The science of bathing (featuring Dr. Katrine Whiteson)

Daniel, Kelly, and Katrine talk about what bathing does to your microbiome, and weigh up the pros and cons. See omnystudio.com/listener https://omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

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• 2:13Speaker 01

  Howdy, extraordinaries. We are always looking for a reason to bring Dr. Katrina White, our favorite microbiologist, back on the show, and we've found one. So today, we're going to talk about the good and bad of what bathing does to our microbiome, and we'll chat about how bacteria contribute to each of our unique scents. Welcome to Daniel and Kelly's Hygienic Universe.

• 2:49Daniel Whiteson?

  Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist who likes to think about aliens, and contrary to popular mythology, I really do stay quite clean.

• 2:58Speaker 01

  Hi, I'm Kelly Wiener-Smith. I study parasites and space, and I also enjoy a regular shower. And I appreciate, Daniel, that you defy stereotypes about your community.

• 3:10Daniel Whiteson?

  We are all individuals. So tell me, Kelly, have your hygiene habits changed since you moved out onto the farm? Do you feel like, mm, I'm just farm-fresh all the time? Or do you feel like, wow, I just touched a goat, I need to go wash my hands?

• 3:24Speaker 01

  I do wash my hands after petting the goats. And when I know that I'm going to be mucking the stalls, which pretty much means picking up large piles of hay and feces, I move my shower from the morning to the afternoon so that it can happen after all of that poop dust has landed in my hair. And you saw a little, but, you know, I think maybe in the end, living amongst the animals could be helping my microbiome. Hard to say.

• 3:49Daniel Whiteson?

  Yeah, well, we're going to learn all about that on the show today.

• 3:52Speaker 01

  We are. And so let's not wait another second before we bring Katrina on, because this is time wasted not having her on the show. So let's get to it.

• 4:00Daniel Whiteson?

  All right. Well, then, it's again my distinct pleasure to introduce to the podcast the listener's favorite Professor White, and the one who's largely responsible for teaching our children to bathe. Thank you, Katrina.

• 4:13Speaker 06

  Wow, that's a big responsibility.

• 4:17Speaker 01

  It's like a surprising responsibility. Like, I was kind of blown away by how hard Was to convince my kids that they wanted to shower every day. Was it the same for the Weitz and kids? Let's tell all the secrets.

• 4:29Speaker 06

  Oh, big time. We were actually reminiscing about that with the kids recently and how in the summer, I mean, they were swimming a lot, like almost every day. But I feel like there were definitely, we had like a every Sunday, absolutely, you need to take a bath policy, but the kids feel like they had.

• 4:46Speaker 01

  Once a week?

• 4:47Daniel Whiteson?

  Once a week, if you need it or not.

• 4:48Speaker 06

  I mean, with on top of swimming and everything. But, um, but yeah, I think there might have been, they seem to think they figured out how to trick us or like a babysitter into not doing a bath on a Sunday once.

• 5:02Daniel Whiteson?

  Which is like, what's so bad? Baths are nice. I don't understand why we have to persuade people to take one. You know, the feeling of being clean, the splashing around, it's all good.

• 5:11Speaker 01

  Well, and just so my kids aren't furious at me, I'll mention that they are both now very religious showerers. You know, they, they take it daily, no complaints and they both luxuriate in there. And I'm glad that our water isn't metered.

• 5:27Speaker 06

  I mean, our kids too, our kids love showering too. I mean, our son's an athlete. He probably showers more than once a day, a lot of times.

• 5:34Daniel Whiteson?

  Yes, we've definitely taught our kids to shower and they enjoy it. But the question we're asking today is whether scientifically that actually was good parenting or not.

• 5:44Speaker 06

  And it's kind of a recent thing to be showering so much.

• 5:47Speaker 01

  Yeah. Yeah. I, I always get nervous when you start talking about the science of parenting. Cause I'm like, do I want to know if I've been doing it wrong? Like, is this something they're going to be talking about in therapy later on? And, but you know, it's, it's all right. We're going to get into it. It's going to be fine.

• 6:01Daniel Whiteson?

  But you've been an excellent stepparent to your baby goats, Kelly, is what I hear.

• 6:05Speaker 01

  I have, yes. Uh, Lottie, whose mama goat has decided she's not super into feeding her kids. And so that has fallen upon, uh, me and my sister in law. And so we are sharing the work of being, uh, step goat moms.

• 6:23Daniel Whiteson?

  Put that on your CV for sure.

• 6:25Speaker 01

  Oh, yeah, I'm sure that's gonna get me a job down the road.

• 6:29Daniel Whiteson?

  Well, I don't know if goats need to shower, but I'm very curious about the science of bathing, because we had an episode recently where we talked about super advanced showering, fancy techniques like sonic showers and mist sprays. And Kelly asked me if that had an impact on the skin microbiome, and I didn't know. And so here we are today, calling in the ringer, the real Professor Whiteson.

• 6:55Speaker 01

  The favorite Professor Whiteson. No, no, no.

• 6:59Daniel Whiteson?

  We did have lots of listeners write in saying that the biofilms episode was their favorite episode, and that's cool. We all like Katrina. I'm not offended.

• 7:08Speaker 01

  You need two Whitemans and a Wiener Smith to really rise to the top.

• 7:15Speaker 01

  So let's go to the extraordinaries. We asked the extraordinaries, is there any scientific reason not to shower? And we learned a lot about our audience from this question.

• 7:27Speaker 01

  Let's hear what they had to say.

• 7:30Speaker 01

  I wonder who asked this question. I think indoor plumbing is roughly, I don't know, 150, maybe 200 years old. So I'm gonna say that we survived without showers for a very long time. So no, there's no scientific reason not to shower. I don't know if there is any scientific reason to not to shower. I think a daily shower has more to do with social and cultural needs than with skin health. I also don't

• 8:13Speaker 01

  think there is a scientific reason to shower. I mean, there is multiple ways to keep good body hygiene and showering is feels good, but it doesn't is not a need. And from the environmental point of view, it may be better for us to shower less and try other alternatives.

• 8:37Speaker 02

  Water you're using is clean, it'll still strip oils from your skin and dry out your skin a bunch, not to mention the environmental impacts of taking long showers and wasting water and stuff. I believe there is a scientific reason not to shower as it allows your body to establish its natural ecosystem and sort of all of your levels of oil and that sort of thing equalize on their own.

• 9:01Speaker 01

  I think if you have the flu or pneumonia, that's a very scientific reason not to shower. Okay, thanks, bye. Hmm, I'm gonna pull a Daniel and say that this question's a little too vague and undefined to answer. I'm not sure what scientific reason really means. When you have certain things like dry skin, where a shower may exacerbate their condition.

• 9:25Speaker 02

  Is there any scientific reason to take a shower? Well, that's what my younger self would say. I don't know why kids hate taking showers. I would suppose that if the water was dirty or if you had open wounds, that showers might not be best. By showering, we probably deprive a lot of wildlife of their sustenance, mites, et cetera. I just assume be clean, though. I think that the answer to this question may be related to the health of the skin. Maybe an excessive amount of showering may cause some sort of dermatitis. I conducted a scientific experiment into this, and on one hundred percent of the days that I did not shower, my wife told me to stop being weird and gross.

• 10:11Speaker 01

  Like, I don't know, we survived without showering for like, millennia while we were evolving. I don't know, I feel like that's just unclean. Like, there's way more scientific reasons to shower than not to shower. Possibly because it could dry out your skin a lot or something like that?

• 10:28Speaker 04

  Overshowering causes skin flakiness, it wastes water, and it takes away some of those hormones that could be useful in a day. Of course, there's a scientific reason not to shower. If you shower too much, the quarks in your hair.

• 10:43Speaker 01

  Combine with the trimitodes living on your skin to give you cork trimitoiditis. Maybe if you shower too much, you're harming your microbiome. But also, if you don't shower, those guys might get out of control. You never know. Well, Katrina, what do you think?

• 11:00Speaker 06

  Um, well, I mean, I actually agree. Several people talked about how showering is a recent thing, and we haven't been showering through human evolutionary history. And that raises all kinds of questions about how it changes our, our health and our hygiene. And I think those are really good questions. They're not questions you can get a good answer to by reading the labels on shampoo and soap packages. I'll tell you that.

• 11:26Speaker 01

  Oh, you're, you're going up against big soap.

• 11:31Speaker 06

  Well, I mean, I like soap as much as the next guy, but I do think we are disrupting our microbiomes by using soap and showering regularly. And, I mean, there's just so much to say. I, I can't talk about this without bringing up the story of a company called AOBio, which the AOB stands for ammonia oxidizing bacteria. And so there's a whole movement of people, and there's a product from AOBio, which has a ammonia oxidizing bacteria in it that is moving us away from using soap to disrupt our microbiome and instead inviting in certain microbial characters to help us with our skin hygiene.

• 12:11Speaker 01

  What?

• 12:12Daniel Whiteson?

  Wow. So you're saying there's a product that puts bacteria onto your skin?

• 12:16Speaker 06

  Yes.

• 12:17Daniel Whiteson?

  Wow. All right.

• 12:18Speaker 01

  So like when chinchillas are rolling around in those dust baths, like 10 years from now, we're going to be rolling around in ammonia bacteria baths?

• 12:26Daniel Whiteson?

  Is that what it's going to look like? I wish everybody could see Kelly's little dance there. A little chinchilla shower dance.

• 12:32Speaker 06

  You do not even know how close in thinking you are to the founders of this AOBio company, because the story goes, it all started when one of them was watching a horse bathe in dust on a hot day. And imagining that the sweat on the horse was like meeting up with a bacteria in the dirt that was somehow helping that situation be better. And that might have been why that behavior evolved.

• 12:58Speaker 01

  Amazing.

• 12:59Speaker 06

  It is really amazing, right?

• 13:00Daniel Whiteson?

  But before we get into the details of this product, maybe we should back up and remind people of what is on our skin, because I have the impression that I take a shower, I wash myself clean, and then it's just me and my skin cells. But tell me, Katrina, what's going on on my skin? What microbes are living there?

• 13:19Speaker 06

  Oh, what a good question. Okay, so, I mean, to be honest, the microbes are not just on the surface, so rinsing off with water is not going to do too much. The microbes are actually living in the top millimeter or so of our skin. They're like densely packed into the follicles and different structures underneath there. So rinsing off your skin certainly will not remove all the microbes. We have really fascinating biogeography of the microbes that live on the human body. And so you could imagine the environment in the crook of your elbow where it's moist is going to be super different from on your forearm where it's more dry. And so overall, there's a certain collection of microbes that are really common

• 14:03Speaker 06

  on our skin. They include Staphylococcus and another bunch of bugs called Corynebacterium. And the names don't matter, but there are some bugs that do better.

• 14:11Daniel Whiteson?

  Names don't matter. Toots agree. Here it is. See, Kelly, I've brought Katrina on to gang up against you.

• 14:17Speaker 06

  Oh, no.

• 14:18Speaker 01

  No, I was proud of her for saying some of the names. And I thought, I wonder how Daniel's going to retaliate later in the episode. But, all right, we're just gonna, we'll call them bugs and move on.

• 14:29Daniel Whiteson?

  But wait, Katrina, I have to understand this. You're saying that like, the environment of my elbow is different enough from the environment of my wrist, that we got different microbes living there? They're like different little ecosystems?

• 14:40Speaker 06

  Yeah, I mean, they're different in the same way that a rainforest is different from a desert, is different from a coral reef. The nutrients and environment are completely different, and they allow for the thriving or survival of different types of microbes. So in the moisture parts of your skin, you have moisture-loving microbes. And if it's more dry, you have microbes that have tools for surviving that.

• 15:02Daniel Whiteson?

  But my elbow, I mean, I don't want to get too personal here. My elbow is not like a rainforest, you know, compared to the desert of my wrist. Like, they can't be that different. They're like, you know, 10 inches apart, right? How can they be so different? And how can the bacteria be so specific and so sensitive to the conditions that you have like different microbes living there?

• 15:21Speaker 06

  I mean, the conditions are pretty different. I mean, maybe I should have used armpit as an example for a moist location.

• 15:26Daniel Whiteson?

  That is more rainforest area, that's true.

• 15:28Speaker 06

  Thank you.

• 15:29Daniel Whiteson?

  One could even say I might like be able to ferment my own human kombucha there.

• 15:34Speaker 06

  Oh, boy. Oh, boy.

• 15:36Speaker 01

  That's a physicist thing, I'm guessing, too.

• 15:37Speaker 06

  Definitely not. Definitely not. I mean, actually, here's, here's a piece of information that might stick in your mind. So your feet, which are definitely more moist, at least in the modern world, most people are wearing socks, and our feet have really diverse communities of fungi living on them, whereas the rest of our bodies don't have as much fungi on our skin. And then for the bacteria, it's the opposite. So the bacteria have more diversity in the places that are less moist. So our feet are really quite different from the rest of our bodies in terms of the skin microbiome, and they have a lot more fungi.

• 16:10Speaker 01

  So there's a lot of different habitats where you find different kinds of microbes. I guess what I'm wondering is, like, so if we're using soap to clean the surface, like, does our skin segregate into habitats where like you would have different bacteria species on the surface of your skin relative to like a millimeter down where you said? So like, maybe there's still some bacteria in the hair follicles, but are you getting rid of a whole different set of bacteria by just cleaning the surface of your skin? Does that make sense?

• 16:39Speaker 06

  Yeah, it totally makes sense. I mean, in my mind, the skin bacteria have roots, and when you wash them off, many of them will come back.

• 16:47Speaker 01

  Okay.

• 16:47Daniel Whiteson?

  When you say roots, you don't mean like an individual bacterium has like, you know, literal roots to hold itself on? You mean like there is a depth to the community?

• 16:56Speaker 06

  Exactly. That is what I mean. I mean that there are microbes that are living underneath the top, top surface of the skin, and when you wash, those are not removed. And I could, I mean, I have a really great example about Dr. Armpit and the transplants he did to help people with body odor, if you would like to hear that, because it really illustrates it.

• 17:15Speaker 01

  Of course.

• 17:16Daniel Whiteson?

  Oh, man.

• 17:17Speaker 01

  Yeah. Okay, we're jumping to the body odor part of the discussion. Let's do this.

• 17:21Speaker 06

  I mean, so this is all in the context of a society where people are showering. So it could be that in the past, we had communities of microbes that were more connected to the environment that we lived in, and if you were to shower, you would completely remove that forever. That, I don't think that's the case in modern people. And my wonderful example from a Belgian scientist who goes by the moniker Dr. Armpit, you can Google him.

• 17:49Speaker 06

  He's a wonderful scientist and he wanted to help people who were struggling with body odor. And he found twins where one twin had more body odor than the other. And he did armpit transplants, which involved really roughing up the skin in the armpit so that you could get to the microbes underneath and also disrupt the skin microbiome more substantially. And then, so he roughed up the skin and then transplanted the microbes from the nice smelling twin onto the twin who was struggling with body odor. And my understanding is that it was quite effective. He did write a paper about it.

• 18:26Daniel Whiteson?

  But that's not an armpit transplant. That's an armpit microbe transplant. That's very different.

• 18:33Speaker 01

  You're being very picky.

• 18:35Daniel Whiteson?

  Words have meanings, people, come on.

• 18:37Speaker 06

  I mean, that's the part of the armpit we're all thinking about.

• 18:42Speaker 01

  So can we dig a little deeper into why we stink? And like, why we stink more post puberty? And what role bacteria have in all of that?

• 18:52Speaker 06

  Yeah, great question. And actually, I didn't bring up oil when I talked about the moisture of the skin. And we have more oily parts of our skin and they attract a different community of microbes. So when you go through puberty and your skin becomes more oily, you do have a different community of microbes living on your skin. And in general, where the smells come from are through the production of volatile molecules that can waft away from their origin source and make it to your nose. And microbes are really good at fermenting things and breaking things down. And so we have microbes that are converting the molecules they come across on our skin into volatiles that we can smell.

• 19:33Daniel Whiteson?

  Much like the process of kombucha brewing, you're saying?

• 19:37Speaker 01

  Oh, my goodness. Let it go, man. You lost that one. Let it go.

• 19:42Speaker 06

  And beer and bread.

• 19:44Daniel Whiteson?

  Okay.

• 19:44Speaker 06

  Mr. Sour Dough might like to know. All those delicious aromas from the sour dough. Yes, it's the same. Some of those are the same molecules, just in different combinations, you know?

• 19:55Daniel Whiteson?

  Well, I would like to work out and smell like sour dough. That would be amazing.

• 19:58Speaker 01

  Yeah, I mean, I think that would be an improvement for most of us if we could smell like sourdough.

• 20:03Daniel Whiteson?

  But are you saying that we smell because microbes are fermenting on our skin? Is that what's really happening?

• 20:09Speaker 06

  It doesn't have to be fermentation, just to be clear, but yes, microbes are producing volatile molecules that make it to our nose and we smell them.

• 20:19Speaker 01

  Yes. So I feel like lately, when I look through the deodorant aisle, there are a lot more methods that are being used right now to address stink than I've seen in the past.

• 20:33Speaker 06

  Mm hmm.

• 20:33Speaker 01

  And so like, I tried some like Lume or whatever, where it's supposed to change your pH.

• 20:39Speaker 06

  Mm hmm.

• 20:39Speaker 01

  And that's supposed to make it so that you don't stink. Do you have any thoughts on these new methods and which ones work and like the science behind them?

• 20:46Speaker 06

  I've also been noticing this and I agree that it's interesting to see there's some new strategies coming out. I don't, I don't know enough about the science to, to make an evidence-based comment and I'm not sure there is a lot of evidence that because that's not the burden that's placed on companies before they can write something on their package.

• 21:06Speaker 01

  Oh.

• 21:06Speaker 06

  They're, they just have to be generally regarded as safe.

• 21:08Daniel Whiteson?

  Oh, so it's unregulated, like the supplement industry, you mean?

• 21:11Speaker 06

  Yes, exactly. It's in the same, in the same way. That doesn't mean some companies haven't done real research. I think, in fact, I think that the companies producing these molecules or these products, maybe they're, some of them are your listeners, they actually probably have a lot of really strong evidence and maybe that is what's reflected on the package, but it's hard to know that by just looking at the package.

• 21:31Speaker 01

  If you work for Lume, get in, well, do we want to do a whole deodorant episode? Why the heck not?

• 21:37Daniel Whiteson?

  Yeah, we do.

• 21:37Speaker 01

  I want to know about the science of reducing stink.

• 21:40Daniel Whiteson?

  Yeah, why don't I smell like sourdough? Yes, let's dig into the science of that.

• 21:44Speaker 06

  There's a life goal for you.

• 21:49Speaker 01

  I'm wondering how much I want to ask you personal questions about like, what deodorant do you use? And how often? And maybe we should make this more general instead of so specific. But like, Daniel's like, no, ask her whatever.

• 22:04Speaker 01

  It's not me.

• 22:06Speaker 06

  No, I mean, I'm happy to share all kinds of stuff because I'm interested in this. And I've tried different things, you know? But I personally, I mean, I just shower and use normal shampoo and conditioner and body wash. And I put deodorant on. I don't have like a brand I'm super loyal to, but I use normal deodorant that has probably terrible things in it.

• 22:27Speaker 01

  Oh, okay.

• 22:28Speaker 06

  And I have tried some of these other new products, but I didn't feel like they worked very well. But maybe I wasn't consistent enough or, you know, there's maybe you have to transition more slowly. I've been curious about that myself. And I love the story about this company that I brought up earlier, which has a product where you apply ammonia oxidizing bacteria to your skin. And the people who've been, there's a group of people who haven't showered for more than 10 years and the people around them say that they don't smell. So I just find that amazing. But I think that you have to somehow do a much more gradual transition. And I remember I reread it last night, but I remember reading a New York Times article about a reporter at the New York Times who tried this product from AO Biome.

• 23:13Speaker 06

  And she didn't shower for like, I don't know, a month or something. And her colleagues were all calling her teen spirit.

• 23:22Speaker 01

  Does that suggest it didn't work?

• 23:24Speaker 06

  That was the sense I was getting. And then she was saying like, at some point, she basically wasn't able to engage in her normal life because she was, her hair looked crazy and she smelled.

• 23:37Speaker 01

  How is it supposed to be working? So like, what is the connection with what the bacteria are doing and the production of stink?

• 23:44Daniel Whiteson?

  And out of character for me, can you explain the chemistry here? Ammonia oxidizing, what's going on there?

• 23:50Speaker 06

  So these are bacteria that oxidize ammonia. It's actually the same type of process that happens in a wastewater treatment plant. We have a lot of ammonia in our sweat. And I think there's other consequences relating to pH that maybe it also keeps the pH a bit lower and that probably also helps to prevent the colonization of other bugs. That I think that many of the bugs that cause odor might not tolerate low pH as well. So anyhow, the ammonia oxidizing bacteria that were initially observed when the guy who founded the company watched a horse bathing in the dust. You know, he he found them there.

• 24:33Speaker 06

  And so he hypothesized that horses were dealing with a hot sweaty summer day by having the help of these ammonia oxidizing bacteria to reduce the ammonia load on their skin. And then that the metabolic products from that had other positive consequences to regulate the skin microbiome.

• 24:53Daniel Whiteson?

  And he doesn't smell like a horse, of course.

• 24:57Speaker 06

  Well, I mean, my knowledge is essentially limited to this New York Times article, but it was a pretty good one. I'm happy to share it. But the it ends with a comment where the reporter asks his girlfriend how he smells and she says, he smells like a human.

• 25:13Speaker 06

  But that so not a horse, but I mean, that didn't really necessarily make it sound like it was working.

• 25:18Daniel Whiteson?

  It's a very broad comment, too.

• 25:21Speaker 06

  But apparently.

• 25:21Speaker 01

  Damning with faint praise.

• 25:23Speaker 06

  Yeah, the people who have been using this product are living lives and you can't you can't tell. I mean, it makes me have a lot of questions, like what about after you exercise? And apparently they still shower with water. And that's kind of a ritual that people have as a part of their day that must be hard to to lose, right? And so even if it's not necessary, I think they were just using only water. The reporter who who tried to use the product, she went back to just a simple shampoo and soap after that.

• 25:55Daniel Whiteson?

  All right, so we've laid the groundwork to understand what critters are growing on our skin and how they contribute to our individual particular human smells. Let's take a break. When we come back, we'll talk to Katrina about the effects of showering and how it influences your health.

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• 28:27Speaker 01

  Every small business owner has that one story, the one moment that could have broken them, but remarkably, it didn't. Hi, I'm Kathleen Griffith, co-host of The Unshakeables, along with Stevie Barron, CEO of Chase for Business. We have more incredible stories of overcoming the impossible still to come in season three. You'll hear from entrepreneurs who faced make or break moments and came out stronger. We dig into how they did it, what they learned, what they'd never do again, and what kept them pushing forward. These are the stories that remind us that being unshakable isn't about never falling, it's about how you rise, rebuild, and keep going. Whether you're starting up, scaling up, or trying to find your footing again,

• 29:12Speaker 01

  these stories remind us that resilience lives everywhere, in small businesses shaping communities all across America. Listen to The Unshakeables wherever you get your podcasts and learn more at chase.com/podcast. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., member FDIC. Copyright 2026 JPMorgan Chase and Company.

• 29:46Daniel Whiteson?

  Okay, we're back and we're talking two Whitesons and one Wiener Smith about the science of bathing. Three smelly scientists giving you advice on hygiene.

• 29:54Speaker 06

  Speak for yourself, man.

• 29:56Speaker 01

  That's right, that's right.

• 30:00Daniel Whiteson?

  I meant smelly in a positive way, like smelling like, you know, recently fermented kombucha.

• 30:06Speaker 01

  That is a good smell, but I think you're trying to insult us still.

• 30:12Daniel Whiteson?

  All right, well, let's keep this healthy. I want to know about how my skin microbiome influences the rest of my health. Like, we've been talking about the critters that live on our bodies and how they vary from place to place and how that's all different, but we haven't really answered the question of what critters do we want on our body? Are we washing away good guys or bad guys? Or is that just a totally arbitrary human distinction? So Katrina, how does our skin microbiome influence us and our health?

• 30:40Speaker 06

  What a great question. And to be honest, you kind of have to back up a little bit because our skin health is very affected by our immune health and our general health. So your skin is the largest organ in your body and it really does reflect your health. But for example, eczema and allergy have become much more common in the last century. And we really think that starts in the gut. So

• 31:05Daniel Whiteson?

  Wait, what?

• 31:06Speaker 06

  Yeah, so the prevalence of eczema, so in California, for example, by the age of two, something like half of California children are experiencing eczema, atopic dermatitis to some extent.

• 31:18Daniel Whiteson?

  Are you saying that's only for Californian children, like Virginians are spared from this?

• 31:22Speaker 06

  Well, no, I mean, actually industrialized children have very high rates of eczema, atopic dermatitis. And maybe you've heard me tell this story a million times where they compared Hutterite children and Amish children, where the Amish children had more exposure to microbes and dirt, their farming was being conducted very close to their households. They found like more particles of bacterial endotoxin, which is like a cell surface part of a bacteria that makes big immune responses happen. They found more of that in the household dust and in the children's lives in general. And they found that the rates of eczema were much, much smaller, same for the rates of allergy. Whereas in the Hutterite families,

• 32:05Speaker 06

  where the farming was conducted a little farther away from the houses, they had higher rates of eczema, although probably half of what industrialized people have on average.

• 32:14Daniel Whiteson?

  So you're saying that the more you were exposed to like dirt and dust and farming byproducts, the weaker your immune response? Or the lack of inflammation, lack of over-response?

• 32:25Speaker 06

  The lack of over-response, exactly. Yeah.

• 32:28Speaker 01

  And is eczema just itchy skin?

• 32:30Speaker 06

  Yeah, it's itchy skin. It's like red, rough patches. It can have a lot of staphylococcus in it, but it really does seem to have an immune origin that isn't only on the surface of the skins. But if all those exposures I just talked about are going to be influencing all parts of your body for sure. But a lot of the solutions we've been reaching for have been related to cultivating a healthy baby gut microbiome in order to avoid the development of those over immune responses.

• 32:59Daniel Whiteson?

  So make the connection for us, Katrina, which I think is implied in your comment. You're saying that exposure to these allergens avoids an allergic response later on in life. Is there something about the immune system not having seen it and then it reacts too strongly to it later?

• 33:15Speaker 06

  Yeah, I mean, this is very much a hypothesis. There's a lot of science to do to really connect the dots on what you just asked. But yes, that's exactly the idea. So the hygiene hypothesis, which initially we were, this episode was about the hygiene hypothesis, and I didn't realize we were going to talk about showering specifically so much, because to me, the hygiene hypothesis is all about the changes in the 20th century where our hygiene changed. So we've had wastewater treatment, which obviously is wonderful. I love tap water. We've got vaccination, antibiotics, smaller family sizes, just personal hygiene, I do think makes a difference. I mean, imagine how different it would be if you grew up in a place where there were

• 33:57Speaker 06

  like tons of kids and babies around and no clean water. I mean, there's a lot of downsides in terms of diarrheal illness in a situation like that. But the people who are growing up in communities like that, they actually don't get eczema, they don't get acne, they have actually really amazing skin health. And so that combination of different exposures is associated with better skin health outcomes. But all the details are like a huge science question that people are really working on right now.

• 34:28Daniel Whiteson?

  But it suggests that like healthy living is dirty living in some sense, that you want to be exposed to all these crazy things so that your immune system learns to respond appropriately. Is that the idea?

• 34:39Speaker 06

  Yeah, I mean, dirty living is maybe not how I would put it. I mean, what about forest bathing?

• 34:49Speaker 01

  We do farm bathing.

• 34:50Speaker 06

  Farm bathing, there you go. Yeah, that's a great idea. Like, there's a wonderful institute in Finland, which has done a bunch of different interventions where they've studied the impact of better connection to nature and microbiome and immune health outcomes. So, for example, they took a paved over kindergarten and they ripped up the pavement and put a bunch of garden boxes in and got the kids getting their hands in the dirt more. And that group of kids had better outcomes when it came to allergies and asthma and other eczema and so forth.

• 35:24Speaker 01

  And why, in particular, do we think that is? So it's like, if by playing with dirt when you are in kindergarten can solve the problems, then that means it wasn't something that was like, kicked off when you were a baby and is now in place for the rest of your life. It means it's something that you can change, at least when you're in kindergarten.

• 35:43Speaker 06

  Yeah.

• 35:43Speaker 01

  So it's something about what those bacteria are doing in the moment. What do we think that they're doing? Do we know?

• 35:49Speaker 06

  I mean, this is a huge question, but I think it has to do with toleration. So if you are exposed to something consistently, your immune system becomes tolerant of it. And so I think that's a big part of it. I do think it'd be better to have it happen in infancy. I really could imagine a future where we are more carefully constructing our baby gut microbiomes and not just letting that happen willy nilly. So akin to vaccination, that we have a plan for making sure that babies get good exposures in their guts early on. Because I think if you, you know, for example, preterm babies who have a lot of antibiotic exposure are much more prone to some of these eczema and allergy and asthma

• 36:30Speaker 06

  type of outcomes. So I think there's a big moment in early life where we could have a lot of influence. But it is fascinating. And this is true for a lot of different allergies and food tolerances, that you can build up better tolerance as an adult. So, I mean, many people get allergy shots where you use exposure to protect yourself from future allergies. Or, you know, maybe you've heard of people going and getting like, the tiniest one ten thousandth of a peanut amount of exposure weekly and building it up over time until they can eat a peanut without having an anaphylactic shock, which is like, life changing. So those are amazing changes that, that we are...

• 37:10Speaker 06

  Feeling around with how to with how to make use of those changes that can still happen in adulthood.

• 37:15Daniel Whiteson?

  Exposure therapy, I mean, I get that it works, but it always reminds me of like, somebody's afraid of spiders, let's put them in a box with a bunch of spiders, you know, as a way to like, solve their problem, or like, throw them out of an airplane if they have a fear of heights or something. But you're saying this, like, it actually works?

• 37:31Speaker 06

  There is so much variation, and I am really not an expert in that, so I don't want to pretend I understand it. But I mean, I'm a part of our society. I've watched people in my life going through these processes where they use exposure and are able to tolerate things better. And I really love this doctor who wrote a book called Fiber Fueled. And he always says, your gut is a-

• 37:53Speaker 01

  That does sound like a book you'd like.

• 37:54Speaker 06

  I do.

• 37:57Speaker 01

  Sorry, go ahead.

• 37:59Speaker 06

  And he always says that your gut is a muscle, and you just have to build up to things. And you wouldn't go to the gym and try to deadlift your body weight the next day. You would build up to it over a year. And most people can eat most things if given small exposures and growing them slowly. And there's exceptions, like celiac disease and gluten, obviously, and some severe allergies. But I like that thinking that if you build up to it, you can get your body to handle a lot of different exposures.

• 38:28Speaker 01

  And just because I'm paranoid, I'd like to mention that if you're interested in this building up tolerance thing, you should talk to a doctor.

• 38:35Speaker 06

  Yes.

• 38:36Speaker 01

  And do it under their supervision. Because we don't, we don't need any extraordinary saying. My kid had anaphylactic shock.

• 38:41Daniel Whiteson?

  Yes, exactly.

• 38:43Speaker 06

  That's for sure.

• 38:44Daniel Whiteson?

  But make the connection for us between all this interesting stuff about the gut and the skin, because initially, we were talking about skin microbiome, and like, how to write or Amish children exposure via the skin to stuff on the farm versus like, you know, urban kids who aren't exposed to that. But now we're talking about gut health. And you said earlier that the two are connected. What is the connection? Aren't these microbial communities very different?

• 39:07Speaker 06

  The microbial communities are different. They're more on the surface. But underlying everything is your immune system. Your skin reflects your immune health, because your skin is your biggest organ, and you see it all the time.

• 39:19Daniel Whiteson?

  Oh, I see.

• 39:20Speaker 06

  So if your gut, I mean, 70% of your immune system is in your gut. So if you are-

• 39:25Daniel Whiteson?

  That's the piece, okay.

• 39:25Speaker 06

  If you are promoting your gut health through your diet and your life, then all those immune cells will protect your skin. So they'll, you know, your immune system is like this- Army, that's, it doesn't have to be with such an aggressive term, but you know, they're, they're a team that's out there cleaning stuff up for you.

• 39:45Daniel Whiteson?

  They're like a marching band.

• 39:46Speaker 06

  Yes, a nice, quiet one, though.

• 39:52Daniel Whiteson?

  Okay, so just to make sure I understand, the connection between the gut and the skin is that they're both affected by your immune system, that your immune system is centered in your gut, even though your skin, as you were saying, is the largest organ?

• 40:05Speaker 06

  That's right. So your gut is lined with really large numbers of immune cells, also neuroendocrine cells. Your gut has this amazing network of cells that are promoted by your diet and your microbiome, and those, those immune cells are going to reflect your systemic health, big time.

• 40:27Daniel Whiteson?

  All right. So now to bring it back to the question, in the episode, we're trying to understand whether showering is good for you, and you're telling us that you have microbial communities on your body, but that...

• 40:38Speaker 01

  It seems to me, if I can try to, if I can jump in and say what, what maybe the point is, is you should be rolling around in farms until you get the right kind of bacteria, like, in your hair follicles, and you should be creating the right kind of microbiome. And then it's not so bad if you shower once a day to rinse off the ones that are like on the outside part, but you want to establish a good microbiome initially, and then it's okay to shower?

• 41:04Speaker 06

  That's a really cool thought. I don't know if that's true. I do think that when you shower, you remove many of the environmental microbes that might be helpful on your skin, like those ammonia oxidizing bacteria. They don't do well if you shower with soap. So we are changing our microbiomes by, by showering in that sense. But we live in a society where everybody's showering. I mean, I personally am not going to stop. You were asking me for personal stories. Well, Daniel will remember, a few years ago...

• 41:34Daniel Whiteson?

  I'm terrified about what this story's gonna be.

• 41:36Speaker 06

  I wanted to use, I wanted to use this soap that's like in a bar, so it's not liquid, so it's more environmentally friendly, because it's easier to transport it. So I got shampoo and conditioner in the form of a bar, and I tried to use them for like a month. And I was like, thinking it was going okay. And then one day, I think I was like at a poster session with my students or something, and they were taking pictures, and I saw the picture, and I was like, oh my gosh.

• 42:04Speaker 06

  I need some real shampoo.

• 42:08Speaker 06

  So like, so my question is, how would we transition to, you know, the way these people who haven't been showering for 10 years? I mean, I find that fascinating. So I think there must be a way to transition yourself towards that and to need less showering. I think if you, I think right now, the products we're using, you soak to strip the oils and then add the oils back, think of shampoo and conditioner or soap and lotion. And I think if we cut both of those steps out of the process, we could probably get to a pretty good balance. And I would imagine that you would have a different skin microbiome if you were to do that. Now, if you go swabbing people in the industrialized world, you're not going to find a whole lot of people who live that way.

• 42:51Speaker 06

  So it's pretty hard to know what the microbiome would look like. We have done microbiome studies in parts of the world that are relatively uncontacted. Like, I actually got to do a study in the Amazon in Ecuador. We didn't collect skin samples, but the people in that community did not have eczema or acne. So that was kind of amazing. And Dr. Armpit, he also went down and he studied, he went with Yanamami, a guy named David Good, who's a PhD student at Gelf in Canada, and he is Yanamami. And they went down to where he's from and they did collect skin samples. And so they did see different types of microbes on the skin of the people in this community.

• 43:33Speaker 06

  So I think that's a hard question to answer in a modern context because all of us are showering.

• 43:39Daniel Whiteson?

  But in principle, you could like gather up the armpit microbes of people who don't shower and smell fine, and you could bottle that up and like sell it and people could effectively all have armpit transplants instead of taking showers? Is that a real business opportunity?

• 43:56Speaker 06

  In theory, I think it is. And what's actually really interesting was I followed up on Aobiome last night and I learned that they are taking their product in a more medical direction for like wound healing and other medical applications. They're doing clinical trials and so forth. So, I mean, I think there's a lot of potential here beyond just cosmetics or smells, but actually for, for health and wound healing.

• 44:23Daniel Whiteson?

  All right. Well, that's exactly what I wanted to ask you about because it seems like you're saying that the largest health conditions that affect your skin like eczema and acne, whatever, are actually driven by your immune system, which is controlled by your gut. And that's not something we're talking about cleaning today. But so if we're talking about whether you want to shower, that's going to impact the microbiome on your skin. But that's a lesser player in these questions of like acne or eczema. They mostly seems like affect how you smell. So it's not about health. It's about smell. Is that right?

• 44:53Speaker 06

  I think there are some exceptions to that. I think wound healing, for example, or your capacity to heal from skin injury. I think that is also your gut and your immune health is important. But I think the local conditions could actually be quite important. And so I think that's actually a really fascinating future for intentional probiotics to make sure that the microbial environment in a wound is promoting healing.

• 45:21Speaker 01

  So if I eat more fiber, my leg will heal faster when I trip on my farm. Maybe?

• 45:29Speaker 06

  I think so.

• 45:30Speaker 01

  I'm pushing it.

• 45:30Speaker 06

  Yeah, no, I mean, I think that's, I think that's totally on par with what we understand that if you have fiber in your gut, and then that promotes the immune health and all those immune cells in your gut, that leads to systemic improvements in healing.

• 45:45Speaker 01

  Well, go grab a can of beans while we take a commercial break. And when we get back, we're going to talk about more reasons to love fiber. Actually, that's not what I'm planning on, but I'm guessing we're going to get to it.

• 46:05Speaker 06

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• 48:06Speaker 02

  or in other enclosed areas. See owner's manual for important operating instructions. Lincoln and Navigator are trademarks of Ford and Toyota's affiliates. All rights reserved.

• 48:15Speaker 01

  Every small business owner has that one story, the one moment that could have broken them, but remarkably it didn't. Hi, I'm Kathleen Griffith, co-host of The Unshakeables along with Stevie Barron. CEO of Chase for Business. We have more incredible stories of overcoming the impossible still to come in season three. You'll hear from entrepreneurs who faced make or break moments and came out stronger. We dig into how they did it, what they learned, what they'd never do again, and what kept them pushing forward. These are the stories that remind us that being unshakable isn't about never falling. It's about how you rise, rebuild, and keep going. Whether you're starting up, scaling up, or trying to find your footing

• 48:59Speaker 01

  again, these stories remind us that resilience lives everywhere, in small businesses shaping communities all across America. Listen to The Unshakeables wherever you get your podcasts and learn more at chase.com/podcast. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., member FDIC. Copyright 2026 JPMorgan Chase & Company.

• 49:34Daniel Whiteson?

  Okay, we're back. We're talking to Dr. Katrina Weitz and of the Weitz and Research Institute, CEO of our upcoming startup, which will sell you other people's armpits. And beans.

• 49:47Speaker 06

  Wow. Not a very normal combination, I gotta say.

• 49:52Daniel Whiteson?

  So Katrina, take us to the forefront of research. What are people doing right now to understand the microbes on your skin and how that relates to showering? And of course, fiber and guts. What is being funded right now? What are avenues of investigation currently?

• 50:06Speaker 06

  Oh, what a cool question. My mind is lighting up. I mean, I can't not tell you about Julie Segre at the NIH, who is a leading skin microbiome research. And believe it or not, she's collaborating with our colleague and neighbor Susan Huang, who's an epidemiologist who studies Staphylococcus in nursing homes and infections in nursing homes. And I just got to see Julie speak at a conference last week where I learned all about their studies in nursing homes where they swab the skin of nursing home residents. And look for pathogens and look for transmission of infection between people. She's done this in hospitals and now they're moving to nursing homes. There's a lot of antibiotics in nursing homes and they do see a lot of transmission.

• 50:51Speaker 06

  So, I mean, this is a big area where we could improve health. And I think showering is actually a very big positive in the context of transmission of microbes in a healthcare setting.

• 51:03Speaker 01

  So, score one for showering.

• 51:05Speaker 06

  Yeah, that's a definite score one.

• 51:07Daniel Whiteson?

  Wait, are we keeping track of the score here?

• 51:11Speaker 01

  I feel like we haven't said too many pro showering. I think we've implied it, but let's go ahead. Showering got a point there.

• 51:17Speaker 06

  Yeah, and then actually that makes me think of another whole effort that I've watched happening in the last 10 years, which is to understand how the aerosolization of microbes in the shower can affect lung health and susceptibility to lung infection. And there are some gram negative bugs in our tap water. So if you aerosolize that and stand around breathing it in for 10 minutes every day and you're susceptible to lung infections, that could sound kind of dangerous. And so there were questions about whether, for example, children who have cystic fibrosis would be safer in a bath and they shouldn't take showers, which is an enormous endeavor to ask all the parents of people with cystic fibrosis to take on, like what if you don't have a bath?

• 52:01Speaker 06

  And actually, the final message on that was that those small environmental exposures actually did not change risk in a meaningful way and that you should, your kids should jump in the pool in the lake and enjoy the shower and that living a healthy lifestyle like that had way more impact on your long-term prognosis than any one exposure. So that was, I like really listened to the outcome of that public health message because... Otherwise, I was really feeling for families that were gonna try to avoid showering for that reason. And so I think when it comes down to it, they they collected massive amounts of data and I felt very convinced that it was safe to shower, even if you had cystic fibrosis.

• 52:44Speaker 01

  Great.

• 52:45Speaker 06

  So that's, I guess, another plus one.

• 52:46Daniel Whiteson?

  But they didn't have a control group that showered like a horse.

• 52:51Speaker 06

  No, they did not do dust bathing in this study. That's right. And then, yeah, then actually, I had a really big life experience this week that I can share, where I got to hear about several different cancer microbiome research studies, many of them connected to diet and exercise.

• 53:11Daniel Whiteson?

  So when you say cancer microbiome, you mean whether or not the microbiome contributes to causing cancer or treatment of cancer or?

• 53:18Speaker 06

  Yeah, exactly. So there's a lot of different angles there, but whether or not the microbiome and the associated immune impacts influence the the risk of the development of cancer and then also influence the treatment outcomes of cancer therapies. For example, there were talks about melanoma, and I learned that eating a high-fiber diet can actually really help with slowing the the progression of melanoma. So people who are eating a high-fiber diet, they're less likely to develop melanoma. And if they do develop a small beginning smoldering melanoma, that will be curtailed by a high-fiber diet. They're less likely to have it progress.

• 53:59Speaker 01

  Shower's one, fiber two.

• 54:01Speaker 06

  Yes, exactly. And believe it or not, this event that I was invited to, it was kind of shrouded in secrecy. We didn't have an agenda or know who was gonna be there. And there was heavy security. And I it's like, I went in through like, an airport. And then I get in there and I see all these colleagues from all around the country, some I know, some I don't, but like, it's clearly a big crowd. And we all sit down and guess who walks in? RFK Jr.

• 54:27Daniel Whiteson?

  Oh, okay.

• 54:28Speaker 06

  And so we got to hear him talk about health for 45 minutes. And and there were a lot of diet parts that I agreed with in terms of like, eating more whole foods. And maybe the NIH is gonna invest more in cancer and diet and microbiome.

• 54:45Daniel Whiteson?

  And did you offer him your personal kombucha? And if no, is it because the Secret Service would have tackled you halfway there? Recognizing the danger of kombucha.

• 54:55Speaker 06

  I mean, I do not think they'd find it dangerous. I bet that I bet RFK Junior is a kombucha drinker. Let's face it.

• 55:02Speaker 06

  Not sure. Not sure.

• 55:05Speaker 01

  I don't know if that's a team member I'm necessarily wanting, wanting on our team.

• 55:09Speaker 06

  But, um, no, I did not try to take kombucha through the security, if that's your question.

• 55:16Daniel Whiteson?

  Interesting. Interesting. All right. Well, how do you feel about the direction NIH is taking and that RFK Junior is steering the medical research community towards?

• 55:25Speaker 06

  I have really mixed feelings. I mean, I feel really sad about the way that the research enterprise has just been like completely disrupted. There's been so many people who have lost their jobs or like really important projects, like 26 year long passion projects of teams of people that were really centrally important to health and they've just been canceled. So, I mean, that type of tragedy is very hard to even begin to understand. But there, you know, I think there are elements of what they're trying to do in terms of focusing more on diet. I think that's, that is actually wise. I don't always agree with the types of diets that they're talking about,

• 56:05Speaker 06

  but I do agree with the idea that a big part of why Americans are less healthy and there's a lot of chronic disease is connected to our food environment and fixing that is a massive project. It's, it's not just about telling people that they should eat healthier. We've been doing that forever. I mean, what second grader doesn't know that they should eat more fruits and vegetables? We all heard that. So getting ourselves to do it is not a small project.

• 56:31Speaker 01

  I don't want to derail us and I won't, but I just want on the record that I am like massively opposed to what RFK Junior has been doing with like the vaccination schedules for kids. And so I'm just going to take a second to plug the American Academy of Pediatrics. They've got a website that has what I think is the best schedule for vaccines for, you know, for kids and adults. And so, you know, I'd like to just go on the record as being massively opposed to that in particular.

• 56:57Speaker 06

  Yeah, I could not agree more. And that's a really important resource, which I would teach that in every micro class, like to make sure that the students are ambassadors for microbiology and for vaccination. It's like one of the most important advances our society has ever come up with.

• 57:13Daniel Whiteson?

  So Katrina, give us the bottom line. My takeaway is that to influence your health, it's mostly affected by what you eat. And so you should eat more fiber if you want like less eczema and fewer allergies, et cetera. But also, while it's fine to shower, it's important to also be exposed to all sorts of crazy stuff out there in the environment so that your immune system doesn't overreact. Is that a fair way to bottom line it? Or give us some more nuance on it?

• 57:40Speaker 06

  Yeah, I like that bottom line. I think in early life, the exposures, both for your gut microbiome and your general exposures in your world, make a really big difference to how your immune system develops. And then throughout your life, like the way Kelly brought up, the fact that these changes can keep occurring in adulthood, that's fascinating and definitely true. It's something you have some control over. So it's a good thing that way. I'm thinking about diet, that we can change our exposures that way. In terms of showering, I mean, I think the way that most of us are living, showering every day. In fact, I heard Julie Segre say many times that you, by showering every day, you are protecting yourself from infection. And in those healthcare contexts, I think that's

• 58:22Speaker 06

  very true. As she was saying that, I was also thinking about these groups of people who are, most of humans, before 100 years ago, we were not showering every day. And so I think it's interesting to imagine a future where we don't use products to strip the oils and then other products to add the oils back. But I personally don't know how to change that in my daily life. And it's going fine for me. So I think our current way of doing things works. But I could imagine a future where we're more savvy about that and we get ourselves to a more balanced state where we don't need to use products to strip the oils and different ones to add them back.

• 58:59Speaker 01

  I will continue showering, but eat more beans, which I always do more of in the week after you've been on the show. But I get to sustain that, but I always really remember in that week.

• 59:10Daniel Whiteson?

  And so does this nuanced understanding of hygiene, you know, that it's good to be exposed to these things and to be out on the farm? Does that extend to, for example, office hygiene? Is there potentially some science to Zach Weiner Smith's claim that he works better in an office with like Dorito bags on the floor and inspires his creativity? Can we make that sort of leap?

• 59:33Speaker 06

  Oh, my gosh, I have the best favorite study to share with you. So last year, my lab didn't just do spring cleaning. We did spring greening and we were inspired by the same Finnish institute I told you about, where they stripped the concrete off the playgrounds and put gardens and dirt for the kids to play with. Well, they extended this to offices and they made these green walls and they were very fancy. I can share the reference. The green walls cost $7,000 or euros or something. So we did not buy a 7,000 euro green wall for my lab. But what they found in this study was when they put these green walls that allowed for air to be filtered over the leaves of the plants. And I don't know if it was hydroponic or if there was soil, but certainly there wasn't a lot of soil.

• 1:00:18Speaker 06

  But the point of this greening was to have the plants filtering the air in akin to an HVAC system. And they had, you know, airflow organized around it. And they put them into modern office buildings and also into hospitals and also into less modern office buildings that had less current circulation. And they found that the buildings that started out with less circulation had the biggest improvements. But they did study, I believe they studied the skin microbiomes of the office workers. And the message I got was that there was general improvement. I'm happy to share the paper. And so my lab took that result and took it upon ourselves to build a green wall in our lab. And it's been a real source of joy.

• 1:01:01Speaker 06

  And so I'm not sure how that relates to Zach Weiner Smith's. You know.

• 1:01:08Daniel Whiteson?

  Office hygiene.

• 1:01:09Speaker 06

  Office.

• 1:01:11Daniel Whiteson?

  Let's give Kelly some ammunition here.

• 1:01:12Speaker 06

  Organization. But if he were to add a green wall to his office, I think that is likely to have positive impact.

• 1:01:21Speaker 01

  And we don't mean let mold grow on the walls or something. I mean, purposefully, you know, bring nice plants in.

• 1:01:28Speaker 06

  Yes, mold is usually not a positive for for health. But I mean, I'm I'm open to ideas there.

• 1:01:36Speaker 01

  So I'm not, not not in my home.

• 1:01:40Daniel Whiteson?

  All right. So talking about weird critters. My last question for you is maybe predictable. When we meet aliens, are we going to discover that they take showers?

• 1:01:48Speaker 06

  Oh, wow. I mean, think about how space travel would be so much easier if you didn't have to take a shower. Like, maybe there's going to be future technologies where it is like a shower in the sun. I'm sure the aliens will have good hygiene. I mean, if they make it all the way here from where they are, I'm guessing they have figured hygiene out. And so I would, I would say I would anticipate good hygiene, but I'm not sure that they'll take water based showers.

• 1:02:15Daniel Whiteson?

  So when the craft lands in the center of UC Irvine and the door opens, you're expecting like, nice smells to come out.

• 1:02:23Speaker 06

  I was just thinking about that.

• 1:02:24Speaker 01

  Like refried beans.

• 1:02:29Daniel Whiteson?

  Alien kombucha.

• 1:02:30Speaker 06

  I, I think it's possible that their smells will be pretty foreign to us. So I can't really promise that a modern human will like the smell.

• 1:02:40Speaker 01

  Fair enough.

• 1:02:43Daniel Whiteson?

  All right. Thank you, Katrina, for coming on the show again and answering our absurd, ridiculous questions with a good sense of humor and scientific basis.

• 1:02:50Speaker 01

  We can't wait to have you back on the show again.

• 1:02:59Daniel Whiteson?

  Thanks, everybody, for listening. Please go and do us a favor and rate the show on whatever podcast app you're using. It really helps people find us.

• 1:03:06Speaker 01

  Daniel and Kelly's extraordinary universe. Is edited by the amazing Matt Kesselman.

• 1:03:11Daniel Whiteson?

  He really is a wizard. You can also find us online on Blue Sky, Instagram and X, D and K Universe. Come engage with us.

• 1:03:21Speaker 01

  You can email us at questions at danielandkelly.org. We really do want to hear from you.

• 1:03:27Daniel Whiteson?

  And you can find our website, www.danielandkelly.org, where you'll also find an invitation to join our Discord, where everybody comes and talks about the amazing universe.

• 1:03:38Speaker 01

  And we also have the most amazing moderators. This is an iHeart Podcast. Thanks for joining us.

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