S3E6 An Enemy Within: The Stay-Behinds

IN THIS EPISODE One of the most remarkable stories that no one knows - which is remarkable in itself - is the assassinatioin of Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme on a Stockholm street on February 28, 1986. Palme's murder is to Sweden what JFK's is to America: a demarcation point between a sense of goodness and integrity, and corruption. As of now, the crime still remains unsolved - though much work has gone into trying to figure out who did this terrible thing and why. Though we may think the Cold War is a museum piece, we still live in the darkest part of its shadow. The assassination of Olof Palme wasn't just a dark day in Sweden's history. It was a dark day in lots of other places, too - including the United States - because the US may have been guilty of helping that assassination happen. In episode 1 of this 7 part series, we'll introduce you to the "Stay-Behinds", a secret, anti-fascist army made for World War Two but repurposed - and rebranded as anti-Communist - for the Cold War, with branches and combatants all over Western Europe. SHOW NOTES If you enjoy this podcast, please check out our social media: Insta - @deaddroppodcast And check out our other podcast offerings at Costard & Touchstone Productions costardandtouchstone.com. Your next podcasting binge is just a click away! Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy https://acast.com/privacy for more information.

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Speaker 00

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• 0:44Speaker 00

  Weight Loss by Hers is not available in all 50 states. Wegovy is the registered trademark of Novo Nordisk AS. To get started and learn more, including important safety information, Wegovy clinical study information, and restrictions, visit forhers.com.

• 0:59Speaker 01

  Your call has been forwarded to an automatic voice message system. A missed call doesn't feel like anything. No red flag, no notification screaming at you. It just disappears into your call log. And nine times out of 10, that was someone ready to hand you money. That's why today's episode is brought to you by QUO, spelled Q-U-O, the business phone system built so you never miss a call. Here's what I like about it. All your calls, texts, and voicemails live in one place, so anyone on your team can pick up a conversation, see the full history, and respond fast. No more, "Wait, who talked to this customer last?" And if you're worried about after-hours leads slipping through, QUO's optional built-in AI agent can answer questions and even book appointments while your team's offline.

• 1:43Speaker 01

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• 2:03Speaker 02

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• 3:10Speaker 02

  This podcast, it's a Costa and Touchstone production.

• 3:16John Kiriakou?

  Kusarasi, Turkey, November 3, 1996. Four people climb into a black Mercedes-Benz, license plate 06AC600, and they head for Istanbul. The four have just spent a weekend together at the Onurah Hotel in Kusarasi, a small, picturesque city on Turkey's Aegean coast. Kusarasi was one of Turkey's first centers of tourism. Its convention hall, built in 2013, happens to be the largest one in Europe. Settling into their seats in the Mercedes are Turkish politician Sadat Bucak. The black Mercedes belongs to him. Police academy director Hussein Kocadag,

• 3:59John Kiriakou?

  organized crime syndicate leader Abdullah Katli, using the fake identity Mahmet Ozbe, and Turkish model Gonçal Oğuz. She was Katli's girlfriend, and she, too, had a fake ID. Hers claimed that her name was Melahat Ozbe. So let's stick a pin in the strange juxtaposition of a politician, a police school director, and an organized crime syndicate boss spending a holiday weekend together. We'll let the girlfriend with the fake ID slide for the moment, too. At 7:25 PM on November 3, Kocadag, at the wheel of the Mercedes, collided with a truck that was exiting a gas station. The accident killed him, Katli, and Oğuz. Politician Bucak survived,

• 4:44John Kiriakou?

  but probably wished that he hadn't.

• 4:48John Kiriakou?

  What began as a traffic investigation became something far, far larger. The Susudluk scandal, named for the district where the accident took place, would go on to expose the dark underbelly of Cold War-era intelligence. It would confirm long-held suspicions regarding NATO's "stay-behind" networks, and it would rock the foundations of the West's democracies. We'll get to the "stay-behind" networks. The Susudluk scandal accomplished one other noteworthy thing. It gave us the term "derendevlet", or in English, "deep state." In the Turkish sense, the "deep state" was a secret alliance between state security forces, right-wing counter-guerrillas, and organized crime. Today, our understanding of the "deep state"

• 5:33John Kiriakou?

  has become something more abstract. Now it's the notion of shadowy government organizations, international conspiracies, and the subterranean political world of money and power.

• 5:46John Kiriakou?

  The contemporary understanding of the "deep state" has become far more abstract than its conception. I mean, how could you get more literal than a member of parliament, a police chief, and a notorious world criminal all together in a car, coming back from a joint vacation? Officially, the assassination of Swedish Prime Minister Olaf Palma on Friday, February 28, 1986, on a Stockholm street corner, remains unsolved. That's not to say that there aren't theories. As you'll hear, there are several. But as you'll also hear, there are several theories about this murder that make sense. That's noteworthy unto itself. This is a story that comes together like a puzzle,

• 6:29John Kiriakou?

  and the Susudluk scandal is the final piece of that puzzle. But here's where it gets tricky. On the surface, the puzzle looks like a straightforward assassination. But if we look closely at all the puzzle pieces themselves, they tell a very different story, so that, zooming out again, the entire picture changes. This wasn't just an assassination. It's one of the great untold stories of the Cold War, a shocking roller coaster ride that will whip us from the semi-tropical town of Kusarasi to Sweden's snowy capital, where a single bullet will do to Sweden what the JFK assassination did to America. What will that puzzle image be when we're done telling the story

• 7:14John Kiriakou?

  of the unsolved assassination of Prime Minister Olaf Palma in 1986? I'll tell you one thing. It won't be pretty.

• 7:25John Kiriakou?

  I'm John Kiriakou. Welcome to Dead Drop: What Makes a Spy Tick. This is episode one of An Enemy Within: The Untold Story of the Assassination of Swedish Prime Minister Olaf Palma. As always, we thank you for making Dead Drop part of your regular podcasting experience. So please don't forget to like, rate, review, comment on, and share the podcast. We really do appreciate it when you do that. So thank you so much. Thank you in advance. Like a great murder mystery, this has all of the very best tropes: a street splattered with blood, bullet casings, the only thing left by the killer, a horribly mishandled crime scene,

• 8:07John Kiriakou?

  a slew of suspects, all with highly plausible motives, a murder weapon that was never found, a surviving spouse whose accounts only further complicate the story, and last, but hardly least, the murmurs of a massive, state-led cover-up. Politics, Real Politique in particular, a word that I'm a fan of, plays a significant role here, both in the crime itself and in everyone's perception of the crime. As I said, Olaf Palma's assassination is to Sweden what JFK's assassination is to the United States. Now, it's entirely natural, when experiencing a murder mystery, to look for the "who." In essence, the story's punchline.

• 8:53John Kiriakou?

  This murder mystery is different, not only because it remains officially unsolved 40 years later. While the "who" is important, it pales in comparison to the "why." So this story is less a "who-done-it" than a "why-done-it." It's all about the motive. And once you understand the motive, or the multiple motives, you'll understand not just the "why", but the reasons this crime remains, quote, "unsolved," unquote. The context for the motive begins as the Western powers contemplate life post-World War II. The Cold War comes into being, and both the CIA and MI6 confront their own deep paranoia and anxieties about their former wartime ally, the Soviet Union.

• 9:38John Kiriakou?

  Those paranoias and anxieties would ultimately manifest in an actual "deep state", filled with "stay-behinds", and an architecture of fear that birthed the age of disinformation that we live in today.

• 9:53John Kiriakou?

  Peteano, Italy, May 31, 1972. It's 10:35 PM, and an anonymous call reaches the emergency switchboard of the local Carabinieri, the police station in Goresia. It's noted that the anonymous caller has a Friuliian accent. The switchboard operator on duty, Domenico La Malfa, receives and records it. The caller says, Hello, listen, I wanted to tell you that there's a car with two holes in the windshield on the road from Giotera Armata to Savonia. It's a 500.

• 10:30John Kiriakou?

  Three patrol cars arrive at the reported location of Peteano, a small village in the Sagrado municipality. They find a white Fiat 500 with two bullet holes through the windshield, just as it was described by the anonymous caller. Cautiously, Carabinieri Antonio Ferraro, Donato Poveromo and Franco Don Giovanni inspect the interior. They see nothing and they decide that they need to get inside the car to investigate further. Two of the three men go to the back of the car where they attempt to open the trunk. The other Carabinieri goes to open the hood when the car explodes, killing all three men instantly.

• 11:10John Kiriakou?

  Two other Carabinieri, Lieutenant Angelo Tagliati and Brigadier General Giuseppe Zazzardo, standing nearby, are both severely injured. An investigation into what became known as the Peteano massacre is launched promptly, headed by Colonel Dino Mingarelli, the former right-hand man to Giovanni de Lorenzo, the head of the Carabinieri. But some context is important here. Both Mingarelli and de Lorenzo were far-right-wing extremists. Both had taken part in at least two attempted coups: the Solo Plan and the Borgese Coup, meant to overthrow the Italian Socialist Party, which had just been invited into the government's ruling coalition.

• 11:53John Kiriakou?

  Not exactly open-minded investigators seeking the truth. You have to ask, who would assign these two to this investigation and why? The truth had as much of a chance with these two as steak would have had if you handed it to a dog and told the dog, "Don't eat the steak." Mingarelli immediately took absolute control of the crime scene and he cut out all other branches of the state police, insisting that he was the sole man for the job. Let's bore in a little here. The initial inquiry is directed toward the revolutionary communist group Lotta Continua, whose main operations at the time centered in the bustling little town of Trento. Local investigators, working under Mingarelli,

• 12:37John Kiriakou?

  allege that the attack is a left-wing ambush designed to replicate the kind of urban guerrilla warfare happening all over Europe at the time. The investigators target left-wing activists and students. Now, this was a time with intense militant activity in Italy. The Trentino militants had fallen under suspicion after being accused by an informant named Marco Pizzetta, a member of the radical communist militant group, The Red Brigades. Pizzetta was arrested just 29 days after the initial bombing and gave statements at the Trento barracks to Lieutenant Colonel Michel Santur, an authoritarian sympathizer. Though Pizzetta would deny collaborating, the government released him. The trail went cold.

• 13:22John Kiriakou?

  The information given by Pizzetta yielded no results at all. So, jump forward 10 months. While answers have not been forthcoming, the demand for those answers has actually grown. Colonel Mingarelli shifts his focus to the criminal underworld of Goresia. Goresia is in northeastern Italy, at the foot of the Julian Alps, bordering Slovenia. Apparently, this tourist town was a hotbed of criminal activity. So went the flimsy theory focusing on six young local hoodlums and their apparent vendetta against the Carabinieri. The prosecution's case rested on claims by a Carabinieri informant named Walter Di Biagio,

• 14:06John Kiriakou?

  who would later deny the claim that he was an informant to begin with. Still, based on Di Biagio's statements, the Carabinieri arrested the six local hoodlums on March 21st, 1973. All six were found innocent at their first trial in June 1974. Their innocence was upheld in 1976, when the prosecutors appealed, which you can do in Europe. Undeterred, prosecutors went after the six a third time. And again, they were all found innocent. And this time, fully acquitted on June 25th, 1979. The six filed complaints against Mingarelli for the false accusations.

• 14:49John Kiriakou?

  That in turn, launched a whole new investigation, this time into the Carabinieri officers for having misdirected the investigation. But the investigating judge in Triest rejected the complaints and ruled that no criminal action should be taken. And so, for another five years, the case went quiet. Remember, we're talking about an explosion here that killed three police officers, who were just doing their jobs. How was such an important case being handled so sloppily? Why were there no legitimate suspects? Why had lean investigator Mingarelli misdirected and obscured the investigation right from the jump? Don't get me wrong, law enforcement is hardly immune from making mistakes,

• 15:33John Kiriakou?

  even amateurish mistakes. But when the mistakes begin to pile up in such an obvious way, can one be faulted for wondering if these mistakes were really mistakes to begin with? That was what Venetian Judge Felice Casson started to wonder when he reopened the case in 1984. Casson had discovered that the official story framing the communist militant group was beyond flimsy. In fact, the judge realized, the case had been so mishandled, so riddled with irregularities, so falsified, that the official story wasn't just a fiction. It was an outright cover-up. Riled by the fact that there had been a cover-up,

• 16:17John Kiriakou?

  Judge Casson re-examined the ballistics and the material evidence and discovered that the bomb in this case was not just some amateurish MacGyver construction by the left-wing. It was a military-grade C4 bomb, an explosive strictly reserved for NATO military forces. That's a head-scratcher. Perhaps the NATO explosives had been stolen. If so, Mingarelli never pursued the angle. Instead, he swept the very fact of the explosives' NATO origins under the rug. But that NATO origin for the explosives was problematic.

• 16:57John Kiriakou?

  Another part of the initial examination described how a weapons cache was found underneath a cemetery in Triest by low-level Carabinieri, the Carabinieri expected to find local contraband, a thriving black market and World War II-era relics, maybe even weapons. What they found instead shocked them. A massive, professionally-packed depot, filled to the brim with NATO-grade firearms, munitions and blocks of C4 plastic explosives. These were weapons and munitions that the average criminal would find nearly impossible to obtain. Mysteriously, the investigation into who owned the cache was immediately shut down.

• 17:43John Kiriakou?

  Still, Casson persisted. Though it took him 12 years from the initial discovery, by auditing all of the old police and intelligence archives, Casson established via analysis that the C4 explosives found at the scene of the Peteano bombing had the exact same chemical trail as the explosives found in the Triest weapons cache. That NATO weapons cache in Triest, it turned out, sat inside a core stronghold of the far-right-wing terrorist organization Ordine Nuovo. Here's where things got strange, as if they weren't strange already. Authorities arrested Vincenzo Vincigheira, a local Ordine Nuovo leader.

• 18:28John Kiriakou?

  When they started to question Vincigheira, he confessed to planting the bomb. But he didn't just stop there. He also revealed how Giorgio Almerante, the secretary of MSI, the Italian social movement, a far-right neo-fascist political party, had sent $35,000 to Carlo Cicutini, leader of the Friolian MSI. Vincigheira continued, confessing that he was going to use the $35,000 to modify Cicutini's voice by having Cicutini get an operation on his vocal cords. In addition to planting the bomb with Vincigheira, Cicutini had been the anonymous caller, who summoned the Carabinieri to the booby-trapped Fiat,

• 19:13John Kiriakou?

  the one that had exploded and killed those Carabinieri. Still, Vincigheira wasn't done. Having confessed, he refused to ask for leniency and he blew the whistle on the entire Italian security apparatus.

• 19:29John Kiriakou?

  This wasn't out of remorse. It wasn't because of an intense interrogation. Vinciglio was a revolutionary fascist, who had become enraged and disgusted. He believed that his sincerely performed revolutionary acts had been cheapened by the very state security apparatus that had shielded him. He realized that he was working for the very state and capital interests that he despised, and had become a pawn of the organization that he hated the most: NATO. In his own eyes, he had become no better than hired muscle in the state's mission to enforce a strategy of tension.

• 20:12John Kiriakou?

  Ordine Nuovo was notorious in the 70s and the 80s in Italy, while the country suffered a steady tattoo of terrorist attacks. Yet, the Italian general public never seemed to make the connection that Ordine Nuovo was behind any of these attacks. Remember, the setup to this story reveals more than the punchline. The idea to do this didn't originate with Ordine Nuovo. Someone put them up to it. Someone with access to NATO explosives, which they gave to Ordine Nuovo. In addition, this someone gave Ordine Nuovo funding, fake passports, and an escape route. The escape route would put Ordine Nuovo members

• 20:56John Kiriakou?

  in contact with Stay Behind networks. We'll get to them shortly. Clearly, the goal here, the setup, was to frame radical leftists and to create a public fear of them, and a fear of communism. And to legitimize the need for authoritarian leaders who would defend against all of it. A final verdict was handed down in 1992, 18 years after the initial explosion. Vinciglio and Sicottini were sentenced to life in prison. Other local Ordine Nuovo conspirators, Carlo Maria Maggi, Carlo Di Giglio, and Delfo Zorzi, were sentenced to 12, 11, and 10 years in prison, respectively. Let's go back to Judge Casson.

• 21:39John Kiriakou?

  What he had uncovered widened the scope of the case from a violent local crime to an international conspiracy that would rock the democracies of the West. Casson had found highly classified documents from the SISMI, the Italian military intelligence agency, proving the existence of a secret, parallel army: the Stay Behind networks. With this evidence in hand, Casson wanted to force the government to answer for it. The Italian prime minister at the time was Giulio Andriotti. Casson's persistence put Andriotti under extreme pressure to do something before Casson exposed the corruption inside Italy's government. To his credit,

• 22:23John Kiriakou?

  Andriotti was a brilliant political chess player. Between 1976 and 1979, he pulled off the seemingly impossible by forcing the Italian Communist Party to support the Christian Democratic government, the conservative government, without giving them a single cabinet seat. That move consolidated his power, still realizing that he had to say something. On October 24, 1990, Andriotti revealed Operation Gladio to the Italian parliament. Operation Gladio was a secret, NATO-coordinated Stay Behind network established during the Cold War to wage guerrilla resistance and espionage

• 23:05John Kiriakou?

  in case of a Soviet invasion of Western Europe. But political chess player that he was, Andriotti underestimated Gladio, treating the subject as if everybody knew about it already, so it was no big deal. He argued that the entire operation was both legal and a necessary patriotic defense, built with the CIA to protect Italy from a Soviet invasion. As for all the domestic bombings and the shootings that had terrorized Italy from the 1960s through the 1980s, though there was a right-wing element, that element in stealth was a renegade, he said, and not representative of the Gladio program itself. Andriotti insisted that he was furious that Italy was bearing the brunt of a massive international conspiracy.

• 23:50John Kiriakou?

  NATO, he insisted, that was the problem. NATO and its paramilitary Stay Behind networks and weapons caches. These, said Andriotti, were present in nearly every Western nation. Being exposed in such a way, NATO went instantly into denial mode. On November 5, 1990, a NATO spokesman issued a flat-out denial, categorically denying every single one of the prime minister's claims. But the very next day, November 6, 1990, facing a mountain of undeniable evidence, NATO retracted its denial and admitted that its previous day's denial had been totally false.

• 24:35John Kiriakou?

  And then they admitted to having coordinated these right-wing, paramilitary Stay Behind networks. Now that the Stay Behind networks were on the table, lots of other countries began confessing domino effect style to also having and nurturing Stay Behind networks. Belgium, the Netherlands, West Germany, France, Norway, Denmark, Greece, and Turkey. They all conceded to operating parallel Stay Behind networks. Even more damaging were the neutral nations, those countries that weren't supposed to take a position between the Soviet Union and the United States. Sweden, Switzerland, Austria, Finland, they all confessed too to having and nurturing Stay Behind elements.

• 25:23Speaker 00

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• 26:07Speaker 00

  Weight Loss by Hers is not available in all 50 states. Wegovy is the registered trademark of Novo Nordisk AS. To get started and learn more, including important safety information, Wegovy clinical study information, and restrictions, visit forhers dot com.

• 26:22Speaker 04

  Your call has been forwarded to an automatic voice message system.

• 26:25Speaker 01

  A missed call doesn't feel like anything. No red flag, no notification screaming at you. It just disappears into your call log. And nine times out of 10, that was someone ready to hand you money. That's why today's episode is brought to you by QUO, spelled Q-U-O. The business phone system built so you never miss a call. Here's what I like about it. All your calls, texts, and voicemails live in one place, so anyone on your team can pick up a conversation, see the full history, and respond fast. No more, "Wait, who talked to this customer last?" And if you're worried about after-hours leads slipping through, QUO's optional, built-in AI agent can answer questions and even book appointments while your team's offline. It's the number-one-rated business phone system on G2,

• 27:09Speaker 01

  and over 90,000 businesses already trust it to stay reachable. Money is on the line. Always say hello with QUO. Try QUO for free. Plus, get 20% off your first six months when you go to quo dot com slash tech. That's Q-U-O dot com slash tech.

• 27:31John Kiriakou?

  If you're enjoying Dead Drop, and of course, we hope you are, then while you're waiting for new episodes, I'd like to suggest another great, granular story podcast from the Costard and Touchstone family. Just the Photographer with David Swanson does for photojournalism what Dead Drop does for spies. Pulitzer Prize-winning photojournalist David Swanson tells you stories his amazing news photos just can't. What it felt like being in all those dangerous places, like war zones and natural disasters, doing his job, taking pictures. Having been to a few war zones myself, I can tell you this. Just the Photographer will put you right there, on the ground, right next to David. Inside his head, in fact. It's a hell of a podcast,

• 28:16John Kiriakou?

  and you can find it wherever you find your favorite podcasts or at costardandtouchstone dot com. There's a link in this episode's show notes. In fact, you'll find lots of great story podcasts at Costard and Touchstone, like The Donor, a DNA horror story, The Hall Closet, Sage Wellness Within, and the How Not to Make a Movie podcast. Who knows? Your next favorite podcast might be just a click away. Now, back to Dead Drop.

• 28:46John Kiriakou?

  The political backlash from all this previously top-secret information seeing the light was profound, and it generated massive political outrage across Europe. Determined to quell the backlash, in late November 1990, the European Parliament passed a fierce resolution condemning NATO and the United States. They accused NATO and the CIA of creating a destabilizing and clandestine structure that had operated extralegally, entirely beyond democratic and judicial control. Rigorous inquiries were launched unilaterally. In Italy, Belgium, and Switzerland, full, formal parliamentary investigations took place.

• 29:30John Kiriakou?

  But not every country took this approach. The US and the UK chose to stonewall instead. They refused to answer any questions whatsoever. In fact, they refused to comment altogether. In poker, that's called a tell. In a sense, the "stay-behinds" started as something noble and good that stopped being either noble or good. In a war synonymous with secrecy, the "stay-behind" networks may have been one of the Cold War's most notorious, lingering, and damaging secrets. So, how did we get from noble to no good? Let's go back to World War II. Germany blitzkrieged its way through Western Europe, occupying Belgium, Luxembourg, and

• 30:14John Kiriakou?

  the Netherlands while forcing France to surrender. With the Third Reich now poised on the other side of the English Channel, Winston Churchill was justifiably worried, "What if the Germans refused to stop at the Channel? What if the war went all the way to England?" Those concerns swirled inside his decision-making matrix. In the summer of 1940, Churchill authorized Britain's first official "stay-behind" networks to be led by Major General Sir Colin Gubbins. Gubbins would also become one of the founders of SOE, the Special Operations Executive. The SOE's mandate was to conduct espionage, sabotage, and reconnaissance in countries occupied by the Axis powers.

• 30:56John Kiriakou?

  While its mandate was operations outside of Britain, the SOE was very much influenced by the "stay-behinds." In continental Europe, the SOE did not typically plant "stay-behind" units. Instead, they parachuted agents into occupied Europe to actively build, arm, and lead dynamic local resistance networks, such as the French Resistance and Operation Jedberg, to "set Europe ablaze." Back in England, though, the plan for the "stay-behinds" was to provide certain individuals with highly specialized training and high-grade weaponry. Then, if the Germans did invade and did take over, these "stay-behinds" could operate

• 31:39John Kiriakou?

  guerrilla-style from within, launching sabotage campaigns, destroying infrastructure, and assassinating collaborators. Not only was the goal to make life hell for the occupying Germans, it was also important to drive home to anyone cooperating with the occupiers that they would be held to account. In a way, the strategy was to behave like a virus, lying dormant, totally invisible to the immune system, until it began attacking the immune system from within. Not only did this make sense as a tactical last resort, but in some countries, Sweden, for instance, the "stay-behinds" became a staple.

• 32:21John Kiriakou?

  Before the war was even over, in 1944, when Churchill felt quite secure that Germany could no longer invade, he quietly disbanded the "stay-behinds" in England. But that never happened on the other side of the Channel. General Gubbins' blueprint for these "secret armies for good," that he called them, relied on decentralized cells of three to eight people, all civilians, who did not know each other, and who did not know that each other even existed. They just knew that there were others like them out there. The "stay-behinds" were not career Army personnel, highly specialized spies, or even undercover government agents.

• 33:03John Kiriakou?

  Those creating the networks wanted men in specific rural occupations. They wanted farmers, farmworkers, gamekeepers, miners, poachers, because men like them could wander the countryside, working odd jobs at strange hours, without drawing the suspicion of the occupying forces. These pastoral regulars knew the local woods, they knew the fields, the terrain, in ways that the occupiers didn't, and probably couldn't. This allowed the "stay-behinds" to move with relative "safety" between secret underground bunkers, hidden inside forests, coastal cliffs, and rural farmlands where supplies were cashed and the subsoil was easily concealed.

• 33:44John Kiriakou?

  Just a few years later, as the Cold War began escalating, these secret weapons would be scattered all across Western Europe. Mastery of the local environment was vital. So was finding certain skill sets among the recruits. Miners and quarry workers, for example, knew how to work with explosives. That made them very attractive. The planners who put together these "stay-behind" cells had thought about what would actually happen in the event of a German occupation. How would these cells behave? Would they succeed? The combat life expectancy of a "stay-behind," listen to this, was 12 days to two weeks after an enemy invasion began.

• 34:28John Kiriakou?

  Some internal military estimates for specific underground operational bases was even more grim, putting an expected survival time of just 48 hours. That factored in the extreme vulnerabilities of winter exposure, supply shortages, and detection by enemy-tracking dogs. "Stay-behinds" were pretty much expendable, which they had to know going in. Whatever training that they had received, it didn't include extraction or rescue. Those were off the table. Once an active "stay-behind" ran out of food, water, or bullets, whatever came first, they would be at the mercy of the invading force. That was just a fact of life. Another potential problem facing each "stay-behind," they would have limited resources in the aftermath

• 35:11John Kiriakou?

  of their actions, whether sabotage, or assassination, or whatever. There would be no safe house to run to, no support network of agents operating like a kind of underground railroad meant to ferry them to safety. Quite literally, they would quickly become sitting ducks, like Daffy with a "shoot me" sign taped to his back. If captured, "stay-behinds" would not be considered prisoners of war. It wouldn't be until 1949, four years after the war, that, under the Geneva Convention, civilians would be given the same protection afforded combatants. During World War II, that was not the case. There were no protections. A civilian caught behaving as a franc de rire, an enemy combatant, or a spy, could be tortured

• 35:55John Kiriakou?

  for information, or just simply executed. This clear disposability wasn't lost on the "stay-behind" operatives. That reality was driven home in their training. They were commonly issued "suicide pills," typically potassium cyanide. Their training included instructions to "take the poison if capture became inevitable." They were a tripwire force, and like a tripwire, their very existence presupposed their inevitable destruction. Let's pivot to the other dominating power that, alongside Britain, would later refashion Western Europe as a veritable Soviet glue trap: the United States. Before World War II, the United States did not have a single unified intelligence agency.

• 36:40John Kiriakou?

  Instead, intelligence gathering was divided among several independent military and civilian departments. There was the Military Intelligence Division, the MID. This was the US Army's intelligence branch, also known as G2. It focused on military ground intelligence. The Office of Naval Intelligence, established in 1882, gathered data on foreign naval technologies and fleets. The Department of State handled diplomatic reporting and foreign political intelligence through its network of embassies and consulates all around the world. And the FBI handled domestic security, counterintelligence, and later expanded foreign intelligence work in Latin America under the Special Intelligence Service, SIS.

• 37:25John Kiriakou?

  But as America suddenly found itself swept up into World War II and recognizing the massive vulnerability posed by going to war without an organized intelligence gathering agency, President Franklin Roosevelt appointed William "Wild Bill" Donovan with the task of building just such an agency. Donovan looked to Major General Gubbins's newly expanded SOE in England for inspiration. Gubbins, in turn, along with Britain's MI6, took Donovan under his wing. First, MI6 Station Chief William Stevenson, codenamed Intrepid, invited Donovan to tour Britain. The point of the tour was to prove that the British could survive the Nazi blitzkrieg and to convince President Roosevelt to send military aid.

• 38:10John Kiriakou?

  MI6 opened its doors to General Donovan. They gave him access to vital intelligence-listening posts. They let him shadow British commandos, and they introduced him to Prime Minister Winston Churchill. But spy agencies don't create themselves. To help Donovan set up an American counterpart, MI6 officers helped draft the blueprint for what would become the Office of Strategic Services, the OSS, a sort of "dummies' guide to covert operation." Here's a fun fact: among the British officers helping birth America's first dedicated spy agency was none other than Ian Fleming, British naval intelligence officer, and later the creator of James Bond.

• 38:52John Kiriakou?

  The Brits got right to work training the first class of American OSS operatives in a covert facility in Canada. And so, in 1942, America's first full-fledged spy agency became a thing.

• 39:05John Kiriakou?

  American operatives were deployed alongside the SOE operatives all across occupied Europe. There, they mastered the art of sabotage that Gubbins had originally developed for the British "Stay Behind." Like out of a war movie, or a James Bond, considering. The OSS would parachute operatives into the theater with clandestine radio transmitters disguised as suitcases. They were as big as suitcases back then. They were equipped with forged papers, specially-designed explosives, silenced guns, or something right out of Q's collection: the Stinger pen gun, a gun designed to look like an ordinary fountain pen. These sabotage missions would become vital to the Allies winning the war.

• 39:49John Kiriakou?

  Germany had been trying to build a nuclear bomb since Adolf Hitler and Fritz Strassmann discovered fission in Berlin in December 1938. But their efforts stalled. When the war ended in May 1945, Germany hadn't even built a working nuclear reactor, or made any fissile material, or produced any meaningful amount of enriched uranium or plutonium. Despite their head start and their grim determination, Germany never even came close to building a nuclear bomb. Part of that grim determination involved the creation of something called "heavy water." Heavy water is primarily used as a neutron moderator in certain types of nuclear reactors to slow down fast neurons and sustain fission chain reactions.

• 40:32John Kiriakou?

  To Norwegian resistance fighters during World War II, heavy water was a mysterious substance considered to be so perilous that they were willing, under orders from the Special Operations Executive in London, to sacrifice the lives of their countrymen in order to keep it out of Nazi hands. So what is heavy water, exactly? And what is it that makes it so damned heavy? Well, heavy water is a form of water with a unique atomic structure and un-water-like properties. Those properties, combined with heavy water's unique atomic structure, make them ideal for the production of nuclear power and weapons. Like ordinary H2O, each molecule of heavy water contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

• 41:17John Kiriakou?

  The difference, though, lies in the hydrogen atoms. In ordinary water, each hydrogen atom has just a single proton in its nucleus. In heavy water, each hydrogen atom has a neutron as well as a proton in its nucleus. So heavy water is indeed heavier. Germany never produced heavy water in any real quantity during the war. It relied almost entirely on a plant in occupied Norway. Norsk Hidro's Vimork plant near Rukon started producing heavy water in 1934. It was the first industrial-scale heavy water plant in the world. In early 1940, just before Germany invaded Norway, Norsk Hidro gave its entire stockpile

• 42:02John Kiriakou?

  of heavy water, about 200 kilos worth, 440 pounds, to France, which was also working on a reactor that kept it out of German hands. Germany invaded Norway in April 1940, and its troops reached Rukon on May 4. Right after the invasion, Norsk Hidro began talks with IG Farben, its German partner and largest shareholder, about expanding heavy water output. The heavy water produced there was then shipped to Germany for reactor experiments. Fearing sabotage, the Germans had littered the outskirts of the Vimork electrolysis factory with mines, floodlights, and additional guards. The Allies went after the heavy water plant at Vimork in occupied Norway, over about

• 42:45John Kiriakou?

  16 months, from late 1942 all the way to early 1944. In October 1942, four SOE-trained Norwegian commandos parachuted onto the local plateau, landing in the wrong place, however, they then had to ski a long way to get into a position on a hill above the plant. Their job was to gather intelligence and guide in the main task force. On November 19, 1942, two Halifax bombers took off from Scotland, each towing a horse of glider carrying British Royal Engineers. One Halifax flew into a mountain. Its glider broke loose and crashed.

• 43:26John Kiriakou?

  The other Halifax couldn't find the landing zone because the radar beacon link failed. And on the way home, its tow rope snapped, and that glider crashed too. The Gestapo captured the survivors, tortured them, and executed them, under Hitler's commando order. The Germans also found a map showing that Vimork was the target. The Graus team, now codenamed "Swallow," stayed hidden in the mountains through the winter, living on moss and lichen, until they finally were able to shoot a reindeer just before Christmas. Finally, on the night of February 16, 1943, six Norwegian commandos jumped from a Halifax bomber and parachuted into the snowy mountains of Rukon.

• 44:09John Kiriakou?

  Their first objective: track down the Swallow team. After several days of searching on cross-country skis, they found the Swallow team, and together they made final preparations for their assault on the plant. Part of those preparations involved recovering a special CLE container, that's a specialized container used to dead-drop supplies. This specific container had been buried in snow by a Norwegian patriot weeks earlier, like a "Stay Behind" cache, keeping it hidden from watchful German eyes. On the night of February 27, 1943, now armed and supplied, the strike force descended into the ravine, traveled across an icy river, and climbed a steep hill on the far side.

• 44:52John Kiriakou?

  There, they saw a single railway track exposed by the river's naturally-low winter level. The team followed the track straight into the plant without encountering a single guard. That wasn't the plant's only security issue. A Norwegian intelligence agent, months earlier, had infiltrated the plant and sent out detailed plans and schedules. That's good intelligence. The mole's information guided the demolition team into the plant's basement, where they found what they were looking for: the heavy water electrolysis chambers. Working quickly, the team attached a fuse to the main chamber and then hurried out with just enough time before the explosives went off.

• 45:34John Kiriakou?

  The team had left behind a Thompson submachine gun, an attempt to muddy the "whodunit" waters, and give the Germans the impression that it was the work of the local resistance and not a British military operation. The blast destroyed 1,102 pounds of heavy water, Vimork's entire inventory, and completely obliterated the electrolysis chambers. Search for the saboteurs, but none were captured. Five of the operatives escaped to Sweden on skis, traveling 200 miles. Two made it to Oslo, and four remained in the region to continue their reconnaissance work. The mission's success put a serious hurt on Germany's already-struggling atomic bomb program.

• 46:16John Kiriakou?

  "Surprise, kill, vanish" was the motto of the Jedbergs. In May 1943, the SOE and its American counterpart, SO London, came up with an idea to parachute small groups of military personnel into Nazi-occupied France, Belgium, and the Netherlands to assist local resistance forces and to carry out military operations. Unlike SOE agents who had worked in occupied Europe, the Jedberg teams would be armed and uniformed military personnel. The "Jeds," as the men on Operation Jedberg teams were called, were all volunteers. Each three-man group consisted of one American, one Brit, and one French ally, oftentimes with a radio man to assist in communication.

• 47:00John Kiriakou?

  100 of these Jedbergs, or Jed teams, were parachuted deep behind enemy lines. The agents arriving before D-Day were specifically tasked with sabotage, using any means necessary to delay the German troop deployment to Normandy. Jed's siphoned off axle oil from military rail transport cars and replaced it with abrasive grease that caused them to seize up. They blasted rail lines, they derailed supply trains, and they destroyed train engines to prevent the German military from moving reinforcements to the front lines. Teams demolished strategic bridges, culverts, and roadways to trap enemy vehicle convoys or force them into lengthy detours.

• 47:45John Kiriakou?

  Other teams attacked electrical grids, power stations, and transformer substations to darken regional facilities and disrupt industrial output. Also targeted: phone lines, telegraph poles, signal relay stations, ammo dumps, fuel caches, storage depots. The Jed's did whatever they could to ambush German support columns on rural roads so as to just bleed enemy logistics dry. Most importantly, though, they arranged airdrops of arms and ammunition, a vital resource for the advancing teams after the D-Day operation's success. Like other forces captured behind Nazi lines, the Jed's were subject to torture and execution

• 48:29John Kiriakou?

  if caught, under Hitler's commando order.

• 48:34Speaker 05

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• 49:15Speaker 05

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• 50:34John Kiriakou?

  On August 14, 1944, Jedberg Team Bruce, led by a commander codenamed Berkshire, jumped from a black painted B-24 Liberator into what was supposed to be a rural section of the Lyon Valley in Montargy, France. But the pilot severely miscalculated the drop, and instead, Team Bruce was dropped 20 miles off-target into an urban area packed with a German combat garrison. Not only was the team wildly outnumbered and in no position to make any sort of tactical move, the heavy equipment containers—it was supposed to be the equipment that they needed to execute the mission—had been scattered wildly across the whole area.

• 51:17John Kiriakou?

  Knowing that any search for these containers would lead to certain capture, Berkshire and his team were forced to abandon their radio and their gear and scramble into the woods. Despite the chaotic and poorly executed start, Berkshire established contact with the local French Resistance. Through cunning leadership and masterful logistics management, Berkshire found himself commanding an irregularly large Jedberg force of 6,000 Marquis Resistance Fighters. Marquis was the name of the French Resistance Movement. Under his guidance, Team Bruce blew up bridges, ambushed German convoys, and delayed retreat routes as Allied forces pushed east following D-Day.

• 51:59John Kiriakou?

  Berkshire worked very closely with a charismatic, high-ranking Resistance leader within the Marquis, Roger Bardet, to coordinate some of these attacks. Berkshire didn’t like Bardet. Though working with Bardet was essential, Berkshire found working with him difficult. While driving through a contested area near Lyon with Bardet at the wheel, Berkshire felt increasingly uneasy. Something was awry. As they drove deeper into the city, he realized that they were deviating entirely from their expected destination. “Holy shit,” Berkshire realized. Bardet was driving them straight into enemy territory. Then, an even scarier and more acute realization followed.

• 52:41John Kiriakou?

  Bardet was driving them straight into Gestapo headquarters in Lyon. Sensing his impending doom, Berkshire leapt from the car and escaped into the crowd. He hid out in Lyon’s bustling labyrinth, and he avoided being captured by the Gestapo. After the war, the Allies would learn that Bardet had been captured by the Gestapo early into the war, and he had become a vicious and dangerous double agent. Berkshire’s brush with capture and Bardet’s betrayal would inform Berkshire’s worldview thereafter. How could it not? Berkshire’s real name, by the way, was William Colby. That’s an important name.

• 53:21John Kiriakou?

  Colby would go on in time to serve as the Director of Central Intelligence, from September 1973 to January 1976. For the purposes of our story, Bill Colby connects some very interesting dots, which deserve a quick detour. While he was DCI, Colby fired Counterintelligence Chief James Jesus Angleton. That was in 1974. Angleton became infamously paranoid, convinced that a Soviet mole had penetrated the CIA. Angleton’s mole hunts paralyzed the agency’s operations and ruined countless lives. But Angleton had also been exposed in a massive scandal.

• 54:04John Kiriakou?

  The CIA had been caught illegally spying on Americans involved in the anti-Vietnam War Movement and the Black Nationalist Movement. In 1945, Angleton had rescued a man named Junio Valerio Borgesse, nicknamed “The Black Prince.” During World War II, Borgesse had commanded something called the Decima Flotiglia, an elite naval sabotage unit. After Italy surrendered to the Allies in 1943, Borgesse sided with Benito Mussolini’s puppet Nazi regime, the RSI, the Italian Social Republic. This was at a time when high-ranking fascist leaders like Borgesse were being executed by partisan firing squads.

• 54:48John Kiriakou?

  Angleton observed Borgesse’s fierce anti-communist stance and the fanatic loyalty of the men following him, and recognized him as a great asset, an asset that needed saving. Angleton personally rescued Borgesse from Milan, drove him to Rome, and placed him under Allied protection. Now safe, Borgesse would live to rise to prominence as the leader of Italy’s radical neo-fascist movement. So, mission accomplished. Remember the first investigator of the Petean bombing? General Dino Mingarelli? Well, Mingarelli had prepared to bring 800 trainee officers from the Carabinieri School

• 55:29John Kiriakou?

  in Florence directly to Rome in combat gear at Junio Borgesse’s bihe. The point of the military exercise was a coup. At the 11th hour, the coup was called off. But as we’ve seen, that was only the beginning of Mingarelli’s role in the deep state apparatus. One more interesting side note about Angleton. Mainstream historians and prominent JFK researchers regard Angleton as a prime mover and shaker behind the scenes in the JFK assassination. So let’s stick a pin in James Jesus Angleton. We’ll come back to him. This isn’t his last appearance in our story, and this isn’t the last time our characters connect in unexpected ways.

• 56:14John Kiriakou?

  Back to Bill Colby. In mid-to-late autumn 1944, Colby and Team Bruce finally linked up with advancing Allied ground forces. Colby’s exceptional work leading Team Bruce would go on to cement his reputation as one of the OSS’s finest operators. Just a year later, he would be jumping behind enemy lines in command of NORSO, the Norwegian Special Operations Group, executing a grueling ski parachute sabotage mission in the freezing winter to destroy strategic railway lines in occupied Norway. Colby would be awarded a Silver Star for his efforts. As the war progressed into late 1944, and the Allied forces pushed deep into Europe,

• 56:59John Kiriakou?

  the threat of a German invasion of the UK began to dissipate. So did the fear that led to the creation of the SOE and the OSS. The domestic auxiliary units were quietly decommissioned in Britain and remained bound to secrecy by the Official Secrets Act for decades. Similarly, President Harry Truman disbanded the OSS, believing—ironically, in the scheme of what would follow—that a peacetime democracy should not house a centralized cloak-and-dagger agency. Disbanding the OSS would be a very short-lived decision as the Soviet Union consolidated its grip on Eastern Europe. The hot war having ended, America and the West suddenly found themselves caught up

• 57:43John Kiriakou?

  in a Cold War. A war with all the subtext of a real war, but none of the bombs and the bullets. As America had panicked going into World War II without intelligence eyes and ears, so too did it suffer significant agita now, facing a committed adversary without an organized intelligence gathering agency. In order to combat this burgeoning twilight war of espionage and subversion, President Truman signed something called the National Security Act of 1947, officially dissolving the OSS and creating something called the Central Intelligence Agency. The CIA would rapidly go from strictly an intelligence agency to one that was authorized

• 58:27John Kiriakou?

  to conduct large-scale covert operations. Ironically, the first large-scale covert operation would happen in Italy. Already alarmed about Soviet intentions in Central Europe, American leadership further feared a communist victory in the 1948 Italian general election, the new Italian Republic’s very first election. In particular, they feared that Italy would be drawn into the Soviet sphere of influence if the left-wing Popular Democratic Front were to win. Time Magazine warned ominously that an FDP victory would push Italy “to the brink of catastrophe.” The CIA countered by funneling millions of dollars to centrist parties.

• 59:12John Kiriakou?

  That money eventually found its way into various secret Stay-Behind networks that were quietly integrating with the newly-established NATO, which had opened shop in 1949. In 1951, NATO created something called SHAPE, the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe. SHAPE would adopt many of the West’s individual military structures and plans to mesh with NATO’s joint structure. This included agreements on standardizing equipment and stationing foreign military forces in European countries. SHAPE also provided a structure for operations like the Stay-Behind network.

• 59:50John Kiriakou?

  In 1956, in Italy, SIFAR, the Italian Military Secret Service, initiated Operation GLadio, or Sword. While GLadio was what the Italians called their version of the operation, GLadio became the eponym for such operations all across Europe, of which there were now many. On one front, GLadio and its spinoffs used assassination, psychological warfare, and false flag operations to delegitimize left-wing parties across Western Europe and to support anti-communist militias and right-wing terrorists. Torturing communists? Perfectly kosher. But GLadio also stepped up the pace of its stockpiling as Stay-Behinds began building secret weapons caches all across Europe.

• 1:00:35John Kiriakou?

  The favored construction model was a large waterproof container buried in a forest, on a mountainside, or hidden in secret miniature bunkers close to a city. Originally, Stay-Behind caches were meant for immediate or near-term use in a war that could happen at any moment. But as the Cold War dragged on, invasion, while remaining a threat, ceased being an imminent threat. The caches were reimagined as long-term sleeper cell stockpiles. Some of these caches were hidden so securely that their existence wasn’t even disclosed until the late 1990s. Another thing changed, too.

• 1:01:16John Kiriakou?

  During World War II, no one really questioned the Stay-Behind’s political or social ideology. So long as they were anti-fascist, loyal to their country, and hated the Germans, nothing else mattered. But as the Cold War dragged on, and World War II Stay-Behinds either lost interest or died, the old Stay-Behinds were replaced by new, communist-fearing Stay-Behinds who were also much more committed to right-wing ideologies, and much more committed to perpetrating violence in real time, not in some fuzzy, to-be-determined future.

• 1:01:53John Kiriakou?

  Piazza Fontana è un quadrato pubblico in centro Milano, Italia, localizzato solo da un blocco dalla Duomo, il cattedrale di Milano. Dalla strada dalla Piazza Fontana si trovano le sede della Banca Nazionale dell'Agricultura, la Banca Agricoltoria Nazionale. A 4:37 PM del 12 dicembre 1969, una bomba si è sparsa all'interno della banca, nella Piazza Fontana, vicino alla Duomo. Questa esplosione ha ucciso 17 persone e ha ferito un altro 88. L'stessa sera, un'altra bomba è stata esplosa a una banca a Roma, e un terzo è stato trovato non esploso al tombino dell'esercito sconosciuto. Gli italiani si sarebbero riferiti a questa madre di tutti i massacramenti

• 1:02:38John Kiriakou?

  come l'evento triggente degli anni di piombo, gli anni di l'edema. Un spazio di 20 anni di violenza sociale e politica che pone la destra a sinistra in un tango di terrorismo che ha lasciato centinaia di persone morte e migliaia, principalmente innocenti, ferite. Ma dopo l'esplosione della Piazza Fontana, le autorità italiane hanno preso la colpa alle militanti comunisti, che poi hanno prosecutedo, solo per far cadere i casi a causa della mancanza di evidenza. Le autorità italiane non hanno mai cercato nessun altro, come se non esistesse nessuna evidenza, a parte che esistesse

• 1:03:23John Kiriakou?

  e le autorità italiane potrebbero aver saputo che esisteva. Questa evidenza rivelerebbe poi che il gruppo vero dietro all'esplosione era l'Ordine Nuovo, l'organizzazione terroristica nato-fascista extra-parlamentare i cui membri hanno molto interseccato l'Operazione Gladio, il programma "stare dietro" ufficiale e di NATO. Non sarebbe sbagliato pensare all'esplosione della Piazza Fontana come la prima operazione falsa flagge principale nella che si chiamerebbe la strategia della tensione. Negli anni dopo l'esplosione, le autorità italiane hanno sviluppato una politica politica usando azioni violenti e terrorismo falsa flagge per creare paura e inaspettate del pubblico,

• 1:04:07John Kiriakou?

  spingendo i cittadini ad accettare misure autoritarie o almeno ad accettare un governo forte. Le esplosioni e gli spostamenti regolarmente sono state esplosate negli anni seguiti. Il 28 maggio 1974, a Brescia, una bomba è stata piantata all'interno di una canottiera ed è stata esplosa durante una protesta antifascista.

• 1:04:30John Kiriakou?

  L'esplosione della Piazza della Loggia ha ucciso 8 e ha ferito più di 100. Il 4 agosto di quel anno, una bomba a sinistra molto a destra ha tagliato il camion di Brevaro, uccidendo 12 persone e ferendo 48. Nel 1980, una bomba è stata sparsa alla stazione di ferro di Bologna. È diventata conosciuta come la massacre di Bologna e ha ucciso 85 persone. E c'è anche la massacre di Peteano nel 1984, quella è la bomba a carro di cui abbiamo parlato, che ha ucciso tre carabinieri. È la storia che ha iniziato questo episodio. E era l'evento che il giudice Felice Casson ha fatto e ha iniziato a chiedergli come un caso come questo potesse accadere in primo luogo.

• 1:05:14John Kiriakou?

  La persistenza del giudice Casson rivelerebbe quanto profondamente compromessi erano le cellule segrete anticomuniste. E c'è anche la massacre di Peteano nel 1972, quella è la bomba a carro che ha ucciso tre carabinieri, una delle storie che hanno iniziato questo episodio. E era l'evento che il giudice Felice Casson ha fatto e ha iniziato a chiedergli come un caso come questo potesse accadere. La persistenza del giudice Casson rivelerebbe quanto profondamente compromessi erano le cellule segrete anticomuniste. Allo stesso tempo, nel 1980, la Svizzera si è trovata nel mezzo della sua stessa paura. I submarini stranieri, presumibilmente russi, erano entrati sulle archipelago e basi navali della Svizzera per anni, quotidianamente.

• 1:05:58John Kiriakou?

  Il popolo svizzero aveva sempre stato più neutro verso l'Unione Sovietica di altri membri del blocco occidentale, ma la presenza di tutti quei submarini e i propri mari li ha trasformato in paura. La Svizzera era parte dei network "stare dietro" e lavorava con il Comitato di Planificazione Clandestine, il CPC, e ancor più con il Comitato di Planificazione Alliate, l'ACC, che era la parte azionale del CPC, per insegnare in segreto i civili e creare un'abundanza di armi. Come ogni altro Paese che aveva partecipato all'Operazione Gladio, questo era sconosciuto ai militari, alla maggior parte del governo e specialmente sconosciuto ai cittadini. Era molto importante per la CIA e per MI6 che la Svizzera,

• 1:06:41John Kiriakou?

  nonostante la sua neutralità stata antissociale, pro-NATO e anti-denuclearizzazione. Era a questo momento, nel 1982, con le intruzioni submarine quotidiane e il popolo svizzero sentendo più paura e dispiaciuto dai Sovieti di più tempo che Olaf Palma diventò il primo ministro della Svizzera. Conosciuto e supportato per le sue iniziative di pace con i Sovieti, le politiche di Palma sono state chiamate "politiche di accontentamento", da altri in Occidente. L'advocato di Palma delle conversazioni aperte con i Sovieti e anche una zona di denuclearizzazione gli hanno fatto venire i fan degli leader occidentali.

• 1:07:25John Kiriakou?

  Gli americani e gli britannici lo hanno odiato. Sappo, il servizio di sicurezza svizzero, considerava Palma come un traiatore. Lui lo chiamò "Ayatollah Palma" e disse che doveva essere sparato. Ho comparato questa storia prima a un puzzle di giro, ma uno strano. Quando lo guardi per la prima volta, vedi una cosa, ma se ti zoomi sulle parti del puzzle individuali, tutte descrivono qualcosa di ancora più scuro. Così, quando ti zoomi di nuovo, il puzzle diventa distorto da quello che sai. Nell'episodio successivo aggiungeremo più parti del puzzle e più distortezza. La guerra fredda può essere un pezzo di museo nelle idee di alcuni. Ma viviamo ancora nel suo segno.

• 1:08:08John Kiriakou?

  Lo imbattremo e incontreremo Olaf Palma, un uomo molto buono che ha pazzesco con molte persone sbagliate. Come si è arrivato a un politico di storia, di politica giusta e di segreto della Svizzera, a essere sul lato sbagliato del NATO, della CIA e del MI6? Come si è arrivato a uno dei più famosi attori per la democrazia sociale, la pace, l'anticolonialismo e l'antipartita, a essere sul lato sbagliato di un coltello? È la prossima volta. Sono John Kiriakou.

• 1:08:46John Kiriakou?

  "An Enemy Within" è scritto da Tristan Katz e Alan Katz. Costard & Touchstone ha prodotto il podcast e John Kiriakou e Alan Katz sono i produttori diretti.

• 1:09:14Speaker 06

  Questo podcast è una produzione di Costard & Touchstone.

• 1:09:20Speaker 06

  Questa è Hannah Berner del Giggly Squad. Opill è il primo pillo di controllo di nascita quotidiano disponibile negli Stati Uniti. Siamo vere, ottenere una prescrizione di controllo di nascita non è sempre facile e c'è tanto di admin. In realtà, circa un terzo delle donne hanno dei barri per accedere alla prescrizione di controllo di nascita. Tra la organizzazione di aspetti, l'offerta di lavoro, la classe di lavoro o solo cercare di esistere, c'è molto. Ma ora Opill mette il controllo di nascita in nostro controllo. Opill è un controllo di nascita quotidiano che è approvato dall'FDA, di potenza completa e esterogena e 98% efficace quando usato come è indicato. Lo prendi online o nei maggiori negozi di acquisto, senza prescrizione o aspetto di un dottore necessario. Quindi, se stai pensando al controllo di nascita, controlla Opill per vedere se è giusto per te.

• 1:10:02Speaker 06

  Usa il codice Giggly per 25% off per il primo mese di Opill a o p i l l dot com. È codice Giggly a o p i l l dot com. Il controllo di nascita è in tuo controllo. Amiamo vederlo.

• 1:10:14Speaker 04

  Sono Serena Williams e sono "Healthier" su Row. Ho perso 34 libri in un anno con GLP-1, dieta e esercizio. Sui Row puoi accedere alle opzioni di GLP-1, incluso il primo pillo approvato dall'FDA per perdere peso. Vai su row.co/journey per vedere se ti qualifici. 14% a 20% perdere peso in un anno in non diabetici con obesità o overweight con una condizione medica legata al peso versus 2.2% a 3.1% in placebo R. Rx solo. Per essere informati sui seriosi effetti, vai su row.co/safety.

• 1:10:45Speaker 01

  Quando il tuo giorno di lavoro è costantemente disturbato, il tuo lavoro non è in corso. È arrivato a una stoppa grattata. Non hai bisogno di un assistente, hai bisogno di superpoteri. Superhuman Go, dei maker di Grammarly, è costruito per come tu lavori. Nessun nuovo tab, nessun cambio di app, nessuna perdita di posto. Go gestisce il lavoro impegnato come trovare documenti o riassumere email threats così che puoi concentrarti sul lavoro che solo tu puoi fare. Prova Superhuman Go, dai maker di Grammarly. Findi più su superhuman.com.