Is It a Theater Piece or a Psychological Experiment? (Update) | Freakonomics Radio

In an episode from 2012, we looked at what "Sleep No More" and the Stanford Prison Experiment can tell us about who we really are. You can find the transcript and show notes for this episode on our website here: https://freakonomics.com/podcast/is-it-a-theater-piece-or-a-psychological-experiment-update/ FOLLOW FREAKONOMICS RADIO: YouTube: https://freak.ws/3yIl6dl Apple Podcasts: https://freak.ws/3yAvQh0 Spotify: https://freak.ws/3TsdCmV ABOUT FREAKONOMICS RADIO: Discover the hidden side of everything with host Stephen J. Dubner, co-author of the Freakonomics books. Each week, Dubner speaks with Nobel laureates and provocateurs, intellectuals and entrepreneurs, and various other underachievers to uncover things you always thought you knew (but didn’t) and things you never thought you wanted to know (but do) — from the economics of sleep to the future of education, from markets for marriage to the surprising utility of wolves. ABOUT THE FREAKONOMICS RADIO NETWORK: Freakonomics began as a book, which led to a blog, a documentary film, more books, a pair of pants, and in 2010, a podcast called Freakonomics Radio. Hosted by Stephen J. Dubner, it’s one of the most popular podcasts in the world, with a reputation for storytelling that is both rigorous and entertaining. Its archive of more than 500 episodes is available, for free, on any podcast app, and the show airs weekly on NPR stations. Freakonomics Radio is now the flagship show of the Freakonomics Radio Network, which includes the podcasts No Stupid Questions, People I (Mostly) Admire, and The Economics of Everyday Things. FREAKONOMICS RADIO NETWORK PODCASTS: Freakonomics Radio: https://freakonomics.com/series/freakonomics-radio/ No Stupid Questions: https://freakonomics.com/series/nsq/ People I (Mostly) Admire: https://freakonomics.com/series/people-i-mostly-admire/ The Economics of Everyday Things: https://freakonomics.com/series/everyday-things/ Special series: https://freakonomics.com/topics/ CONNECT WITH US: [email protected] https://twitter.com/freakonomics https://www.instagram.com/freakonomics/ https://www.facebook.com/freakonomics/ https://www.tiktok.com/@freakonomicsradio https://www.linkedin.com/company/freakonomics-media Subscribe to our newsletter: http://eepurl.com/bKm0cf

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:04Stephen J. Dubner?

  Hey there. Stephen Dubner. We are in the middle of a new series on the economics of live theater, which got me thinking about another episode we made way back in 2012 about the psychology of one particularly fascinating piece of theater. Such a fascinating piece that it only closed finally in early 2025. The episode also gets into one of the most famous experiments in the history of psychology. So I hope you enjoy this bonus episode. As always, thanks for listening.

• 0:46Stephen J. Dubner?

  Sometimes you see a piece of theater and it completely scrambles your brain.

• 0:52Speaker 01

  I remember I was at one of the first performances of Hair.

• 0:57Stephen J. Dubner?

  That's Philip Zimbardo, the renowned psychologist. Seeing Hair scrambled his brain because...

• 1:04Speaker 01

  The performers start walking on the seats, over your head, and walking down the aisles. And that, I had never experienced that before. And it was really troubling, exhilarating, confusing. Because, again, Hair was going to confuse you. They're going to sing songs about masturbation and black girls having sex with white guys and white guys having sex with... So essentially, before the play began, what they did is set up to say, this is going to shock you. This is going to be off your usual radar. So don't come expecting traditional theater. This is something new. I still remember that. It was like 40 years ago.

• 1:43Stephen J. Dubner?

  Again, that was Philip Zimbardo. Does that name ring a bell? If you ever took Psychology 101 in college, think back to that. You remember reading about the Stanford Prison Experiment? That was Zimbardo's experiment back in 1971, in which some student volunteers played the role of prisoners and others acted as guards. Things got ugly fast.

• 2:15Stephen J. Dubner?

  Zimbardo died in 2024 at the age of 91. In his everyday life, he liked messing with people.

• 2:23Speaker 01

  In many settings I'm in, I tweak my environment to see what would happen. What would happen if, you know, you go into a restaurant and the waiter gives you a thing and you say, I'd like to start with dessert. And he says, what?

• 2:36Speaker 01

  I'd like to start with dessert. You've got a really good dessert menu. But sometimes he'd say, no, you can't. No, you have to start with the appetizer. I said, no, I'd like the dessert. I'll work backwards. What difference does it make? By putting people in totally new situations, that's really how we discover something about ourselves.

• 3:10Speaker 02

  This is Freakonomics Radio, the podcast that explores the hidden side of everything with your host, Stephen Dubner.

• 3:26Stephen J. Dubner?

  Okay, so Philip Zimbardo is the man responsible for the Stanford Prison Experiment, one of the most famous social science experiments in history. We will hear more about that and some new revelations about the experiment later in this episode. But first, let's get to the real inspiration for today's show. It is a theater piece, an immersive, interactive theater piece called Sleep No More. Sleep No More is the creation of a British theater group called Punch Drunk. It opened in New York in 2011 and ran until January of 2025. Sleep No More is a mashup of Macbeth and Hitchcock and film noir, but it's even stranger than all that.

• 4:09Speaker 03

  I don't even know how to describe it. It's insane. I don't know. It is. It's crazy. Sexual and violent. Crazy and sane. Dead babies involved.

• 4:22Speaker 03

  Passionate. I don't know.

• 4:25Stephen J. Dubner?

  Sleep No More is designed to throw you off balance. It begins before you even go inside. The location is called the McKittrick Hotel, but in fact, it's an old warehouse in Chelsea. The whole thing is cloaked in secrecy.

• 4:41Speaker 04

  Not really sure what to expect.

• 4:43Speaker 05

  We were told to know as little as possible. And so we've done almost no research as to what we're about to do.

• 4:48Speaker 04

  I'm just hoping I can make it all the way through and I don't leave. I don't get too scared.

• 4:53Speaker 05

  Just like little tidbits of intrigue, you know? We've heard that you get like a key to a room, apparently. Everyone wears a mask and you're allowed to look through drawers in the sets. That's about all we know.

• 5:04Speaker 04

  We heard that it's like psychologically intense. Yeah, psychologically intense. It seems interesting to me.

• 5:13Stephen J. Dubner?

  Psychologically intense. I would agree. Now, what makes it so? Let me offer two thoughts. Control and context. First, control. If you are the kind of person who likes to have a lot of control over your surroundings, if you're not exactly a go with the flow type of person, and yes, I'm kind of describing myself here, then Sleep No More presents you with a bit of a challenge. It starts while you're waiting in line on the sidewalk. A bouncer requests a photo ID, doesn't say why, just requests it. And everybody in line complies, wordlessly.

• 5:51Stephen J. Dubner?

  Once you're inside, there's a mandatory coat and bag check. Everything must go, every computer, every purse. And then you're shuffled through a long, pitch-black hallway.

• 6:07Stephen J. Dubner?

  Out of the blackness, you emerge into a bar.

• 6:13Stephen J. Dubner?

  Nice Bar, the Good Jazz Band.

• 6:17Stephen J. Dubner?

  Place has the feel of a speakeasy and you're thinking, hey, what year are we in here? You're offered a drink, absinthe perhaps? A fortune teller looks you over from a corner table. After a while, you're summoned into a freight elevator where you are given a mask, a beautifully creepy beaked mask. And then you are told what you may and may not do for the rest of the evening. Here's Tori Sparks. She plays Lady Macbeth.

• 6:48Speaker 06

  I think it's very telling of who you are and how you interpret those first instructions that you get. You know, keep your mask on, don't talk, don't use your cellphone. Fortune favors the bold.

• 6:58Stephen J. Dubner?

  Yeah.

• 6:59Speaker 06

  You know, and people enter in and some people just can't handle instructions. They can't handle limitations. They want to talk and you just told them they can't, so they will. And other people are excited by the fact that they get to be anonymous for three hours.

• 7:19Stephen J. Dubner?

  Okay, so you've surrendered your valuables at the door and you're now dispatched on a three hour adventure about which you are told next to nothing, during which you may not speak, and yet you're also told that fortune favors the bold. So yes, you have given up a bit of control.

• 7:42Stephen J. Dubner?

  Okay, now for the context. Where are we? Where's the stage? Well, there is no stage, or really, the stage is everywhere. Six floors of warehouse that have been turned into an unbelievably elaborate set. There's an old hotel and a town. There are lodgings for the Macbeths and the Macduffs. There's a grand ballroom, a forest, a hospital, a cemetery. You are allowed to wander anywhere and everywhere, to open drawers and read letters, to eat candy from the glass jars in the sweet shop.

• 8:20Speaker 07

  It's sort of like choose your own adventure. So you're sort of forced to like forge your own path around the building and find different scenes.

• 8:27Speaker 08

  You make your own journey. It's like a very personal. It's sexual and leading.

• 8:35Stephen J. Dubner?

  But what about the actors? Where are they?

• 8:38Speaker 09

  I didn't see an actor for like the first 15 minutes, so I thought it was just kind of set decoration everywhere.

• 8:43Stephen J. Dubner?

  But then you start seeing them and trying to figure out who they are, their relationships. You think back to what you were told, that fortune favors the bold. And you learn that you have to follow the performers from room to room, even chase them, or they might bring you with them.

• 9:01Speaker 08

  A bald woman dragged me up several flights of stairs, through staircases and to this like arena. And it was like incredible.

• 9:12Stephen J. Dubner?

  The context is further muddied by the fact that none of the performers actually speak. But over the course of the evening, you will see a lot.

• 9:23Speaker 10

  Someone hanging themselves was pretty cool. It's like the final, I won't tell you that, sorry.

• 9:30Speaker 11

  A pregnant woman and her husband having a fight and then making up.

• 9:37Speaker 10

  Lots of fighting, lots of kissing, lots of-

• 9:40Speaker 11

  Taxidermy.

• 9:41Speaker 10

  Dry humping.

• 9:42Speaker 08

  Oh, my friend Austin's in it and he gets naked and bloody. So that was pretty crazy. It's just, it's like a nightmare.

• 9:55Stephen J. Dubner?

  And don't forget, it's very dark and you're wearing a mask.

• 10:00Speaker 12

  The mask is utterly critical and without it, it wouldn't work or it'd be something very, very different.

• 10:06Stephen J. Dubner?

  That's Felix Barrett. He's the artistic director of Punch Drunk and co-creator of Sleep No More.

• 10:12Speaker 12

  They're faceless, they're anonymous. So there's that sort of, that normal relationship between performer and audience is completely ground down. The first time I tried it, a middle aged lady came and apologized to me afterwards and said, I'm so sorry, I put the mask on. I found myself being very rude. I was getting too close to the performers. I even touched one at one point. I'm so sorry.

• 10:36Stephen J. Dubner?

  And you must have said, thank you.

• 10:37Speaker 12

  I was like, thank you, because I didn't even realize how powerful it was. But she felt compelled to do it because the mask had given her that freedom. And as soon as it came off, she remembered who she was and where she was.

• 10:54Stephen J. Dubner?

  The mask does seem to embolden people.

• 10:59Speaker 11

  Well, I did something I wasn't supposed to do.

• 11:04Speaker 11

  I saw a dress hanging on the wall because they said not everything is what it seems. So those who take more risks will be rewarded more. So I put on the dress and it-

• 11:12Speaker 10

  She was punished.

• 11:13Speaker 11

  And I was in-

• 11:15Speaker 10

  She belonged to one of the actresses.

• 11:17Speaker 11

  She belonged to one of the actresses, so I shouldn't have done it. The thought of being that much more anonymous with a switch of clothing was even more exciting.

• 11:29Stephen J. Dubner?

  One night, Tori Sparks, who plays Lady Macbeth, was dancing inside a sort of glass box.

• 11:37Speaker 06

  I had a woman, I was performing a solo in the box, and like a crowd filled watching this thing, and for whatever reason, this woman decided she was going to throw objects at the glass. And she found anything, and there's not much in this room you can pick up and throw, but she found it all. She found, she went in our drawer, picked up the lipstick, the fur, anything, the wet t-shirts, and just started chucking it as hard as she could at the glass. And fortunately, I was behind glass, I just kept going with what I was doing.

• 12:09Stephen J. Dubner?

  Don't you really want to know what's going on in that person's mind then? Or do you just, well, I guess in the moment, you're just trying to survive the scene.

• 12:15Speaker 06

  I was in shock, just like, you're really making that choice right now? Why? Why would you even think that that's what needs to be done right now? And am I making you mad? Are you trying to mess with me? What's going on? So I just tried to stay in character, and the steward that's in this room, of course, went to try and stop her. And she just, she was like, oh, I didn't know. I was completely clueless.

• 12:38Stephen J. Dubner?

  Fortune favors the bold.

• 12:39Speaker 06

  Exactly.

• 12:40Stephen J. Dubner?

  Oh, my gosh.

• 12:41Speaker 06

  Meanwhile, me and all these other spectators were just like, huh?

• 12:49Stephen J. Dubner?

  Every detail of Sleep No More, the music, the mask, the choreography, has been carefully designed to crush your expectations that going to the theater means just sitting in a square room and watching people on a stage speak their lines. Here's Felix Barrett again.

• 13:04Speaker 12

  It's completely safe. It just feels, we almost fictionalize, we dimmed it back, we fictionalize a state of tension that feels slightly unsettling and threatening, when actually it's not.

• 13:15Stephen J. Dubner?

  Before Sleep No More came to New York, it played in Boston, in an old school building.

• 13:20Speaker 12

  When we did Boston, the first show, they said, health and safety, they said, this is not going to work, it's too dangerous. So we had to put the lights up, and the show didn't work at all. Because the audience were just walking around nonchalantly, just treating it like a gallery, chatting, because there was no sense of threat.

• 13:36Stephen J. Dubner?

  Even though you told them not to talk?

• 13:37Speaker 12

  Yeah. Because here we have this huge swathe of darkness. If that's not there, then there's no mystery.

• 13:49Stephen J. Dubner?

  So how would you behave if you were thrust into an unfamiliar situation, given a set of off-putting rules, and then told to hide behind a mask? That's coming up after the break. I'm Stephen Dubner, and this is Freakonomics Radio.

• 14:14Stephen J. Dubner?

  Sleep No More, for me, was a thrill, unsettling on many dimensions, but also a thrill. What it really made me think about, however, wasn't Macbeth, or Shakespeare, or Hitchcock, or all the awesomely grisly ideas promoted therein. I was mostly thinking about the audience. What it really made me think about was Philip Zimbardo, his Stanford Prison Experiment, and how people change their behavior depending on their surroundings. Here's Zimbardo again.

• 14:46Speaker 01

  One of the things that strikes me about this interesting play is that it puts the audience in a totally new situation, that is, audiences have never been asked to wear masks, play a role, have a set of rules to govern their behavior.

• 15:01Stephen J. Dubner?

  In a way, Sleep No More does to the audience, every night, what social scientists like Zimbardo have been doing in experiments for decades. They put people in a situation, fiddle with the variables, and see how they behave, like Stanley Milgram's famous obedience experiments at Yale in the early 1960s, to see whether a volunteer would administer an electric jolt to someone if told to do so by an authority figure.

• 15:28Speaker 13

  Oh, now, I keep giving them shocks? Continue, please. I'm up to 390. Continue, please.

• 15:40Speaker 13

  Continue, please.

• 15:43Stephen J. Dubner?

  Milgram's experiments took place shortly after Adolf Eichmann went on trial in Jerusalem for Nazi war crimes. Here's Philip Zimbardo again.

• 15:51Speaker 01

  And as a sidebar, little Stanley Milgram and I were high school classmates at James Monroe High School in the Bronx in senior year 1948, 49. So essentially, there was something in that water. But it was really, you know, he was a little Jewish kid who worried about, you know, could the Holocaust happen in America? If Hitler said, electrocute somebody, would you do it? Or Hitler's henchmen? And everybody said, no, Stanley, we're not that kind of person. And what he said, as a high school kid, how do you know unless you're in that situation?

• 16:23Stephen J. Dubner?

  After the Milgram experiments, Zimbardo got the idea to set up a fake prison at Stanford with some volunteers acting as guards and some as prisoners.

• 16:33Speaker 01

  And that was the central commonality in the Milgram obedience studies and my Stanford prison study, is we put people in a totally new situation, where in both studies, we gave people total power over someone else.

• 16:52Stephen J. Dubner?

  The experiment was designed to go on for two weeks. 24 volunteers, all male college students, were randomly divided into inmates and guards. The inmates were arrested at their homes and brought to a makeshift prison in the basement of the Stanford Psychology Department. Immediately, their individuality was taken away. The guards called them by ID number rather than name. They wore stocking caps to cover their hair and a short smock with no underwear. The guards, too, were dressed alike, essentially becoming anonymous.

• 17:25Speaker 01

  And the guards not only were in uniforms, but they had to wear silver reflecting sunglasses, an idea I got from the movie Cool Hand Luke.

• 17:33Stephen J. Dubner?

  It didn't take long for the situation to curdle.

• 17:36Speaker 14

  401/6, you got your hands in the air. Why don't you play Frankenstein? 2093, you can be the bride of Frankenstein. You stand here. You come over there. You be the bride of Frankenstein, and you be Frankenstein. I want you to walk over there like Frankenstein and say that you love 2093.

• 17:55Stephen J. Dubner?

  A third of the guards started to exploit their authority, taunting prisoners, making them simulate sodomy, clean toilets with their bare hands. Zimbardo himself began to play a role.

• 18:11Speaker 01

  I began to be the prison superintendent. I see videotapes of my-- I'm walking down the yard with my hands behind my back and my chest out. I never do that. I was surprised to see that. But that is how, you know, the military officers, when they're reviewing the troops-- that's many politicians-- it's a position of authority and power, which I abhor. I mean, I always work hard to minimize the power I have as a teacher. And here, I was unconsciously assuming it.

• 18:44Stephen J. Dubner?

  Now, Zimbardo is a situationist.

• 18:48Speaker 01

  I'm a situationist, dyed-in-the-wool. Individual variations, in quote, personality, predict almost nothing about people in these situations.

• 18:59Stephen J. Dubner?

  Meaning, he firmly believes that people aren't necessarily good or bad, but that their behavior is strongly dependent on their situation, on the role they're expected to play. During the Stanford prison experiment, the situation was so intense that after just 36 hours, some prisoners began to break down.

• 19:21Speaker 15

  I mean, Jesus Christ, I'm burning up inside, don't you know? I can't stand it, I'm fucked up. I don't know how to explain it, I'm fucked up inside! Help me out! Help me out!

• 19:33Stephen J. Dubner?

  Instead of lasting two weeks, the experiment was canceled after six days.

• 19:37Speaker 01

  The way the study ended was, I had invited young faculty members and graduate students who knew nothing about this study to come down and interview all the prisoners, guards, and staff. And Christina Maslach, who had been my graduate student, who we had just started dating, comes down the night before and sees the guards abusing the prisoners. And I look up, it's a 10 o'clock toilet run, 10 o'clock at night, last time prisoners go to the toilet. The prisoners have bags over their head, legs chained together, yelling, screaming, cursing. And I say, hey Christina, look at that, isn't that interesting? And she starts crying and runs out. We have this big argument, and I'm saying, what kind of psychologist are you? This is a crucible of human nature. She says, wait a minute. How could you see what I see and not see it as dehumanization? I thought I knew who you were.

• 20:22Speaker 01

  I don't know who you are. I don't know who this person is, and I'm not sure I want to continue my relationship with you if this is the real you.

• 20:29Stephen J. Dubner?

  How long had you been dating by this point?

• 20:31Speaker 01

  Oh, probably six months.

• 20:32Stephen J. Dubner?

  And when she said it, was it kind of a lightbulb moment for you, or did you fight against the impulse?

• 20:37Speaker 01

  No, I fought against the impulse because at some deep level, I knew she was right. I didn't want to believe that I was chained by the situ- I mean, I'm a grown-up, I've done lots of research.

• 20:47Stephen J. Dubner?

  And not only are you a grown-up, but you are the administrator of this thing, and it's amazing to me, I mean, now- Forty-some years later, you can talk about it with the perspective of someone who was a participant and who understands what happened to you. But did you have any sense that what was happening to you was happening to you at the time?

• 21:04Speaker 01

  Oh, not at all. No, I'm saying it was not a light bulb. It was a lightning bolt that when she said it, we both talked about it. We subsequently got married the next year because I realized she was my heroine who saved me because the study was going to go another full week. And I'm not sure what would have happened at that point. But it was a lightning bolt. And of course, I resisted at first because what it means is I had made this mistake. I should have ended it days earlier. And essentially, it's what administrators do. I didn't do anything wrong, but I allowed wrongdoing to go on. And actually, one of the worst guards said in a later interview, the professor never said, "I couldn't do it, and therefore, I did it."

• 21:49Stephen J. Dubner?

  So, does Sleep No More offer a better lesson in human behavior? To answer that question, I called my Freakonomics friend and co-author, Steve Levitt. He's an economist at the University of Chicago and host of the podcast, People I Mostly Admire. Over the course of his academic career, Levitt has run and observed a lot of experiments, both in the lab and in the field.

• 22:15Stephen J. Dubner?

  Hey, let me ask you this, Levitt. I'm sure you're familiar with the famous Stanford Prison Experiment. Philip Zimbardo, yes?

• 22:21Speaker 16

  Sure.

• 22:22Stephen J. Dubner?

  So what do you think that says about anonymity or the power that a circumstance, a place, being put in a place and playing a role, the power that that has on us?

• 22:33Speaker 16

  You know, I actually never, that's one result I don't believe. I just fundamentally don't believe that if you take undergrads and you put them into the role of the prisoner versus the prison guard, it's just, you know, I've never tried it. But I just don't believe that it's real. And I think to get it, you have to manipulate other things. It just doesn't seem right to me that people are like that. Now, maybe that's what's so amazing about it is that it really happens. And there was, I don't know if you were with me by the time, I was talking to a movie, a director from the BBC, and he said that he had tried to recreate that for the BBC. And it got so ugly so quickly that he had to cancel the whole thing and they didn't even do the show.

• 23:18Speaker 16

  But I don't know.

• 23:19Stephen J. Dubner?

  But wait, got so ugly so quickly, connoting that it did happen, yeah?

• 23:23Speaker 16

  Yeah, he said it was real too. But a lot of times, what I've found is that when I try to do experiments as an economist that work great for psychologists, I cannot get them to work. And I really have come to believe that it's because the people in the study are so keen on doing what the researcher wants them to do. And they think that the psychologist wants them to behave in one way, and they think the economist wants them to behave in a different way. And so it's hard to reproduce some of those psychological findings. So I would love to do the prison study, and I'd love to do it in a way that was unbiased.

• 24:04Speaker 16

  And I just, that's one thing, I would bet a lot of money that things wouldn't turn out the way they did in that Old Zimbardo study.

• 24:11Stephen J. Dubner?

  Well, you know, let me read you. Here's what a couple of the volunteers who played guards back then, 40 some years ago, here's what they said recently. One said that he was playing a role from the outset, trying to create drama to, quote, "give the researchers something to work with." And another guard said, "I didn't think it was ever meant to go the full two weeks. I think Zimbardo wanted to create a dramatic crescendo and then end it as quickly as possible. I felt that throughout the experiment, he knew what he wanted and then tried to shape the experiment by how it was constructed and how it played out to fit the conclusion that he had already worked out. He wanted to be able to say that college students, people from middle-class backgrounds, that people will turn on each other just because they're given a role and given power."

• 24:51Speaker 16

  So people won't believe me. I've never heard those quotes. I didn't know anyone else thought that way. What I said before was just my intuition that that is not human behavior, what got revealed in those studies.

• 25:04Stephen J. Dubner?

  Steve Levitt's intuition turned out to be pretty good. Since we first published this episode, there has been more evidence that challenges the integrity of Philip Zimbardo's findings. In 2018, journalist Ben Blum and researcher Thibault Latacier published separate investigations based on archival recordings and interviews with participants, which argued that the Stanford Prison Experiment had been significantly manipulated. Zimbardo himself acknowledged that there were methodological problems with the experiment. He shouldn't have played the role of the warden, he said, but he stood by the experiment's main conclusion. The Stanford Prison Experiment is hardly the only high-profile psychology experiment to have been found shaky. If you want to know more,

• 25:49Stephen J. Dubner?

  check out a two-part series we ran in January 2024 called Why Is There So Much Fraud in Academia? Coming up after the break, can theater take us to places that psychology can't? I'm Stephen Dubner. This is Freakonomics Radio. We'll be right back.

• 26:16Stephen J. Dubner?

  A study like the Stanford Prison Experiment could never happen today, at least not in the US. When it was over, the American Psychological Association imposed new standards for how research subjects could be treated. So if you really want to mess with someone, manipulate their mind, your best bet may still be the theater. Felix Barrett, years before he created Sleep No More, staged a show that was so unorthodox and rarified that only four people ever got to experience it.

• 26:51Speaker 12

  It was called The Moon Slave. And it started with an invitation being sent to come to a theatre, it was a town in south west of England, to come to a theatre, see a show called The Moon Slave, and we invited press and Arts Council, the main funding body. So they thought it was a bog standard show, turned up expecting a normal sit down, proceeding art show, arrived after dark to this sleepy little theatre, no other cars in the car park, walked in, inside the theatre, addressed auditorium, seats for 200, programmes, lights on, no one there. So they waited around for a while, got a bit spooked, thankfully all of them stayed, and then a phone rings

• 27:32Speaker 12

  up on the stage, and they realise they have to get up onto that stage, amongst the set they find a parcel that's addressed to them, inside that parcel, they unwrap it, it's a phone that says your driver's waiting outside. And then they leave the auditorium again, get into the second car waiting with a masked chauffeur, they get into the back of that car, the car speeds off and drives into the countryside, and there in the back of the car, a narrated soundtrack, symphonic soundtrack begins on the car stereo, and that's the true beginning of the show. And then for the next hour, they're driven around, dropped off in the middle of the countryside, given a headset so the story and the symphonic

• 28:11Speaker 12

  soundtrack continues, and they go through this vast walk through forests and countryside, culminating in a massive sort of pyrotechnic finale.

• 28:24Speaker 12

  When it's revealed they're not actually by themselves, they're actually surrounded by 200 scarecrows, and it was, we actually end up shooting a marine flare into the sky to reveal, to turn the sky red for 15 miles. So it's all about crescendo and expectation and intimacy.

• 28:51Stephen J. Dubner?

  Wow. So you do really love to mess with people. And I say that not pejoratively at all. Like, as a theater creator, you see the audience member differently than other theater creators do, don't you?

• 29:07Stephen J. Dubner?

  It strikes me that you are half theater creator and half social scientist.

• 29:14Speaker 12

  I suppose, when I go and see, I can think back about the sort of five pieces of theater that have blown me away. And there's that sensation you get when it's really high-quality, well-thought-out, well-crafted art. That's visceral. It connects emotionally. It's almost like that nexus where everything connects and you get this one sublime moment. I can feel that in my body now if I think about it. And all I want to do as a maker is to give audience members that sensation. And it's difficult to find. And so maybe I just go a different route to trying to source it. But I think I'm just the same as any other director. It's just, you just want your audience to be lost in the work you create.

• 30:01Stephen J. Dubner?

  That's one of the pleasures of seeing Sleep No More. Watching your fellow audience members get lost in the work. They don their masks and cast off their social mores. Yes, a few of them act out. They interfere with the cast. They steal.

• 30:16Speaker 06

  They steal.

• 30:17Stephen J. Dubner?

  Yeah? What do they steal?

• 30:18Speaker 06

  They love the letters in Malcolm's office, Lady Macbeth's letters. They love to wear Lady Macduff's fur coat. They love the nurse's jacket. They love Macbeth's coat that he gets hung in.

• 30:33Stephen J. Dubner?

  They have sex.

• 30:35Speaker 12

  Yep. I think every show we've done, there's been some sex.

• 30:39Stephen J. Dubner?

  Yep. And there is empathy, too. During Sleep No More, one character tries to poison Lady Macduff. Here's Maxine Doyle, the show's choreographer and co-director.

• 30:52Speaker 17

  There have been moments when audiences have tried to interrupt that moment. There's been moments when Lady Macduff, we set this up, she falls in the party. Sometimes they let her fall on the floor. Most of the times that somebody will save her. More interestingly is Lady Macbeth. Decline of her story plays out in the hospital and she finishes in an image which is really vulnerable and, well, she's naked and bloody in another bathtub in the hospital. And she beckons to the audience sometimes to help. And some audience give her, will pick up a towel and will give her a towel or will hold her. So it tends to be that audiences want to save, nurture, protect.

• 31:38Stephen J. Dubner?

  And here again is Tori Sparks, who plays Lady Macbeth, and Nick Bruder, who plays Macbeth.

• 31:44Speaker 06

  Some people's actions are just, they can be sincere too. They offer one of the Macbeths a towel while they're in the bathtub washing off the blood. And the most sincere gesture possible.

• 31:54Speaker 18

  Is it moving?

• 31:55Speaker 06

  Yeah, it really can be. The intent behind anything can really move you. It just depends on why they're doing it.

• 32:02Speaker 18

  That's a good point. It's the intent behind things. There's 20 characters. So I could have a really great night.

• 32:08Speaker 06

  Somebody else has a crap night.

• 32:10Stephen J. Dubner?

  Do you guys then have a postmortem afterwards?

• 32:12Speaker 06

  When we all collect in the elevator at the end, it is an, they're just unreeling the nights. Did you see this person in that dress? Did you see that guy in that polka dot shirt? Can you believe what he did? He took this, he took that. You know, everybody's just like unleashing it all.

• 32:25Speaker 18

  I don't know what you guys are talking about.

• 32:29Stephen J. Dubner?

  In the end, Sleep No More is too woolly, too freewheeling, to think of as a social experiment. But it does look a little bit like society itself. Rules are established and sometimes broken. Morays are adopted, but not by everyone. What's most interesting, most encouraging perhaps, is how in Sleep No More, as in society in general, what we don't end up with is total chaos. Here's Steve Levitt again.

• 33:03Speaker 16

  When I teach my class on the economics of crime to the undergraduates at the UFC, one of the points I stress over and over is that the puzzle is not, why is there so much crime? The puzzle is just the opposite. Why is there so little crime? Why does the average person, who has literally hundreds of chances to commit crimes in a day, not take advantage of those? Every time you walk past a five-year-old on the street, on the playground, you could bonk them over the head with no repercussions and runoff, or you could steal candy, you could... It's the real high-stakes crimes you're talking about, beating up children, stealing candy. But nobody does them, and you don't worry about people doing them.

• 33:47Speaker 16

  And even when there are... I mean, I'll be in a big room lecturing, and I'll leave my cellphone and my backpack that has my computer in it. If I lost a computer, I would be beside myself. But I'll have complete faith that no one is going to steal it. And it's really not ultimately because they think they'll be caught. I think that one of the greatest powers of society is the ability to inculcate in people a sense of right and wrong. And so, the overwhelming majority of people are trained to not do things that are negative to other people.

• 34:24Stephen J. Dubner?

  So, the next time you're at the grocery store, or in church, or in an elevator, ask yourself, am I behaving the way I am because of who I am, or simply because of my surroundings? What would I do if I were wearing a mask? Am I as much of an individual as I think I am? Or am I more like a lump of silly putty, just waiting for society, or a theater director, to mold me?

• 34:58Speaker 03

  I think it makes you a little more daring, a little less inhibited, more mischievous. You got really gutsy by then. I was really, I was really going for it.

• 35:07Speaker 19

  Brusquely pushing people aside to follow the person I was trying to follow.

• 35:10Speaker 08

  I got a little rude. I would try to make noises at other people.

• 35:15Speaker 05

  I mean, I think you just, there's no boundaries.

• 35:17Speaker 08

  No, it was completely different than anything I've ever experienced. I just felt good. It was right in the moment.

• 35:27Stephen J. Dubner?

  I hope you enjoyed this updated bonus episode. Punch Drunk's latest production, Viola's Room, arrives in New York in June. And we will be back very soon with a new episode of Freakonomics Radio. Until then, take care of yourself. And if you can, someone else, too. Freakonomics Radio is produced by Stitcher and Renbud Radio. This episode was produced by Susie Lettenberg and updated by Dalvin Abwaji. Special thanks to Jonathan Hochwald from Immersive and Jake Smith. The Freakonomics Radio Network staff also includes Alina Coleman, Augusta Chapman, Eleanor Osborne, Ellen Frankman, Elsa Hernandez, Gabriel Roth, Greg Rippon, Jasmine Klinger, Jeremy Johnston, John Schnars, Morgan Levy, Neil Carruth, Sarah

• 36:11Stephen J. Dubner?

  Lilly, Teo Jacobs, and Zach Lipinski. You can find our entire archive on any podcast app or at Freakonomics.com, where we also publish transcripts and show notes. Our theme song is Mr. Fortune by The Hitchhikers, and our composer is Luis Guerra. As always, thanks for listening.

• 36:33Speaker 12

  When we were really young as a company, we did a production of The Cherry Orchard. And these two, this couple, was a huge bear as part of the set. And they took off their masks and started making out. And the studio members said, Fizz, what should I do? They'd broken the rule because they'd become performers. I said, well, you know, they know what the contract is here. If they want to change their status, then by all means. So we let them do it. And I had a whole crowd of audience just watching.

• 37:01Speaker 02

  The Freakonomics Radio Network, the hidden side of everything.

• 37:09Speaker 06

  Stitcher.