Æthelstan: The Birth of England

Matt Lewis shifts the Gone Medieval spotlight from well-known Viking raiders and celebrated Anglo-Saxon kings to consider Æthelstan, an often overlooked yet crucial figure in British history. Æthelstan was the first monarch to unite the region that resembles modern England and to call himself King of the English. Matt is joined by David Woodman - author of The First King of England: Athelstan and the Birth of a Kingdom - for an in-depth exploration of Æthelstan's significance and legacy. More Murder in Anglo-Saxon England https://open.spotify.com/episode/3tY5EpapySkL68sn0t6EKs The Witan: England's First Parliament? https://open.spotify.com/episode/2SdmzZ0BYA4AEfJuo7XnAQ Gone Medieval is presented by Matt Lewis. It was edited by Amy Haddow, the producers are Joseph Knight and Rob Weinberg. The senior producer is Anne-Marie Luff. All music used is courtesy of Epidemic Sounds. Gone Medieval is a History Hit podcast. Sign up to History Hit for hundreds of hours of original documentaries, with a new release every week and ad-free podcasts. Sign up at https://www.historyhit.com/subscribe. You can take part in our listener survey here https://www.surveymonkey.co.uk/r/6FFT7MK: https://uk.surveymonkey.com/r/6FFT7MK Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy https://acast.com/privacy for more information.

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• 0:01Matt Lewis?

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• 1:58Matt Lewis?

  Hello, I'm Matt Lewis. Welcome to Gone Medieval from History Hit, the podcast that delves into the greatest millennium in human history. We've got the most intriguing mysteries, the gobsmacking details and latest groundbreaking research, from the Vikings to the printing press, from kings to popes to the crusades. We cross centuries and continents to delve into rebellions, plots and murders to find the stories, big and small, that tell us how we got here. Find out who we really were with Gone Medieval.

• 2:40Matt Lewis?

  Welcome to this episode of Gone Medieval. I'm Matt Lewis. We all know Vikings are cool, but the Anglo Saxons are getting their moment to shine too. Amongst the Anglo Saxon kings in Britain, Alfred probably attracts the most attention and gets remembered as the Great, quite rightly. Others have been given cool names too, from Edmund Ironside to Edgar the Peaceable. One king slips easily through the net though, and he shouldn't. Athelstan is important in a number of ways, not least for being the first monarch to unite a geographical area that we would recognise as something like England and to call himself King of the English. Here at Gone Medieval, we stan Athelstan, and so when a new biography of him is being released, it's all the excuse that we need to talk

• 3:25Matt Lewis?

  about him some more. I'm delighted to be joined by David Woodman, whose new book is The First King of England: Athelstan and the Birth of a Kingdom. Welcome to Gone Medieval, David.

• 3:38Speaker 03

  Hi Matt, thanks very much for having me.

• 3:40Matt Lewis?

  It's fantastic to have you with us. Athelstan is a personal favourite and a bit of a favourite, I think, of our listeners too, so I'm really keen to get into the depths of his story with you. I thoroughly enjoyed the book and learning a lot more about him, so I can't wait to pick your brains and find out a bit more about Athelstan. I wondered if you could just introduce him to us a little bit in terms of when is he born and who are his parents?

• 4:04Speaker 03

  Yeah, absolutely. So we think that Athelstan was born in the mid 890s, so round about the year 894. He's the eldest son of a man called Edward the Elder and his first wife, he went on to be married three times, but his first wife, who was a lady called Edgewyn, and he was also the grandson of Alfred the Great. And in 894, at the time that Athelstan is born, Alfred is still on the throne and he will rule until the year 899.

• 4:32Matt Lewis?

  It's a pretty impressive pedigree, lots of pressure to be born into there, grandson of Alfred the Great.

• 4:37Speaker 03

  Yeah, absolutely. And, you know, he would have been known by the term an Atheling, somebody who was throne-worthy broadly speaking, kind of a prince in modern parlance. And so there would have been a degree of expectation that, you know, that he was someone who could come to the throne in due course.

• 4:51Matt Lewis?

  And what is the political context into which he's born? I guess when we're talking about Alfred's reign, we're talking about the fight back against the Danes and the Vikings, aren't we?

• 5:00Speaker 03

  Yeah, exactly that. I mean, it's a very, very difficult political context into which Athelstan is born. So the English kingdoms, and England is itself politically complex at the moment, divided into a number of independent kingdoms, places like Wessex, Mercia, East Anglia, Northumbria. They are beset by Viking raids of various kinds. From the mid 860s onwards, there's been a degree of Viking settlement in East Anglia, into the East Midlands, into Northumbria, especially at York and its hinterlands. And that's the context in which Athelstan is born. So really difficult in terms of internal politics, but also in terms of Viking aggression, that Alfred is constantly having to deal with waves of Viking attacks coming from a force known as the Great Heathen Army, so the Great Heathen Army of

• 5:44Speaker 03

  Vikings. So a difficult, definitely a difficult scene for Athelstan.

• 5:48Matt Lewis?

  And how much do we know about his youth and his upbringing? I mean, he's obviously born into a situation where he's the oldest son of the heir to the throne. That must put him in a position of some importance. What do we know about him growing up?

• 6:00Speaker 03

  Yeah, very much so. So certainly at the beginning, he was in a position of importance. I guess by the time that Edward goes on to marry his second wife, Ethel Flad, and then his third wife, Eadjeffu, then Athelstan's importance is diminished somewhat. And in fact, Edward has a number of other sons and daughters with both of those subsequent wives. So as that progresses, Athelstan becomes, you know, slightly on the margins, if you like. And one way in which we see that is that he's sent, we think that he's sent from the West Saxon royal court up to Mercia, to the court of his aunt, a lady called Ethel Flad, and her husband, Atharad, where he's brought up separately to the West Saxon court. So he's sent away at quite an early stage in his life. And we think that he's subsequently brought up in Mercia instead.

• 6:44Matt Lewis?

  You definitely get an impression that this isn't a blended family that is working, that, you know, his stepmoms aren't keen to particularly have him around and are jealous of his position as potentially, you know, his father's oldest son and natural heir.

• 6:59Speaker 03

  Yeah, no, absolutely. And, you know, I guess, I think that that Mercian upbringing would have been very formative for Athelstan. And in fact, there are various ways later, as we'll see, you know, maybe we'll talk about later in his reign, that that comes to play, where we see him sort of having a, I guess in some ways it's a positive thing. He has a better understanding of what it means to be Mercian, what it means to have a view from outside of Wessex itself. And you see that the sort of Mercia, the Midlands and the North become a real priority for Athelstan as part of his kingship.

• 7:28Matt Lewis?

  And I guess that positioning at Mercia puts him much more on the frontier of the fight back as well. You know, Wessex is definitely involved in this, you know, his father will become involved in fighting back, but his aunt is as well. And in Mercia, he's much kind of closer to that frontier. And it's perhaps a much more real thing for him growing up than it might have been if he was in Wessex?

• 7:47Speaker 03

  Yeah, it's a really, really good observation. That's exactly the case. So his aunt, Ethel Flad, she's an extraordinary figure. I mean, it's very unusual for a woman to have such prominence in our sources from the early 10th century, but she really does. We think that it's partly because she was such an incredible leader in her own right. So there's a sequence of annals embedded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which is the main contemporary narrative source, which talk about The actions that she and her husband Ethelred were taking and trying to reclaim bits of the Midlands, bits that had been settled by by the Vikings that had undergone a degree of Scandinavian settlement. And they're they're really trying to win back these places from from Viking hounds. And they do it in a number of ways. One, of course, is military aggression. Another is the building of fortified strongholds, things known as as burrs.

• 8:31Speaker 03

  And they'd implant this extraordinary network of burrs in key strategic areas across the Midlands, on Roman roads, on rivers. They're clearly trying to block the passage of Vikings who were, you know, known for these sort of snatch and grab raids, you know, quickly appearing, then quickly disappearing and devastating a neighbourhood. So, you know, Athelstan, he's growing up, he's on the frontier, as you said, Matt, but he's also, he's witnessing this extraordinary leadership, this this very strategic vision of of Ethelred and her husband of of the ways in which they can compete against the Vikings. So really a formative period of his life.

• 9:02Matt Lewis?

  I wonder if you could talk us through a little bit, and it's complicated, how Athelstan becomes king at one point. But, you know, his father becomes King Edward the Elder. And when his father dies, it's it's quite a mess, what happens, isn't it? How much clarity do we have about what happens in the order in which those events take place?

• 9:22Speaker 03

  Yeah, not a huge amount. So we have very brief, laconic entries in a number of our sources. Again, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is one. We have a manuscript from Winchester called the Newmanster Libervita, which has some details about what happened after the death of Edward the Elder. So broadly speaking, Edward dies in 94. And the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle just tells us basically that Athelstan takes over. It really doesn't go into too much detail. But the Libervita, the Newmanster, this Newmanster manuscript that I that I mentioned, talks about the fact that Athelstan's half-brother Elfrayard, a man called Elfrayard, he had actually become king, that he was crowned as well. And what emerges from further scrutiny is that there seems to have been a period of joint rule somehow,

• 10:05Speaker 03

  that maybe that Athelstan was recognised by those in Mercia, which makes sense, given that's where he'd been brought up. And at the same time, that Elfrayard was recognised as king in in Wessex. And and that kind of fracturing along kingdom lines is something that you might expect. And you know, the Kingdom of the Anglo Saxons, which was Mer- broadly speaking Mercia and Wessex had only recently been joined together. So yes, we think a degree of shadow, as it happens, Althouar died only a few weeks afterwards. So the point was moot anyway, because Athelstan then becomes the sole king and takes over both in Wessex and in Merce.

• 10:38Matt Lewis?

  It's an interesting what if, isn't it? We could have ended up with with reverting to kind of two kingdoms. And I guess at this point, Athelstan's presence and his experience in Mercia and the fact that Mercia knows Athelstan maybe smooths his accession there, but maybe makes Wessex a little bit wary of him and more willing to accept his half brother.

• 10:58Speaker 03

  Absolutely. And in fact, there is extraordinary evidence, you know, as you say, Athelstan is this West Saxon, Atheling, this person who was, you know, at one point considered for the throne. And yet from Wessex, we we see a degree of hostility emerging in our sources. So I know that the Bishop of Winchester, a man called Frithostan, was violently opposed to Athelstan. And in fact, there are rumours in the early 12th century. And in the early 12th century, we have a historian called William of Malmesbury, who's writing an important account about Athelstan's reign. He talks about rumours about a plot to have Athelstan blinded. So this this plot that was taking place again in Winchester. So so yes, I think on the one hand, Athelstan benefits from this Mercian background in that he, you know, he has a good experience of what it means to be part of of a neighbouring kingdom.

• 11:43Speaker 03

  But on the other hand, it means that there's a degree of antipathy towards towards Athelstan from Wessex as well.

• 11:48Matt Lewis?

  And blinding is quite a powerful political tool at this point, isn't it? If you blind someone, they can't really become accepted as king at that point.

• 11:57Speaker 03

  Yeah, exactly. So it would have meant that they were physically unable to to fulfil their functions in the office of king and it would have it would have effectively ruled him out from from being king.

• 12:05Matt Lewis?

  Yeah. So we've got Athelstan then in his, probably in his late twenties, maybe around about 28, becoming kind of king of Mercia and then sort of slipping his way into Essex as well and sort of reuniting that that kingdom that his his grandfather and his father had ruled. Do we see him at this point in 924, committed to pursuing the work of his father and his aunt in pushing back against the Danes even further?

• 12:33Speaker 03

  Yeah, it's very hard actually to piece together the first few years of his reign. I think absolutely he was very aware of the importance of the North and the Midlands. An early event is that he seems quite quickly to recognise that, of course, the Vikings who were settled in York were going to be very fundamental in the success of his reign. You know, he had to get them on good terms or to deal with them in some way to make sure that there was peace within English territory. So in 926, one of the things we see happening is that he arranges a marriage between his full sister, whose name we don't know, and the then Viking king in York, who was a man called Citric. So that happens in 926 on an occasion in Mersey or in Tamworth.

• 13:13Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, I think you make the point in the book that it's quite significant where that meeting takes place, isn't it?

• 13:17Speaker 03

  Very significant, and it's a bit difficult to work out exactly the dynamics at play. I mean, both people are listed as kings in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle when this episode takes place. For me, the fact that it's happening in Mersey and Tamworth, not just anywhere in Mersey, in Tamworth, a place that has had a burr, it's had lots of recent experiences of Mersey and re-fortification, would have sent a powerful message about, I guess, Athelstan's upper hand in those dealings, the fact that he was the one, he was the premier king, if you like, he was bringing Citric to his territory and arranging for this marriage alliance to take place. The possible doubt there is that because Citric is recognised as a king, obviously he's a powerful person in his own right, and there's some evidence that he's able to mint coins in his name beyond the territory of Northumbria.

• 14:01Speaker 03

  So although he's king in Northumbria, there are some coins from the East Midlands that are minted at this point in Citric's name. So it's a little bit difficult to tell, but for my money, it's Athelstan is the sort of holding the upper hand in those negotiations.

• 14:13Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, it's one of those tense, I gave, if you were watching the body language, this would be the moment where, you know, they appear to be equal, but Athelstan is the one who is, you know, slightly asserting himself in that situation by having Citric come to him rather than meeting on neutral territory or going to Citric.

• 14:28Speaker 03

  Yeah, exactly. And I also think, you know, early medieval marriages of this kind, they would have been very public affairs involving lots of witnesses, there would have been reports taken down, probably disseminated to different parts of the kingdom so that people were updated about what was going on. And so there was a public ritual involved, I guess, as well, a dynamic there, a real showing and indication of the supremacy of Athelstan at that moment.

• 14:48Matt Lewis?

  I guess the fact that Athelstan is also marrying his full sister to Citric gives us an idea that he's... Maybe building in a sort of an Anglo-Saxon element of the Danish rule. So, you know, his nephew might be the next king of York and he might be slightly more sympathetic to Anglo-Saxons than he is to Danes.

• 15:07Speaker 03

  Absolutely, yeah. It's a very important point to make, actually, particularly because for generations by this point, from the mid 800s onwards, really, a number of Vikings who had power in Dublin and the Viking stronghold in Dublin on the on the east coast of Ireland, had been coming over from Dublin to York and succeeding there as kings in their own right. So there seems to have been a sort of pattern of Vikings travelling, as I say, from Ireland across to Northumbria. So this was an important way for Athelstan, as you say, to try and interrupt that pattern of Viking rule at York, if he could, and put someone there who would be more amenable to Athelstan in the future.

• 15:41Matt Lewis?

  And one of the interesting things that we see Athelstan begin to do is maybe consider something close to what we might think of as a foreign policy in that he begins to marry his half-sisters off to significant people on the continent. So first of all, we have Eadhill married to Hugh the Great, who is the Duke of the Franks. I mean, that's a fairly significant move for an Anglo-Saxon king at this point, isn't it? They're not normally marrying into significant families on the continent.

• 16:05Speaker 03

  No, absolutely not. I mean, we have had examples in the past and before this of Anglo-Saxon kings marrying various European figures, but there's nobody who's exerted such a concerted policy of doing so. And so, as you say, a number of his half-sisters are married off into European ruling houses. So you've mentioned Eadhill marrying Hugh the Great. We also have his other half-sister Iadifu marrying Charles the Simple, King of the West Franks, and Eadith, who marries Otto the First, King of the East Franks, who later becomes an emperor. So it begins to look like there's some policy, certainly on Athelstan's part, that it's very important for him to make sure that his sisters, his royal house is well-connected into contemporary Europe. And actually, he's one of the first early medieval kings that we see having a

• 16:45Speaker 03

  real influence on the way, the evolution of European politics. So Europe itself is fascinating at this point in the early 10th century. It's fragmenting politically. There's lots of opportunities there for powerful people, people like Hugh the Great, who was one of the most powerful members of his day, to assert themselves as kings in their own right. And so amid this turbulence of politics, it was, you know, it was very striking that Athelstan, you know, one of his half-sisters is always kind of there, you know, that they're ready to take advantage of it. So yes, it's a very important part of his reign.

• 17:16Matt Lewis?

  Yeah. Do we get any sense whether this is? A positive thing by Athelstan in terms of increasing the prestige of his crown as king of the Anglo Saxons, or is this a more of a defensive thing? Does this relate to his efforts against the Vikings is what I'm getting at? Is this, is this an effort to draw in allies who would help him to push back and create sort of a, a Western European Christian alliance against the Vikings that he can harness in his own kingdom?

• 17:43Speaker 03

  Yeah, I think it's probably both is the answer, Matt. I think it's probably both there, that there's a degree of power politics, that he's, he's someone who is, you know, now going to be recognised at a, at a European level. And that sent potent messages to other kings in Britain too. I mean, that's a very important aspect of Athelstan's reign. He's someone who's trying to say that he's not, he's not always just king of the English, he can be king of Britain as well. So there's a, there's a powerful message of people in Britain here that he's somebody not to be messed with, I guess, that he's, you know, he's powerful on a European stage. So that's definitely one aspect of it. But, but I think you're absolutely right that, you know, since the reign of his grandfather, Alfred the Great, those at the centre of things in the West Saxon court, they were very conscious of what was going on with Vikings in Europe and North Western Europe. They were keeping track of Viking movements there, trying to see what was going on in,

• 18:25Speaker 03

  in the North West, in Brittany and in the Loire Valley, so lots of records of the Viking raids. And we do see Athelstan forming links with those, the rulers of those areas, and, and Brittany is, is one in particular. And, and I think that's, that's absolutely the case, that it was a way of sort of defending, defending the kingdom against potential Viking raids in the future.

• 18:44Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, yeah. And it will only be kind of a few years into Athelstan's reign that he will take the step that we perhaps remember him best for, the most significant moment in, in his life and a major milestone in the formation of what will become the Kingdom of England. How do we get to the point in 927 in which Athelstan makes this, this big grab? Is it purely opportunistic or is it the result of some longer standing plan?

• 19:09Speaker 03

  The broad outline of, of what happens is that, so 926, we saw that, that Athelstan had married his, his sister to, to Citric in York. Only a year later, in 927, Citric dies and Athelstan receives word of this. And he clearly acts very, very quickly. He marches north, he takes York. Contemporary sources don't give as much detail about what actually happened there. But William of Malmesbury, again, writing in the early 12th century, he talks about the fact that Athelstan had to raise the Viking fortress there to the ground. So it looks like there was a military expedition of some kind, which led to him gaining authority over York. And then after taking York, Athelstan marches further north to a place called Amont Bridge, where he arrives by the 12th of July in 927. And an extraordinary ceremony

• 19:54Speaker 03

  unfolds during which various different kings of Wales, two kings from Wales, one king from Scotland and a ruler from Northumbria, and also, we think, from Strathclyde and Cumbria, a sort of northwestern kingdom, all agree to recognise basically the supremacy of Athelstan that day. And these events, this moment in 927, this is the time that England is born, you know, England of a recognisable geographical and political shape first comes to the fore. And it's an extraordinary moment in our history. And Athelstan, from this moment onwards, is rebranded as the Rex Anglorum in Latin, the King of the English. And it's a title that he doesn't abandon for the rest of his reign. So yes, very, very important what's going on in 927.

• 20:37Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, I want to come back to the title King of the English for a moment. But before we get to that, I just wanted to have a little word about Citric and what happens in York in that, maybe it's my cynical mind, but I'm thinking, you know, Athelstan has married his sister and conveniently a year later, Citric dies and conveniently Athelstan is fully prepped to march in and take over. Is there any sense that there was a bit of shenanigans going on here that Athelstan had planned anything? Or does he simply see, you know, if he was planting that seed that in the future, York might become more sympathetic? Does he simply seize the opportunity that Citric is gone and he has created this connection to York so that his sister is sort of queen there? And if there's no other obvious heir,

• 21:19Matt Lewis?

  then maybe he can step in and say, you know what, guys, I'm here to help out, you know, I'm just being a good guy here?

• 21:24Speaker 03

  Yeah, I mean, unfortunately, again, our sources are simply silent on those matters. So, you know, it'd be guesswork. I mean, I think both of those interpretations are possible. I think the main thing to say really is that Athelstan, he was super aware of the importance of securing York's loyalty and however he could do so at that moment. So, you know, a year earlier, it involved a marriage alliance and now it was conquest. And it certainly is very striking that it involves conquest. It clearly means that Athelstan himself feels powerful and By that stage in 927 that he'll be able to do this and that that's that's something that clearly has changed in it in a year. And you know what we see with institutions in York, so for example, the Church of York is that they sort of oscillate in their support.

• 22:06Speaker 03

  At one moment for a Viking king, at another moment for a West Saxon king. So aware of those dynamics, I think it was very important for Athelstan to try and take control in, you know, his own right.

• 22:16Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, yeah. And if we go back to the 12th of July, to this astonishing moment at Amont Bridge. How significant is the location in which that takes place? How certain are we about where that is and why would the location be important?

• 22:29Speaker 03

  It's really important. The Old English place name for Amont is at Amotum, which means literally at the meeting of the rivers. So it's a place in the northwest, about a mile south today of modern Penrith, where the rivers Amont and Lother converge, they flow together and then they go away from each other again. And there's a sort of liminal zone there between the two rivers. Where one suggestion is that's where the the actual ceremony took place. So near two rivers. It was also on the boundary between the kingdoms of Northumbria and Strathclyde and Cumbria. And often meetings between rulers did happen on the boundaries of of territories. So it's it's symbolically very important that it's happening on the on the boundary there.

• 23:10Speaker 03

  And in the vicinity, there are lots of very interesting ancient sites of authority. So places like King Arthur's Round Table Henge, Mabry Henge. And and there's a Roman fort called Brocarvum there as well. So so there are messages here in the topography of the landscape about ancient power. That they are trading off these ancient sites, you know, and sending messages. So it's been carefully choreographed on this occasion at Amont Bridge, that's for sure.

• 23:34Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, yeah. I always find it interesting to think about why things happen where they happen, because it's so easy to think, oh, the meeting happened there and then we move on. But there's so many factors at play when people choose where those things are going to happen. I always think that's interesting. I mean, and this moment is recognized as so significant that, you know, there's a poem written about it, isn't there?

• 23:54Speaker 03

  Hmm. Yes, there is. Yes, I mean, I find it extraordinary that, you know, we've got this military operation going on and Athelstan is going from York to the northwest to Aymond Bridge and he seems to have taken a poet with him, you know, en route, who writes some verses. He writes this poem and he sends it back to Winchester to announce what's happened. And there's a wonderful line in the poem that says that this Saxon land has now been made whole, iste perfecta Saxonia, and by Saxon land, the poet means England. So he's announcing that the poet is announcing in grandiose terms that Athelstan has made this extraordinary advance towards the making of England in the first place. And the poem is very, very interesting in itself. If you look at its literary models,

• 24:37Speaker 03

  one model is a ninth century Carolingian poem which had been written for none other than the Emperor Charlemagne himself. So, you know, what does that allusion mean? I mean, it probably was lost on contemporaries, but would they have recognised that, you know, is Athelstan being held up as almost a Charlemagne-like figure here in the early 10th century? And the poet also rejoices, of course, about Athelstan himself and talks about Athelstan being glorious through his deeds. So a very, very interesting way to mark this political advance in 927.

• 25:07Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, it's fascinating. I think that even contemporaries recognised just how important, how significant a moment that was. It's quite often easy to see contemporaries sort of ploughing through these events without realising the momentous point they've reached. But it's clear that that 12th of July was recognised by everybody involved as something really big.

• 25:26Speaker 03

  Yeah, absolutely. Something seismic has happened in 97 and contemporaries are aware of it. They take note of it. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in its entry for this year, which is quite brief, disappointingly brief, I wish it said a bit more, but it begins by saying, "In this year appeared fiery lights in the northern quarter of the sky." And that allusion to physical importance is often a sign in the chronicle that something very significant is about to be recorded. And that's what they go on to talk about, Athelstan's making of England.

• 26:08Speaker 01

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• 26:42Speaker 04

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• 27:29Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, I love things like the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. When you read the beginning of a year and you know it rained blood, you know, oh, something good is going to happen this year.

• 27:35Speaker 03

  Yeah, exactly. Yeah, often a sign the Vikings are about to peer or something, yes.

• 27:40Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, those physical portents that this is an important year. It's almost like an introduction to the reader to say, you're going to want to read this year because something big happens.

• 27:47Speaker 03

  It's interesting as well about reception. How is this text being received? You can imagine it almost like a newspaper. That's the way I like to think of it, that it was sent to different parts of the kingdom and it was updating people about what was going on. So you can imagine people being gripped by, or not, by the announcement of these physical portents and what was to follow.

• 28:03Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, yeah. And I guess for Athelstan, with all of those links across the European courts as well, you know, this poem that has been written and the news that he has forged this whole new kingdom is going to be spreading. He's going to want his allies, relatives on the continent to know what he's achieved, I guess.

• 28:18Speaker 03

  Yeah, absolutely. I mean, when we were talking about the various different marriage alliances earlier, we were talking about it from, you know, what does Athelstan gain from this? But I think also we need to think about, you know, what are these various European rulers gaining from linking into Athelstan's family? And Otto the Great, the Frankish king, he's a good example. His family line had only really been established with his father, Henry the Fowler. So relatively recently established. And therefore, to gain a connection, a marriage alliance with Athelstan's family, and of course, the Royal House of Wessex has a history going back to the sixth century, lent it a degree of authority and credibility in its own right. So yes, the benefits were in both directions.

• 28:54Matt Lewis?

  And I just wanted to go back to that use of the title King of the English as well, because it's striking, isn't it? We've gone from Alfred, so designates himself King of the Anglo Saxons, which still kind of partitions him from the Danish people. What do you think Athelstan is getting at when he uses the title King of the English? It's not King of England. He's not creating a land of the English just yet, but he is the King of the English.

• 29:17Speaker 03

  Yeah. As you say, Matt, in the reign of his grandfather, King Alfred the Great, Alfred had created for the first time a kingdom known as the Kingdom of the Anglo Saxons, and he titles himself King of the Anglo Saxons in the ninth century. And that broadly speaking encompassed the separate kingdoms of Wessex and of Mercia. And at the same time as creating that that new polity in the court of King Alfred, they're beginning to talk about the idea of what is one, what could one single English people look like? So that we get these discussions of what constitutes members of the Anglecun in Old English, the English people. And this is actually an idea that goes all the way back to the early eighth century and the work of Bede, where he talks about this too. But of course, in political terms, Alfred doesn't achieve this. He never gains

• 29:58Speaker 03

  control of Northumbria. So when his grandson Athelstan manages this, he pushes forward this idea of there being one people, one English people within his realm. And that's why he titles himself the Rex Anglorum. Now, I guess the complication is for generations in these different kingdoms, people have been living very independently and separately. And what people thought about this would have varied hugely, I imagine. Someone in the north of Northumbria probably was only dimly aware of Athelstan and his claims to be king of the English. And likewise, someone in the far southwest, in a place like Cornwall. Whereas someone at the centre of, in Wessex and Winchester, they would have been, had a very different view of this idea of king of the English and of England.

• 30:35Matt Lewis?

  Yeah. I mean, it strikes me as a clever political move in that he's not demanding that everyone becomes an Anglo Saxon. He's not projecting the conquest of the kingdoms of Wessex and Mercia further north. He's almost creating this new political body, this new polity that anyone can be part of. If you live here, you are English and I'm going to be the king of the English. And it's not forcing the Danes to become Anglo Saxon or vice versa. It's sort of opening the door to something new that everyone can be part of.

• 31:06Speaker 03

  Yeah, it's a really good way of putting it, I think, actually, because just as you say, we were talking about there, the different independent early English kingdoms, Mercia and Wessex and Northumbria and so on. But also, you've got to take on board the idea that there's been generations of Scandinavian settlement there. How do you incorporate that element of society? So yes, I think in stressing this idea of one people, it was a message that everybody could get on board with if they wanted to. And that's something that was there and available to people if they wanted to become part of the King of the English. We shouldn't also underestimate just how much military might was involved on Athelstan's part. He was doing this by the sword. It's a very different world from the one that we live in. But yes, it was an important advance in terms of enabling what was a very complex and multifaceted political situation to be adopted into one new idea.

• 31:52Matt Lewis?

  And you talk a fair bit in the book as well about the paperwork that we then have for Athelstan's reign from this point onwards, which I think is quite significant. And it stands out amongst the Anglo Saxon kings, doesn't it? They seem to have quite an organised and coordinated system of creating Paperwork, which I guess he needs with much more territory under his control now.

• 32:09Speaker 03

  Yeah, absolutely. To a much greater degree than you might expect, early medieval English kings, they relied on the written word for their governance by the early 10th century. And thankfully, in the name of Athelstan, we have a whole set of what are known as royal diplomas. So they are in origin grants of land issued in the name of the king to different institutions or to different individuals and extraordinary documents. So they set out the terms of the grant itself in Latin. They give the details of the estate in Old English, so they're bilingual documents. And then they have a sort of clause which is known as a sanction, which threatens anybody who would defraud the terms of the grant, which are very vivid in the things that they threaten. And it ends with a witness list, a group of people set out hierarchically from the king,

• 32:51Speaker 03

  the archbishops, the bishops and the royal officials known as the aldermen and thanes onwards. And that seems to be the group of people who were present at the meeting of the Royal Assembly, where he granted these documents. And they tell us all sorts of things. And what's extraordinary about the reign of Athelstan is that after this political moment in 97, where he forms England for the first time, the charters, the diplomas, they take on an entirely new form. We've never seen diplomas of this kind of ambition before. So they're much longer. If you could, there's two that survive in their original form. And they're so large that if you go to the British Library, you're sent to a separate desk to view them from, that they're very large. So they're sending, in their physicality, they're sending big messages about the kind of king that Athelstan was.

• 33:33Speaker 03

  And the Latin is very dense, very learned, written in rhyming Latin, Latin that alliterates. It would have been very difficult to understand the meaning of these things. It takes an awfully long time to sit there with a dictionary and go through and trying to work out the meaning of these obstruse Latin words. So that's also sending a message about cultural advances, that is, of course. He's a king who's not just having these big political successes, but he's also fostering learning and showing off in these documents. And if we think of them as products of the Royal Assembly and the occasion when all these people are meeting and there are hundreds of people there, it was an opportunity for him to demonstrate his majesty, the fact that he was this newly powerful king. So the most wonderful, some of my favourite documents from the whole period actually emerge. And they're very much reflecting the success that he's enjoying in the political sphere.

• 34:18Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, I'm kind of imagining Athelstan now, sitting on a throne, twiddling his crown on his finger, saying, you know, I'm going to have all this amazing paperwork, but you know what, it's going to be cool as well. It's going to have some style. I want it to rhyme and I want it to alliterate in a kind of Describes they're going, oh no.

• 34:34Speaker 03

  Exactly that. I think they would have gone, oh no, they're very long. So they were very difficult to copy out and you had to get it all on a single sheet perfectly. And you can imagine those present thinking, oh no, there's a very long Aethelstan document coming again for us to listen to. So yeah, it would have been a mixed response, maybe.

• 34:48Matt Lewis?

  Yeah. And one of the documents you pick out in the book is a grant of amandanes to the Church of York. When does that take place? And why is that one particularly important?

• 34:58Speaker 03

  Hmm. So this takes place in 934. The document can be dated to 934. It's issued at a meeting of Aethelstan and Royal Assembly that happened in Nottingham. And he's proceeding in 934 on the way to conduct a war in Scotland. So he stops off in Nottingham and he makes this grant of land. And the grant of land, well, land itself is very interesting for a couple of reasons. Firstly, because it's very large. We think it's the largest single grant of land that any early medieval king made in the whole Anglo-Saxon period. It's on the northwest coast of England, Amandanes. So very distant from the York Church in the east that Aethelstan is granting this to. And it begins to look a bit like Aethelstan is trying to win over the favour of the York Church.

• 35:40Speaker 03

  I mentioned earlier that the York Church had at times before this moment sided with various local Viking kings. And I think here's a strong message from Aethelstan that he's willing to be very generous to the York Church if they are willing to accept him as their ruler. In other words, look towards Aethelstan and not towards the Vikings. There's a third point about this document too, which is that for generations, again, as we said, talked about earlier, Vikings have been travelling from Dublin across the Irish Sea, landing on the northwest coast and proceeding to York. So in other words, Amandanes is just in the zone where Vikings would have been landing. And there's an important message there as well of Aethelstan trying to interrupt that connection, that nexus between Dublin and York.

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• 37:10Speaker 04

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• 37:55Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, I think it's interesting that he's willing to kind of play that game. He's not all about conquest. It's not all about the sword, you know? He's willing to be generous and give this piece of land, provided you play the game. And presumably, the York Church were afraid enough of Athelstan that they were willing to go along with it. Do you think there's also a degree in which if he gives Amadones to the York Church and Vikings begin using that area to land and move across, the York Church would then have to incriminate themselves in almost allowing these Viking incursions and expose themselves? So they've almost got to block off that way of Vikings getting across in order to demonstrate their loyalty to Athelstan?

• 38:34Speaker 03

  Yeah, it's a very good point. Yeah, I think so. Yeah, I guess it's a way of sort of... Bringing out into the open the exact position of the York Church, you know, how are they going to operate in the future? Are they going to be on Athelstan's side or not? And it was a canny manoeuvre by Athelstan for sure. And what you said earlier, Matt, as well about his generosity is really true. So it wasn't just a question of trying to, you know, conquer militarily all these different places. He's also, as you say, trying to get people on side. So just after this moment in Nottingham, he goes further north and he stops at Chesterley Street and meets with St Cuthbert's community, which was in a way the equivalent of York in its area of Northumbria, that it was a very powerful religious institution. And it gives them various important gifts, many of which still survive today, again

• 39:19Speaker 03

  as a way of getting them on side, I think. In fact, one of the gifts that he gives is a most amazing early 10th century manuscript, which is in Corpus Christi College in Cambridge today, which has the earliest surviving manuscript portrait of any early English monarch. And Athelstan is depicted with his head bowed, sort of reading a book in front of St Cuthbert. So here's a powerful message of Athelstan as a sort of a king who reads, a sort of a king who's, you know, got a, placing an emphasis on reading and learning, but also somebody who has a recognition of the importance of this, of this northern saint as well.

• 39:51Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, yeah. Who's also willing to position himself as, you know, almost bowing down to the church, that he recognizes the power and authority of the church. And I suppose for him, they're a unifying thing, you know, he wants the Christian church to unify England and maybe drive away the last of Viking paganism from England too.

• 40:08Speaker 03

  Yeah, absolutely. And by all accounts, he was a deeply pious individual, which we'd expect by the early 10th centuries, especially from the grandson of Alfred the Great. Yeah, so very pious himself. He's renowned across Europe for collecting relics and for giving copies of Bibles to different religious institutions in England. And so much so that when various different European rulers are seeking out his alliance in these marriage negotiations, they bring, they're very careful to bring with them relics of various kinds as gifts to win over Athelstan's favour.

• 40:36Matt Lewis?

  And I'm always keen to point out as well that that first surviving image of an English king, he's very ginger, with a lovely ginger beard. All the finest people sport the ginger beard.

• 40:46Matt Lewis?

  Maybe it shouldn't come as a surprise then that Athelstan begins to face some opposition to his apparent, you know, all conquering, unstoppable juggernaut of a an effort to unite all of these kingdoms. How do we see an alliance forming against him that will ultimately lead to the Battle of Brunemburgh, you know, which stands out as, you know, like Hastings, this is a huge memorable battle. How does that alliance begin to coalesce against Athelstan?

• 41:17Speaker 03

  I guess we've seen various ways in which Athelstan has asserted himself and probably created a degree, a large degree of resentment in the background. So for example, there are various points at which he claims to have jurisdiction over different Welsh and Scottish and Cumbrian kings, all of whom are brought to his court. They're requested to be present at his major gatherings at the Royal Assembly.

• 41:37Matt Lewis?

  And much like we were saying with Citric, that act of making them come to him is embarrassing to them and reinforcing his kind of overlordship, which they obviously won't like.

• 41:46Speaker 03

  Absolutely. And simultaneously taking them away from their own business in Wales or Scotland or wherever it may be. So it's a very, it was a very, I guess, humiliating message that's being sent to these, to these kings. And at the same time, because he's taken control in York, he's interrupted the line of Viking kings that have been succeeding there from Dublin, many of whom were members of the dynasty of Evar, the famous Viking of the mid 9th century. There's definite resentment building up in the background. There's an extraordinary poem, which unfortunately is a bit difficult to date, but I think a good case can be made for it dating to Athelstan's reign. A Welsh poem known as Armus Prydain Vauer, The Great Prophecy of Britain, which talks in the most bloodthirsty terms of the way in which the Welsh and the British should rise up and slaughter the English and drive them from the island.

• 42:31Speaker 03

  And that gives you some indication of the kinds of enmity that were stirring in the background and people keen to reassert themselves. And just as you say, Matt, this comes to a head in 937 at the famous Battle of Brunemburgh.

• 42:43Matt Lewis?

  And how much of a sense do we have of what happened at that battle? It's so significant and there are some, some of the major players in the politics of the British Isles present there. Do we have good sources for how that battle plays out and what happens?

• 42:57Speaker 03

  Yeah, in terms of sources, one very interesting thing here is that the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which is relatively silent for Athelstan's reign, apart from brief entries for each year. By the time it gets to 937, it completely changes its character and inserts this quite long, heroic, Old English poem, celebrating the events at Brunenburgh, celebrating what's happened and what was going on. And we see basically a Viking coalition has risen up. So Olaf Guthrysen from Dublin is one member of the coalition. We have Constantine II, of the King of the Scots, and we have King Owen of Strathclyde and Cumbria all involved against Athelstan. We've got no indication that there were any Welsh, there was any Welsh involvement at this moment.

• 43:39Matt Lewis?

  Which is quite striking after they've written, you know, bloodthirsty poems about huge desire to drive out the the English and be rid of Athelstan. And then there's this huge alliance and they're conspicuous by their absence.

• 43:50Speaker 03

  They are conspicuous by their absence. Yeah, absolutely. And what does that say about the levels of Athelstan's control over Wales and the then King Howldar and Dohibart? There are good, important questions there, I think, about what that means in terms of English influence. And I really think that 937 Athelstan, this construct of this new polity of England that Athelstan had created in 927 was very much on the line. Everything was at a risk there for Athelstan on that day in 937. And of course, eventually he wins out and the poem celebrates the slaughter of his enemies that takes place, the fact that their bodies are left on the field for scavenger birds. And he and his half-brother Edmund were successful in defending themselves that day.

• 44:29Matt Lewis?

  And I guess Athelstan has reinforced that idea that, you know, I can be a nice guy, I can make all of these generous grants and and try and include everybody. But if you step out of line, I can also come down on you like an absolute ton of bricks. I mean, victory at Brunenburgh must do something to really reinforce Athelstan's new position as King of the English. Well, it's not new by this point, but but, you know, he's reinforcing that idea now militarily when asked to.

• 44:56Speaker 03

  Absolutely. And I guess, you know, one thing to say that in the early 10th century, battles of this kind, battles in general, rather, are very common. There's hardly a year goes by without some kind of battle record taking place. That this was a different order of battle is indicated by the fact that so many of our surviving sources from England, from Ireland, from Wales, from Scotland and from Scandinavia, all recorded and its outcomes. So it's clear that it's something that's known about, the significance of it is known about. A chronicler from England, writing in the later 10th century, an Alderman called Ethel Wayard, he talks about the importance of this for making sure that England survives intact. So it's a very significant event.

• 45:38Matt Lewis?

  And I should probably just say that I'm deliberately steering away from kind of where it took place, because that's a matter of a fairly hot debate that maybe isn't as important to Athelstan's story as some of the other elements that we're talking about. So I'm deliberately steering away from where Brunenburgh took place. I guess we need to get on to the fact that Athelstan, you know, doesn't live too much longer after Brunenburgh, having achieved all of this immense success, just two years after Brunenburgh, we get Athelstan's death. What are the circumstances around his death? How does he, you know, meet his end?

• 46:11Speaker 03

  We don't know so much about how he dies, but you're quite right. In 9339, he dies and he's eventually taken to Malmesbury and buried there. And actually, his site of burial is fascinating because his father and his grandfather had been buried in the New Minster in Winchester. And so it's very striking that a decision is taken that Athelstan should not be buried there, they should be buried elsewhere. And there are all sorts of possible reasons why that might have been the case. Maybe he was trying to send a message that he was a king for a wider polity than just this Wessex itself. But he dies in 939. What we see happen very quickly thereafter is that the kingdom of the English that he'd put together fragments. So Olaf Gudfossen becomes king, the very person who had tried to unseat Athelstan at Brunenburgh, becomes king in York, and things begin to fall apart a bit at the seams.

• 46:56Speaker 03

  And I think in a way that, for me, anyway, that shows you just how precociously successful Athelstan had been in bringing it all together in the first place. The fact that it crumbles when he dies, that it was very much tied to him as a person.

• 47:09Matt Lewis?

  Yeah. And I guess we need to be aware that he dies here. The peak of his power as well, you know, he almost hasn't had time to to fail. But also, I mean, his career as king is just astonishing. In the space of fifteen years, he's kind of forged this whole new kingdom and and created a new kind of administration around his government too. And he's defended that on the battlefield against a significant coalition of his enemies. He's achieved an awful lot. I mean, I say he dies at the peak of his power. But that peak is is consistent.

• 47:42Speaker 03

  Yeah, it's very consistent, just as you say, across political achievements, his sponsorship of learning. We talked about the learned diplomas that he had constructed in his name. We haven't mentioned his law codes. We have, you know, six or so law codes where he legislates very widely. We have his coinage, which shows remarkable sophistication, and he legislates in such a way that he asks for there to be one coinage across the entirety of his kingdom. He never seems to quite get there, but he's certainly looking in that direction. There are cultural advances. It's it's his reign is a time when we think there's one of the earliest English interactions with the game of chess, a game from India. So, yeah, it's definitely a peak. There are so many different points of interest from Athelstan's reign that it's just a fascinating period. I first came across Athelstan as a as an undergraduate student, really, read properly about him for the first time.

• 48:28Speaker 03

  I was just amazed reading about all this that that I hadn't heard about him at school, for example. I hope that can be corrected at some point because he's worthy of much more attention.

• 48:36Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, I mean, it's shocking how much he loses out to his grandfather when you compare their achievements. Not to say that Alfred didn't achieve, but, you know, his grandson possibly achieved more and and so often disappears under the radar.

• 48:47Speaker 03

  Yeah, I think and I think that's, you know, possibly, at least in my view, he's a victim of historiography here, that, you know, Alfred had a a contemporary royal biographer, a wealthy cleric called Asser, who wrote up a, you know, very vivid account of the merits of Alfred and his kingship and and and we have that text and, you know, that's that's sort of cemented his reputation throughout the Anglo Norman period and and beyond to today. And and Athelstan simply didn't have that, really. He just didn't have a contemporary biographer, or at least nothing that's survived today.

• 49:15Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, yeah. And you mentioned that the kind of the immediate impact of Athelstan's death is the fracturing of that kingdom that he has forged together. I mean, that's in part, we haven't kind of mentioned either, that Athelstan kind of never gets married and never has any children. And there's perhaps a hint that he'd always, or maybe he'd won power in Wessex by promising to allow his half-brothers to succeed him in Wessex. Do you think there's any kind of merit to that? I mean, he doesn't get married and have any heirs, does he?

• 49:42Speaker 03

  Yeah, no, it's a very striking feature of his reign, as you say, that he doesn't get married, he doesn't have any children of his own. There's one reference in an early 12th century Eili text to the fact that he might have had a daughter, I think it was, but we think it's just a miss, a mistake on the part of the Eili author. And I guess he'd been left with a very difficult position from his father, from several marriages and having many different brothers. And it's certainly feasible that he was aware of that, and that actually, stability for the kingdom, political stability, would have been brought by him not introducing more, yet more Athelings into the mix. Again, our sources are silent on these explicit details and motivations, but it's certainly a feasible explanation. Some historians have also talked about, raised questions about sexuality of Athelstan as well, and maybe there's something in that too. So lots of possibilities.

• 50:25Matt Lewis?

  Yeah, yeah. And what would you say is Athelstan's legacy today? I think we've given him a huge set of achievements. We've talked a little bit about how he flies under the radar, and you've just written a new biography of him. Do you see a legacy that is still alive today for Athelstan?

• 50:43Speaker 03

  I guess his biggest legacy is his creation of England. This idea of driving forward a geographical, political reality of England, I think that's the legacy that is with us today. It happened in 927, and that's a date that we should be aware of. I'm personally fascinated by this fixation on learning and driving cultural advances at the centre of his court. And I find that a fascinating admixture of someone who is, at the same time as he's a warring king, spreading his rule and authority, he's also got a real concern for close reading of texts, for swapping of texts between different people, for inviting European scholars to his court. And it almost seems like a contradiction entirely to our modern sensibilities. And I think that also reminds us that it was a very different time in the early 10th century, and we need to always be aware of that when

• 51:28Speaker 03

  we're thinking about it.

• 51:29Matt Lewis?

  People need to know Athelstan better.

• 51:30Speaker 03

  They do, yeah.

• 51:31Matt Lewis?

  I'm going to put you on the spot here. If his grandfather is Alfred the Great, and we're going to try and position Athelstan as better, if you were to give him an You know, he's surrounded by Edmund Ironside, Edward the Elder, Edgar the Peaceable, all of these people who get these epithets, but he's missing one. If you had to give him an epithet, what would it be?

• 51:49Speaker 03

  Oh, you have put me on the spot. Funny enough, he is actually given an epithet. He also is called Magnus the Great. And for whatever reason, again, I think it's in historiographical terms, it just doesn't stick and people don't run with it. I guess that would be my best attempt that he, of the early medieval English kings, he's deserving of exactly that kind of recognition. So it'd be something along the lines of the great for me, too.

• 52:11Matt Lewis?

  We could put an er in brackets at the end of it. Athelstan the Great Er.

• 52:16Matt Lewis?

  Just to distinguish him from your grandfather. Well, thank you so much for joining us, David. It's been absolutely fascinating to get a little bit closer to Athelstan and hopefully people will go away, pick up your book and want to find out even more about this fascinating moment in history, but also this fascinating man who drove so many of the events and almost single-handedly forged what will become the Kingdom of England. Thank you so much for joining us, David.

• 52:38Speaker 03

  Thank you for having me.

• 52:41Matt Lewis?

  I hope you've enjoyed this voyage into Anglo-Saxon England. If you'd like more on this period, you can grab David's book, The First King of England, Athelstan and the Birth of a Kingdom. And you can also find a series in our back catalogue on three of the major Anglo-Saxon kingdoms and one on the Whitten, their council that advised the king, as well as plenty of other Anglo-Saxon episodes, too. There are new installments of Gone Medieval every Tuesday and Friday, so please come back.

• 53:09Speaker 01

  Hey, it's Adam Grant from TED's Rethinking Podcast. As businesses scale, success depends on how well knowledge is captured, shared and kept up to date. Camtasia Pro turns teams' expertise into engaging training, onboarding and documentation. No professional editing experience required. With the industry's best screen recording, video editing and AI-powered workflows, you can train faster and boost operational efficiency. Get over $100 off your first year at camtasia pro.com and start building a smarter way to educate customers, onboard employees and ensure valuable expertise is shared across teams.

• 53:45Matt Lewis?

  You can join Eleanor and I for more from the greatest millennium in human history. Don't forget to also subscribe or follow us on Spotify or wherever you get your podcasts and tell all of your friends and family that you've gone medieval. You can sign up to History Hit to access hundreds of hours of original documentaries with a new release every week and all of History Hit's podcasts ad free. Head over to historyhit.com/subscribenow. Anyway, I'd better let you go. I've been Matt Lewis and we've just gone medieval with History Hit.