How to Get More Grit in Your Life

The psychologist Angela Duckworth argues that a person's level of stick-to-itiveness is directly related to their level of success. No big surprise there. But grit, she says, isn't something you're born with — it can be learned. Here's how.

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:01Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 1:28Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 1:56Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 2:34Stephen J. Dubner?

  Srinath Mahankali is sitting on a sofa in his family's living room in Queens, New York. He's 12 years old. His father, Srinivas, is looking up dictionary words on a laptop, reading them aloud.

• 2:45Speaker 01

  Chamie or chamois?

• 2:48Speaker 02

  Chamois. May I have the language for it, please?

• 2:51Speaker 01

  It's Middle French from Late Latin.

• 2:54Speaker 02

  Chamois. May I have the definition, please?

• 2:56Speaker 01

  A small goat-like antelope.

• 3:00Stephen J. Dubner?

  You've probably figured out by now that Srinath was preparing for a spelling bee. It was the Scripps National Spelling Bee, the Super Bowl of spelling bees.

• 3:08Speaker 02

  Chamois. C-H-A-M-O-I-S. Chamois.

• 3:19Speaker 01

  That's right.

• 3:20Stephen J. Dubner?

  Srinath is not the first great speller in his family. A few years ago, his older brother, Arvind, won the National Spelling Bee and the $30,000 prize. Arvind's winning word? Kanadal, from the Yiddish.

• 3:34Speaker 03

  Kanadal or knadal is a small mass of leavened dough cooked by boiling or steaming, as with soup, stew, or fruit. It's a dumpling.

• 3:44Speaker 02

  Kanadal. K-N-A-I-D-E-L. Kanadal.

• 3:58Stephen J. Dubner?

  Srinath didn't win the Nationals, but still, just to qualify was quite an accomplishment. He got there by winning the New York Daily News competition.

• 4:07Speaker 02

  I won on the word osculatory. O-S-C-U-L-A-T-O-R-Y. Do you want to know what it means? Related to kissing.

• 4:22Stephen J. Dubner?

  Srinath practices a lot. And practice, especially what's known as deliberate practice, is vital if you want to get really good at anything. In fact, it may be more important than the talent you're born with.

• 4:34Speaker 04

  With the right kind of training, any individual will be able to acquire abilities that were previously viewed as only attainable if you had the right kind of genetic talent.

• 4:48Stephen J. Dubner?

  That's what we talked about on a recent episode of Freakonomics Radio, how deliberate practice can help anyone get really good at just about anything. So, let's assume you buy into that. You really believe that talent is vastly overrated and that with the right amount and the right kind of practice, you can excel. All right, then, here's a question. How are you supposed to push yourself to practice like that? Where does that drive come from? How can you increase your determination, your stick-to-it-iveness, your... What's the word I'm looking for?

• 5:24Angela Duckworth?

  Grit.

• 5:24Stephen J. Dubner?

  Grit?

• 5:25Speaker 06

  Grit. Grit.

• 5:26Stephen J. Dubner?

  Yeah, grit. Grit. May I have the definition, please?

• 5:31Angela Duckworth?

  I define grit as passion and perseverance for especially long-term goals.

• 5:37Stephen J. Dubner?

  And what kind of questions should we be asking about grit?

• 5:40Angela Duckworth?

  What specifically are gritty people like? What do they do when they wake up in the morning? What beliefs do gritty people walk around with in their heads?

• 5:48Stephen J. Dubner?

  And let me ask you this. Can someone who doesn't have a lot of grit learn to get some?

• 5:54Angela Duckworth?

  My answer to that would be yes, you can.

• 6:08Speaker 07

  From WNYC Studios, this is Freakonomics Radio, the podcast that explores the hidden side of everything. Here's your host, Stephen Dubner.

• 6:28Stephen J. Dubner?

  Annette Lee grew up in New Jersey. As in many first-generation immigrant Asian families, she says, there was a lot of pressure to succeed, including intrafamilial pressure.

• 6:38Speaker 08

  No matter what you did, you always heard about Auntie so-and-so's son or Uncle so-and-so's daughter, who did it better, faster first. So you would come home and say, "Guess what? I got 15, 20 on my SATs." And then you would hear, "Oh, that's too bad. Auntie Rose's son got 1,600, and he took them in eighth grade." So pretty much no matter what you did, you were kind of like a disappointment.

• 7:09Stephen J. Dubner?

  Lee's parents both immigrated from China and met in the US in the 1960s. Her mother was studying for an MFA in painting. Her father got his PhD in organic chemistry and took a job at DuPont. They had three kids. Annette was in the middle.

• 7:23Speaker 08

  We had a very, I think, middle-class upbringing. You know, the four-bedroom, two-and-a-half-bath house in the suburbs. If you've seen The Wonder Years, like, that kind of a neighborhood.

• 7:35Stephen J. Dubner?

  In other words, it was kind of average. Average house, average job, and average children. At least, that's how her dad saw it, Lee says. He just didn't think his kids had much natural talent. One of his favorite sayings was, "You're no genius."

• 7:49Speaker 08

  Yeah, "You're no genius." You know, I think that we grew up a lot thinking that we were just failures.

• 7:56Stephen J. Dubner?

  Annette Lee, we should say, became a doctor, a reproductive endocrinologist in private practice in Pennsylvania. But back when she was applying for college and was accepted by Cornell, an Ivy League school, her parents were disappointed that she didn't get into Harvard, Princeton, or Yale.

• 8:14Speaker 08

  And my parents' reaction was, "Oh, my God. Thank God we still have Angie."

• 8:21Angela Duckworth?

  Hi, this is Angela.

• 8:23Stephen J. Dubner?

  That is Annette's younger sister, Angie Lee, aka Angela, now Angela Lee Duckworth. She did go to Harvard and to Oxford, and she got a PhD in psychology from the University of Pennsylvania, but their dad's whole genius shtick stayed with her.

• 8:40Angela Duckworth?

  I think what my dad meant when he would say out of the blue, you know, "You're no genius," is that I wasn't the smartest person that he had met, that I wasn't leagues smarter than other people my age or people that he knew.

• 8:52Stephen J. Dubner?

  Duckworth's career has worked out pretty well.

• 8:55Angela Duckworth?

  I'm scientific director and founder of The Character Lab and a professor of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania.

• 9:01Stephen J. Dubner?

  And now, she's written a book.

• 9:03Angela Duckworth?

  Oh, yes, here comes the self-promotion part. I am also author of a book called "Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance."

• 9:11Stephen J. Dubner?

  Duckworth's focus is on education, and her research tries to understand how kids learn best. She used to teach 7th grade math in New York City. In the classroom, watching the successful kids and the unsuccessful ones, she came to the conclusion that a given student's natural abilities seem to matter a lot less than effort and grit.

• 9:33Angela Duckworth?

  That's right. I want to redefine genius, if you will. I think most people use the word genius the way my dad means the word genius, you know, somebody who has an intellectual gift which is far greater than what most people have in a given area, in music or in mathematics, in running or in dancing. And by that natural ability, they're going to far excel the rest of us, almost by destiny. I think that is what most people use the word genius for, and then they all have their handy lists of geniuses that they think of, like Mozart or Einstein. I want to define genius as greatness that isn't necessarily effortless, but in fact greatness that is earned, however you do earn it. And so, I

• 10:14Angela Duckworth?

  want to define genius as something that you accomplish yourself as opposed to something that's given to you.

• 10:20Stephen J. Dubner?

  And that brings us, I assume, therefore, to grit. So talk about grit. First of all, let's start with how you define it.

• 10:26Angela Duckworth?

  I define grit as passion and perseverance for especially long-term goals.

• 10:32Stephen J. Dubner?

  OK, so that sounds kind of like a no-brainer, that everybody in their right mind would want to have more grit rather than less of that. So surely, your argument isn't simply that grit is a good thing to have. It's that grit is what?

• 10:48Angela Duckworth?

  So the message of the book is not that grit is a good thing in particular. The message of the book is that, like so many other things about us that are good, we can do something to intentionally cultivate grit in ourselves and in others that we care about.

• 11:05Stephen J. Dubner?

  Well, can you start teaching me right now, or anyone listening to this, how to be grittier? I mean, I want specifics. I want to know what to do. I want to know what not to do. I want to know how long I should expect these changes to take. I want to know if there are going to be relapses that I should be prepared for and so on. How do we start?

• 11:23Angela Duckworth?

  Yeah, when you talk about changing character or changing grit, it feels like, well, you can't change that. It's just people are who they are. But when you actually get to the specifics, you know, what specifically are gritty people like? What do they do when they wake up in the morning? What beliefs do gritty people walk around with in their heads? When you get to that level of specifics, you realize, gosh, there's no reason why these things couldn't be taught, practiced, or learned.

• 11:52Stephen J. Dubner?

  Duckworth has learned what she's learned about grit in two main ways. One, by conducting in-depth interviews with high achievers, business people, athletes, musicians, and so on, paragons of grit, she calls them. And two, by following groups of people, like new cadets at West Point or students in the Chicago Public Schools, and seeing whether a person's long-term success corresponds to their grit score. We'll hear later how she calculates that score. Through her research, Duckworth has identified four traits that gritty people have in abundance: interest, practice, purpose, and hope.

• 12:32Angela Duckworth?

  Let's start with the first thing I think that gritty people develop in the order in which they develop it, which is interest. So, one thing that I've found about paragons of grit, you know, real outliers in passion and perseverance, is that they have extremely well-developed interests. They cultivate something which grabs their attention initially, but that they become familiar with enough, knowledgeable enough, that they wake up the next day, and the next day, and the next year, and they're still interested in this thing. And I think that is something that we can actually intentionally decide, "I want to be the kind of person who stays interested in something." And so, that passion really does have to come first.

• 13:12Stephen J. Dubner?

  What about, however, if I, or my kid, or someone that I really care about, if I'm a teacher, my students, what if they can't find the passion?

• 13:20Angela Duckworth?

  Yeah. I don't know if there are many commencement speeches given these days that don't actually exhort people to follow their passion. And I think that just strikes the fear of God into people because they then think, "Oh, my God, I don't have one. Now I'm really screwed." And I think the idea of following a passion is just the wrong way to phrase it. Following a passion sounds like it's there in the world, fully formed, you just have to like dig it up, under the right bush. Really, you have to foster a passion. You have to actively put some work in and try things, and try them for a little while, and get into them, and then you have to switch, right? Part of grit is actually doing enough exploration early on, quitting enough things early on, that you can find something that you're willing to stick with.

• 14:04Angela Duckworth?

  So, I don't know that there's an easy prescription then for telling people how exactly to do that, but I think one misunderstanding, which is very dangerous, is to suggest to people that passion, it just sort of falls into your lap, and it's love at first sight. It's not like that. It's not like that for the people that I've been studying.

• 14:22Stephen J. Dubner?

  And what happens if I'm interested in something to the degree of passionate, but then my passion shifts over time? Do I feel like I'm therefore a loser, that I'm an anti-grittist? You know, I used to think I was passionate, but now I think I'm a dilettante. So, how do you handle that?

• 14:40Angela Duckworth?

  One of the psychologists that I interviewed said shame is usually not helpful as an emotion, and I would second that. So, no, I don't believe people should berate themselves for deciding that they don't want to go to medical school after all. But I will say this, it is human nature to get bored of things and to seek the novel. And I think that one of the skills that one must develop in life, if one cares not to be a dilettante, if it's a goal of yours to become expert in something, one of the skills is to learn to substitute nuance for novelty.

• 15:17Stephen J. Dubner?

  I love that idea, to substitute nuance for novelty. So rather than constantly moving on to a new thrill, you try to find another level, another dimension of the thing you're already doing to make it more thrilling, whether it's a research project, or an arpeggio, a breaststroke, or a souffle, wherever your interests lie.

• 15:41Angela Duckworth?

  I think there's something of a skill there that needs to be acquired. Otherwise, we will default to that natural human tendency to click on another hyperlink and go somewhere entirely new.

• 15:52Stephen J. Dubner?

  Okay, so if interest is the first trait that gritty people tend to possess, and you say that is kind of the bedrock foundation, yes, that these are attained in order, yeah?

• 16:03Angela Duckworth?

  Yes, that's right. I think developmentally, most people just get interested in something, and then some people cultivate those interests, and those interests get developed and then deepened. And then that second stage is practice.

• 16:14Stephen J. Dubner?

  Particularly deliberate practice.

• 16:17Angela Duckworth?

  The kind of deliberate practice that kind of went viral when Malcolm Gladwell wrote Outliers.

• 16:23Stephen J. Dubner?

  Malcolm Gladwell's book, Outliers, is premised on something called the 10,000-hour rule.

• 16:28Angela Duckworth?

  Sometimes it's called the 10-year rule, so-called because the average number of hours of effortful practice was 10,000 hours over 10 years.

• 16:39Stephen J. Dubner?

  But the real guru of deliberate practice is Anders Ericsson, author of the book Peak.

• 16:44Speaker 04

  And I'm a professor of psychology at Florida State University in Tallahassee, Florida.

• 16:50Stephen J. Dubner?

  There are several components to deliberate practice, but generally it's about using good feedback to focus on specific techniques that will lead to real improvement.

• 17:00Speaker 04

  So anytime you can focus your performance on improving one aspect, that is the most effective way of improving performance.

• 17:10Stephen J. Dubner?

  Angela Duckworth, in pursuit of a better understanding of grit, has collaborated with Anders Ericsson on research about deliberate practice.

• 17:18Angela Duckworth?

  The second stage really does have this quality of laboring in a very methodical way and in a very unfun way for most people to get better and better at this thing that you've become interested in.

• 17:32Stephen J. Dubner?

  And I think that is a conflict that at least I personally, I know a lot of people that I know, come up against, which is that if you try to force yourself or will yourself into becoming awesome at something that you don't have that true passion for, then the practice does become a sort of slow form of torture as opposed to a kind of work that you're willing to go through because you love the underlying thing, even if you don't love playing that E minor scale for the 1800th time today.

• 18:06Angela Duckworth?

  I completely agree, and I think that is why interest must come first. You know, I think there are a lot of overeager, probably very well-intentioned parents out there who are kind of like chaining their kids to the piano bench in hopes that, you know, that seventh hour of practice today is gonna, you know, put them on course for Juilliard or Harvard. And I think they're seriously getting things out of order. I interviewed Rowdy Gaines, the 1984 gold medalist in the 100-meter freestyle, representing the United States. And, you know, he estimates that in the years up to the Olympics, where he won that gold medal, he swam equivalently around the world, right? You know, roughly 20,000 miles. And so I asked him, you know, do you love practice? And he said, are you

• 18:50Angela Duckworth?

  asking me if I love getting up at 4:00 in the morning, jumping into a cold And swimming laps, looking at a black line on the bottom, you know, at the very edge of my physical ability, where my lungs are screaming for oxygen and my arms feel like they're about to fall off. No, I don't, but I love the whole thing. You know, I have a passion for the whole sport. And so that passion really does have to come first.

• 19:17Stephen J. Dubner?

  Such passion plainly comes in many flavors. Olympic competition, sure, but also spelling.

• 19:23Speaker 01

  Okay, the first word is Almand.

• 19:27Speaker 02

  Can I have the definition?

• 19:29Stephen J. Dubner?

  That again is 12-year-old Srinath Mahankali and his dad.

• 19:33Speaker 01

  A 17th century and 18th century court dance developed in France.

• 19:39Speaker 02

  Almand. A. L. L. E. M. A. N. D. E. Almand.

• 19:49Speaker 01

  That's right.

• 19:50Stephen J. Dubner?

  It isn't just the competition that excites Srinath. It's the words themselves.

• 19:55Speaker 02

  I have a passion for words because I just don't really understand why they put it together in this sort of way. Like, when they got words from different languages, why did they make it spell this way, that way?

• 20:10Stephen J. Dubner?

  His mother, Bhavani, remembers when her older son, Arvind, caught the spelling bug.

• 20:14Speaker 09

  Actually, when my first one was in like 3rd grade or 2nd grade, he was watching Scripps National Spelling Bee on TV. And then he came out with a notebook and he was writing all the words because he wanted to be on TV.

• 20:25Speaker 01

  Now, Arvind started writing down those words, you know, and said, I want to do this and I want to be like that. Because they are small kids. They're so impressed with the small children standing there and asking all the root questions and all that. It was fascinating.

• 20:39Speaker 09

  I always thought that this is only for some other kids. I'm not going to make my kids do it. I always thought, this is nice to watch, but I'm not expecting.

• 20:48Speaker 01

  Beyond the realm, you know?

• 20:50Stephen J. Dubner?

  Srinath, at age 6, was memorizing the winning words at the National Spelling Bee. He learned the diacritical marks in a dictionary that denote pronunciation. His parents wound up coaching him.

• 21:01Speaker 02

  I gotta give a lot of thanks to my parents. They look through their dictionary. They look for interesting words. Some of them are too long. Some of them have several different spellings. And some of them are too short.

• 21:13Stephen J. Dubner?

  Instead, Srinath and his parents focus on interesting spellings and patterns, on French and German and Spanish words so we can master foreign prefixes and suffixes in case similar words come up.

• 21:23Speaker 02

  Hanap. May I have the language for it, please?

• 21:26Speaker 01

  It's from Middle English, from Middle French.

• 21:29Stephen J. Dubner?

  And then, he practices and practices and practices, depending, of course, on how much homework he has.

• 21:35Speaker 02

  Hanap. H-A-N-A-P. Hanap?

• 21:42Speaker 01

  That's correct.

• 21:43Stephen J. Dubner?

  Among the many high achievers that Angela Duckworth has studied are National Spelling Bee contestants. You may not be surprised to learn that high grit scores translate into high spelling scores, and that the style and intensity of practice are extremely important.

• 22:01Angela Duckworth?

  Carrie Close, who won the National Spelling Bee one year that we studied it, said the one thing that very grittily studying for the National Spelling Bee for five years in a row, because she won her fifth year of competition, was just the ability to take a large something and break it up into little tasks and to fractionate things so they're not so overwhelming and then you can do them. So that is the second stage, and it's about doing things that you can't yet do. And that, too, I think people could, if you ask the question, well, do you think kids could learn how to practice in that way? Could adults who really want to pick up something new, could they learn that? I think they can.

• 22:40Stephen J. Dubner?

  If interest comes first, practice follows. What's next?

• 22:44Angela Duckworth?

  The third stage is purpose. Connecting your work, or even your hobby, if that's where your real passion is, to people who are not you. So it's a beyond the self purpose that I'm particularly observing in grit paragons. And I used to think, well, OK, well, of course, that will apply to people who are working on the cure to cancer or people who are... Working in community organization. But in fact, even athletes, you might say, okay, well, they're doing something kind of selfish, right? They're trying to win the gold medal for themselves. But even these people who have ostensibly very personal, or you could argue selfish, interests, they really see how their work is connected to other people.

• 23:28Angela Duckworth?

  Athletes will say they feel connected to their teammates, to the sport as a whole. So I think that this third stage doesn't happen at the front for most people.

• 23:38Stephen J. Dubner?

  Okay. And the final component of grit is?

• 23:41Angela Duckworth?

  The final component is hope. And I won't say that you only need that after you've been doing something for 12 or 15 years. You really do need hope from beginning to end. Because of course, no matter where you are in your journey, there are going to be potholes and detours and things that might make you think that it's not worth staying on this path. So hope essentially is the belief that there's something you can do to come back from these problems or from these challenges. And I say that it's the fourth component, but it's really something that you need at varying degrees in varying ways all along.

• 24:18Stephen J. Dubner?

  So when you're writing about hope and you link it to optimism and you talk about the difference between optimists and pessimists, and you write that optimistic people tend to perform better in school, in their work, that their health is better than pessimistic people. But whenever I see a piece of research like this, I wonder, well, how do we know that the people that are identified as optimists aren't optimistic because they're better off in life? And how do we know that the pessimists aren't pessimistic because they're having a hard time and that the arrow isn't going in the other direction?

• 24:49Angela Duckworth?

  It's a really good question. And I think you're partly right, by the way. Why would somebody be optimistic? I think in part is because they enjoy a virtuous cycle of believing that they can change things, looking for ways that they can improve their situation. Putting forth effort, in fact, making some change in their situation for the better, reaping those rewards, and the whole cycle starts over again, right? And you can imagine the vicious cycle for pessimists. And in fact, this is what actually happens, in particular, for example, with clinical depression. When you have at the extreme a pessimistic outlook that says, "I'm hopeless, there's nothing that I can do because I'm a loser, I'm not going to go to that party, I'm not going to take that job interview." Okay, well, then what happens? Social isolation, unemployment.

• 25:33Angela Duckworth?

  That confirms your intuition that everything's awful. You sort of produce the evidence for yourself that you were right all along, which then gets you to be, you know, more entrenched in that pessimistic state. So you're very likely correct that there is a bit of this reverse causality. I would just call it part of this reciprocal causality that reinforces things.

• 25:57Stephen J. Dubner?

  Coming up on Freakonomics Radio, how to measure your own grit score.

• 26:02Angela Duckworth?

  So on a scale from one to five, where five would be very much like me and one would be not at all like me.

• 26:09Stephen J. Dubner?

  Also, how we learn grit early in life.

• 26:12Speaker 10

  School forces you to do all sorts of things you hate, like to swim in a really cold pool, or to learn French, or to write humanities papers about Lord of the Flies.

• 26:24Stephen J. Dubner?

  And I hope what you've heard so far has you feeling pretty good about upping your grit, because apparently, this is pretty important to you.

• 26:30Speaker 06

  Hi, my name's Nick, and I'm calling from Sydney, Australia.

• 26:33Speaker 11

  This is Terry Ravnik from Dallas, Texas.

• 26:36Speaker 06

  My name is Stephen Conti. This is John in Alameda, California.

• 26:39Speaker 12

  I would most like to improve my grit.

• 26:42Speaker 06

  My ability to stick with it. I'm a bit of a quitter. I tend to quit early, and I don't have great perseverance.

• 26:47Speaker 11

  I'm a distance runner, and sometimes it's much easier for my brain to tell me that my body can't go that last mile.

• 26:57Speaker 13

  And I'm constantly thinking about projects which I never start, or starting them which I never finish, or even finishing them and leaving the aftermath around to be cleaned up months or even years later.

• 27:07Speaker 12

  Being overweight is really stupid, and I'd really like to improve my grit so that I can resolve this problem once and for all.

• 27:14Speaker 06

  So that's the one thing I'd really like to improve the most, my grit, my stick-with-it-ness.

• 27:29Stephen J. Dubner?

  So Levitt, let me ask you this question. However, you think of grit, how would you rate yourself on a scale of 1 to 5 on grittiness?

• 27:39Speaker 10

  I am not very gritty when it comes to things I don't like.

• 27:49Stephen J. Dubner?

  That's my Freakonomics friend and co-author Steve Levitt. He's an economist at the University of Chicago.

• 27:54Speaker 10

  Almost every day, as I watch my kids go to school, I think about how glad I'm not in school anymore, because school forces you to do all sorts of things you hate, like to swim in a really cold pool, or to learn French, or to write humanities papers about Lord of the Flies, things that I really wouldn't want to have to do. And at this point in my life, I have no grit for things like that. But for things that I have an intrinsic interest in, I am incredibly gritty. I would say I am about the grittiest golfer who's ever walked the planet. I mean, so you and I, we played 72 holes in two days. And at the end of those 72 holes, all I wanted to do was go back out to the driving range and the putting green, because I felt like there was so much work to be done.

• 28:39Stephen J. Dubner?

  In the professional realm, meanwhile, Levitt very much subscribes to the passion argument.

• 28:45Speaker 10

  One of the things I've always used as an indicator of who will be an excellent economist is the people who love it the most. So even if they don't have a lot of talent, even if they haven't had a lot of good publications, when I talk to people who love economics more than anything else in the world, I know that in 10 years, they're still going to be working as hard as they can to try to get the answers. When I find people who treat it like a job, who don't seem to like it, but have a natural talent, I think that's often an indicator of someone who, when the going gets tough, they will not have grit.

• 29:18Stephen J. Dubner?

  But let's back up a minute. How can you tell how gritty somebody actually is? If we're going to try to figure out how important grit is in success, you need to be able to measure their grit, right? These are the kind of questions that are central to Angela Duckworth's research, questions that don't always have complete answers.

• 29:36Angela Duckworth?

  Yeah, I'll first say that I wish I knew more as a scientist. And I, in some ways, resisted writing a book because, you know, a scientist is, by training, I think, very cautious about overreaching the data. But in my research lab, we do longitudinal studies of individuals at places like West Point or the National Spelling Bee or Chicago Public Schools, places where we can follow people over time in situations that we believe are challenging. And we can measure in some objective way their performance. And we can measure grit at the beginning and their performance at the end. And in many cases, other things like IQ, where we want to make sure that we're controlling for that.

• 30:19Angela Duckworth?

  So a lot of my research is based on these longitudinal studies. Measure their grit, look for differences, high grit people, low grit people, people in the middle, and then see what happens.

• 30:27Stephen J. Dubner?

  To measure grit, Duckworth designed a 12-question survey called the Grit Scale.

• 30:33Angela Duckworth?

  I abbreviated it to 10 items in the book because I have discovered through personal experience that people are not very good at dividing by 12 to calculate their score. So, you know, but the origin of this scale were interviews that I had done in my very first years of graduate school when I was trying to understand what the psychological characteristics were of super high achievers. First, I asked them, you know, what they were like. And I learned very quickly that people who are, you know, Nobel laureates or, you know, the equivalent in their field, aren't very good at describing themselves. I think in part because we've all been trained to be humble and self-deprecating. So I started asking people about the people that they, in turn, admired most.

• 31:14Angela Duckworth?

  And the questions on the scale are almost verbatim the way that these other super achievers were described to me.

• 31:22Stephen J. Dubner?

  Okay. So Angela, would you read a couple of these grit questions from the questionnaire? And I'll go ahead and answer them.

• 31:29Angela Duckworth?

  Yeah, so let's start with perseverance. So on a scale from one to five, where five would be very much like me and one would be not at all like me, setbacks don't discourage me. I don't give up easily.

• 31:45Stephen J. Dubner?

  Four out of five. That is mostly like me.

• 31:48Angela Duckworth?

  Okay. I finish whatever I begin.

• 31:53Stephen J. Dubner?

  Oh, well, I'm interpreting that in my brain. I'm going to say not like me at all. I mean, I finish the things that are really important, but there are a lot of things that I don't finish. So I'm going to say not.

• 32:08Angela Duckworth?

  So not at all, like, so one out of five?

• 32:10Stephen J. Dubner?

  Yeah, I'm gonna say one out of five.

• 32:11Angela Duckworth?

  Okay. I am a hard worker.

• 32:14Stephen J. Dubner?

  I would say four out of five. It's mostly like me.

• 32:17Angela Duckworth?

  New ideas and projects sometimes distract me from previous ones.

• 32:22Stephen J. Dubner?

  Oh, daily. Yeah, very much like me.

• 32:24Angela Duckworth?

  And then my interests change from year to year.

• 32:29Stephen J. Dubner?

  Hmm, I'd have to say I'm in the middle on that. Only because some interests are very, very constant, but then a lot of new ones and I kill off a lot of old ones. So I guess three out of five.

• 32:44Angela Duckworth?

  Three out of five. Okay.

• 32:44Stephen J. Dubner?

  I have a feeling I am like, I'm heading toward like real middle grit territory.

• 32:49Angela Duckworth?

  Yeah, you're good. You're like.

• 32:51Stephen J. Dubner?

  All right, give me one more. Give me one more.

• 32:52Angela Duckworth?

  I have been obsessed with a certain idea or project for a short time, but later lost interest.

• 32:57Stephen J. Dubner?

  It's interesting because I want to argue with every one of your questions because I want to argue like, well, the fact that I've been obsessed with a certain idea or project means that, you know, I have some passion. So doesn't that get me up on the grit scale? So, but I do lose interest. I would say that's mostly like me. I get obsessions. I follow them for a while, then I kick them out of bed.

• 33:14Angela Duckworth?

  Okay, one plus four, eight, nine, nine plus three is 12, 13, 14, divided by one, two, three, four, five, six. Yeah, yeah. So, you know, not so gritty, right? Two point something, right? Between a two and a three. Let's see, I'll turn it over and I'll give you your percentile. Yeah, 10%. I think, you know, you're roughly comparable to 10% of a sample of American adults. There's lots I could say about the danger of making comparisons and error. But, you know, I absolutely agree that sometimes you take these scales and you just want to shout back to them because you don't want to circle the answer. You want to explain why the question itself is flawed. I'd love to hear what your reactions are.

• 33:56Stephen J. Dubner?

  Well, or not necessarily flawed, but that as with any survey in life, it's hard to reduce it to a number or a letter because there are different components of it. In other words, I want to give an essay answer rather than a multiple choice answer, which I know is not the way that surveys can work. If you, from your end, you want to use them. But I guess that does get me to the gist of the question, which is, you know, it's a self-reported pile of data. So how good is it?

• 34:21Angela Duckworth?

  Yeah, I think I'm quoted in the New York Times saying, "All measures suck and they all suck in their own way."

• 34:29Stephen J. Dubner?

  This is true. The Times article was about how some California schools are using socio-emotional measures to assess students' performance. Now, you might think that Angela Duckworth, the standard bearer for grit, would be leading this parade too, but you'd be wrong. "I do not think we should be doing this," she told the Times. "It's a bad idea." Just in case anyone missed her point, she wrote an opinion piece for the Times a few weeks later called "Don't Grade Schools on Grit." She argued that the measurement of grit and other character traits may never be good enough for such an important assessment. And she resigned from the board of a nonprofit that was working with the California schools.

• 35:12Stephen J. Dubner?

  All this led me to ask her what seems an obvious question. So how can you claim that grit is so important while also claiming that we're not very good yet at measuring grit?

• 35:22Angela Duckworth?

  Well, first of all, anything that a social scientist wants to measure, from poverty to self-control to IQ to how well somebody can read, there are no perfect measures. So let's take a questionnaire. They're all fakeable. There are no unfakeable questionnaires. There simply aren't any. And they're also subject to something called reference bias. So for example, you gave yourself one out of five, the lowest possible score on finishing whatever you begin. Now, I think you made a good point about you don't finish everything, you finish it if you care about it. But if you really think about that, I wonder whether if you just compared yourself to the humanity and asked, you know, compared to humanity, are you really in the bottom of the group in terms of finishing things? I doubt that.

• 36:06Angela Duckworth?

  My guess is that in part, you're comparing yourself to a different standard than other people might be comparing themselves, a very high standard. That's probably in part why you do finish things. So that reference bias is another problem with self-report questionnaires. I don't think that any of the measures that are currently available are appropriate for high-stakes accountability policy, like whether a school is doing a good job educating their kids. That's not to say that we can't measure anything at all and we should just throw up our hands and go home. It just means that when we measure things, we should know in what ways our measurements are imperfect, and we should know that any data that we get from these measures is going to carry signal, but also noise.

• 36:48Stephen J. Dubner?

  Okay, let me play devil's advocate for just a minute. What if, what if you're just wrong about grit, that it's not as important as you argue? So for instance, I understand there's a new study by researchers at King's College London suggesting that grit, quote, "adds little to the prediction of school achievement," which runs contra to some of your conclusions. They argue that the samples that you've used, spelling bee finalists and teachers are too selective and therefore, quote, "lead to stronger associations between grit and achievement later in life than might be the case in a wider sample." So tell me you're not wrong, or maybe you are wrong and extraordinarily gritty in your ability to admit.

• 37:23Angela Duckworth?

  Well, I think it's always important to remind yourself that you could be wrong, right? I know the study that you're talking about, in particular in that study, it's looking at self-reported grit scores as they correlate with your standardized achievement test scores when you're 16 years old. And yes, grit is predictive, but not as predictive as something like a broad scale of conscientiousness.

• 37:45Stephen J. Dubner?

  A broad scale of conscientiousness, meaning the big five personality traits that psychologists talk about: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience, and neuroticism. The King's College London study looked at a sample of 4,500 16-year-old twins in Britain.

• 38:06Angela Duckworth?

  So, a couple reactions. One is that, you know, I don't expect grit to predict all success outcomes equally. I don't think that for many 16-year-olds, their standardized reading and math scores are a goal of personal significance to them. And so that's why I study at places like West Point. Like, if you're a salesperson, do you stay in your sales job? If you've committed to college, do you finish college? Goals that are, at least at some level, important to you, and I know that they are. You could say that that's a kind of success outcome. That's not all success outcomes, because achievement test scores are another kind of success outcome. But am I wrong? I mean, I guess it would be hard for me to believe, I'll just confess my bias here. It's going to be hard for me to believe that in 20 years, research comes out to say that effort doesn't matter, that the quality and the quantity of your effort doesn't matter,

• 38:48Angela Duckworth?

  that really, the great accomplishments of humankind have been made by people who labored for only minutes or weeks, and not for decades. That actually, it's possible to get somewhere in life without being hopeful, without learning to practice, without having a sense of meaning, and without being interested in it. So, you know, I could be wrong. It's just, it's really hard for me to imagine at that fundamental level that I am.

• 39:14Stephen J. Dubner?

  So, for parents, or would-be parents, out there, what are some ideas for instilling grit? Or maybe the better question would be, what are some ideas for not killing the appetite to accomplish grit on their own? Because you do write about how overbearing parents and teachers erode intrinsic motivation. And if motivation is the first step, obviously, you don't want to kill that before it can flourish.

• 39:42Angela Duckworth?

  Yeah, I was, I mean, I'm a parent to a 12-year-old and a 14-year-old. So after I leave the lab, I sort of come home and there's the study of grit all over again, but just with my own kids and what to do with them. Yeah, so first I do try to remember that though the perseverance piece, the hard work, the kind of get up again after you've fallen down, that's very important. But if I sort of skipped that chapter on them feeling like it's interesting to them and eventually that it's also purposeful to them, that it's important to them and important because it means something to other people. If I skip that, then really I've maybe done more harm than good by trying to get them to now work really hard at it. So I do try to keep that in mind. I also think it's naive to, I used to believe that I'm such a hardworking person that my

• 40:25Angela Duckworth?

  kids will just watch me and that they'll sit down at the piano bench and like start practicing their skills.

• 40:30Stephen J. Dubner?

  Asthmatic grit, yeah.

• 40:31Angela Duckworth?

  Asthma, you know, that's a great idea. I wish that it were so. But I think that even kids who have the potential to be very gritty, they really do need parents to say to them, no, you actually do have to go to track practice today even though it's raining. Or you know what, that practice was, you know and I know that that was not serious practice, right? Let's give it another shot.

• 40:50Stephen J. Dubner?

  I'm curious if the partners and/or spouses and/or coworkers, whatever, of people who have a lot of grit are also better off. Is grit a tide that lifts all boats or does it kind of swamp everybody around it?

• 41:05Angela Duckworth?

  I do not have data on that. We have not yet asked about the happiness of the people who are living with these very gritty people. What we do have data on is the happiness of those gritty people themselves. And we find just a straight line, the more grit you have, the happier you say you are, the less anxiety you have, the less depression, the less sadness. So from a personal perspective, grit seems to be terrific because you're better off in terms of your achievements, but you're also Happier, but we don't know, we really don't, whether that comes at the cost of your loved ones. I mean, I've asked my own family. I mean, those are the only people that I can ask this question, you know, does it bother you?

• 41:44Stephen J. Dubner?

  What do you say? Is my grit driving you crazy?

• 41:47Angela Duckworth?

  Yeah, exactly. Am I, you know, do I work too hard? Is like, is your life worse off? And I, you know, I do think there's a cost, right?

• 41:54Stephen J. Dubner?

  I mean, talk about unreliable self-reported data, though. What do you expect them to say to you? Yes, Mom, we hate how hard you work.

• 42:01Angela Duckworth?

  Totally biased. Yeah, right. We hate you. But I will say this, too. To be a really gritty person at the very extreme, take somebody like an Isaac Newton, right, who was singularly obsessed and there was nothing in his life, really, other than his work. You know, you could spend a lot of time thinking about the consequences to the other people in his life. But I think for a lot of people who are listening, they're nowhere close to that level of grit. They might be closer to the dilettante you jokingly described yourself as. And I think for those people to wonder, well, like, well, what if I did something with some more passion? What if I found something to be of deeper interest to me? Something that I'd be willing to be interested in, not just for the next year, but really actually for a few years. And I'm going to actually start working hard

• 42:44Angela Duckworth?

  at this and trying to get better. And when bad things happen, I'm going to try to get back up again. If you ask your question, like, is that going to be bad for the people around me? I'll tell you one thing, the people who you love, love you back. And they probably want you to be a fulfilled individual. And by that metric, that should be a tide that raises the boats.

• 43:06Stephen J. Dubner?

  That is Angela Duckworth. Impressive, interesting, gritty. By the way, remember how her dad always used to say, you're no genius? Well, in 2013, Duckworth won a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship, also known as the Genius Grant. Just saying.

• 43:31Stephen J. Dubner?

  Next time on Freakonomics Radio, the Clean Air Act did a lot of good things for a lot of Americans, but not for all of them.

• 43:38Speaker 03

  The people who live in these communities have had to suffer so that others can enjoy cleaner air.

• 43:44Stephen J. Dubner?

  The unintended consequences of environmental regulations. That's next time on Freakonomics Radio.

• 43:56Stephen J. Dubner?

  Freakonomics Radio is produced by WNYC Studios and Dubner Productions. This episode was produced by Christopher Wirth. Our staff also includes Shelley Lewis, Greg Rosalsky, Stephanie Tam, Merritt Jacob, Eliza Lambert, Alison Hockenberry, Emma Morgenstern, Harry Huggins, and Brian Gutierrez. Big thanks to the Mahon Kali family of Queens, New York for having us into their home on a school night, no less. You can and should subscribe to Freakonomics Radio on iTunes, Stitcher, wherever else you get your podcasts. Also, come visit Freakonomics.com, where you can find a link to Angela Duckworth's grit scale, and you can test your own grittiness. Thanks for listening.

• 44:42Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 45:15Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 45:46Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 46:17Speaker 14

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