248. How to Be Tim Ferriss

Our Self-Improvement Month concludes with a man whose entire life and career are one big pile of self-improvement. Nutrition? Check. Bizarre physical activities? Check. Working less and earning more? Check. Tim Ferriss, creator of the Four-Hour universe, may at first glance look like a charlatan, but it seems more likely that he's a wizard -- and the kind of self-improvement ally we all want on our side.

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:01Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 0:45Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 1:28Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 2:13Stephen J. Dubner?

  Hey, podcast listeners. Thanks for making our recent batch of self-improvement episodes some of the most popular episodes we've ever released. I hope they actually help you improve something in your life, large or small. If so, why don't you help improve our lives a little bit? How? By making a donation to WNYC, the public radio station that produces Freakonomics Radio. Just go to Freakonomics.com/donate, or you can text the word FREAK to the number 69866, and a link will pop up on your phone. That's 69866. Any amount is appreciated, although, I won't lie, the more zeros, the better. You can also become a WNYC sustaining member with a contribution of just $5 or $10 a month. Thanks, as always, for listening to Freakonomics Radio.

• 2:59Speaker 01

  If you don't try hard, no matter how much talent you have, there's always going to be someone else who has a similar amount of talent who outworks you and therefore outperforms you.

• 3:07Speaker 02

  It's very easy, I think, in a digital age, easier than ever, to confuse being busy with being productive, and they're just not the same thing.

• 3:15Speaker 03

  Well, what if I did something with some more passion? What if I found something to be of deeper interest to me? I thought maybe I should give it a go and see if it was actually possible to improve.

• 3:27Stephen J. Dubner?

  Let's start with, in 60 seconds or less, what you actually do in a given day, if you have such a thing as a given day.

• 3:35Speaker 02

  I would say interviewing experts, tracking down eccentric weirdos who are really good at one thing or another, formulating a plan for some type of experiment involving their observations or findings, and then recording it. That is what I do most days.

• 3:52Stephen J. Dubner?

  That is Tim Ferriss. He is... What is he exactly?

• 3:57Speaker 02

  I am a human guinea pig and professional dilettante.

• 4:03Stephen J. Dubner?

  For our final self-improvement episode, a man whose entire life and career are one big pile of self-improvement, of accelerated self-improvement, as evidenced by his book titles, The Four Hour Work Week, The Four Hour Chef, The Four Hour Body. Tim Ferriss is in fact such a poster boy for self-improvement that you might be, as I first was, a bit suspicious. I'd seen your face and I knew that you were the four-hour-blank guy. And of course, I assumed that you were a total charlatan.

• 4:35Speaker 02

  Of course.

• 4:36Stephen J. Dubner?

  Right? Because that's...

• 4:37Speaker 02

  How could you not with a title like that?

• 4:39Stephen J. Dubner?

  Tim Ferriss, charlatan or self-improvement wizard? You'll be the judge, as we cover everything from his humble beginnings...

• 4:47Speaker 02

  I mean, very much the runt of the litter in school.

• 4:50Stephen J. Dubner?

  And some rough patches.

• 4:51Speaker 02

  So I've had extended periods of depression that I've become better at mitigating over time.

• 4:58Stephen J. Dubner?

  To his good fortune in startup investing.

• 5:01Speaker 02

  Facebook also did very well.

• 5:03Stephen J. Dubner?

  To the reason that millions of people do every single thing that Tim Ferriss tells them to do.

• 5:09Speaker 02

  So the objective is to provide you with tools and principles for 10x-ing your hourly output?

• 5:16Stephen J. Dubner?

  Is there anyone here who isn't interested in 10x-ing their hourly output?

• 5:23Stephen J. Dubner?

  Nah, I didn't think so.

• 5:34Speaker 04

  From WNYC Studios, this is Freakonomics Radio, the podcast that explores the hidden side of everything. Here's your host, Stephen Dubner.

• 5:48Stephen J. Dubner?

  Tim Ferriss recently stopped by our studio with a head full of ideas and, as you'll hear, a belly full of sardines.

• 5:57Speaker 02

  I suppose my professional life can be split into writing, books that all sound like infomercial products, most notably The 4-Hour Work Week, and then tech investing.

• 6:06Stephen J. Dubner?

  So if you had to pick a noun, or maybe two, to describe what you think of yourself as, what is the noun?

• 6:13Speaker 02

  Noun would be teacher. I don't view myself as a writer, first and foremost. I always thought I was going to end up teaching ninth grade, specifically, because I had a lot of really formative influences, I think, at that fork in the road where a lot of crucial decisions are made by young folks. But I view my job as testing many, many different things, performing experiments, and then providing the Cliff Notes to people as a teacher.

• 6:40Stephen J. Dubner?

  Not long ago, you also started a podcast, which is called The Tim Ferriss Show. Now, why do you want to go and do a thing like that? Because we all know that podcasting is not where it's at.

• 6:49Speaker 02

  It was intended to be a break between large book projects. And I have this nasty habit of writing long books. So The 4-Hour Chef was-

• 6:56Stephen J. Dubner?

  Your books are big.

• 6:57Speaker 02

  670 pages.

• 6:58Stephen J. Dubner?

  Your books are so weird, in the best way. They're not narrative from beginning to end. Even when they kind of feel a little bit like those self-help books with boxes and charts, you are just zany in a way that reminds me, I'll be honest with you, of one person more than anyone else, which is my mom. My mom was this kind of Brooklyn girl who ended up in upstate New York trying to be a pioneer woman and raise eight kids. And she did it. She had to figure out all this stuff. And that's what strikes me, is what you have this intense, either curiosity, or need, or something, to figure out stuff, and then tell other people about it, which is generous of you. Where does that come from? Why are you not satisfied with just being like everybody else?

• 7:42Speaker 02

  I think the answer is twofold. So number one, my mom always encouraged me to march to my own drummer. So that was-

• 7:49Stephen J. Dubner?

  How? How'd she do that?

• 7:51Speaker 02

  She exposed me and my brother, I have one sibling, younger brother, to many, many different environments. My parents didn't have much money growing up, but they always had a budget for books and my mom would take us to experience things firsthand, like go to the beach and take leftover chicken bones and tie them to strings and fish for crabs, which we threw back. But the, the list just went on and on. And if we grasped on anything and became really passionate, then she would, and my father as well, put all their support behind that. And secondly, growing up, I was born premature and I was very, very small until about sixth grade.

• 8:27Stephen J. Dubner?

  How small?

• 8:28Speaker 02

  Small enough to get beat up at recess until sixth grade. I mean, very much the runt of the litter in school. And I was hyperactive, so my mom was looking for a solution to this and threw me into kid wrestling. So a kid wrestling program, weight class based. And I ended up embracing that as my primary sport and got to a national level towards the end of high school. And a big competitive advantage I have is that I studied the science of weight cutting. I got very good at losing weight and then regaining it. I was cutting from, say, 178, 178 pounds to 152 pounds.

• 9:02Stephen J. Dubner?

  Whoa, which is how many classes, like four or five?

• 9:04Speaker 02

  Quite a few, yeah. So I, I became an amateur scientist in studying the various approaches to weight loss and understanding what I had to do to maintain performance. So using, say, potassium sparing diuretics even, or but something available over the counter, like a dandelion root. And so I think just to, to provide context for people, that is where I realized the benefits and risks and nuances of experimentation.

• 9:30Stephen J. Dubner?

  You grew up in what many people know as the Hamptons, but not in a lifestyle that was what most people who think of the Hamptons think of the Hamptons lifestyle, right? You were townie.

• 9:42Speaker 02

  That's right. Yeah. No, no white shorts and tennis rackets.

• 9:45Stephen J. Dubner?

  What'd your folks do for a living?

• 9:47Speaker 02

  My dad was a real estate broker and local real estate broker. Mom was and still is physical therapist.

• 9:54Stephen J. Dubner?

  And did you have jobs as a teenager and stuff like that?

• 9:57Speaker 02

  Oh, yeah. I worked as a primarily busboy.

• 10:01Speaker 02

  At a place called Snowflake, which is now Bostwix. And then the lobster roll, a lot of people know the lobster roll. Or they might call it lunch, but no locals call it that. It's the lobster roll, which is now very well known because of the show The Affair.

• 10:13Stephen J. Dubner?

  You're how old now?

• 10:14Speaker 02

  Thirty-eight.

• 10:15Stephen J. Dubner?

  And what is your spousal or partnership status?

• 10:18Speaker 02

  Single.

• 10:19Stephen J. Dubner?

  Single. You do have a dog, though, right? Molly?

• 10:21Speaker 02

  I do. I have a dependent. Molly is nine or 10 months old now.

• 10:25Stephen J. Dubner?

  She travels with you?

• 10:26Speaker 02

  She travels with me almost all the time.

• 10:28Stephen J. Dubner?

  And I've heard you say that your food for her is dry kibble with sardine oil on top.

• 10:34Speaker 02

  Drizzled over it, right? So I consume, after a conversation on my podcast with a scientist named Dominic D'Agostino, who's a ketogenesis, ketone expert, began consuming sardines in the mornings and found that if I'm traveling in particular, I often give Molly dehydrated, say Bison or Different Wild Game when I'm at home in San Francisco. But if I'm traveling, I can get her to eat dry kibble with the sardine oil drizzle on top of it. And it solves all sorts of dermatological issues, which I assume correspond to other types of health benefits internally.

• 11:09Stephen J. Dubner?

  Right. And did you start eating sardines for the dermatological benefit yourself or more for the other components?

• 11:14Speaker 02

  Other benefits.

• 11:15Stephen J. Dubner?

  Right, right. You eat them every day?

• 11:17Speaker 02

  Almost every day.

• 11:18Stephen J. Dubner?

  I eat sardines almost every day, too.

• 11:19Speaker 02

  To the extent that I will travel, if I'm going to be gone for weeks, I will literally buy cases of sardines. They're the rats of the sea world, but they're small enough that they don't bioaccumulate as much, say, heavy metals as something like an Alba core.

• 11:30Stephen J. Dubner?

  I love that story. I hope it's true.

• 11:32Speaker 02

  Yeah, you know, I'm choosing to believe that narrative.

• 11:41Stephen J. Dubner?

  Ferris majored in East Asian Studies at Princeton, but he was always looking for business ideas as well. He opened some high-end gyms in Taiwan. He sold audio tapes of college admissions advice. Neither of those worked out. He had better luck teaching speed reading, but he got bored with that. Soon after graduation, he founded a company called Brain Quicken, which sold a nutritional supplement meant to, well, quicken your brain. And then Body Quick, which was pitched to athletes. Ferris says he was making a lot of money, but he was also badly overworked. So he took a leave of absence, went to Europe. He expected the company to tank in his absence. It didn't. Did even better without him.

• 12:23Stephen J. Dubner?

  Which made him wonder if the whole notion of working 40 and 60 and 80 hour weeks might be overrated. So your first book, The Four Hour Work Week, I am curious because I don't know, the word I'm looking for is not fraud, but I'm pretty sure you work many more hours than four hours per week yourself, right? So was that a prescription? Was it a wish? Or was it a kind of metaphor for what one needs to create?

• 12:48Speaker 02

  Well, the objective of the book, for those people who haven't read it, and I'm sure many of the people have not, is to provide you with tools and principles for 10x-ing your hourly output. And the reason it's gained, I think, a foothold in the finance world with people like hedge fund managers, also with people in the startup world, CEOs of very large, fast-growing companies, is that they are looking for sources of leverage, right? To get more output for each input. The Four Hour Work Week title was one of 12 titles that I tested on Google AdWords. So I created campaigns to test the respective titles and subtitles and then just looked at the click-through rates, which went to under construction pages. And that performed the best of the options that I had.

• 13:31Stephen J. Dubner?

  What came in second?

• 13:32Speaker 02

  Second was...

• 13:34Stephen J. Dubner?

  All right, better question. What was worst? Do you recall the bad ones?

• 13:39Speaker 02

  The worst, I think, and I had a lot of bad ones, but it was like broadband and white sand or something.

• 13:47Stephen J. Dubner?

  Wowzer.

• 13:47Speaker 02

  Cheeseball, like that. But to talk about my sort of personal perspective, so that's the first context. And the second piece is, the book is not about being idle. It's about having control of your non-renewable resource, known as time, and then applying it how you want to.

• 14:02Stephen J. Dubner?

  But the other kind of misperception of The Four Hour Work Week is that, especially because it's got a palm tree on the cover, right?

• 14:07Speaker 02

  Yeah. The objective is not to stare out into space rubbing cocoa butter on your belly for the rest of your life. It's about optimizing per hour output.

• 14:16Stephen J. Dubner?

  So the implication is, hey, you don't have to work so hard and you can still accomplish what you need to financially, whatever. But the real message of the book is... The way that we think about filling up our time with quote work, which is often less work and more just kind of garbage, is a silly way to think about the world.

• 14:34Speaker 02

  I think that a lot of our assumptions are erroneous and misplaced and that we don't test them very well. So the, I think part of the reason that the book initially took off in the tech sphere, aside from the fact that I live in Silicon Valley, kind of right in the middle of the switch box, is that I talked about measurables. It was very much the language of startups. Like, what are your KPIs, your key performance indicators? What are the metrics that you're trying to improve? How do you do an analysis to determine where to focus? And it's very easy, I think, in a digital age, easier than ever, to confuse being busy with being productive, and they're just not the same thing. And doing something well does not make it important. So we sort of drive towards efficiency and

• 15:18Speaker 02

  doing things quickly, oftentimes not stopping to assess whether or not the things we're doing are important in the first place.

• 15:24Stephen J. Dubner?

  So one key piece of advice that you and a lot of other people have given over time is, you know, learning to be better at saying no to stuff, you know, especially as you start to succeed a little bit at whatever you're succeeding at, in a firm, as an entrepreneur, as a writer, whatever, you know, more people ask you to do stuff, and it's kind of flattering, and you want to be nice, and you, I think the instinct for many people is to say yes, and all of a sudden you realize that like 80% of your good time is taken up by stuff that's, you know, is not so good. So considering that you're a big fan of no, and considering that you said not so long ago that one of your goals for the new year was to not do any media, what are you doing here today? This seems like this should be exactly the kind of thing you should not be doing.

• 16:06Speaker 02

  Well, I mean, the goals move around. So I'd say there are two reasons I'm doing it. The first is that I am enjoying working on my own podcast, Tim Ferriss Show, and I think you're extremely good at what you do. So this is an opportunity for me to observe, interact, and get better at what I'm also doing.

• 16:24Stephen J. Dubner?

  Good brown nosing, okay.

• 16:26Speaker 02

  With my own time, so that's right. So I'll start with the flattery. And then the second reason is that when I really drilled down, I realized the vast majority of my time, which I felt was ill-spent, was being consumed by startups. And so about six months ago, published a, what is it, in effect, a resignation letter.

• 16:48Speaker 02

  A retirement letter.

• 16:50Stephen J. Dubner?

  Right, you went celibate, really?

• 16:51Speaker 02

  Yeah, I went startup celibate.

• 16:53Stephen J. Dubner?

  And we should say, these were startups you were not participating, you were participating as investor primarily, correct?

• 16:59Speaker 02

  Investor and advisor, which implies and carries with it much more responsibility in terms of being at the beck and call of various founders or otherwise people related to startups. So that, by stemming the flow of, say, cold introductions via email and whatnot related to startups, I was able to reclaim a large portion of the pie that represented my total work hours.

• 17:28Stephen J. Dubner?

  As an early investor in startups, Ferris had already had a number of what he calls lucky bets.

• 17:36Stephen J. Dubner?

  Was Uber one of the lucky bets?

• 17:37Speaker 02

  Definitely, although that's still a private company.

• 17:40Stephen J. Dubner?

  Facebook was another?

• 17:41Speaker 02

  Facebook also did very well.

• 17:43Stephen J. Dubner?

  How early, how early were you in?

• 17:44Speaker 02

  A few years before the IPO, Alibaba, Twitter, about 20 or so other bets, 70 in total, probably.

• 17:51Stephen J. Dubner?

  And why'd you want to go, cold turkey on that? Was it that you had enough money? Was it that you were sick of that whole either group of people or that kind of idea? Was it you just wanted a change? Was it that you wanted to do other things?

• 18:03Speaker 02

  Well, I'll give you the short version. I mean, it's probably a 10-page, I wouldn't call it a screed, but list of reasons.

• 18:09Stephen J. Dubner?

  It was a little screed-y.

• 18:09Speaker 02

  It was a little screed-y. But the primary reasons are, number one, I realized that in today's environment, I was, in many ways, replaceable as an investor. In other words, there's such a surplus of capital that if I said no, there are going to be 10 other people in line to say yes, even if the terms were outrageously unfavorable and dangerous. And if people were price shopping, meaning looking for highest valuations or taking money off the table and nothing more, it made it very difficult and unpleasant for me to do a good job as a responsible investor, even if I'm not using other people's money and only my own. The second reason is, I think, the The dynamics right now in the market are such

• 18:51Speaker 02

  that it's extremely difficult for me, as a single person doing this part-time, to filter the signal from the noise. And what I realize is I don't do moderation well. So it's much more effective, in fact, required for me to say, I'm not doing any deals. Period. Zero.

• 19:09Stephen J. Dubner?

  I'm curious, do you think that, as a strategy, would be useful to a lot of people in spheres having nothing to do with investing?

• 19:17Speaker 02

  Hugely valuable, absolutely. If you look at behavioral modification, and you look at, say, the work of BJ Fogg at Stanford or otherwise, I think that cold turkey is oftentimes much more effective than trying to titrate back and moderate, particularly when you're dealing with compulsive or addictive behavior.

• 19:35Stephen J. Dubner?

  On the other hand, it may be that the people that we learn about who were successful at cold turkey are the disciplined people, and that the ones that we don't hear about so much are the ones who try it and then backslide a little bit, and then they're back to where they were.

• 19:48Speaker 02

  Oh, for sure. I think there's absolutely the risk of a survivorship bias, right? Just like mutual funds that advertise their performance in magazine A, B, and C. You don't hear about the losers, which is why...

• 19:59Stephen J. Dubner?

  Look at the Dow Jones. Look at the stocks that are in the Dow Jones. I mean, we should all have the ability that Dow Jones Industrial Average has to get rid of the ones that hurt our average.

• 20:06Speaker 02

  Right. Or the people who are lionized on magazine covers for, like, saying no to a billion-dollar acquisition offer and taking it to 20 billion. Well, you don't hear about the losers because the story isn't as interesting. It's not going to sell as many copies.

• 20:20Stephen J. Dubner?

  Ferris is what you might call a serial obsessionist. At the moment, one of his obsessions is lucid dreaming.

• 20:27Speaker 02

  So lucid dreaming is very demonstrable in a lab, and it is the phenomenon of becoming conscious of the fact that you're dreaming when you're dreaming. And you can cultivate the ability to trigger this, which allows you to do some very interesting things.

• 20:42Stephen J. Dubner?

  What do you need to do, whether physiologically or chemically or whatever, to prepare for lucid dreaming?

• 20:48Speaker 02

  Well, physiologically, having a basic understanding of sleep cycles is helpful.

• 20:58Speaker 02

  If you can wake yourself during a REM cycle, stay awake for, say, 10 to 15 minutes, and then go back to sleep, that will oftentimes increase the frequency of inducing lucidity. If you wanted to get a little out there, there are some people who take, for instance, huperzine A, which is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, prior to sleep in the belief that it facilitates lucid dreaming.

• 21:25Stephen J. Dubner?

  Have you tried it?

• 21:25Speaker 02

  I have. Difficult to say if that is causal or placebo or otherwise, but seems to be a plausible mechanism.

• 21:38Stephen J. Dubner?

  If I understand correctly, you once nearly attempted suicide. I don't know exactly what that means.

• 21:43Speaker 02

  That's true. Yeah, at Princeton.

• 21:45Stephen J. Dubner?

  Can you tell me? Do you want to tell me a little bit about that?

• 21:48Speaker 02

  Yeah, we could talk about it. And this experience, I should underscore, is not uncommon at a lot of these pressure cookers in terms of universities. There's just a confluence of what I perceive to be major negative life events all at once, including incredible difficulty with senior thesis and thesis advisor at Princeton. And I approached the administration about taking a year off to focus on testing a few different jobs, because I felt like I was being funneled into the Goldman Sachs and McKinsey's of the world, and I knew that wasn't a fit for me. Secondarily, I was like, let me take the time necessary to do a good job on my thesis. And was told two things. First, by my senior thesis advisor, "Oh, you're just going to cop out. This better be the best thesis I've ever seen."

• 22:32Speaker 02

  Or, "In fact, I'm going to give you a bad grade," which was a huge percentage of your departmental GPA for the entire time in your undergraduate education. And then, secondly, when I went to the people I thought would be willing to help because of this purported focus on undergraduate education and health and whatnot, I was told in no uncertain terms that that tenured professor would never do such a thing. And that was the end of the conversation. So I felt really trapped in a corner.

• 22:59Stephen J. Dubner?

  Did you plan it? Did you envision it?

• 23:01Speaker 02

  Yeah, I did.

• 23:03Stephen J. Dubner?

  Were you depressed?

• 23:04Speaker 02

  I was, and it seems to run in the males in my family on both sides. So I've had extended periods of depression that I've become better at mitigating over time. But the most important thing that I have ever written, I think, is some practical thoughts on suicide, a long post on this. I really think it's the most important thing I've ever written.

• 23:25Stephen J. Dubner?

  I see that you are or have crowdfunded a study about treating depression with psilocybin, right, at Johns Hopkins. Is that related to your own experience?

• 23:34Speaker 02

  Very much related, yeah. So I think that, and I'm going to be doing more at Johns Hopkins, I've also funded some neuroscience studies at UCSF, and will be doing more at a number of different universities, most likely including NYU, in fact.

• 23:48Stephen J. Dubner?

  I'm curious, having been depressed and thinking about suicide in the past, how do you think about depression in the future? Is it something that you kind of feel you're forestalling constantly, or is it not a feature of your daily life?

• 24:02Speaker 02

  It's not something I'm as fearful of anymore. I think that I've identified tools, including judicious supervised use of what we would typically call psychedelics and theogens, which is the new branding, perhaps, that scientifically and just based on the preliminary data and published data, have tremendous promise for addressing treatment-resistant depression. I mean, beyond anyone's wildest expectations. That would be one tool. I also think that preventatively focusing on daily or weekly habits that prevent depression is really the ounce of prevention being worth a pound of cure.

• 24:46Speaker 02

  It's very hard, when your mind goes into this sort of depression logic that is self-defeating, to pull yourself out of it. So, certain types of exercise, oftentimes related to balance or acrobatics, anything that where you're moving your body through space as opposed to a weight around your body. Secondly, meditation. I meditate almost every morning for 20 minutes.

• 25:08Stephen J. Dubner?

  Evening as well, I know.

• 25:09Speaker 02

  Less so in the evenings, but I do have mindfulness practices in the evening. And then nutrition, there are a few key sort of cornerstone elements that if I control, will not prevent me from ever being depressed, but will mitigate it tremendously. And what I've also come to accept is I do think that it's very common among people who try to create anything original. I think that it's very hard to have the kind of manic ups that allow you to see connections between seemingly unrelated dots without having some troughs. It's, I'm not, and maybe that's just rationalizing and accepting depression, but it's, it's

• 25:51Speaker 02

  very hard for me to find people in that type of profession who don't have this pendulum.

• 25:59Stephen J. Dubner?

  It's interesting because a lot of people talk about the relationship between the two, creativity and depression, but as if the arrow is traveling in one way, which is that depressed people, you know, people like to look at, say, look at 100 very, very creative people, look at the incidence of depression, it seems to be higher than among the general population, but you're suggesting potentially, I guess, that there's a causal arrow maybe moving in the other direction, which is if you choose to be a creative type person, you're engaging in an activity of kind of reinventing, you know, a blank page every day that inevitably might produce highs that might also be accompanied by, you know, periods of, of real mental drought.

• 26:36Speaker 02

  I think so, and this is just from my own personal experience and observations of, of friends who are also writers or songwriters or whatever it might be. The more time you spend in your own head, I think, the higher, just this probabilistically, the more likely you are to latch on to some weird

• 26:52Stephen J. Dubner?

  Right.

• 26:53Speaker 02

  circular reasoning, but I don't romanticize depression in that way that, for instance, some musicians fetishize drug use. They're like, well, you know, you do your best work when you're on coke and heroin and all this stuff. It brings out the muse and so on. I think that's a dangerous logic.

• 27:08Stephen J. Dubner?

  Well, I appreciate you're talking about it because, you know, it strikes me as a huge paradox, suicide particularly, but Depression also, which is that suicide is rather prominent in the West, and particularly in the US. More people die from suicide than by murder, easily, more than double. And yet, because there's the taboo around it, we don't talk about it much, in part for fear of triggering it. On the other hand, the downside of that is if you can't poke around at something, especially empirically, it's hard to learn about it and hard to learn what leads people to it.

• 27:39Speaker 02

  Totally. I do think, taking kind of a left turn, that if people spend, and this is going to sound simplistic, but the solutions don't have to be complex to perceived complex problems, more time in nature and less reactivity from all of the notifications and push messages and so on that we're bombarded with, it solves a lot of these problems. It really does. It's like, go lift heavy objects and get out, walk barefoot in nature, play with a dog, and meditate in the morning.

• 28:14Stephen J. Dubner?

  That's why you travel with your dog.

• 28:15Speaker 02

  One of the reasons, yeah. One of the reasons. Get my head out of my own ass and actually focus on something besides myself.

• 28:26Stephen J. Dubner?

  Coming up on Freakonomics Radio, Tim Ferriss answers our frequently asked questions, including, what do you do when a panhandler asks you for money?

• 28:34Speaker 02

  I do not give money, and I'll tell you why.

• 28:36Stephen J. Dubner?

  We talk about nutrition trends, past and present.

• 28:39Speaker 02

  I mean, like, rice cakes? You might as well just inject yourself with insulin.

• 28:42Stephen J. Dubner?

  And do us a favor. If you like Freakonomics Radio, tell three friends about it right now. Go on, I'll wait. You can also subscribe to this podcast on iTunes or wherever you get your podcasts. And if you go to Freakonomics.com, you can find our entire podcast archive, along with complete transcripts, music credits, and more. Thanks.

• 29:13Stephen J. Dubner?

  Freakonomics Radio, sponsored by Granola. You know that moment when a meeting ends and someone says, let's circle back on this next week, and everyone nods, but no one writes it down? Then next week rolls around and it's radio silence? That's why Granola exists. Granola is an AI-powered notepad built for the way real people actually meet. You take rough notes like you normally would, and in the background, Granola securely transcribes the meeting. Then it turns everything into clean, structured, actually useful notes when the meeting ends. And the best part? Granola works through your device's audio, which means it integrates seamlessly into the video conferencing tools you already use. No setup, no awkward bots. It's just your normal meeting with superpowers. If meetings are eating up your day, Granola is a no-brainer. You can try it totally free.

• 29:58Stephen J. Dubner?

  Just head to granola.ai/freakonomics. That's granola.ai/freakonomics to get your time back. Try it for free at granola.ai/freakonomics. Freakonomics Radio is sponsored by PNC Bank. Boring. Great word, bad rep. Yet, time and time again, here at Freakonomics, we find that when something culture-changing happens, boring things like calculations and careful planning are usually behind it. Which begs the question, why not apply it to other aspects of life? Like banking, for example? Well, PNC Bank did, since its inception, proving time and again that the best banking

• 30:40Stephen J. Dubner?

  strategy isn't the exciting type, but the steady, reliable, definitely not YOLO type. PNC Bank: brilliantly boring since 1865. Brilliantly boring since 1865 is a registered mark of the PNC Financial Services Group, Inc. PNC Bank, National Association, Member FDIC. Freakonomics Radio is sponsored by hotels.com. Hotels.com helps you find and book the right stay for work faster. With business preferences, save your travel must-haves, like gym access or breakfast, just once, then get tailored results whenever you search for work travel. Plus, with a free membership, you can save up to 20% on hotels and earn rewards on every

• 31:24Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 31:42Stephen J. Dubner?

  Tim Ferriss is a self-experimenter, an entrepreneur, an investor, a writer. He has a podcast called The Tim Ferriss Show. He's tried some TV.

• 31:53Speaker 02

  I spent a period of time in Japan for this ill-fated TV show that did not take off, and I had a week to attempt to learn Japanese horseback archery.

• 32:04Stephen J. Dubner?

  Which has to be pretty easy, right?

• 32:08Speaker 02

  Horses can sense fear and get spooked easily. So I have to slow down my breathing and remain calm. Because if this horse gets it into mind to throw me, I'm not going to have much say in it at all.

• 32:24Speaker 02

  Not easy.

• 32:25Stephen J. Dubner?

  You're just riding fast.

• 32:26Speaker 02

  Yeah, galloping with no reins and pulling an arrow off your back and shooting at these little targets the size of dinner plates.

• 32:34Stephen J. Dubner?

  There was another TV show that also didn't work out, at least as planned. It was called The Tim Ferriss Experiment. He shot a whole season, 13 episodes, for a network that later changed its mind. In each episode, Ferriss would spend just a few days trying to learn a new skill: rock and roll drumming, rally car racing, golf. One episode was called Urban Evasion and Escape.

• 32:57Speaker 02

  To tap into my inner escape artist, I'll be following Kevin's lead and learning a broad spectrum of skills: how to escape custody, blend into my environment, lose the tail, kick locks, and finally, jump or boost a getaway car.

• 33:13Stephen J. Dubner?

  The show was made for a new TBS platform called Upwave, which got shut down shortly after Ferriss's show started airing.

• 33:19Speaker 02

  Everything got put in the vault, and there was a regime change. Sayonara, you're out of luck. But I was able to license that back and distribute it myself on iTunes, which was very successful beyond my wildest expectations. I was asked recently by a network executive, what did you learn from your various experiences and these different media? And my answer was, fund it yourself. If you don't finance it, you don't control it at the end of the day. And that has become easier and easier to do with tools like Kickstarter, with options even for orphaned content.

• 33:56Stephen J. Dubner?

  All right. So Tim, let's tackle some of our patented frequently asked questions. Feel free to give an expansive answer. Feel free to give a lightning round answer. There's no right or wrong way to do these. Name the handful, or maybe it's more than a handful, of things that you do, whether it's rituals, whether it's diet, sleep, exercise, whatever, things that you do to kind of keep yourself functional and happy and moving forward every day.

• 34:23Speaker 02

  Yeah. I wake up probably somewhere between 8:30 and 10:00 AM. I tend to stay up late. I sit down and meditate for 20 minutes. Then I brew tea, which is typically pu-erh tea with turmeric and ginger added to it, to which I add coconut oil, which is high in medium-chain triglycerides, which the brain likes very much. I consume that as I sit down and journal. There are two different journals that I'm currently using. The five-minute journal, just created by a reader of mine, in fact, really, really helpful for setting the tone and focus for the day. And then morning pages, which is really just a free association exercise.

• 35:06Speaker 02

  Good way to trap your monkey mind on paper so it doesn't distract you and sabotage you for the rest of the day. And between that point and lunch, these days I'm often skipping breakfast. I will focus on creative, hopefully creative, production or synthesis. So writing, recording, exploring. And if I have any type of admin or housekeeping metaphorically to deal with, that is done in the afternoon. I'd say that's generally the routine. I, every night, have a very hot soaking bath. No bubbles, no jets. That's sacrilegious.

• 35:47Stephen J. Dubner?

  What is one thing you own that you should throw out but probably never will?

• 35:53Speaker 02

  The wooden shards of the targets that I hit when I was doing the Japanese horseback arch raid.

• 35:58Stephen J. Dubner?

  Do you have them displayed or just stuffed in a drawer?

• 36:00Speaker 02

  Ah, they are respectively placed on a shelf, and I have no idea what I'm gonna do with them. I think I might just-

• 36:08Stephen J. Dubner?

  Sounds like you're gonna keep them.

• 36:09Speaker 02

  I might give them away to people at some point. I just, they have such a strong meaning for me. That would definitely be high on the list. I also have notebooks since I, just bookshelves and bookshelves of notebooks where I've recorded, for instance, almost all my workouts since I was about 16. I don't think I need those.

• 36:26Stephen J. Dubner?

  What's your favorite sport to play and favorite sport to watch?

• 36:30Speaker 02

  Favorite sport to play? Competitive sport?

• 36:36Stephen J. Dubner?

  What is an example of a non-competitive sport? Isn't it then not a sport?

• 36:41Speaker 02

  That's fair enough.

• 36:42Stephen J. Dubner?

  No, I'm curious to know.

• 36:43Speaker 02

  Well, there's a related...

• 36:46Stephen J. Dubner?

  Like kite flying, although we used to have kite fights when I was a kid.

• 36:49Speaker 02

  Yeah, no, acro yoga is something that I'm currently really delving into. It's a combination of, in effect, yoga, acrobatics, and Cirque du Soleil-type performances. The sports that I am best at, or have been best at, are generally those that I enjoy. I don't like being really bad at things.

• 37:07Stephen J. Dubner?

  Welcome to the club.

• 37:08Speaker 02

  Yeah.

• 37:10Stephen J. Dubner?

  You're visiting New York now, which you do pretty regularly. It's not uncommon to run into someone on the street asking for money. So it seems like everybody, over the course of their life, develops some kind of standard strategy for that scenario. What's yours?

• 37:24Speaker 02

  I do not give money, and I'll tell you why. I, at one point, paid a homeless gentleman in San Francisco to give me a tour of the entire homeless underground in San Francisco.

• 37:36Stephen J. Dubner?

  Where'd you pay him?

• 37:37Speaker 02

  It was through a service that I think is no longer around. I think it was called Viable, V-A-Y-A-B-L-E. It was maybe, I don't know, 50, 100 bucks, something like that. And he was very explicit, and he said he should never give homeless people money. And he showed me exactly where they know...

• 37:54Stephen J. Dubner?

  Right, says the homeless guy who's getting paid by the agency, right?

• 37:57Speaker 02

  So, right, you have to take that into account. But he walked me through the Tenderloin, through all these different areas, and he pointed out where to get clothing, where to get housing, where to get blankets, where to get food, where to get all these resources. And he said, "Anyone who is asking for money is doing so to buy drugs or alcohol."

• 38:16Stephen J. Dubner?

  Tim, what is something that you believed for a long time to be true until you found out you were wrong?

• 38:22Speaker 02

  I believe for a very long time as an athlete that that low fat, high carbohydrate was an optimal diet.

• 38:28Stephen J. Dubner?

  Not just you, brother.

• 38:29Speaker 02

  Yeah, and I think there's a decent amount of evidence, circumstantial or direct, to suggest that low fat diets create a host of issues, ranging from joint problems to amenorrhea, like the cessation of menstruation. I mean, it's, it's, it's, I think, entirely unnatural for sedentary people or for athletes.

• 38:52Stephen J. Dubner?

  And also, when you forbid people or discourage people from consuming a thing, whether in that case it's fat or it could be, you know, anything that you can think of, it's not like most people will instead consume nothing. They'll consume more of something else. So the complement, right? And in this case, the complement was a lot of carbs and a lot of sugars that contributed to, if we believe the science that we're reading today, contributed to all kinds of chronic and underlying problems.

• 39:18Speaker 02

  Oh, absolutely. I mean, like rice cakes? Might as well just inject yourself with insulin.

• 39:23Stephen J. Dubner?

  So I'm curious, when I read The Four Hour Chef, it strikes me that you're a very adventurous chef and eater. But when I hear you talk about your nutrition now, I am curious what you actually would put on a plate and put in your mouth. So if we were to leave this radio studio and say, hey, let's go get something to eat, where would we go and what would you eat?

• 39:45Speaker 02

  I'm not purist about it, because I also know how to biochemically limit the damage that I might create. So if we wanted to go out and have sushi and eat several pounds of rice, I could do that. It wouldn't cause me any existential angst. But in gen-

• 40:00Stephen J. Dubner?

  What would be your optimal meal? We're in New York, there are many choices.

• 40:02Speaker 02

  Yeah, optimal meal, I would say, would be grass-fed steak with vegetables, maybe some lentils for fiber.

• 40:10Stephen J. Dubner?

  I'm down with that. No problem.

• 40:11Speaker 02

  And I can go out and people, it is not clear to anyone eating with me that I am on a stranger restrictive diet when I order at a restaurant.

• 40:20Stephen J. Dubner?

  Small question here. What is the best possible future invention or discovery for humankind?

• 40:29Speaker 02

  I would best possible. The first thing that comes to mind is functional safety precautions related to artificial intelligence, which I think is very difficult.

• 40:41Stephen J. Dubner?

  Yeah, sure is.

• 40:42Speaker 02

  How do you create sort of stopgap rip chords for an intelligence that is by definition intended to get to the point where it can do several million hours of human computation in the span of minutes or hours?

• 40:58Stephen J. Dubner?

  So I talk to people about it, I read about it, but it's really hard for me to understand the contours of it. But the catch 22 part it seems to me is we want it to be good enough to be so good that we would be secondary. We would be the animals that somehow managed to create a better intelligence and therefore expendable.

• 41:17Speaker 02

  Yeah, I mean, it's

• 41:18Stephen J. Dubner?

  Maybe we could be pets.

• 41:19Speaker 02

  This is a, this is a very, very prevalent and intense conversation among technologists right now. And there are those, of course, who believe that it's summoning the demon and so on. There are those who think it will be a panacea. And there are those who believe it could be both. I tend to fall in that latter group. I mean, I do think that artificial intelligence could solve potentially the greatest dilemmas of our time.

• 41:45Stephen J. Dubner?

  Which you would name as what? The fact that we die too early, the fact that we

• 41:51Speaker 02

  I mean, you name it. I think, yeah, space colonization or some variant thereof, climate change, world hunger, warfare or elimination thereof. I mean, it's impossible to conceive of not only the solutions that AI would find to known problems, but the problems it would identify that we haven't even noticed yet.

• 42:09Stephen J. Dubner?

  I have no idea what even the next five years will bring, though, in AI, much less 20 years from now. Maybe you do.

• 42:15Speaker 02

  Ah, I have some guesses, most of which I probably can't talk about, but I would say that

• 42:19Stephen J. Dubner?

  What do you mean you can't talk about them because you know them to be true?

• 42:22Speaker 02

  No, because they're

• 42:23Stephen J. Dubner?

  You've told someone you won't break the promise?

• 42:24Speaker 02

  That's right, the latter. Just proprietary information from, from companies. But I would say this, imagine that a nuclear bomb or bits and bytes that could be transmitted through any broadband

• 42:35Stephen J. Dubner?

  Meaning replicable and scalable in a way that something physical like that is not.

• 42:40Speaker 02

  That's right. That is far more uncontainable than a closely tracked Amount of uranium or plutonium.

• 42:46Stephen J. Dubner?

  Mm hmm. That's a very sobering note on which to end. So that's not in there. All right, last question. If you had a time machine, and it sounds like you may know people who have time machines, when would you travel to and why? And what would you do there?

• 43:05Speaker 02

  So I'm tempted to say that I would travel back in time to eliminate some dictator or tyrant or so on.

• 43:11Stephen J. Dubner?

  Everybody, everybody do that. Other people would take care of that.

• 43:14Speaker 02

  Other people will take care of that. So my knee jerk response is I would go back.

• 43:17Stephen J. Dubner?

  You can also go into the future. I'm just.

• 43:19Speaker 02

  I don't think I would go to the future. I would go back in time and have a lot of drinks with Ben Franklin.

• 43:25Stephen J. Dubner?

  You do love Ben Franklin, I know. And there's a lot of reasons to love him, but tell me why him?

• 43:30Speaker 02

  Because he wasn't afraid to be an amateur. And as an amateur with beginner's mind, I think, a fresh pair of eyes, he was able to create many, many breakthroughs in multiple fields that have shaped civilization and the world as we know it today. And he was also, though, at the same time, a bit of a merry prankster and a bit of a showman. And I just really enjoy that combination. Being able to accomplish very big, serious objectives while not taking yourself too seriously is something I aspire to.

• 44:05Stephen J. Dubner?

  Well done, Tim Ferriss. Thanks for coming in.

• 44:08Speaker 02

  Thank you.

• 44:12Stephen J. Dubner?

  And with that, ladies and gentlemen, Self Improvement Month has concluded. I hope you've learned at least a little bit about how to be more productive, how to become great at just about anything, how to get more grit in your life, how to win games and beat people, and finally, how to be Tim Ferriss. And remember, if Freakonomics Radio is worth anything more than zero to you, please consider making a donation to WNYC, the public radio station that produces this show. You can find the link at Freakonomics.com/donate or by texting the word freak to the number 69866. Thanks very much.

• 45:00Stephen J. Dubner?

  Coming up next week on Freakonomics Radio, what do you think when you hear the name Lester?

• 45:10Speaker 02

  But it's become home to the greatest underdog story of all time.

• 45:14Speaker 05

  I think it's the biggest betting upset we've ever seen in the UK and around the world.

• 45:19Stephen J. Dubner?

  £100,000, which is a disappointing thing to have missed. I think they could actually challenge again next year. The Leicester City miracle and why it matters. That's next time on Freakonomics Radio.

• 45:38Stephen J. Dubner?

  Freakonomics Radio is produced by WNYC Studios and Dubner Productions. This episode was produced by Kasia Mahilevich. Our staff also includes Erva Gunja, Jay Kawa, Merritt Jacob, Christopher Worth, Greg Rosalsky, Alison Hockenberry, and Caroline English. You can find all our previous episodes at Freakonomics.com. You can also subscribe to this podcast on iTunes or wherever you get your podcasts.

• 46:08Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 46:38Stephen J. Dubner?

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