An Egghead’s Guide to the Super Bowl (Rebroadcast)

We assembled a panel of smart dudes -- a two-time Super Bowl champ; a couple of N. F. L. linemen, including one who's getting a math Ph. D. at MIT; and our resident economist -- to tell you what to watch for, whether you're a football fanatic or a total newbie.

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:01Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 0:37Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 1:25Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 2:15Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 2:51Stephen J. Dubner?

  Hey there, podcast listeners, and happy Super Bowl weekend. We thought it might be nice to replay for you with some slight updates, an episode we first put out last year called "An Egghead's Guide to the Super Bowl."

• 3:10Stephen J. Dubner?

  Super Bowl Sunday has become a sort of secular holiday in the United States, with more than 110 million people watching the game on TV. As with any audience that large, there's bound to be a lot of variance among the viewers. You've got hardcore fans, especially of the teams involved. This year, the New England Patriots, again, and the Philadelphia Eagles. You've got the people who like football well enough but aren't fanatics. And then there's a large swath of people who probably don't watch much football at all. They're primarily there for the party, the chicken wings, or maybe they're new to this country, or at least new to the sport, and have no clue as to how American football even works. So we thought, what can we here at Freakonomics Radio do to make this secular holiday a

• 3:55Stephen J. Dubner?

  little more enjoyable for everyone? That's why we assembled a few very bright people, including a current NFL player, two former players, one of them a two-time Super Bowl champion, the other mathematician, and, because this is Freakonomics Radio, a PhD economist. We'll talk to you right after this.

• 4:29Speaker 01

  From WNYC Studios, this is Freakonomics Radio, the podcast that explores the hidden side of everything. Here's your host, Stephen Dubner.

• 4:43Stephen J. Dubner?

  For our egghead's guide to the Super Bowl, we'll start with our resident egghead, Steve Levitt.

• 4:51Speaker 02

  Hey, Dubner.

• 4:52Stephen J. Dubner?

  Levitt is my Freakonomics friend and co-author. He's an economist at the University of Chicago. So, Levitt, I've known you a long time, and I know you've written a lot of papers on different sports and elements of sports, sumo wrestling and soccer and sports gambling, for instance. But honestly, if someone were to ask me, hey, is Steve Levitt a sports fan? I don't really know. I don't think you actually enjoy watching just to watch or you don't really enjoy rooting for a team or anything plebeian like that, do you?

• 5:22Speaker 02

  Well, the sad part is, I used to. I grew up as a huge sports fan. And then, before I wrote papers on sports gambling, I did a lot of sports gambling myself. And although sports gambling was really, really fun, the problem with it was that, once you start betting on sports, it became, at least for me, I think for most people, hard to maintain any kind of loyalty to the home teams, like the Minnesota Vikings or the Twins that I grew up loving so much. And even though I no longer gamble on sports, I've never been able to get back my mojo when it comes to really caring about a team just for the sake of caring about a team.

• 6:00Stephen J. Dubner?

  So, considering that you don't love watching the game just for the sake of the game, or the competition, or your team, whatever, are there ways that you enjoy it anyway? Are there things that you look for, whether they're kind of brain puzzles or kind of bets against yourself to see, you know, if X happens, will Y happen, and so on?

• 6:21Speaker 02

  Well, I don't do anything as intellectual as all that, but I do watch the Super Bowl. And there are at least two things about the Super Bowl, which, at least for me, give me a source of entertainment when I watch the games. Now, the first of these, of course, is the ads. And there's really nothing else in the world like Super Bowl ads. And I don't know why I love the ads so much. It's partly because I know so much effort has gone into them, partly because there's so much creativity, and partly because I always do focus on the intellectual side of wondering whether the ads will actually work. And it's an interesting problem. So, in general, it's very hard to figure out whether advertising works.

• 7:04Speaker 02

  In particular, it's extremely difficult to know whether something like a Super Bowl ad actually works. And in a time where now, this year, I think the 30-second Super Bowl spot will be selling for $5.5 million, it's a good question to ask whether or not, indeed, the investment that the firms are making in these ads pay off. And so, as I watch the ads, I'm always intrigued to think about whether or not there's any conceivable way that the ad that you're seeing might lead to a positive ROI for the advertisers.

• 7:41Stephen J. Dubner?

  So, that's one thing to think about during the Super Bowl, especially if you're not that interested in the football. But what about the football? Let's introduce the rest of our Egghead panel, all of whom are quite qualified on that front.

• 7:53Speaker 03

  My name is John Urschel. I'm a PhD student at MIT in applied mathematics.

• 7:59Speaker 04

  Eric Winston. I'm a right tackle for the Cincinnati Bengals, and I am the president of the NFLPA.

• 8:06Speaker 05

  Justin Tuck, former NFL defensive end, now Wharton MBA student.

• 8:13Stephen J. Dubner?

  So, we've got Eric Winston, the president of the NFL Players Union, Justin Tuck, a Wharton MBA candidate with two Super Bowl rings for the New York Giants, and John Urschel, a former Baltimore Ravens lineman, who started on his PhD while playing in the NFL. He retired last summer after a study came out linking football to brain damage. We talked to him about that in our episode called "How Much Brain Damage Do I Have?" Surely, these guys' recommendation for what to watch for isn't the same as Steve Levitt. And yet, it is.

• 8:47Speaker 03

  It does not matter how much or how little football you know, you will enjoy the commercials, I can assure you. When they go to commercial break, this is not your time to get up and go to the bathroom and like go get some like chips and dip.

• 9:02Speaker 04

  Watch the halftime show, it's great. The halftime show is phenomenal, the commercials are great too. The commercials are really funny.

• 9:09Speaker 05

  I would tell them to pay attention to the commercials, the commercials are really good.

• 9:15Stephen J. Dubner?

  Okay, so watch the commercials. As for the game itself, we'll start with what to watch for if you know absolutely nothing about the sport of American football.

• 9:25Speaker 03

  I'd say it's very much similar to rugby.

• 9:28Stephen J. Dubner?

  John Urschel, the mathematician.

• 9:30Speaker 03

  Except some main differences are when you have the ball and you get tackled, they actually stop play, so rugby, you know, it's continuous play. They actually stop play and it's a lot of set pieces. Which a lot of people who don't watch football and a lot of international people, they think it's kind of strange, they think it's kind of slow. But I think the thing to watch for and appreciate is the fact that because football's broken up into these bits of like seven, eight second plays with these breaks in between, in those seven and eight seconds, you get to see so much athleticism and just so much physical talent that it makes it a much higher quality seven or eight seconds broken up

• 10:15Speaker 03

  than if you watch an entire rugby game throughout or a tire soccer game throughout. I can tell you that on every single play, if you watch it closely and you really pay attention to the players, you will see amazing feats of athleticism every single play, which I can't say for every single minute of say, West Ham versus Arsenal.

• 10:36Speaker 05

  I would say.

• 10:38Speaker 05

  If you don't know anything about the game, right, you want to probably watch the person with the ball.

• 10:43Stephen J. Dubner?

  It's Justin Tuck, who played nine seasons with the New York Giants and two with the Oakland Raiders.

• 10:48Speaker 05

  Like, obviously, you know, the center has the ball first. He's going to snap it to the quarterback in some capacity, whether he's in shotgun or or under center. And then from there, if it's a run play, you know, the quarterback's going to hand the ball to the running back. Uh, if it's a pass play, the quarterback's going to drop back and figure out what is the best option for him to disperse the ball to another player.

• 11:10Speaker 04

  If you actually want to watch the game, step one, don't bother a guy that's really watching the game to explain it to you.

• 11:18Stephen J. Dubner?

  That's Eric Winston.

• 11:19Speaker 04

  Like, that is the worst, like, we can do that at halftime, we can just, right in the middle of the series, don't start pulling, hey, what's that mean, or whatever. So that's step one, if you're a novice or you're, you don't really care about the game.

• 11:32Stephen J. Dubner?

  I've often been told and read that offensive linemen are, on average, the smartest guys on any football team. Is that true, and if so, why is that true?

• 11:39Speaker 04

  Of course, without a doubt, we're the smartest guys on the field.

• 11:43Speaker 03

  I like to think we're pretty bright.

• 11:44Stephen J. Dubner?

  John Urschel was also an offensive lineman.

• 11:47Speaker 03

  I mean, uh, I hate to judge people just based off their position group, but I like to think we've got some pretty smart guys. Certainly, I would agree with that, in that, uh, you know, being an offensive lineman requires more kind of mental function in a given game than, say, playing as a defensive lineman, or linebacker, or defensive back, and that's certainly true. You have to know your assignments, know all these plays, be able to see what the defense is doing, make adjustments, and then to be all on the same page, all five of you. Because all it takes is one of you to mess up, and the whole play is just ruined. As opposed to, on defense, all it takes is one of you to make an amazing play, and the

• 12:32Speaker 03

  whole play is just brilliant.

• 12:34Stephen J. Dubner?

  I asked Justin Tuck the same question. If offensive linemen are, on average, the smartest group on the field, he, remember, was a defensive lineman.

• 12:43Speaker 05

  I would say, uh, as a group, they probably are.

• 12:46Stephen J. Dubner?

  Really? I can't believe you're giving it to him, just like that.

• 12:49Speaker 05

  Wait, wait, you didn't let me finish, you didn't let me finish. As individuals, though, you know, I would probably say all the old linemen have to be, you know, C caliber, uh, smarts, where you get guys that the center position probably has to be B, B, you know, B-plus type, quarterback has to be probably A. But, you know, obviously, they're gonna say it. I heard you talk the two pretty good ones, so I'll give that to them. For the whole, I'll give that to them.

• 13:15Stephen J. Dubner?

  So if you are a football novice and you're watching the Super Bowl, now you've got a few things in your pocket. Watch the ads, of course. During the game, watch the ball, but also take advantage of the stop and start nature of the game, that seven or eight seconds of amazing athleticism. And finally, if you're looking to impress someone, tell them how the offensive lineman, the huge gentleman up front who protect the quarterback and clear the path for runners, how they are probably the brightest guys on the field. All right, then, what if you already know a fair amount about the game? We asked our eggheads what you should watch for. John Urschel first.

• 13:52Speaker 03

  I think one thing that's always interesting to think about that I think the regular fan who watches a lot of football doesn't kind of put in their head is think about the kind of chess match going on here. Think about the actual strategies that the team have and try to think about what wins and loses a football game. Because you're a football fan, you watch all these games, you root for your team, you know, you're a diehard fan, but really, what are the fundamental things that win and lose football games? And what are the critical moments? And how do you know them when they get there? The sort of awareness of, well, how do these wins and losses really, really come about?

• 14:38Stephen J. Dubner?

  To that end, Justin Tuck suggests you look for patterns in how a given team handles different situations as the game goes on.

• 14:46Speaker 05

  You can figure out, you know, depending on what a team had done earlier in the game, why they would come back to do something, you know, later in the game that way. I would say, look at personnel, like whether, you know, normally in third and 10, you know, you're gonna be more of a pass and attack type of offense. And obviously, on defense, they're gonna be more in the nickel packages and trying to stop the pass.

• 15:07Stephen J. Dubner?

  Eric Winston has some simple but useful advice for a fairly knowledgeable football fan.

• 15:13Speaker 04

  Look who affects the middle of the pocket.

• 15:15Stephen J. Dubner?

  Meaning?

• 15:16Speaker 04

  Meaning that what, see what team can make the quarterback move horizontally.

• 15:21Stephen J. Dubner?

  This year, that means the Eagles quarterback, Nick Foles, who's playing in his first Super Bowl, and the Patriots' Tom Brady, playing in his record-setting eighth Super Bowl.

• 15:31Speaker 04

  Tom does a phenomenal job of what they call stepping up in the pocket, meaning that once the ball has been snapped and the quarterback's looking downfield, he moves upward in the pocket, usually right to the direction of where the ball was snapped by the center. He steps up and he's looking to make a good throw because it's easier to make a throw when your shoulders are perpendicular to the line of scrimmage and you can follow through. So if you're affecting that ability, especially for Tom, and making him move sideways, he doesn't throw the ball as well.

• 16:03Stephen J. Dubner?

  If this actual football stuff doesn't move you, Eric Winston has something else to think about, something that comes from playing in the NFL for 12 seasons and not making it to the Super Bowl.

• 16:14Speaker 04

  So this is a little factoid that I'm sure a lot of your, your audience and might be interested in. Most players, even though they have the option of buying two tickets and going to the game, won't go. The active players won't go. There's, there's very few players that will go. The old adage is you don't go to the Super Bowl until you play in it. And so that's, that's always been most guys' thing. They'll go to some of the parties and, and do some media engagements and talk to people and meet people, but they, they leave either Sunday morning to get home so they can watch the Super Bowl, or they leave Saturday.

• 16:47Stephen J. Dubner?

  Just because it's too hard to sit there and watch it in person?

• 16:50Speaker 04

  Well, it's just, yeah, it's just one of those things. It's just, it's like a superstition almost. You just don't, you don't go to the Super Bowl until you've, until you played in it.

• 17:01Stephen J. Dubner?

  Coming up on Freakonomics Radio, our eggheads tell you what to watch for if you're really into football, or want to seem as if you are. And if you're the kind of person who hears the word football and thinks of soccer, well, we've got that in our Freakonomics Radio archive as well, at Freakonomics.com, on iTunes and elsewhere. I would suggest you start with the episode called Why America Doesn't Love Soccer Yet. There's also one called The Longest Long Shot. That's about Leicester City Football Club's amazing Premier League title. Both episodes happen to include my footy-loving teenager, Solomon. And if you're really into it, he and I do a whole separate footy podcast called Footy for Two. Check it out, and Freakonomics Radio will be right back.

• 17:54Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 18:37Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 18:59Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 19:36Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 20:18Stephen J. Dubner?

  How do you watch the Super Bowl? Depends. Depends on how much you care about the teams, depends who you're watching with, depends on your level of interest and knowledge. In this Eggheads Guide to the Super Bowl, we've been asking NFL players, past and present, Justin Tuck, John Urschel, and Eric Winston, things that anyone can look for. We've already covered the average football fan and the total newbie, but what should someone who really knows the game watch for?

• 20:44Speaker 04

  I look at formation. Are they doing a lot of two tight end sets? Are they completely open sets? And what are they? Are they under center quite a bit? I still believe, and Pete, they've gone away from this, but I still believe the more you're under center, the more deception you have in your offense. You're able to play action pass more, you're able to do different running plays. I think at a shotgun, you are limited to me in some of the things that you can do. And so I look at that, I'm looking at the defense, obviously, are they moving around? Are they stagnant? Are they blitzing a lot? And then, once the ball is snapped, I'm watching the front seven, meaning the offensive lineman plus the down lineman and linebackers, and how are they, who's winning there, who's not winning?

• 21:27Stephen J. Dubner?

  And here's advice from John Urschel.

• 21:29Speaker 03

  I would tell them, pick any position that they find interesting, whether it's cornerback or whether it's a certain wide receiver, and you'll really notice more about the game if you just pick a position or even pick a player and just watch that player the entire game, just to see what that person's game is like the whole game. Because very often, you know, football fans, even hardcore football fans who know a lot, they're always watching the action and they kind of miss out on the idea of, well, what's this player's day actually like? So if you look at a wide receiver, what is that wide receiver doing on pass plays where the main route combination is not to his side? What is he doing when it's a run play?

• 22:14Speaker 03

  Is he running them off? Is he just jogging? Is he talking to the cornerback? What, you know, what is going on there?

• 22:21Stephen J. Dubner?

  Offensive linemen are in the unfortunate position of when, on the rare occasion that they make a mistake and are called for holding or motion or something, that is often one of the only times that their name is mentioned on the broadcast and the camera goes to them and so on. It's just an unfortunate situation.

• 22:39Speaker 03

  No offensive lineman will ever admit this, but since we're talking mathematically, holding happens a lot during a game, but only gets called. And when it gets called, it's always kind of a little questionable. Should it have been called? Shouldn't have been called? So there's always this risk reward as an offensive lineman for how long you hold for, how hard you hold, in terms of how often you get holding calls during the season, as opposed to how much this helps you maintain your block.

• 23:10Stephen J. Dubner?

  Do you find that an offensive lineman or a defensive lineman is more prone to fatigue?

• 23:16Speaker 03

  Defensive lineman, certainly, because they have to run to the football. So an offensive lineman's job is I'm blocking this man and I'm stopping him from either getting to the quarterback or getting to the running back. And while his job is to get to the quarterback or the running back, so I'm blocking him, and suppose the running back runs all the way to the other side, eventually, he's going to get off my block. He's never going to get to the guy, but he still has to start running in that direction. If the quarterback throws the ball and a receiver catches it, well, I'm not much good downfield. I'm running downfield, but the defensive lineman has to sprint downfield to try to help to make

• 23:56Speaker 03

  the tackle. So they get tired much more quickly than we do. Also, I think there's some fatigue involved in not knowing what's happening, so they have to always be going, always be aggressive. Whereas, I know the play, I know what's going to happen. They have to figure this out.

• 24:13Stephen J. Dubner?

  That's such an interesting point, because there's a lot of social science research, psychology in particular, that shows that uncertainty is exhausting, and people make really poor decisions under uncertainty. So you're saying that even for the defensive, for anyone on the defense, I guess, you've got that doubt all game long?

• 24:29Speaker 03

  Yes, you've got this constant uncertainty.

• 24:31Speaker 05

  If you ever want to watch smart football players, especially on the defensive side, just pick a defensive end.

• 24:37Stephen J. Dubner?

  And that again is Justin Tuck, an all-pro defensive end who spent nine seasons with the New York Football Giants, including their two Super Bowl wins over the New England Patriots.

• 24:48Speaker 05

  And most of the time, the defensive ends that are really, really late getting in their stance, they've x-ed out plays that they know are not coming. I used to do it. I learned it from Strahan and O.C. when I was playing with those guys.

• 25:00Stephen J. Dubner?

  He's talking about Michael Strahan and O.C. Umanura.

• 25:03Speaker 05

  But I would always get in my stance, last second, because I wanted to see what the offense was doing. I wanted to see, do they have trips into the boundary? Is the running back eight yards deep versus six or seven yards deep? Quarterback on the shotgun. What is the hand of the offensive lineman that I'm going against? What is that telling me? How's his foot position? Is he blocking down? Is he blocking towards me? Is he, is he weight back because he wants to kick out because of the pass? Things like that is what experts look at. You know, are they going in motion to see if we're playing man? Is this a situation where we might get hard counting? Is it third and short? Should I watch the ball more intently than I would if it was third and long? But the better you get it, the quicker it goes.

• 25:46Speaker 05

  So, you know, you normally have, once they come to a lot of screens, you probably have five seconds at the max, depending on the type of offense you're playing against. And you have to kind of, you know, decipher all this information like that and be able to go and play. And I think the teams that do that the best are the teams that, you know, play really, really well.

• 26:04Stephen J. Dubner?

  When you say you want to go into your stance late, is it because you want to be upright to see better longer? Or you want to adjust your stance?

• 26:11Speaker 05

  Both.

• 26:11Stephen J. Dubner?

  Okay, so you're gonna, okay. So the more information you have, the more you know what stance you want.

• 26:16Speaker 05

  Exactly. And, you know, I always told people, like, for example, like, we used to have defenses, it was kind of like a check with me defense, where we would change defenses as the offense changed or so on and so forth. So, as a D lineman, I had to listen to guys behind me. And I would tell my linebackers, "Don't tell me anything once my hands in the ground, because once my hands in the ground, my mind went completely black." And it's more figuring out or focusing on how I beat this guy right in front of me. You know, when I put my hand in the ground, it could be 80,000 people in the stands. I don't hear any of them. So that's one of the reasons why I stood up longer because, you know, we would be checking defenses and going from blitzes to, you know, cover twos or whatever it may be. Um, and you have to hear that stuff and then adjust to it.

• 26:58Speaker 05

  And so me standing up or me not putting my hand in the dirt as long as possible gave me a better chance of being able to adjust.

• 27:06Stephen J. Dubner?

  How valuable would you say, and I would ask you to kind of put on your NBA hat here because now you're thinking about risk reward and all that. How valuable in, let's say in one given football game, is the element of surprise? So, you know, it's like a game theory question. Theoretically, if I, the offense can surprise you every time that, or at least randomize, and I'm ahead of the game. On the other hand, by insisting on wanting to surprise you, I might do things that are not playing to my strengths. So I'm curious, as a defensive player, what you thought of, not necessarily trick plays, but, you know, how much the offense tried to fool you?

• 27:42Speaker 05

  Yeah, I think it's a fine line between trying to fool players because you gotta think, as a defensive player, most of my time isn't spent on the actual field, running around trying to stop offenses. Most of my time is spent watching film, trying to figure out, you know, what their tendencies are. So coming into a football game, I have a pretty good sense of what they like to do in certain situations, which allows me to play really, really fast.

• 28:07Stephen J. Dubner?

  But on the other hand, they know that you know that. So that's where the game theory happens, right? So they know that you, Justin Tuck, have watched 12 hours of what, you know, X team is gonna do on third and long. And so they know that you know that, then they might wanna, you know, outsmart you.

• 28:24Speaker 05

  Yeah, they might, but they also are doing something now that they're probably not as good at as well. So I think it's pretty much, you know, a similar outcome. You might get me once on that trick play, but the next time you try it, you might lose a, you know, 15 yards and set your, you set your offense back. But I also say this, I'm more from the old school where I believe that regardless, if they know what I'm doing or not, if I execute what I'm doing better than, than him, then I'm gonna win. So I've always, I've always been in the mindset, I don't care if they know what I'm doing. As long as I'm doing it at 100% of my capacity, then I'm fine with that.

• 29:01Stephen J. Dubner?

  In terms of outfoxing the other team, or at least trying to optimize your play calling, Steve Levitt and a colleague wrote a paper on this very topic. It's called "Professionals Do Not Play Minimax", and it analyzed about 125,000 NFL play choices.

• 29:18Speaker 02

  We found that teams systematically ran the ball too much, that given the outcomes of plays, it looked like if teams were to pass a lot more than they did, things would actually get better. And I can't say that it is actually causal. I doubt that the NFL football teams read our paper and dramatically changed the way they did things. But I am happy to report that in the years since we wrote that paper, there was a dramatic increase in the share of plays from scrimmage that became passes versus runs, when that trend hadn't been there at all prior to our writing. So maybe I should take credit for it, even though it's almost certainly impossible that I have made NFL football more efficient.

• 30:01Stephen J. Dubner?

  Steve Levitt has one more piece of advice for anyone watching the Super Bowl, regardless of interest level.

• 30:07Speaker 02

  The beauty of the Super Bowl is that you can virtually gamble on any aspect of it. So not just the final score, who will win, but even who will win the opening coin toss. And I remember one year, you could actually bet on whether Jay-Z would also appear along with Beyonce in the halftime show. And so if you want to have some fun, you can go to a sportsbook. You can look at the literally hundreds of different betting options that are there. And without even the trouble of going and making an account of the sportsbook, I would suggest you find a friend, and you divvy up the bets, and you bet on 50 or 75 things, and you keep track of who wins what. And it can keep you busy for the entire game. And if it's the sort of thing where you don't get any pleasure

• 30:52Speaker 02

  out of taking money from your friends, then I would suggest that you find one of your enemies, and you actually divvy up all the bets with one of your enemies, so that if you actually happen to win a lot, you can take great joy in that outcome.

• 31:09Stephen J. Dubner?

  Coming up on our next regularly scheduled Freakonomics Radio episode, we continue our secret life of a CEO series. We've got interviews with the CEOs of companies like Facebook, PepsiCo, and Microsoft, and we look at all the trouble a CEO gets to deal with, from consumer rebellions-

• 31:27Speaker 06

  There were maybe 15,000 or 20,000 people who were very upset.

• 31:31Stephen J. Dubner?

  To changes in the business climate. We tried too hard to keep our old model alive. And huge changes in technology. And then iTunes came along, and the internet came along. That's next time on Freakonomics Radio. Freakonomics Radio is produced by WNYC Studios and Dubner Productions. This episode was produced by Shelley Lewis. Our staff also includes Alison Hockenberry, Merritt Jacob, Greg Wazowski, Stephanie Tam, Max Miller, Vera Karuthers, Harry Huggins, and Brian Gutierrez. You can subscribe to Freakonomics Radio on Apple Podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts. You should also check out our archive at Freakonomics.com, where you can stream or download every episode we have ever made.

• 32:14Stephen J. Dubner?

  You can also read the transcript, where you'll find links to the underlying research. We can also be found on Twitter, Facebook, or via email at [email protected]. Thanks for listening.

• 32:43Stephen J. Dubner?

  Freakonomics Radio is sponsored by EverPure. Is the value of AI not living up to the promise? The problem is probably your data, not your AI models. When it's scattered across different systems, getting your data AI-ready is a challenge. You keep your AI waiting, and everything slows down. EverPure unifies your data, so you can see it, understand it, and control it all from one simple place and get it AI-ready fast. Unlock the true value of your AI at everpuredata.com.

• 33:16Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 34:00Stephen J. Dubner?

  So they are looking ahead and investing $80 billion in infrastructure upgrades and are committed to fueling growth in ways that benefit all customers so that reliable and affordable energy is accessible for generations to come. Go to southerncompany.com to learn more. Southern Company, building the future of energy.

• 34:24Speaker 07

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