Seed Oil Scare: The Curious Case of Canola

If you've been hearing that canola is a killer, you're not alone. It's one of the so-called "hateful eight" seed oils: Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. says it's among the most deadly things you can eat, and Joe Rogan agrees. But is it true? This episode, we get to the bottom of the debate over the plant formerly (and still, in some places) known as rapeseed. Why does it have such an unfortunate name, and how did it transform into canola, at least in North America? Is it really engine oil? Does it actually contain a poisonous solvent? And why on earth are Brits buying up a fancy cold-pressed version by the gallon, as the new, home-grown olive oil? Are they roasting their potatoes with an inflammation- and disease-causing disaster? Listen in for the forgotten history and slippery science of this much discussed, little understood oil. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices.com/adchoices

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:03Speaker 00

  We're hearing a lot about seed oils. Why should people be worried about these kind of products?

• 0:08Speaker 01

  Seed oils are one of the most unhealthy ingredients that we have in foods. And seed oils, the reason they're in the foods is because they're heavily subsidized. They're very, very cheap, but they are associated with all kinds of very, very serious illnesses, including body-wide inflammation.

• 0:33Speaker 02

  That is Robert F. Kennedy Jr., and we're sorry to start the episode with him because we're also sorry that he is currently the Secretary of Health and Human Services.

• 0:42Nicola Twilley?

  There are so many reasons we're sorry about this. But nonetheless, we started the show with his voice because he is far from alone in saying seed oils are dangerous. It's quite a common belief these days.

• 0:55Speaker 04

  Seed oils are some of the worst fucking things your body can consume. There's some sort of a correlation between seed oils and macular degeneration. Like, it causes inflammation, and inflammation is fucking terrible for you, no matter what.

• 1:08Speaker 02

  Yes, again, sorry. That's Joe Rogan, host of a truly shockingly popular podcast. And we, of course, are also hosts of a popular podcast. This is Indeed, Gastropod, the podcast that looks at food through the lens of science and history. I'm Cynthia Graber.

• 1:21Nicola Twilley?

  And I'm Nicola Twilley. And we, like many of you, have been hearing this anti-seed oil propaganda for a while now. But then a listener got in touch with an intriguing question that made us want to dive a little deeper.

• 1:33Speaker 05

  Hi, my name is Amy MacLeod. I'm from Vancouver, British Columbia, and I am curious about canola oil. My grandfather was a farmer in Saskatchewan, and he grew canola on his farm, in addition to other things. And I always use canola oil in my cooking. I feel like it's a great way to support Canadian farmers. But now with all the buzz around canola oil being really processed, I'm not sure if it's the healthiest choice. And I'm wondering sort of what the history of canola oil is, and if there's something that's a better choice, or if it's still fine to use.

• 2:09Speaker 02

  Amy, we are... On the case, what is canola oil? And why is it so popular in Canada?

• 2:14Nicola Twilley?

  And is it and all its seed oil brethren so extremely terrible for you? What is so bad about how it's processed? We've got all the answers coming right up.

• 2:24Speaker 02

  This episode is sponsored in part by the Alfred Peace Loan Foundation for the Public Understanding of Science, Technology and Economics, and by the Burroughs Welcome Fund for our coverage of biomedical research. Gastropod is part of the Vox Media Podcast Network in partnership with Eater.

• 2:39Speaker 06

  Support for the show comes from Google Gemini. You know that moment when curiosity strikes? You're exploring a new city with the family and a sculpture catches your daughter's eye? What is that? Who made it? With Gemini, you can snap a picture and get a fully interactive breakdown of its history, architecture, and even hidden secrets. Gemini is built for moments like that. Whether you're learning something new, solving a problem, or looking for your next favorite thing, Google Gemini is here to help. Download Gemini, Google's AI app, or visit gemini.google.com to learn more.

• 3:18Speaker 07

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• 3:52Nicola Twilley?

  So originally, the Romans brought rape seed over to the UK when they invaded it. So that's sort of two or 3,000 years ago.

• 3:59Speaker 06

  This is Duncan Farrington. He's a British farmer. And you might not have realized, but he is talking about canola. He just called it rape seed because that's what we call it in the UK, because that's what it started out as. We're old school like that.

• 4:13Speaker 02

  We'll get back to where the name canola comes from. But rape seed, that sounds unpleasant, but it's related to the plant's Latin name. Rape seed is a brassica like kale and broccoli and cabbage. And the oil plant comes from a subspecies called Brassica nappa or Brassica rapa, rapa for turnip. But then rapa became rape, like the vegetable rapini or like rape seed.

• 4:33Nicola Twilley?

  And rape seed, or rape as it's sometimes called, just to make matters worse, it goes way back. Botanists think it may have originated in India. There's records of it being cultivated there as much as 6,000 years ago. But it's definitely been used for thousands of years, everywhere from China to the Mediterranean.

• 4:51Speaker 02

  The Romans, as Duncan said, they grew rape seed to press for oil, but they may not have been using it for food.

• 4:57Nicola Twilley?

  They probably could have eaten it, but naturally rape seed is more of a, has more of a bitter flavor oil. The Romans probably most likely used it for oil lamps and candles and also Roman bars to put on the body as a, you know, when the guys and girls went to the bars and a massage oil. Back home in what's now Italy, Romans had access to lots of lovely olive oil. That was their fave. But as they colonized Northern Europe, where the weather is crap and olive trees don't grow, they needed a new oil source. Rape seed did the trick.

• 5:29Speaker 02

  It grows really well in cold climates. And so while it was kind of bitter, probably Northern Europeans did eat it occasionally if they didn't have their favorite butter or lard around. It was definitely used for animal fodder. And apparently by the 1500s, it was Europe's major source of lamp oil.

• 5:44Nicola Twilley?

  Then, once the Industrial Revolution got going in Britain, this lamp oil found a new role as an engine lubricant.

• 5:51Speaker 02

  Steam engines were a foundational technology that powered the Industrial Revolution. And it turns out that rape seed oil is a great lubricant for steam engines. Water and steam don't wash it off. It stays oily and luby where it's supposed to be.

• 6:04Nicola Twilley?

  Once our petrochemical era really got going and steam engines were replaced by diesel engines that didn't need rape seed lube anymore, our unfortunately named oily friend kind of fell out of favor.

• 6:16Speaker 02

  But then, in the 1930s, a farmer from Poland was living in Canada.

• 6:20Nicola Twilley?

  And a friend of his sent him a few seeds of rape seed. And he found it grew very well. And when the Second World War broke out.

• 6:31Speaker 01

  There was a need for a lubricant for marine engines. And the oil from rapeseed was a perfect lubricator for marine engines.

• 6:43Nicola Twilley?

  This is Michael Esken. He's a distinguished professor in the Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Canada. And he is a key player in the rapeseed slash canola story, which really heated up, like Michael said, during World War II.

• 7:00Speaker 02

  There was a huge shortage of oil in Europe at the time. They were using anything they could get their hands on. Whale blubber, cottonseed oil, anything. And they really needed lubricants for the engines that powered their ships. So Canadian farmers quickly picked up the slack, grew a lot of rapeseed and sent it over.

• 7:14Speaker 01

  Thankfully, the war ended and there was no need for a lubricating oil. And so the question was, someone raised in Agriculture, Canada, has this oil any potential? It smelt bad and it had a bad color.

• 7:33Nicola Twilley?

  It was greenish and stinky. Canada was growing a lot of it and the engine lube market had disappeared. Meanwhile, as the Canadian government had noticed, the country was also importing 90% of all its edible oils. So a couple of plant breeders, one in Saskatoon and one in Winnipeg, got to work to see if they could make it a little more palatable.

• 7:54Speaker 02

  The reason the rapeseed oil was stinky and kind of bitter was because of a couple of particular components.

• 8:00Speaker 01

  There were two things they were interested in reducing. They were interested in changing the fatty acids, but they were also interested in reducing what we call the glucosinolates.

• 8:12Nicola Twilley?

  The fatty acid in question was erucic acid. It's pretty common fatty acid in plants, but it's found at especially high levels in rapeseed. It was the erucic acid in particular that made rapeseed so great for machine lubrication, but it tastes quite bitter, which makes it harder to love as an edible oil. Plus, it had a bad rap for health reasons. There was some research done a long, long time ago showing that, and the research was done on rats, showing that high-

• 8:39Speaker 02

  Levels of uricic acid in rats can actually cause heart lesions. It can cause a weakening of the heart wall. There was a bunch of research on rats showing various negative health outcomes of consuming uricic acid. So people assumed it was also toxic to humans, although that has never been shown in human studies. But in any case, the breeders wanted to take the uricic acid out.

• 8:58Nicola Twilley?

  The other target for elimination was the glucosinolates. These are also found in all brassicas. They give Brussels sprouts and cabbage and mustard their pungent, slightly sulfur-free brassica flavor, which I like. But that was considered off-putting in a wannabe edible oil, too.

• 9:15Speaker 02

  Another big issue with glucosinolates was that after the seeds were pressed for oil, the leftover seed residue was fed to animals, and they seemed to not love that brassica flavor. So for it to be useful as high-protein animal feed, which was a major goal, getting rid of glucosinolates was important.

• 9:30Speaker 01

  This was in '45, so a process started. But it took until the '60s till two breeders. And there are a lot of others involved in that. But two breeders, one was a fellow called Baldur Stephansson.

• 9:45Nicola Twilley?

  He was in Saskatoon, and there was another scientist called Keith Downey in Winnipeg. And to this day, both provinces like to claim credit for the resulting breakthrough.

• 9:55Speaker 01

  So I guess there was a little competition, but they was friendly and they worked together. And what they did, it was the old-fashioned type of plant breeders where they crossed plants and they analyzed.

• 10:08Speaker 02

  As Michael said, this took more than 20 years of crossbreeding, and a bunch of other people got involved, too. One of the things they needed to do as they were doing all this breeding, they had to come up with a name that didn't involve the word rape.

• 10:19Speaker 01

  We were happy to change the name. The name was going to be Canberra, but a company had already established that name. So they had to look for another name.

• 10:28Nicola Twilley?

  Canberra is short for Canadian brassica. But in lieu of that, they decided to go with Canola.

• 10:34Speaker 01

  Canadian oil, Canola.

• 10:36Speaker 02

  So the breeding was successful. There was almost no uricic acid or glucosinolates in the new variety. There was a new name that didn't include rape at all. And then they had to do nutrition studies to demonstrate that this new variety of rape seed, now called Canola, was what's known as grass, generally recognized as safe, meaning anyone and everyone could cook with it and make products with it and eat it.

• 10:56Nicola Twilley?

  The room where they first fed Canola to humans to make sure it was safe is still right there at the University of Manitoba.

• 11:06Nicola Twilley?

  So right now, we're entering the room where the original studies were conducted for feeding humans, university students, the first canola oil that was available for testing.

• 11:22Speaker 02

  Carla Taylor is a professor in food and human nutritional sciences at the University of Manitoba, and one of the things she studies is canola oil.

• 11:30Nicola Twilley?

  Students would come up for all their meals, and they were taking blood samples so that they could look at how the fatty acid composition in their plasma was changing over the time that they were on the study.

• 11:46Speaker 02

  Michael was part of the team back then. His colleagues were doing that nutrition research, and he was studying the basic chemistry.

• 11:52Speaker 01

  They looked after feeding the stuff to students and analyzing urine and feces. We always knew when they were analyzing feces, because you came into the department that day, and you need to put a peg on your nose. And we looked at the composition, the stability, the performance, and a whole range of activities.

• 12:13Speaker 02

  After all the research was done in the 70s and 80s, the Canadian government recognized canola oil as safe. Then the American government did too, and farmers in both countries started to grow it. And Michael told us its success exceeded everyone's expectations.

• 12:27Speaker 01

  Canada has 43,000 canola farmers. And they generate around $30 billion annually into the economy. So it is, it is the largest, yields the largest return of any agricultural product. And it in fact changed the agriculture landscape of Canada.

• 12:51Nicola Twilley?

  It's a big deal. If you were here in end of June, beginning of July, when canola is blooming, you would think that about half the fields are yellow.

• 13:04Speaker 02

  And because things need to be explicitly pointed out these days, government research that took decades is now worth billions of dollars every year in North America. But so Carla comes from a farming family, and her family

• 13:15Nicola Twilley?

  Owned one of the farms that happily switched over and ended up enjoying wide swaths of yellow flowers every summer. Yeah, so I grew up on a farm and my brother still runs the family farm and canola is one of the main crops. And actually, I can remember when I was young, growing up, there weren't any yellow fields in front of the house. I know the time that there was kind of the switch that canola was suddenly this crop that became available, could be grown here in this climate. Before, it would be wheat, barley, and some oats.

• 13:56Nicola Twilley?

  And now it's switched to mostly canola and wheat. The resulting oil, the final endpoint of thousands of years of growing and decades of breeding, that final product is that clear, flavorless cooking oil available basically everywhere these days. For quite a long time now, I mean, that's just the main vegetable oil that's in the grocery stores here. But in my home country, England, that innocuous, multipurpose cooking oil is not the only kind of rape seed oil on the shelves. In fact, these days, canola, or as we still call it rape seed oil, is taking extra virgin olive oil on at its own game and sometimes winning. How rape seed got fancy after the break.

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• 16:25Nicola Twilley?

  Duncan Farrington is a fourth generation farmer in England, and he remembers when his dad started growing rapeseed for oil.

• 16:31Speaker 01

  We started growing it here. My father started growing it in 1984, but there were other neighbors around that were growing it five or so years, maybe even 10 years before that.

• 16:42Nicola Twilley?

  What happened was, in the 1970s, French plant breeders started looking at old fashioned rapeseed again. They'd seen what their Canadian colleagues had done, and they had good reason to be interested in an edible oil that could be grown in the milder, wetter climates of northern Europe. One of those reasons was that in the 1970s, America suffered an intense drought, and we didn't want to send our soy to Europe, even though they had been depending on it for animal feed. We put an embargo on shipping it over. Remember, the rapeseed leftovers after oil pressings are great for animals. These were uncertain times. Food imports in general were threatened by the oil crisis in the Middle East. Meanwhile, another edible oil source, the peanut, that was having a little crisis of its own, also drought related.

• 17:26Nicola Twilley?

  US supermarket shelves were stripped of peanut butter. So oils were in short supply all round.

• 17:32Speaker 01

  The EEC, European Economic Community got together and one of the things they looked at doing, which was very important, was making sure Europe wouldn't starve again and Europe would have food security.

• 17:43Speaker 02

  And so those French breeders did what the Canadian breeders had done. They created a rape seed plant that had low levels of arousic acid and glucosinolates, but that was better suited to European climates where you can get two harvests a year. This solved both the edible oil issue and the animal feed crisis.

• 17:57Nicola Twilley?

  And just like in Canada, this new and improved version of rape seed caught on right away.

• 18:03Speaker 01

  There was a high demand for it and the prices originally were very, very high. And I remember when I was a boy, farmers would call it black gold because it was worth a lot of money.

• 18:12Nicola Twilley?

  This European rape seed oil 2.0 was pretty much identical to the Canadian version, except it wasn't called canola. It wasn't fancy, to be sure.

• 18:22Speaker 01

  Back in the day, you'd go into the supermarkets and there'd be an array of plastic bottles and it was called vegetable oil. It'd often have a nice little pretty picture of a yellow flower on there, but it wasn't called rape seed oil. It was just called vegetable oil.

• 18:35Speaker 02

  Duncan went off to university and studied the family business. He studied agriculture.

• 18:39Speaker 01

  And I thought rape seed sounded pretty interesting. So I did a literature review on rape seed and rape seed oil. And while I was doing it, I just came across the fact that there's a crop that we grow in Britain. It's considered, as we've been talking about, it is a cheap commodity crop found in a supermarket in a plastic bottle, highly refined, no character, no one knows anything about it. It's got an awful name of rape, so no one cared about it.

• 19:05Nicola Twilley?

  Duncan didn't think that was fair. He felt like it deserved better.

• 19:09Speaker 01

  I researched it at university and found out how wonderful it was and thought, why on earth are we not making something about this in Britain? And actually, one of the researchers was a chap called Dr. Kerr Walker, who was a researcher from Scotland.

• 19:26Speaker 02

  And I was talking to him one day and he's he'd done a lot of nutritional research on the effects of rape seed oil and he was known globally. And I said, why don't we talk about it and make something of it in Britain? And he said, Duncan, it will never work with the word rape. It's never going to work. We're going to get back to the nutritional research on rape seed oil. Obviously, that's something contentious these days, but Duncan wasn't put off by the problematic name. He needed a high value crop to help keep his family farm afloat. At the time, what they were growing, which included rape seed for boring vegetable oil and animal feed, it wasn't enough. And if I wanted to stay on the farm, which I was absolutely, you know, I wanted to be a farmer.

• 20:06Speaker 02

  But if I wanted to stay on the farm, the only way I could economically do that was look at diversifying in some way or another. So I went back to my university research, a little germ of a or an embryo of an idea of a business. I went and I'd spent eighteen months actually doing a business plan. His idea was to produce a high quality, higher price rape seed oil, like extra virgin olive oil versus the cheap industrial stuff. And eventually in two thousand and five, we set up Britain's first called Crush business. We were the first company in the UK to grow brass and bottle rape seed oil on farm. And we've not looked back since.

• 20:47Speaker 02

  The growing part doesn't involve anything revolutionary. Duncan grows rape seed pretty much the same way his father did. He plants it in late summer and it takes a while to get going. So over the winter, it lays dormant and looks like lots of very small cabbages. And then as the weather starts warming up and the day length lengthens from the end of February, it starts really growing. And what happens then? It turns more away from looking like a cabbage to a tall plant with lots of branches on it. And it has these tiny little pods which look like more like runner bean pods or pea pods. And inside those pods, when they are mature, are little black seeds. And inside the black seeds is a yellow kernel and we squeeze that. And that's where the lovely delicious yellow oil comes from.

• 21:31Speaker 02

  Squeezing it, that's the real difference between Duncan's oil and the industrial product. For industrial rape seed oil manufacturing, the seeds are all first heated to one hundred and eighty five degrees Fahrenheit, not quite boiling, but very hot. Because the higher the temperature, the more efficient the oil extraction. And then it's Refined using often a hexane solvents because it dissolves the oil.

• 21:53Nicola Twilley?

  The oil is trapped in solid plant matter and hexane pulls it out.

• 21:57Speaker 02

  And the hexane and oil liquid mix is separated out from the solids, then the hexane is boiled off. And then it's bleached and it's deodorized and you end up with a very bland looking oil and a tasteless oil.

• 22:07Nicola Twilley?

  There is a couple of good economic reasons to make rape seed oil this way. One, mass market edible oil suppliers actually want an end product that's anonymous and undistinguished. It allows them to hedge their bets.

• 22:21Speaker 02

  If rape seed harvest fails one year or the price of rape seed is high, soya oil, sunflower oil, olive oil, other oils can be substituted. And if it's all put in a bottle and it's all a clear tasteless product, it doesn't matter what's in it and it's called vegetable oil. But also this industrial process is really efficient. It works so well that the seed residue only has about one percent oil left in it. Compared to ours on a cold day at eighteen percent and in the summer, we might have ten percent oil in it. So what we're doing, it is very, very inefficient compared to a great big factory doing it more in a commercial way.

• 22:56Nicola Twilley?

  Duncan's oil is, like he said, cold pressed, which means all the flavors and antioxidants in the oil aren't cooked out. Again, it's like extra virgin olive oil compared to industrial olive oil.

• 23:07Speaker 02

  It's very simple. We we call it the process of no process. All we do, we take our seeds and we squeeze them. I started with one press. I've now got eighteen of them. And they are squeezing the seeds without any added heat. Duncan showed us some of those seeds, his presses squeeze. They look like tiny, round little balls of mustard seeds you might buy at the store to cook with. But mustard seeds have a brown or yellow coating. Rape seed has a black coating. And if you actually squeeze one of those seeds between your fingernails, inside there's this yellow kernel and that is where the oil bearing cells are. Now, if you have a mortar and pestle and you bash those seeds, it takes an awful long time to get oil out of it.

• 23:48Speaker 02

  But our little presses, they're going twenty four hours a day, seven days a week, and it's just gently.

• 23:54Speaker 05

  Squeezing the seed, the oil comes out and the oil comes out with bits of seed husk and material. So then we pass it through a filter, which is like a great big tea strainer. And then we put it in a bottle and it is as simple as that. And what we're doing, we're just capturing all of the natural nutrition and character of that oil. We aren't removing anything, we aren't adding anything. So it is, it is what it is.

• 24:19Speaker 02

  Of course, the final product is more expensive than plain vegetable oil, but it's cheaper than extra virgin olive oil.

• 24:24Nicola Twilley?

  So far, so great. But like Duncan's scientist friend, Kerr Walker, at this point in the story, I confess that I am feeling a little skepticism about whether the great British public was really going to embrace an artisanal cold-pressed rapeseed oil.

• 24:40Speaker 02

  This is just what Duncan found himself up against when he first launched his company more than 20 years ago.

• 24:45Speaker 05

  So when I first started, if you're really posh, you know, everyone consumed olive oil. If you weren't quite so posh, sunflower oil sounds nice, it's nice and sunny and has a good feeling about it. And, you know, if you're a communal garden person like myself, you'd probably have rapeseed oil from the local supermarket. And that was what you had. And rapeseed, or vegetable oil as it is known, was seen as the cheap cheerful commodity product.

• 25:09Nicola Twilley?

  What that meant is he didn't just have to make oil, he also had to change people's attitudes.

• 25:14Speaker 05

  Originally, my mother and myself did our first days bottling and we spilled oil everywhere. And we were trying to work the machinery and then eventually we knew how to do it. But I had a few bottles at the end of the day and I put them in the boot of my car. And I literally drove around, I got a speeding ticket on the way because I was in a hurry. I think on that first day, I drove around nine potential customers. I came back with eight customers.

• 25:39Speaker 02

  Duncan didn't want to do the farmer's market route. He wanted to go to shops and have them displaying his oil alongside all their other beautiful products. One of the nine shops he visited was the local butcher.

• 25:49Speaker 05

  And he said, okay, and he is probably just trying to take it off me to shut me up and get me to disappear. But we did this deal and I said, look, if you buy a case off me, if it doesn't sell, give me a call in a couple of weeks' time or whenever and I'll come and I'll give you your money back and we'll say at least we gave it a try. And Mr. Johnson was his name. He said, that sounds like a good.

• 26:09Speaker 02

  Good idea Duncan. So we did that. And then two weeks later, the phone rings and it's Mr. Johnson. I thought, oh no, here we go. And he said, Duncan, you know that oil you bought? Can I have two more cases, please?

• 26:20Nicola Twilley?

  Pretty much everyone who tried Duncan's cold pressed rapeseed oil became a convert, even the non-human consumers.

• 26:27Speaker 02

  Put it this way, when when we first started the company, my wife and I, Ellie and I, we had a German pointer dog called Ollie. We named him after the oil company, Ollie, Ollie the dog, and he's the company mascot for a long time. And he absolutely loved, if he if he get the chance to go and lick up a bit of oil off the floor, anywhere. He absolutely loved it and he had a very shiny coat because of it.

• 26:48Nicola Twilley?

  That sounds lovely. I'd love a shiny coat myself. And Duncan said his oil really is totally different from industrial vegetable oil, the clear canola or rapeseed oil in the see-through plastic bottle.

• 26:58Speaker 02

  It's as different as chalk and cheese. First of all, you can see the lovely yellow colour. Well, that yellow colour, it's the carotenoids in there, the that give it the colour. So refined oil, they would bleach it. So the colour goes straight away. And when the colour goes, it takes away some of the nutrition.

• 27:13Nicola Twilley?

  Having got hold of a bottle ourselves, we can confirm that it is in fact extremely yellow. Here we are at the inaugural canola tasting. Thank you for having me. I can't wait. Once again, I roped my long-suffering husband Jeff into another glamorous gastropod tasting. I toasted some bread and put out extra virgin olive oil, Duncan's cold pressed rapeseed oil, and some regular canola oil in three little saucers. They all have liquid in them. One is what I suspect to be olive oil. Another one is very, almost clear and doesn't look particularly good. And then another one is a very deep yellow. It's a pretty unappetizing colour of yellow, frankly.

• 27:58Nicola Twilley?

  Looks like someone has kidney problems. Or like somebody just had a massive molten butter incident at a movie theatre. My partner Tim and I did a similar tasting. We were going to compare the cold pressed rapeseed to normal canola oil, to olive oil and to sunflower oil from Maine, not too far from me. Unlike Jeff, I thought the colour was delightful. Now I'm going to open for the first time this rapeseed oil that was delivered all the way from the UK.

• 28:28Speaker 02

  Okay, very pretty color. I'm gonna pour it up. Just a little bit. It is the brightest yellow of the bunch. Tim cut us some bread that he just made that day and we took it over to the four white saucers that had the oil. Tim and I started with the plain canola oil.

• 28:41Speaker 01

  It really has zero color. No real smell.

• 28:47Speaker 01

  Doesn't change the taste of the bread at all, but it changes the texture because you've got the little kind of oily mouth feel.

• 28:54Speaker 02

  Oh, it's weird to just dunk in plain because it's like you get the fat, but no flavor. It's not like butter or olive oil.

• 29:03Speaker 01

  Not a winner.

• 29:04Nicola Twilley?

  Yeah, same verdict in our household.

• 29:07Speaker 01

  Well, I don't know, but it goes far as to say that it doesn't have a taste.

• 29:11Nicola Twilley?

  It has no flavor. It has fat, like my, my tongue has a, like a fat texture on it now.

• 29:19Speaker 02

  Okay for cooking, not for dunking. Unsurprisingly, all four of us totally love dunking our bread in olive oil.

• 29:24Nicola Twilley?

  Honestly, I could drink good olive oil by the glass. It is pure bliss.

• 29:29Speaker 02

  I wanted to love my local sunflower oil, but I'm not a huge fan.

• 29:33Speaker 01

  It's kind of weird.

• 29:36Speaker 01

  It's almost a little smoky or burnt tasting, maybe. I don't know.

• 29:42Speaker 02

  It just tastes so intensely of sunflower seeds to me. That even when I cook with it, I want to really like it because I like supporting local oil and it's okay with like cabbage, but it keeps a very strong flavor of sunflower.

• 29:56Nicola Twilley?

  And then it was on to the main event, the bright yellow, cold pressed rapeseed oil. All right, I've soaked up a lot of it just to make sure.

• 30:05Nicola Twilley?

  It definitely has a flavor. And I, I want, I want to say it's a, it's a little cabbagey, honestly. Not, I mean, I like cabbage, but it's savory and cabbagey. Jeff thought it was more like a string bean thing than a cabbage vibe, but both of us liked it. And I'm just spitballing here, but like if it was on a salad, maybe I wouldn't notice that it wasn't olive oil. And it would just continue the taste of a salad because it has that kind of.

• 30:29Speaker 07

  Leafy, string beany, you said it was cabbagey, but it tastes, you know, a little, it tastes like a dressing that has already been on a salad and now it's at the bottom of the bowl.

• 30:38Speaker 02

  At first, I think I was influenced by knowing that it's related to broccoli. I get like a little vegetal, little vegetal like brassica thing going on, then I just took a little sip of the oil straight. So tasting it on its own, I'd actually say it almost, it almost has a little nuttiness to it. I'm not, like even maybe more than this like cabbagey thing. It's like a vegetal slight nuttiness, not intense nuttiness like sesame. It's really interesting.

• 31:04Nicola Twilley?

  Also, it was not nearly as bold as the olive oil, which for me made it better for cooking or dressing a salad rather than dipping, but that's part of its charm.

• 31:12Speaker 02

  It is, as the name says, it's, it's yellow in color and mellow in flavor. There's no bitterness at all. And that's the origin of the name. Duncan's oil is called mellow yellow. After our tasting, Nikki used it to make roasted potatoes, which sounded delicious, and I made some cabbage with it at high heat. It was great. I'm a fan.

• 31:29Nicola Twilley?

  Rapes seed slash canola has a higher smoke point than olive oil, which basically means you can heat it to a higher temperature before it breaks down and starts to smoke. So it's good for any time you want to cook at a really hot temperature.

• 31:41Speaker 02

  And because it's light in flavor and not overpowering, that's why you can use it in a salad dressing or you can use it right through to baking cakes and it's not going to overpower the cake you bake with it. When Duncan started, as we've said, nobody was making cold pressed rapeseed oil, but as oil got so popular so quickly, Michelin starred chefs started using it too. Anyway, he basically invented a new food sector in the UK. I think within the first five years, there were probably, I don't know, say 50 growers around the country starting doing their own brands.

• 32:12Nicola Twilley?

  So what we have established here is that rapeseed oil can taste great, but, and I hate to mention it, isn't it supposed to be killing us?

• 32:21Speaker 02

  That's coming up after the break.

• 32:24Speaker 07

  If you've got an insurance question, you could talk to your nana. But she'd probably just tell you how she insured her couch from stains by covering it with plastic. Or you could talk to your local GEICO agent. They'll give you a different kind of warm and fuzzy, with personalized assistance for all your insurance needs, like how you could be saving on your policies. So let your nana cover her couch in plastic, and let a local GEICO agent help cover you, but not in plastic. To find a GEICO agent near you, visit geico.com/ local.

• 32:55Speaker 04

  We're just days away from the midterm elections, which means I only really have one question.

• 33:02Speaker 04

  Hi, Samika. I'm Jessica. Yeah, and I'm Al. We're from the Culinary Union. How are the issues that we've been tracking all year actually playing out on the ground? The reason why we're out here is because we're actually out here canvassing for Aaron Ford and Mr. Horstberg. I'm not sure if you've heard of them. Oh, yeah, I'm voting for them. A few weeks ago, I headed west to Nevada, where the entire midterms can basically be summed up in just three words: The Trump slump. Even with our great union jobs that we had, we struggled.

• 33:36Speaker 07

  That never happened before. And it's because of these politicians what they're doing to us. The Trump slump.

• 33:43Speaker 04

  This week on America Actually, midterms canvassing with the Las Vegas Culinary Union.

• 33:49Speaker 00

  How many more days until Election Day?

• 33:52Speaker 04

  Catch us every Saturday on YouTube or wherever you get your podcasts.

• 33:57Speaker 06

  I'm Bridget Reed.

• 33:59Speaker 04

  And I'm James Walsh.

• 34:00Speaker 06

  The Alexander brothers moved in a world of multimillion-dollar homes, exclusive parties, and powerful people.

• 34:07Speaker 04

  Behind that glamorous lifestyle were years of rumors and allegations that they were committing sexual assault.

• 34:13Speaker 06

  In our reporting for New York Magazine, we investigated what people knew and heard from women who came forward to tell their stories.

• 34:21Speaker 04

  Now, that reporting is the basis for a new three-part docu-series. The Wolves of Real Estate, the Alexander Brothers.

• 34:29Speaker 06

  You'll see exactly how privilege protected them and how they were finally stopped.

• 34:33Speaker 04

  Stream all three episodes now, only on Peacock.

• 34:41Speaker 06

  They are the hateful eight: canola, soybean, corn, sunflower, safflower, grape seed, reh bran, and cottonseed oils.

• 34:48Speaker 02

  Megyn Kelly used to be on Fox News and now she hosts her own serious radio show called The Megyn Kelly Show, and she was speaking with someone named Casey Means, who calls herself a functional medicine slash holistic medicine doctor. She is a doctor.

• 35:02Nicola Twilley?

  Which does not make her advice any more scientifically sound, unfortunately. Casey told Megyn that if you eat canola, you're basically eating engine lubricant, which, if you've been listening, you'll know is really stretching the truth. Grape seed oil was indeed a lubricant, and then its entire fatty acid composition was transformed through breeding. But that's not the only criticism of canola out there. The funniest one I heard was, or read, was that rape seed is related to mustard, and mustard was used in the Second World War as mustard gas, so it kills you, so you shouldn't eat rape seed oil. Well, excuse me, people are quite happy to put mustard on their hot

• 35:46Nicola Twilley?

  dog, and yet they thought that it's the same thing as mustard gas. So there is a lot of nonsense out there. In case you're worried, mustard gas, the weapon, is a human-made chemical. It's not chemically related to mustard or other brassicas. It just got its name because it smells a little sulfurous at room temperature and turns yellow-brown when it's mixed with other chemicals to form a weapon.

• 36:07Speaker 02

  Casey didn't mention mustard gas, but she did also go hard on the industrial process for turning canola seeds into oil.

• 36:13Speaker 06

  I think if you really want to lose your lunch, you should Google a video of how canola oil is made.

• 36:18Nicola Twilley?

  Like they put that through a car engine. That's really what it reminded me of. Shh, putting it through a car engine. I don't want that in my body. Duncan described this process to us earlier. It's the standard process for all industrial oils, including non-extravirgin olive oil. And like most industrial food production processes, it does look a little more industrial. It's not what we like to picture when we're thinking about how our food gets made, but welcome to reality, folks.

• 36:46Speaker 02

  Also, the hexane residues in edible oil processing don't seem to be a health issue. Look, we don't love the sound of hexane, which is a petroleum product, and we haven't studied the impact of its entire life cycle. But it's been used to extract oil since the 1930s. It's been extensively researched. High exposures do cause health effects, but there's a vanishingly small amount of hexane left after the processing is done. And so you get more exposure to hexane from the fumes when you fuel up your car than by eating industrial canola oil.

• 37:13Nicola Twilley?

  Still, thanks to all the social media misinformation out there, a lot of people are now cutting out canola, along with its fellow seed oils. Sweetgreen just announced they are removing [BLEEP] oils from their cooking oil and phasing it out from their salad dressings. This is amazing, guys. And some are even replacing it with good, old-fashioned beef tallow.

• 37:33Speaker 02

  Steak and Shake says all locations will be, quote, RFK'd as they swap vegetable oil for a healthier beef tallow to cook their iconic shoestring fries. Bad news for vegetarians who like their fries or people who care about industrial animal agriculture and its welfare and environmental implications. But also Carla says that beef tallow isn't so great for us. There is plenty of evidence out there to say that a high saturated fat diet is not beneficial, certainly not beneficial in terms of cardiovascular disease and perhaps certain types of cancers.

• 38:11Nicola Twilley?

  So beef tallow definitely has issues. Meanwhile, the hexane and mustard gas and engine oil issues with canola are not really real. But for critics of canola, these are all side issues. The real problem with canola is that it supposedly causes inflammation.

• 38:28Speaker 02

  Inflammation is blamed for just about every health problem these days, but the science of it is definitely more nuanced. Inflammation can be bad, but also a little inflammation can sometimes help you heal. That's part of why this immune system response exists.

• 38:41Nicola Twilley?

  The problem with canola, again, according to the critics, is to do with the particular fatty acids it contains. So canola oil is known for its high monounsaturated fatty acid content?

• 38:53Speaker 02

  The term monounsaturated has to do with its structure. Monounsaturated fatty acids are the kinds of fatty acids you find a lot of in vegetable oils like olive oils. Our bodies can make monounsaturated fatty acids, but it's also important that we get them from food.

• 39:08Nicola Twilley?

  Saturated fatty acids are fats like in meat, cheese, coconut oil and palm oil. And science has shown pretty clearly that these aren't as great in large amounts for most of us, for our overall health. Canola oil has very little saturated fat.

• 39:23Speaker 02

  And then there's what's known as polyunsaturated fatty acids. These are the omega fats. Omega 3 and omega 6 are the main ones. We did a whole episode on these types of fatty acids called Omega 123. You should check it out.

• 39:35Nicola Twilley?

  Guess what? Canola oil has those too. It also has a fairly good level of omega 3 as ALA, alpha-linoleic acid. And the other polyunsaturated fatty acid there besides the ALA is primarily what we abbreviate as LA or linoleic acid, which is an omega 6 fatty acid. If we get those in our diet, then we can convert them to all these other fatty acids that we need in our body.

• 40:06Speaker 02

  Omega 3 and omega 6 are called essential fatty acids because our bodies need them and we can't make them ourselves. We have to get them in food.

• 40:14Nicola Twilley?

  So great. Canola has both of these essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. But then the argument goes the linoleic acid, the LA, which is the omega 6, in our bodies, that becomes something called arachidonic acid. Another omega 6 fatty acid, which can

• 40:33Nicola Twilley?

  It'd be turned into to proinflammatory metabolites. Matty Markland is a nutrition scientist at Johns Hopkins, and he and a team of researchers around the world tried to figure out whether eating linoleic acid was connected to arachidonic acid and to bad health outcomes. And as we discussed in our recent episode about nutrition science, it's hard to get good information on what people eat. So they found a way to measure it that was much more scientific. Instead of asking people what they are eating, can we take a blood sample and measure the fatty acid concentration in the blood? Matty and his colleagues analyzed the data from more than 30 different studies involving more than 70,000 people from different countries. Some of them were short term studies, some ran for more than 30 years.

• 41:17Nicola Twilley?

  And during that follow up time, we are looking at how many people are developing cardiovascular disease. We also looked at cardiovascular mortality as an outcome. And what we found was that those with the highest levels of linoleic acid in their blood had the lowest risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. So that's good, right? Lower risk of cardiovascular disease. Sounds like a win to me. But what about this idea that linoleic acid or omega six turns into arachidonic acid, and that's where the problem lies? Well, Matty told us that, first of all, arachidonic acid turns into different chemicals in the body, some cause inflammation, and some actually are anti inflammatory.

• 42:00Nicola Twilley?

  But even more importantly, it seems as though inside our bodies, linoleic acid doesn't turn into much arachidonic acid at all. Studies using a stable isotopes, so they can actually look at the specific molecules, they have found that there is very limited conversion of linoleic acid to arachidonic acid in the human body. So that whole mechanism that's supposed to be behind the omega sixes in canola and other seed oils causing inflammation, it turns out that's not what's actually going on. In fact, Matty told us the evidence suggests that linoleic acid, the supposedly bad stuff in canola oil, it not only doesn't increase inflammation, it also seems to have some

• 42:41Nicola Twilley?

  real health benefits and not just for lowering the risk of heart attacks and strokes. We also found that linoleic acid was strongly associated with lower risk of of type two diabetes. So linoleic acid, we know, can also improve.

• 42:57Speaker 07

  Metabolism. And there are other data suggesting that linoleic acid reduces inflammation. It can also reduce blood pressure.

• 43:08Nicola Twilley?

  But another thing that seed oil haters claim is that it's the ratio that we have way too much omega six compared to omega three in our diets today. And that's what's making us sick. Matty checked for that, too.

• 43:19Speaker 07

  Yeah, we did. So we did statistically adjust for omega three fatty acid levels. And we also did kind of stratified analysis where we looked specifically in those with low omega three and those with high omega three acid levels. And we didn't see any difference in this association between linoleic acid and cardiovascular disease. So our study and other studies does not really suggest that the ratio itself should be changed by reducing omega six fatty acids. It's more probably that you should increase omega three fatty acids to improve the ratio.

• 43:56Nicola Twilley?

  In other words, cutting out seed oils is not going to help boost your omega three levels. For that, you have to eat more omega threes. And outside of oily fish, which are delicious, but which most Americans consume very little of, and outside of tofu and chia seeds and flax seeds, which are also pretty underrepresented in the standard Western diet, canola is actually a bit of an omega three superstar.

• 44:22Speaker 02

  It is at a level that is a little bit higher than soybean oil, definitely much higher than the omega three found in something like corn oil or the traditional sunflower, safflower oils and so forth. And also compared to olive oil, canola oil has a much higher level of omega three.

• 44:47Nicola Twilley?

  Darius Shmazafarian is director of the Tufts University Food is Medicine Institute. He was on our nutrition science episode, and he's one of the co-authors of Matty's study. He says, basically, there's no reason to avoid canola or any other seed oil.

• 45:00Speaker 02

  This is, you know, one of the great internet myths that's out there that seed oils are harmful. And canola oil has been studied in well over 100 randomized control trials and overwhelmingly been shown to improve every risk factor.

• 45:13Nicola Twilley?

  That has been looked at and never been shown to be pro-inflammatory, which is kind of the theory. We have all the science. Like, we don't need any more studies on canola oil. This is one of the most well-established areas of science there is, is the health effects of plant oils. So, long story short, RFK, Joe Rogan, Megyn Kelly and her guest, and a whole bunch of other online influencer types are, to put it politely, completely and utterly incorrect on this issue, as well as many others.

• 45:41Speaker 02

  Now, just saying that a processed junk food like cookies or chips has canola oil won't give it magical health-promoting properties, of course. And we certainly can't say that there won't ever be research linking omega-6s to increased risk of any disease. Still, Matty and Dariush and Carla and everyone else who studies it say that canola and other seed oils are fine. The industrial ones are fine for you. But Matty agrees with Duncan that the mellow-yellow cold-pressed stuff is likely even better.

• 46:06Speaker 05

  Perhaps with cold-pressed oils, you can retain more antioxidants and other things that could be destroyed during high-heat treatment. So, yeah, in that sense, it might be a good idea to use more cold-pressed oils.

• 46:22Nicola Twilley?

  Mellow-yellow is not on the shelves here in the US, but you can find a little less-processed canola oil in grocery stores. It's organic and expeller-pressed, rather than being the more heavily-refined stuff. But it is not at all the same as Duncan's cold-pressed. Carla says she knows of a small company in Canada that tried to do the same thing as Duncan, but it didn't really catch on. I think the biggest roadblock right now is the consumer perception. Because here in North America, we've, you know, kind of are growing up around our vegetable oil is, you know, a nice, clear, light-colored. And, yeah, maybe it just wasn't the right timing to take off to say, here's an alternative

• 47:06Nicola Twilley?

  for what we can do with something that's grown here. That point about canola being local, that's also important. Matty is originally from Sweden, and he said that for northern countries like Sweden, or England, or Canada, where olive oil is not grown, canola/rape seed has even more value as part of a healthy diet.

• 47:27Speaker 05

  So, in Sweden and in Scandinavia, we have worked on developing a healthy Nordic

• 47:33Speaker 06

  Diet, since we might not always have the foods that are typical for the Mediterranean diet, like fresh fruit. So then you should look into the healthy Nordic diet. And one component is to consume more canola oil instead of other fats.

• 47:50Speaker 02

  Carla says she doesn't just study canola oil, she eats it too.

• 47:53Nicola Twilley?

  I mean, yeah, I do research on it and I use it myself. I do have some olive oil for some particular uses, but my everyday go-to happens to be canola oil.

• 48:07Speaker 02

  Carla's talking about regular canola, but if you're lucky enough to get your hands on some of Duncan's mellow yellow, he has some tips for peak enjoyment.

• 48:16Nicola Twilley?

  Do whatever you want to do. There's no particular rules on this. If your thing is stir fries, you know, use it as a stir fry oil. If you like roast potatoes and you're very traditional on a Sunday, especially in Britain, do your roast potatoes in mellow yellow. It is a high temperature oil and you get the most lovely crispy potatoes. They got this lovely golden color because the color of the oil on there and they're fantastic.

• 48:42Speaker 02

  Thanks this episode to Duncan Farrington, Michael Esken, Carla Taylor, Maddie Markland and Dario Shmazafarian, and of course to listener Amy MacLeod, who sent us down this rabbit hole. We have links to their research companies and rape seed oil on our website, gastropod.com.

• 48:55Nicola Twilley?

  Thanks also to our superstar producer Claudia Guybe. We wanted to leave you this episode with a special treat. Turns out Michael Esken is not just a distinguished professor, he's also a rapper.

• 49:28Speaker 07

  If you've got an insurance question, you could talk to the butcher at your local grocery store. He'd probably talk about trimming the fat, but it'd be about your brisket, not your insurance policies. Or you could talk to your local GEICO agent. They offer personalized assistance in finding the choicest cuts of coverage for all your insurance needs, which means more money for filet mignon, or if you're a vegetarian, tofu le mignon. To find a GEICO agent near you, visit geico.com/ local.