110. Who Owns the Words That Come Out of Your Mouth?

The very long reach of Winston Churchill -- and how the British government is remaking copyright law.

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:01Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 0:43Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 1:25Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 2:11Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 2:56Stephen J. Dubner?

  Let's play a piece of Churchill's speech. We'll worry later about whether how much.

• 3:03Speaker 01

  Who's tavern goes on.

• 3:04Stephen J. Dubner?

  Exactly.

• 3:05Speaker 02

  We shall fight on the beaches. We shall fight on the landing grounds. We shall fight in the fields and in the streets. We shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender. And if, which I do not for a moment believe, this island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British fleet, would carry on the struggle until, in God's good time, the new world, with all its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the old.

• 3:50Stephen J. Dubner?

  So, first of all, astonishing language. I mean.

• 3:54Speaker 01

  Which he crafted meticulously. There wasn't a comma or even a breath that I don't think was choreographed in advance. He was a performer as a speaker.

• 4:06Stephen J. Dubner?

  Now Churchill coined, a number of things that Churchill said throughout history have become ingrained in our, in our language. Never, never, never, never, never, never.

• 4:16Speaker 01

  Give in.

• 4:17Stephen J. Dubner?

  Is it? Or give, give in.

• 4:18Speaker 01

  Give in.

• 4:19Stephen J. Dubner?

  Do I now, having said those words on this program, need to send a check to somebody? How does it work?

• 4:24Speaker 01

  Yes, I think you should send it to me, and I'll forward it.

• 4:26Stephen J. Dubner?

  Thank you.

• 4:42Speaker 03

  From WNYC and APM, American Public Media, this is Freakonomics Radio, the podcast that explores the hidden side of everything. Here's your host, Stephen Dubner.

• 5:02Stephen J. Dubner?

  Barry Singer, welcome.

• 5:04Speaker 01

  Thank you.

• 5:05Stephen J. Dubner?

  I know you. In fact, we're old friends. I think it's safe to say we're friends.

• 5:09Speaker 01

  For sure.

• 5:12Stephen J. Dubner?

  Barry Singer is a writer, the author of several books about music and the theater. And for the past 30 years, he has also run a shop in New York City called Chartwell Booksellers. It's a regular bookshop, but it specializes in "Churchilliana," that is, books, manuscripts, and artifacts that relate to the long and storied life of Sir Winston Spencer Churchill. Chartwell, in fact, is the name of Churchill's home in Kent in southeast England. Despite knowing a great deal about Churchill, and despite having written several books, it wasn't until recently that Barry Singer himself wrote a book about Churchill. It's

• 5:53Stephen J. Dubner?

  called Churchill's Style: The Art of Being Winston Churchill. And in the course of writing the book, something strange happened, something having to do with Churchill's estate, and money, and Barry Singer. But before we get to that, let's hear a bit more about Churchill himself and his well-appointed life.

• 6:17Speaker 01

  I love the fact that away from his life, he nurtured himself, it seemed to me, in a very holistic and fascinating way, so that he had the strength to weather all the defeat that was actually part of his career. Churchill lost, I think, at least five elections, at least five elections in the course of his career. He was constantly swatted down. He was constantly dismissed, including at the end of World War II. Before the war ended, he was voted out of office as prime minister. And I believe that the life that he created for himself away from politics was the source of his strength. And that included everything from how he dressed. He liked comfortable clothing.

• 6:54Stephen J. Dubner?

  Those jumpsuits he designed.

• 6:55Speaker 01

  And he designed the jumpsuits for himself that he could zip down to the floor so he could step in, step out of it. Pretty amazing. Had it made up in all these different fabrics, so he had a dress one and he had one for painting and he had one that he wore with medals. Everything he wore was bespoke, obviously, he was into very fine fabrics and things like that, but at the same time, he built Chartwell, he kind of renovated it with his own hands, obviously with the help of professionals, but he was in there designing and creating, recreating the house himself, so he was very much a hands-on, fix-it sort of personality.

• 7:31Stephen J. Dubner?

  Let me lead you on a tangent just for a minute, because it gets to where I want to go with you eventually. Let's say somebody listening to this knows nothing about Winston Churchill, they know that he existed, he was Prime Minister of Britain during the war and he did some other stuff, okay? One would assume that he was a fabulously wealthy human being, one would have assumed, however, wrongly. So talk about, you know, there's a lot in your book about money, what it meant to him, how he used it, how he was, in some ways, very savvy, but also, he lived like a king, not on a king's salary, so talk about that for a minute.

• 8:03Speaker 01

  You have to remember that his father was the son of the Duke of Marlborough, but he was not the inheriting son, so he came away from that with nothing. He was also kind of frivolous with money himself, so Churchill inherited only, for the most part, his father's debts, but he wrote, he figured out very early on that the only thing that he could do to make money quickly was to write, he was a very good writer.

• 8:25Stephen J. Dubner?

  Had Winston Churchill not gotten into politics, had he not finally won an election and eventually become PM and all these other things, any idea what kind of career he would have had as a literary figure alone?

• 8:36Speaker 01

  He won the Nobel Prize for Literature.

• 8:38Stephen J. Dubner?

  No, I'm just saying like-

• 8:39Speaker 01

  I think he was a good enough writer that he would have become, he would have remained a writer, I think, but it's also important to point out that he joined the army to get into Parliament. He knew that he wanted to become a famous war hero, war correspondent, so that he could run for Parliament, that he always wanted politics, he wanted to do what his father had done, and best him, and you have to remember also that until the 1920s, Parliament, nobody was paid a salary who served in Parliament, so there was no money in it, mostly you had to go in there with your own money.

• 9:10Stephen J. Dubner?

  Okay, so here's a young man who had his sights set on politics, saw the military and writing about being in the military as an avenue toward that goal. Everything works out. He gets that goal. He becomes a politician. The story goes on. Had he been only a writer, he probably would have been, as you say, a very successful writer and probably would have made plenty of money to sustain what he wanted to accomplish. Talk for just one more minute then about him for the rest of his life and money and where the money came from to support himself during and after politics.

• 9:44Speaker 01

  First of all, the money came from the writing, but he then spent it. He spent it liberally. He spent it on Polroyer champagne, which he bought in staggering quantities. And vintages that he preferred, he bought out, as he would buy everything that he could find. And he bought cigars that have bills. The Churchill archives have preserved, he saved everything. So the Churchill archives in Cambridge have everything, all of the bills. So you can see what he was buying from nine different cigar emporiums all across London. And it's unbelievable, thousands of cigars. But when he got into trouble, he took investment advice from a number of important people. And he was close to the

• 10:26Speaker 01

  Rothschild family. His father had been close to the Rothschild family. But some of these people bailed Churchill out when he got in too deep.

• 10:33Stephen J. Dubner?

  Churchill himself died in 1965, yes?

• 10:36Speaker 01

  Correct.

• 10:37Stephen J. Dubner?

  He was an old man. He lived...

• 10:38Speaker 01

  Ninety.

• 10:39Stephen J. Dubner?

  Ninety. Did he die a rich man? Did he leave a whole lot of money to his heirs?

• 10:43Speaker 01

  He did not. One of the reasons that Churchill was able to stay on at Chartwell, which he would have sold, I think, after the war because it was just too expensive to maintain, is that, again, friends of his stepped up and said, "We will buy Chartwell from you. We will raise a subscription to buy it from you, and you will be able to live there at a very nominal rent for the rest of your life. And when it's done, it'll become a National Trust property and a museum." And that's exactly what happened. And that's why the building is preserved today and is very much as it was when he left it, because he lived there until the day he died. And then Clementine left there, lived there, and then it was turned over to the National Trust. So he didn't have much to leave to his grandchildren, except the copyrights to his works.

• 11:32Stephen J. Dubner?

  Coming up on Freakonomics Radio, what is the going rate for a word once written or spoken aloud by Winston Churchill?

• 11:41Speaker 01

  I used 3,872 words of Winston Churchill's in the book. And that cost me 950 pounds, which is roughly 40 cents a word.

• 11:53Stephen J. Dubner?

  Hello, British copyright law. And it turns out Barry Singer is not the only one who doesn't like it.

• 11:59Speaker 04

  We were having a coffee a few years ago with Sergey Brin and Larry Page. And they said to us that they'd been looking at the intellectual property regime in the UK, and they thought that actually they couldn't have started Google in the UK.

• 12:31Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 13:14Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 13:36Stephen J. Dubner?

  Freakonomics Radio is sponsored by PNC Bank. Boring. Great word, bad rep. Yet, time and time again, here at Freakonomics, we find that when something culture-changing happens, boring things like calculations and careful planning are usually behind it. Which begs the question, why not apply it to other aspects of life? Like banking, for example. Well, PNC Bank did, since its inception, proving time and again that the best banking strategy isn't the exciting type, but the steady, reliable, definitely-not-yolo type. PNC Bank. Brilliantly boring since 1865. Brilliantly boring since 1865 is a registered mark of the PNC Financial Services Group, Inc. PNC Bank, National Association, member FDIC.

• 14:23Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 14:57Speaker 03

  From WNYC and APM, American Public Media, this is Freakonomics Radio. Here's your host, Stephen Dubner.

• 15:15Stephen J. Dubner?

  So Barry Singer, proprietor of a New York bookshop that specializes in the works of Winston Churchill, is writing a book about Churchill to be called Churchill's Style. He gets in touch with the literary agency, Curtis Brown, which oversees the Churchill estate.

• 15:32Speaker 01

  I contacted them to let them know that I was doing this book, and was surprised to learn, they told me, that any word of Churchill's, either written or uttered in public, was copyrighted by the Churchill estate, and that I would have to pay a royalty to quote from Churchill.

• 15:54Stephen J. Dubner?

  Now, it should be said that Singer, as a dealer in old Churchill books and artifacts, is quite friendly with the estate, Churchill's children and grandchildren. He's done business with them, they've visited his shop in New York, he's visited them and their homes in England. So, he hadn't been expecting to pay merely to quote Churchill in his book.

• 16:16Speaker 01

  I was shocked. What I assumed was that, as we've all written, quoting throughout our writing career, you abstract a certain amount of words and you quote, you don't necessarily quote an entire book, but you can quote selected passages without-

• 16:33Stephen J. Dubner?

  Right, there are laws, fair use-

• 16:34Speaker 01

  Without paying rights, fair use.

• 16:36Stephen J. Dubner?

  Right. So, tell me what you began to learn about the United Kingdom's fair use, or somewhat fair use law?

• 16:41Speaker 01

  Well, there is no fair use in the United Kingdom. It's every man for himself in the United Kingdom.

• 16:46Stephen J. Dubner?

  Yeah, yeah, yeah.

• 16:47Speaker 01

  And the way it was explained to me was the Bill of Rights, that free speech in the United States, because it is in the Bill of Rights, you actually are allowed to quote more liberally than you are in the United Kingdom, which has no Bill of Rights. And the Magna Carta did not guarantee that anybody could quote whatever they wanted to, or that anyone, that there was... I don't quite get it. I still don't think that, and I actually had an attorney here who said to me, "You know, I think that you could push this if you wanted to, and I don't think they have a leg to stand on legally."

• 17:16Stephen J. Dubner?

  Push this, meaning write whatever you want, include the Churchill quotes.

• 17:20Speaker 01

  And let them come after you, and I think you would win the case in court. However, I have, as I say, warm relations with the Churchill family and have no interest whatsoever in crossing them or doing anything that they don't want me to do. And I did go to members of the Churchill family and say to them, "Is this real?"

• 17:38Stephen J. Dubner?

  Give me a specific. You're saying, like, for instance, a speech, let's say, right, that Churchill has made, and you're saying you would like to quote whatever, 20 words, 50 words, 80 words, from the speech. The agent has told you, "Yes, you may license his words via me on behalf of the estate, and it will cost you, what, X cents a word?"

• 17:57Speaker 01

  He said, "500 pounds per 1,000 words quoted."

• 18:00Stephen J. Dubner?

  Ooh. So, you, as a writer of a book- About Churchill, if you want to include quotations from Churchill, even if those were made while, let's say, he was prime minister, before Parliament, you would have to pay the Churchill estate nearly a buck a word.

• 18:14Speaker 01

  That's right. As long as it was delivered, 70 years was the statute of limitations. And 70 years did not apply if it was the first time any of this was being quoted.

• 18:25Stephen J. Dubner?

  Uh huh. Interesting wrinkle.

• 18:26Speaker 01

  Which was an interesting wrinkle. That surprised me.

• 18:28Stephen J. Dubner?

  Yeah. So when you learned that every time you would quote Churchill himself, whether from public or private writing or speech, in the book that you're writing about Churchill, how did that affect your writing of that Churchill book then?

• 18:43Speaker 01

  I cut every quote to the bone. I was shaving quotes. I was cutting participles.

• 18:50Stephen J. Dubner?

  You didn't have to pay for ellipses.

• 18:51Speaker 01

  The ellipses were flying. I was cutting like crazy. I'll tell you also that every member of the Churchill family it applied to as well. So I had quotes of Clementine, and the rate for Clementine was higher than the rate for Winston.

• 19:08Stephen J. Dubner?

  Wow. And I'm guessing Clementine went out the window in your book then.

• 19:12Speaker 01

  She was gone. And I wrote to Curtis Brown, and I said, "If you do this, Clementine will be eliminated from the book as a voice. I'll be just a paraphraser." And they said to me, "Be careful about paraphrasing." But I did. God knows. I hope that they still like me over there. But this is the fact. This is what happened.

• 19:33Stephen J. Dubner?

  Okay. I want to know then, if you're willing to say, how much you had to pay. So the way book writing works, for those who don't know, is typically an author will get an advance, which is an advance against royalties. So if your book sells a lot, your publisher will get the money back that they paid you in the advance. Then you'll start sharing profits. But the author gets an advance that you use to fund yourself, to do the research and write the book. Do you want to say either or both, how much you had to pay to the estate,

• 20:01Stephen J. Dubner?

  the Churchill estate, and/or what share of your advance it constituted?

• 20:05Speaker 01

  Well, I do know, because of the contract we ultimately signed, that I used 3,872 words of Winston Churchill's in the book. And that cost me 950 pounds, which is roughly 40 cents a word. So they did bring it down some. I can tell you that my entire advance went to photo and word rights in the end.

• 20:29Stephen J. Dubner?

  Do you regret, therefore, in any direction, having written the book?

• 20:32Speaker 01

  No. No. I've never, unlike Churchill, I have a day job because I've never written entirely for money. I really wanted to write this book, and I'm really glad to see it. And the rest is the future. Maybe it will generate some money, but all the advance money went into the book.

• 21:00Stephen J. Dubner?

  For the record, we did contact the Churchill Estate and its literary agent. Neither them wanted to speak for this program. Now, if you're a writer like Barry Singer, who's been trained in American journalism, the idea of paying to quote the words of a public official may seem strange, but just because you're not accustomed to something doesn't necessarily make it wrong. Rules differ, laws differ, estates differ. James Joyce's grandson, Stephen James Joyce, is so protective of his grandfather's words that he is the bane of many a Joyce scholar. The estate of Martin Luther King Jr. charged about $800,000 for the use of his likeness and words in the new King memorial in Washington, D.C. Now,

• 21:45Stephen J. Dubner?

  every case is different. A public memorial is not the same as a book, which is not the same as a TV commercial, and the UK is not the same as the US. As most scholars will tell you, UK laws are much more protective and, as a result, much more convoluted on many levels. So much so, in fact, that the government has gotten involved. So Rohan, this conversation began when I was visiting you in London. I told you about this friend of mine. I don't know if you remember this conversation at all about Churchill, my friend writing the Churchill book.

• 22:20Speaker 01

  The Churchill, yeah, absolutely. I remember it well.

• 22:23Stephen J. Dubner?

  Rohan Silva is a senior policy adviser to British Prime Minister David Cameron. He covers a lot of ground, including reform of Britain's archaic copyright system.

• 22:35Speaker 04

  Well, I think the big point to make is that the British system doesn't have a very specific characteristic that the American system does. You over there have fair use exemptions in intellectual property. We just don't have those in the UK. So some of the examples of absurdities might include medical researchers doing data mining across large numbers of data sets and patient records and so on quickly fall foul in the UK of copyright laws. Another example is that we've had lots of cultural institutions, museums and galleries, coming to us saying, "We've got tapes, you know, old videotapes, spools of tapes rotting

• 23:19Speaker 04

  in our basements because we can't digitize them because in digitizing you are changing the format which requires permission from the copyright holder." And with a lot of these old 1920s, 1930s films and recordings, the copyright holder can't be found. And so these tapes are left rotting for fear of litigation. So, you know, we're really seeing these absurdities abound.

• 23:43Stephen J. Dubner?

  Now, it might be easy to try to minimize those absurdities or minimize the impact of those absurdities, let's say, by thinking, "Well, these are, you know, kind of arcane copyright barriers that may be problematic for certain kinds of creators and a small group of people perhaps." But really, you've opened it up to look at a much broader issue, including innovation writ large, yes?

• 24:10Speaker 04

  Exactly. I mean, you know, our view is that unless we reform the intellectual property system in the UK, we're really going to be at a disadvantage in the digital age. One of the prompts for doing this work on intellectual property actually came from the founders of Google. We were having a coffee a few years ago with Sergey Brin and Larry Page, and they said to us that their lawyers, as it happened, had been looking at the intellectual property regime in the UK. And they thought that actually they couldn't have started Google in the UK. So imagine if they started in a gallery. ...had been in London rather than Palo Alto. Well, the way Google works, where they sort of Google bots and algorithms crawl,

• 24:51Speaker 04

  take a snapshot of the internet and then crawl all over that snapshot for for quick search results. That kind of thing simply, you know, wouldn't have been possible in the UK because you'd have immediately fallen foul of all the copyright rules in the absence of the fair use provisions you have in the States. So really be if a company like Google couldn't have been started in the UK because of the intellectual property rules, that's when we really realized that we this wasn't just an arcane issue. It was really central, it is really central to our vision for the economy at large.

• 25:33Stephen J. Dubner?

  So the Cameron administration commissioned a report to look into updating the UK's intellectual property regime. The report's author, a well-regarded scholar named Ian Hargreaves, came back with three key recommendations. First, the government should create a digital copyright exchange. It would make it easier for a user to find out who owns a piece of content and pay him for it. Second, the government should facilitate the use of what are called orphan works, those rotting tapes sitting in basements, for instance, by allowing a fair use exemption if the owner of such works cannot be found. And the third one, well, the third one is the biggie. It has to do with data mining.

• 26:15Stephen J. Dubner?

  It would make it easier for researchers of various kinds to sort through massive piles of data. As Rohan Silva sees it, the liberalization of this copyright restriction will change the game.

• 26:31Speaker 04

  Well, let me give you an example. Lots of people around the world are very excited about genomics, about an era in which whole genome sequencing is very affordable. And one of the things we're looking at at the moment is how large databases of anonymized whole genomes can lead to great insights for researchers because they're running queries through these big data sets. Well, there are some who believe that the The economic applications of these kind of genomic databases, you know, you could be talking about a new industry worth tens of billions of pounds

• 27:12Speaker 04

  a year. I mean, really big new industries, companies as big as Bloomberg and Google and Facebook built in this space using genetic data to create new tools and apps and services and medicines and treatments. Well, our concern is that unless the intellectual property regime allows you to do large-scale database queries, data mining across big databases, linking critically different types of data, clinical records with whole genomes and so on, that entire field of innovation will be closed off. So while some of the applications here might sound a bit, well, you know, that's a nice thing to do but not central to the

• 27:52Speaker 04

  economy, things to do with, you know, rotting bits of tape in the basement of the British Library, I can see that that might not sound central to the future of the economy. But if the intellectual property regime winds up, as we fear it is unless we do something about it, winds up impeding an entire new area of innovation in the UK like genetics, like genomics, then we've got a problem on our hands. And that's what we're trying to get ahead of.

• 28:20Stephen J. Dubner?

  So what begins with a tiny little fight over a few pounds here and there, to quote Winston Churchill, may result in a multi-billion or trillion-dollar industry and millions of lives saved. That's the idea.

• 28:35Speaker 04

  That's exactly, that's exactly it.

• 28:46Stephen J. Dubner?

  I called up Steve Levitt, my Freakonomics friend and co-author, to get his thoughts on copyright and fair use.

• 28:57Stephen J. Dubner?

  Levitt, long before you and I met, you had been writing academic papers for years, publishing them in journals. Did you ever get paid for any of those papers?

• 29:07Speaker 05

  I don't know that I've ever gotten paid for writing papers that appear in academic journals, although sometimes you would get paid some nominal sum to write articles that would appear in an edited volume. So, for instance, there's a book on crime that has leading scholars write a chapter, and I probably got paid $5,000 or $10,000 to write a chapter on that book.

• 29:29Stephen J. Dubner?

  Now, but did you ever calculate the value of writing those papers in journals for free?

• 29:35Speaker 05

  Yes, I did. And so, my estimate is that for a young academic, every publication in a top peer-reviewed economics journal is probably worth at least $100,000.

• 29:49Stephen J. Dubner?

  Because it's worth that much because a publication in a top journal is going to enhance your reputation, therefore, your labor prospects over your lifetime, that much? That's the idea?

• 29:57Speaker 05

  Will help you get tenure, help you move, get outside job offers. But in many ways, that's probably an underestimate of the value of these top publications.

• 30:07Stephen J. Dubner?

  What do you think about your words? Let's pretend, you know, two generations from now, you're long dead, and your grandchildren administer the estate of Steven Levitt, economist and accidental author. And your words, whether from something you wrote or delivered in a lecture, are being used in some fashion that we can't imagine today. Should they be worth anything? If so, how much should they be worth?

• 30:33Speaker 05

  Oh, I think they're worth nothing. I try to give them away whenever I can. Maybe it's just the academic in me, but the idea that you try to own and control your words and your ideas, I think it's both hopeless and misguided.

• 30:48Stephen J. Dubner?

  Misguided why? What does it produce?

• 30:50Speaker 05

  I just think in the long run, even if your only goal is to be profit maximizing, the idea that other people are out there spreading your thoughts and using your words has got to be good for you in the long run of whatever, you know, whatever returns you're trying to get. But at a deeper level, it's just, you know, and probably won't sound like an economist, but it just seems ridiculous to try to squeeze the last penny out of every little bit of things you own. I mean, people who, you know, we do well making our books and artists do well.

• 31:22Stephen J. Dubner?

  Yeah, so why is that different? Why shouldn't, so we charge for our books, or our publisher pays us and they charge for the books. What's, are you saying that if you want your words to be spread as freely and cheaply as all that, that that shouldn't happen?

• 31:37Speaker 05

  Oh, I think some people care enough about having their ideas out there that they would rather give away their books and their ideas than to charge for them. And we're not those people. We like to get paid for our books. I think the problem you run into with intellectual property is when people are not willing to produce the ideas in the books because there are no property rights and so they can't get their return. So obviously you and I are in favor of intellectual property rights and, you know, we don't like people getting our book for nothing or xeroxing and handing it out. Although, you know, I'm kind of amused when people send me books from India that have been, you know, xeroxed, you know, very low quality, ripoff of a book. You know, it's not like someone was going

• 32:20Speaker 05

  to pay full price for that book anyway. But I think there's a difference between basic property rights, which make it worth your while to invest in creating a work of art or a work of nonfiction, and then the idea that you get all pissy about it when somebody, you know, on the edges tries to do a little something with what you're doing.

• 32:51Stephen J. Dubner?

  So that's the trade-off to be concerned with. If anyone should be free to use anything that's been created by anybody, which in some ways is the baseline ethos in these early years of the digital revolution, then will the incentives to create be strong enough?

• 33:11Stephen J. Dubner?

  We won't have an answer to that question for many years. There's a lot of history to work off and a lot of future to still be sorted out. In the meantime, I do know this: An American radio project like ours is not subject to British copyright law, or the reach of Winston Churchill's literary agent or his estate, which means that we can play you, his majestic words, freely and for free, and thus, we shall.

• 33:42Speaker 06

  Prodigious hammerstrokes have been needed to bring us together today.

• 33:49Speaker 06

  If you will allow me to use other language, I will say that he must indeed have a blind soul who cannot see that some great purpose and design is being worked out here below, of which we have the honour to be the faithful servants. It is not given to us to peer into the mysteries of the future. Still I avow my hope and faith, sure and in violet, that in the days to come, the British and American people will, for their own safety and for the good of all, walk

• 34:34Speaker 06

  together in majesty, in justice, and in peace.

• 34:53Stephen J. Dubner?

  Hey, podcast listeners. On our next episode, Steve Levitt stops by Marketplace to talk with Kai Rizdal about a new project called Freakonomics Experiments. It's about decision making, and anyone, and that includes you, can participate.

• 35:10Speaker 05

  For me, what gets me excited, and I'm sure you can sense my excitement, is the idea that we're taking economic research to a place it's never been done before, and really, in some ways, democratizing it to the extent that anyone can now be part of this process.

• 35:25Stephen J. Dubner?

  That's next time on Freakonomics Radio.

• 35:33Speaker 03

  Freakonomics Radio is produced by WNYC, APM, American Public Media, and Dubner Productions. Our staff includes Susie Lechtenberg, Catherine Wells, David Herman, Beray Lamb, and Chris Bannon. Colin Campbell is our executive producer. If you want more Freakonomics Radio, you can subscribe to our podcast on iTunes or go to Freakonomics.com, where you'll find lots of radio, a blog, the books, and more.

• 36:11Stephen J. Dubner?

  Freakonomics Radio is sponsored by EverPure. Is the value of AI not living up to the promise? The problem is probably your data, not your AI models. When it's scattered across different systems, getting your data AI-ready is a challenge. You keep your AI waiting, and everything slows down. EverPure unifies your data, so you can see it, understand it, and control it all from one simple place, and get it AI-ready fast. Unlock the true value of your AI at everpuredata.com.

• 36:44Stephen J. Dubner?

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• 37:13Speaker 07

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• 37:43Speaker 08

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