00

  Yes, exactly, exactly. Most of the great startup founders, particularly the leaders, not necessarily the people on the team, but the leaders have been willing to be disagreeable if particularly if being agreeable is approval seeking not in the service of advancing the cause. And, and you know, a lot of people in capitalism and particularly startups, they get a bad rap in the press and it's because they're largely disagreeable in some ways. They do things that are, you know, most of us wouldn't have the courage to be that disagreeable. But on some level, I think that if you change that about them, it's kind of like if you

• 1:00:36Speaker 00

  change too many properties of carbon, the diamond will no longer cut glass.

• 1:00:41Shane Parrish?

  Yeah, I have a theory that people with extreme strengths also have extreme weaknesses, but they, they stand out a lot more, right? Both in both ways.

• 1:00:48Speaker 00

  That's right. And, and you know, history, history has many allegories of the person with a contrarian idea attracts followers and then gets sacrificed. So that was kind of another, another part of Gerard's thinking, right? And it goes all the way back to Christianity when, you know, Jesus was a heretic and, you know, I don't want to get too far down the rabbit hole, but like there's, you know, Gerard's genius was understanding the patterns that flow from memetic behavior as a core trait in society.

• 1:01:22Shane Parrish?

  Talk to me about what it means to be anti-fragile.

• 1:01:24Speaker 00

  Yeah, so I, this term I think was coined by Nassim Taleb. The basic idea is that Some things get stronger when they're stressed rather than weaker. And so, for example, if you lift weights, you're damaging your muscles in the short term, but the fibers grow back bigger in the long term. And so, some founders, when they're under pressure, actually get better. Whereas, most people get stressed out and freak out, and they're more likely to panic under pressure. And so, these anti-fragile people sort of have, you know, what I call the MacGyver gene. I don't know if you ever saw that 80s show, MacGyver, but he was this guy who could escape

• 1:02:06Speaker 00

  from any prison, and he could, you know, use chocolate to like, fix a radiator, you know, crazy stuff, right? And a lot of the great founders that I've known, they face these situations where they've got one hour left to find a million dollars in the quarter. And there's no book you can read about business that's gonna tell you how to do that. You just have to completely improvise and be anti-fragile. And it's a little bit like James Bond, right? Like, when James Bond is, you know, about to get killed by the evil villain, like, that's when he does his best work.

• 1:02:38Shane Parrish?

  Yeah.

• 1:02:39Speaker 00

  So, right, you got it, like, you get into those situations where you just call up your talent at will, and just come up with some crazy, kooky solution where you get out of the trap.

• 1:02:49Shane Parrish?

  Talk to me about the builder and the persuader.

• 1:02:52Speaker 00

  Yeah, so I think that the most obvious example in history would be Jobs and Wozniak. And so, Woz was the builder, and Jobs was the persuader. And that's not saying that Jobs isn't a product guy, and Jobs isn't technical, but I think we can agree that Jobs had incredible persuasive skills. And that Jobs could get people to, you know, they even called it literally a reality distortion field, which by definition is getting someone to abandon their logic. Whereas, like, Wozniak... His original design for the Apple II was just poetry and electronics, particularly when you compare it with what was there in the day. But, but very often we've seen teams that have someone persuasive.

• 1:03:36Speaker 00

  And, you know, Elon Musk and Steve Jobs are kind of at the radical, extreme awesomeness of it. But, you know, usually somebody, usually the leader is a good storyteller at some level. Because they have to cause a whole bunch of people to abandon their logic and join a new cause that most people disagree with. And then the builder is the person who is living in the future and understands the technical trade offs and how to build and co-create the future with other people better than anybody else does yet.

• 1:04:07Shane Parrish?

  What makes for a good story?

• 1:04:09Speaker 00

  It's interesting, you know, I'm friends with Nancy Duarte, who worked with Al Gore on this movie Inconvenient Truth. And she studied a whole bunch of great storytellers. Everything from the Gettysburg Address to Steve Jobs' iPhone announcement to Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" speech. And she found that there was a pattern to all of them. And without getting down too much the rabbit hole, there's a few things that are interesting. One is there's a beginning, a middle and an end. And the beginning describes the big idea that represents a future better world, that I'm exhorting you to join me to go find this better future world. And then the middle is a sequence of tension.

• 1:04:54Speaker 00

  So it's, this is bad, but it could be better. This is bad, but it could be better. This is bad, but it could be better. And if you look at like, say, Star Wars, right? Obi-Wan's like, hey, come with me to take on the empire. Looks like I can't, I'm supposed to stay here. And then his aunt and uncle get killed. And he's like, okay, I'm gonna go. And then they get captured. And then it's like, it's so like, most great stories follow this arc. And what entrepreneurs who tell stories well succeed at is they realize they're not the hero in the story. The audience of their message is the hero in the story. And what they're doing is they're helping that person go on a hero's journey to co-create a better future.

• 1:05:37Speaker 00

  And that's true whether you're pitching a customer, a future employee, venture capitalists. And so the great startups are kind of a crazy journey that a bunch of people embark on.

• 1:05:50Speaker 00

  Where everybody's in on a secret together. And so in order to make that happen, you got to be a good storyteller.

• 1:05:55Shane Parrish?

  I think that makes a lot of sense.

• 1:05:57Speaker 00

  So to me, like a great metaphor for an awesome entrepreneur is kind of like Yoda. So like Yoda is a mentor with special tools, right? Like in this case, the force or a lightsaber that allows the protagonist, you know, in this case Luke, to get to the outcome he wants and change the world. And where what the entrepreneur has to realize is they're not Luke, they're Yoda. And the set of people in the world that they want to move to their vision are Luke. The way you get them to move to your vision is you help them understand how they get to be the hero of the story that you're helping them co-create.

• 1:06:38Shane Parrish?

  When you're telling the story and you're sort of assembling your team, how important is it to seek out contrarian team members?

• 1:06:45Speaker 00

  I think that that helps a lot. The way I like to say it is most startups don't realize that you have to have contrarian insights as well as contrarian recruiting strategies. So for example, if you look at the PayPal mafia, none of them were established in tech before they joined PayPal. So you had Peter Thiel, he's a law school guy. You had Max Levchin, who's a, you know, a young engineer. They recruit Reid Hoffman, who'd been at E-World at Apple, which was a failed initiative. And then he had done SocialNet, which is a failed startup. He recruited Keith Raboy from a law firm.

• 1:07:28Speaker 00

  You know, David Sacks, all these people in the PayPal mafia were people that he knew in his Stanford network and people that Max knew in his University of Illinois network. But like discovering undiscovered talent is a key superpower of great startup teams. Because like if somebody's making a ton of money at Google or Facebook. Why are they going to join your startup for less money and more risk and less status? Most people won't. But if I'm Keith Raboy and I'm in a law firm and I'm like, eh, this job's okay, but it's kind of soul crushing. And then Peter Thiel says, hey, we're going to go on this adventure. We're going to change how money happens. We're going to get to work together again. That's a pretty good story.

• 1:08:11Speaker 00

  And so like, I like to say that the great startups find people who are one day going to be great before the world knows they're great. And going after people that the world already knows is great, it can work for you. But usually you have to be a very established entrepreneur. You know, if like Jim Clark, who founded Netscape, started a company, he could recruit established talent. Or if Reid Hoffman started a new company, he could do that. But if you're dropping out of college to start a company, the first set of people you go after, I think, are genius, great people that the world hasn't discovered yet.

• 1:08:48Shane Parrish?

  Another aspect to that, that I think is super important is that a lot of large organizations can't handle contrarian thinkers. They other, you know, they, they don't value them to the same extent that you could value them in a smaller organization. They don't listen to them. They're unhappy in those roles, even if they do get hired. But most of the hiring process at these large organizations seems to be actually designed to get rid of contrarian thinking.

• 1:09:14Speaker 00

  Totally, right? And it's like, if you're a marching band, you're not necessarily looking for contrarian. And so whereas if you're a startup, you want people who say, hey, wait a minute. Uh, I, you know, David Sacks says to Peter Thiel, hey, wait a second here. Beaming money on Palm Pilots and emailing payments isn't working as well as what we're seeing customers look like putting the PayPal logo in these eBay auctions.

• 1:09:44Speaker 00

  And like it's happening all the time, we should look into that. And, and somebody who's just following the rules isn't going to notice that. But somebody who has some level of jazz artistry, in addition to just the CEO, is, is more likely to notice that. You know, like artistry, when you're in a startup, it's about asking the customer, hey, what's the logo on that coffee mug? What company is that? Why do you have that coffee mug there? Uh, you know, you, you talk to these other companies. Who, who do you like at these companies? Because someday you're going to try to hire that sales guy. Or someday you might partner with the company that's logos on the coffee mug.

• 1:10:26Speaker 00

  And so it's like part of being a, an entrepreneurial artist is seeing, you know, seeing the emergent signals that you weren't necessarily looking for explicitly, but that reveal themselves and you see them with a sensitivity that an artist would see an emotional thing that they can put on a canvas for their art.

• 1:10:45Shane Parrish?

  Always be curious.

• 1:10:47Speaker 00

  Right, exactly.

• 1:10:49Shane Parrish?

  Let's switch gears, talk about value models. I want to talk about the four different types of experiments that, so I think their needs, solution, assumption, and validation. Can you walk me through those?

• 1:10:59Speaker 00

  Yeah, well, the main thing when you're trying to find somebody's needs, you're trying to not sell and you're trying to not talk about yourself. And so, for example, when I was an entrepreneur, we used to have this rule of 20. And maybe I could even go through all three of these by doing this. So the rule of 20 was you talk to 20 people that don't really know you, but that are in your target market segment. But they're not talking to you just because they're your buddies. The first five discussions you have, you just sit there and you just ask them about how they do their job and you say nothing about what you do, nothing at all. And so I, when I was at Motive, we had this product that would do tech support over the internet.

• 1:11:42Speaker 00

  So when you had a problem, rather than get on the phone and call support, you could send telemetry to the support organization securely over the internet, which saves a whole lot of time. So I was sitting there in a guy's cubicle and, um, the guy gets on the phone. He gets a call. He starts talking on the phone. And I was like, how did you know to ask those questions? And he says, oh, Joe told me. And I said, who's Joe? And he said, Joe is the guy, this is at Netscape, that Joe's the guy that knows Netscape Sweet Spot Server the best. It sounded like, where did you get those questions? He goes, oh, right there. He points to a cork board. And there's the

• 1:12:22Speaker 00

  five, the five questions. And then another call comes in. He asked the exact same five questions again. Right? And I was like, huh, that's interesting. So I look over this guy's cubicle. And there's hundreds of people asking the same five questions. Now, what entrepreneurs would normally do would say, hey, wouldn't it be cool if I could have those questions be asked digitally and sent to you by telemetry every time? And like, flag the differences of what you expect to see. But you don't want to do that in the needs phase. Because you want to get out of the mode of talking about yourself. You want to experience life as they live it. So first five interviews were exactly like that. Just an hour watching

• 1:13:07Speaker 00

  people asking questions, whenever they did something, why did you do that? And then the next five interviews are more around the solution experiments. It's like, hey, I've noticed, the last three calls you took, you asked the same five questions. What's up with that? And then they say, usually they say something similar. But then you say, like, where do those questions come from? And like, do you get different types of problems where you have to ask different questions? And like, is there like, is that documented? Like, what's, how does that work? And they show you all that stuff. And then the next set of questions are, hey, I'm curious, I've noticed you're taking all these calls. Wouldn't it be better if just like, you could just get that digitally, without asking?

• 1:13:50Speaker 00

  Because isn't, you know, like, all that stuff you asked, you know, open this file, run this command, tell me this version, tell me this date, that's knowable, that's objective facts, it's not subjective. And you know, you're on the right scent when they say, oh, yeah, we tried that already before, but it didn't work. And most people think that's bad, but it's good. And the reason it's good is because they know they have the problem. And they've actually done something to try to fix it and they failed at fixing it. So now if I could show you that I can do it, now all of a sudden I got their attention. And then the next five interviews are, hey, you know what? This is super early. I'm just thinking out loud, but like, I'm kind of thinking about doing a system that does this.

• 1:14:34Speaker 00

  And I've noticed from some of the folks that I've talked to so far that they're having these problems and like, am I just, am I, am I smoking something here or like, like, and you know that you're kind of on the right track if the person steals the whiteboard marker out of your hand.

• 1:14:48Shane Parrish?

  Yep.

• 1:14:49Speaker 00

  It starts drawing your solution for you. And say, I've been thinking about this for years and I can't get management to do this. And when are you going to come back and show me your product? So like, sorry, that's a long-winded answer, Shane.

• 1:15:02Shane Parrish?

  No, this is great.

• 1:15:03Speaker 00

  Some of what I was describing was needs experiments, which is the first five, and then validation is the next set. And then assumptions are, wouldn't it be good if? And solutions are more, hey, would this product be interesting to you? I'm just kind of thinking out loud here, but like, just tell me, tell me your reaction to this. In all these experiments, you'll notice that you're, you're trying to avoid letting your ego be in the mix. This is like a detective work exercise where people get hung up as they, they feel pride in what they want to build. And so they think their job is to convince somebody that what they're building is awesome. Wouldn't it be awesome if I built you this product?

• 1:15:47Speaker 00

  And the problem with that is a lot of times customers will lie to you because they, they want to make you feel good. They say, oh yeah, that's kind of cool. And then you come away saying, I just had a great meeting with that customer. They think what we're doing is awesome. And it's like, they were just saying, they're just being nice because it's easier to be agreeable than not.

• 1:16:05Shane Parrish?

  Yeah, it's really hard to get to the, the objective truth. And even when it's there in front of you, I mean, we're so protective of our ego and our ideas. We think of this at Front Street sort of as outcome over ego. But it's so easy to get your ego wrapped up in what you're doing and it feels good and this was my idea and you sort of see a little bit of positive traction, but you miss the big picture, which is maybe it doesn't resonate or the time you're committing to it is not, you know, there's a higher opportunity cost somewhere else.

• 1:16:36Speaker 00

  Yeah, like, you know, we like to say at floodgate that ego is about who's right and truth is about what's right. And, and you know, if insight development is about posing a great theory or question or insight, the value phase and those mental models are about discovering the truth of that insight.

• 1:16:56Shane Parrish?

  One thing I would say is just in my own experience, it's been a lot easier to put the truth ahead of myself running a business than it was working in a business.

• 1:17:08Speaker 00

  Yeah. Yeah. And it's funny because like what I've learned is that facts are stubborn. And if the facts of your idea don't turn out to be true, you're, you're out of business someday. Like the facts aren't going to suddenly be repudiated. Whereas unfortunately at big companies, some people get ahead by having an egocentric approach, whether it's trying to command a room and meetings or, you know, trying to amass political capital and reorder or things like that. And before you know it, people get caught up in that stuff.

• 1:17:38Shane Parrish?

  There's also like a labeling issue, right? Like people call you a knowledge worker. So if, if you're not coming up with the right answer, then what are you, right? And so you sort of like, and this, I think this happens at a subconscious level and then you look for things that validate you, you ignore things that don't, you sort of alienate people who disagree with you or might be pointing something out.

• 1:17:57Speaker 00

  Yeah, totally. And right, like in a startup, you have this advantage because you could say, it's not me that's bad or me that's wrong. We ran an experiment and the hypothesis was invalidated.

• 1:18:08Shane Parrish?

  Yeah.

• 1:18:08Speaker 00

  It's that simple, right? And it's like, The good news is we learned something. Even if the worst thing is an experiment that 100% confirms everything you believed, because then you just wasted time

• 1:18:20Shane Parrish?

  Right.

• 1:18:21Speaker 00

  teaching yourself what you already knew. Even negative data is good in the sense that you now know more.

• 1:18:28Shane Parrish?

  You learned something, yeah. Talk to me about the Herbie model.

• 1:18:30Speaker 00

  Yeah, so the Herbie model I like, it comes from a book called The Goal that I'm a huge fan of. And there's a chapter in The Goal where there's a bunch of scouts on a hike. And they're all screwed up. There's people way out in front of everybody. There's people clumped in the middle. There's people way in the back. And so the scoutmaster goes to the patrol leader and says, your patrol's a mess. You gotta fix this. So it turns out that the solution is to figure out who's the slowest hiker. And it turns out that the slowest hiker is Herbie. And so what you do is you put Herbie in the front of the line. Because the only way you can have a smooth, organized hike is everybody hikes at the same pace as Herbie.

• 1:19:12Speaker 00

  If people are in front of Herbie, they're gonna hike way out in front of him. And if they're behind him, they're gonna be bunched up. But nobody can get strung out, right? Nobody's gonna be way behind. So then you ask, can we meet the goal if we're hiking at this speed? And if the answer is you can't, you really got three choices. You could kick Herbie out of the patrol. You can make Herbie go faster. Or you can just accept that you're not gonna make the goal. That that's the pace you can go. And the way they make Herbie go faster in the book is they start taking stuff out of his backpack and distributing it to other people until he's no longer the slowest person. And so the reason I love the Herbie metaphor for startups is I think a lot of startups

• 1:19:56Speaker 00

  get very bad advice. They get advice that is sort of exhaustively correct. But what they don't realize is that when you're a startup, you can't do everything well. You gotta do the small number of very important things A-plus well. And so I like to use the metaphor of Herbie when I interact with startups. So when I talk to a founder, rather than give him advice about all the things they could be doing, instead I just ask, okay, well, why don't we start by just talking about what's our Herbie? Let's say that our Herbie is that when customers try our product, they're not sticking with it. Well, then investing more money in sales and marketing is useless. In fact, it's worse than useless. We're just going to get more unhappy customers that say bad stuff about us.

• 1:20:41Speaker 00

  And so product market fit can be thought of as progressively eliminating all Herbies until there are no more Herbies. And then you're in a mode where you can invest in growth because it's frictionless.

• 1:20:53Shane Parrish?

  I like that a lot.

• 1:20:55Speaker 00

  Yeah, and it's, to me, it's a much better way to interact with a founder because if we get together every two weeks, there's plenty of stuff that we could talk about. But we always start by saying, okay, is it still the same Herbie? Whereas I'm doing the founder a disservice if I say a bunch of clever sounding stuff, but it's always different and it's defocusing.

• 1:21:14Shane Parrish?

  How structured are those meetings, like every two weeks? Is there an agenda? Is it sort of like, let's meet for coffee and wing it? How much time and effort do you spend preparing for that meeting?

• 1:21:25Speaker 00

  Um, it really depends. I can't turn somebody into an artist. And I can't, I could never know their business as well as they know it, or what it takes to succeed as well as they know it. And if I can, then I back the wrong founder. So the way, the way I do it is I try to, I try to help them find issues that they maybe haven't seen before because they haven't seen as many startups as I have. And then I just say, hey, you might want to look at this. But I'm not attached to whether they take my advice, right? It's more like, hmm, I've seen something that looks like that before and it looks like quicksand to me.

• 1:22:09Speaker 00

  Here's why. But it's your company, you know, you decide. But you can help founders a lot by helping them avoid avoidable mistakes, right? That's where the mental models come in. And, you know, you're saying to the founder, look, I'm not coming down from the mountain saying I have the answers. I'm not telling you how to run your company. I'm saying that there's a bunch of counterintuitive lessons. We've documented them. It's your mileage may vary and you can listen to it, you could decide not to. But I'd sure hate for you to fail because of something that you could have known about to avoid because we just didn't talk about it. So that's mostly how I think I help. And then I try to help them think big. I try to help raise money. I try to help.

• 1:22:51Speaker 00

  I try to help with the roller coaster when the chips are down and people feel, you know, bummed out when there's bad news. I think we've also been able to help a lot in terms of our brand and our networks, but that's, that's different for the meetings. That's, that's a different set of things we do.

• 1:23:08Shane Parrish?

  What do you do when you realize you've made a mistake backing a particular company? Do you sort of cut bait and like, okay, well, they'll sink or swim? Do you dive in? Do you try to sell it? What do you, what's your thought process?

• 1:23:20Speaker 00

  Well, I try, I try very hard to acknowledge, first of all, this was a failure on my part because I picked either the wrong team or the wrong opportunity, which is my job on a very fundamental level, right? That's a very core part to how I create value in my business. But what I found is that when you replace the CEO involuntarily,

• 1:23:46Speaker 00

  you almost always make the company worse. So if a CEO says, look, I'm kind of in over my head and I need your help recruiting somebody, that can work.

• 1:23:56Speaker 00

  But if you have a fundamental difference of opinion with the founding team or the CEO, usually my default is, hmm, that's a shame. It's your company. I'm not gonna, I'm not gonna try to run it for you because I think that if I tried to run it for you, it'd be even worse off. And so, I mean, who am I to think that I could spend two hours a week running somebody's company? You can't.

• 1:24:17Shane Parrish?

  Right.

• 1:24:18Speaker 00

  So I think that this is a mistake, actually, that a lot of VCs make. I try to always ask myself, what would I want from my VC if I were a strong founder? And if the person isn't a strong founder, I'm probably doomed anyway. And if the person is a strong founder, the last thing they need is me to tell them how to run their business.

• 1:24:37Shane Parrish?

  Makes a lot of sense. I'm always trying to imagine like, what would I want if I was on the other side of the table?

• 1:24:42Speaker 00

  Yeah, yeah. And it's like knowing what the strong founder would want, and strong is important. Like, weak founder might say, I want you to tell me what my strategy is. And I'm like, well, if I have to do that, I've already made a decision that's too late.

• 1:24:56Shane Parrish?

  Yeah. Mike, before we come up to the end of this, I want to talk about growth models. Let's start with acquisition.

• 1:25:02Speaker 00

  Yeah. So the way I think about it is you've got four gears in a machine that need to operate in harmony. And so acquisition is, it's literally acquiring customers, whether it's a consumer end users for a mobile app or customers for a SaaS app or even an enterprise app. But like in acquisition, you're always asking a set of economics oriented questions about how efficiently can you acquire a customer? What is the lifetime value of a customer divided by the acquisition cost? What is the payback time of an acquired customer? What are the channels that are working best for acquiring a customer? What are the ones that are not working so well? You've got the economic outputs that you care about, but then you've also got

• 1:25:48Speaker 00

  the, the leading activities of the types of programs that you're going to run to produce those outputs. And then engagement is, okay, I'm a user now. Am I going to keep using it or am I going to stop using it? And engagement involves things like onboarding the user. It involves making sure they have a guaranteed positive experience within a certain amount of time, making sure that they don't lose interest or enthusiasm about the product. And then monetization is how do I make money from an engaged customer? That, that was pretty straightforward, although there's a whole lot of different ways you can, right? There's freemium, there's subscriptions, there's ads, there's application downloads,

• 1:26:31Speaker 00

  there's digital virtual goods, a bunch of different ways. And then enlistment is how do I get those people to tell other people? So, you know, one of the great heuristics of true product market fit is exponential organic growth. And exponential organic growth happens because your enlisted customers tell cross referenceable other people this product rocks.

• 1:26:57Speaker 00

  And it's the most efficient way to grow because you have your zealot advocates syndicating the truth of your value. And so this goes back a little bit to Herbie again as well, Shane. So Jeffrey Moore would probably say these four gears, they operate at different speeds. And what you want at the limit is them to be all operating at the same speed. And right. So like if a company, maybe they want to grow their recurring revenue and they want to grow it with a certain amount of time and a certain amount of burn. That's what the machine produces. And then each of these four gears, acquisition, engagement,

• 1:27:35Speaker 00

  monetization, and enlistment, they turn as a set of flywheels that are integrated together. And all the gears can can rotate only at the speed of the slowest gear. And so you're you're not only trying to make the gears go faster, but you're trying to make the slowest gear no longer be the slowest. And when you're in the growth mode, you want to do that in as predictable of a fashion as you can. So in the value phase, it could take years to get a value proposition, because you're running experiments and seeking the truth. In the growth phase, you've decided to shift gears. You've said, I know what works now. I'm going from zero to one to one to X mode. And so what I have to do is

• 1:28:18Speaker 00

  I have to copy the thing that works in a predictable pattern. And what we do is we create these growth gears that operate in harmony to produce a growth output machine.

• 1:28:29Shane Parrish?

  And you want to spend up until I would assume the the value per customer, right? Like you just want to put that flywheel in motion and go?

• 1:28:37Speaker 00

  That's right. And so we might say in acquisition, okay, we want our lifetime value over our acquisition cost to be 5X. And we want our acquisition payback period to be six months. Well, then the question becomes, what would we need to do to guarantee that would happen as a business? And then we ask the same for engagement. We ask the same for monetization, the same for enlistment. And all of those things, when they're achieved, cause the gears to operate in harmony.

• 1:29:06Shane Parrish?

  Yeah.

• 1:29:06Speaker 00

  And when those when those things aren't achieved, if any gear is not going fast enough, we need a process that alerts us immediately when we're off track. Because if we don't fix that broken gear, Before you know it, you start rapidly consuming capital because you're growing inefficiently.

• 1:29:23Shane Parrish?

  Yep, definitely. And the last one I want to talk about is the VP of Nothing.

• 1:29:27Speaker 00

  Yeah, so like, you know, earlier we talked about how startup teams, kind of like a jazz band. It, so startup teams have artistry and startup teams make something that's never been made before and delight people with what they've made. That's a very different skill set than operating these gears at scale. And so I like to say that, you know, founders are kind of like MacGyver in the, in the value phase or the insight phase. But they migrate to being VP of Nothing in the growth phase. Because what we need to do is we need to find people who already know how to execute those growth gears. And on the job, training doesn't work in the growth mode of a startup.

• 1:30:11Speaker 00

  Because if we have to 10x our revenue in 18 months, we can't learn that on the job. We have to have people in those roles that know the job and can be trusted to execute.

• 1:30:22Shane Parrish?

  You don't get a six month window to become productive.

• 1:30:25Speaker 00

  Yeah, so like, it's funny, you know, if you think about the continuum of startup to a company, it starts out with an insight or a knowledge advantage. And then it slowly, over time, migrates to having an execution advantage.

• 1:30:37Shane Parrish?

  That makes a lot of sense.

• 1:30:40Shane Parrish?

  I think culture would be the ultimate advantage, though, because even technological advantages seem remarkably short term these days. Executional advantages are, are real advantages, but they also strike me as short term, whereas cultural can persist.

• 1:30:55Speaker 00

  Yeah, I would agree with that. And I think in today's world, a reality-based culture is particularly important, you know, egoless, reality-based is a big deal. Because, you know, the data exists more than ever to get to the truth of things. And so you want to have a truth-seeking culture.

• 1:31:13Shane Parrish?

  What are the best CEOs that you're working with right now due to foster true-seeking culture within their organizations?

• 1:31:20Speaker 00

  That's a really good question, and I don't want to I don't want to play too many favorites. One of the guys that I think deserves a lot of credit would be Todd McKinnon from Okta, because he's, you know, now it's a company with more than 2,000 employees. And he's gone from the very beginning, when it was called Sasher and they weren't sure what it was, to now a market cap of over 12 billion and a very successful proprietary position in cloud. And so I give, I think that if a CEO goes that far, the distance, it's axiomatic. They've done a lot of things right in terms of building a culture.

• 1:32:01Shane Parrish?

  That makes a ton of sense. Listen, Mike, this has been an amazing conversation. I want to thank you so much for your time.

• 1:32:07Speaker 00

  Hey, well, thanks, Shane. I'm a huge fan of your site and your show, so it was an honor to be included.

• 1:32:14Shane Parrish?

  I appreciate that.

• 1:32:21Shane Parrish?

  You can find show notes on this episode as well as every other episode at fs.blog/podcast. If you find this episode valuable, share it on social media and leave a review. To support the podcast, go to fs.blog/membership and join our learning community. You'll get hand-edited transcripts of all the podcasts and so much more. Thank you for listening.