The Sinking of the Titanic

How could the unsinkable ship… sink? In this dramatic moment-by-moment account, Dan tells the dramatic tale of the Titanic from the moment of impact with the iceberg to the first steps of survivors in New York. He's joined by world-leading expert Tim Maltin to bust the many infamous myths and provide insight you probably won't have heard before. Together they pore over the records, the testimonies of survivors and the science of how Titanic, at every turn, was doomed to sink that fateful night. Produced by Louise Quick and Mariana Des Forges and edited by Dougal Patmore. Sign up to History Hit for hundreds of hours of original documentaries, with a new release every week and ad-free podcasts. Sign up at https://www.historyhit.com/subscribe. We'd love to hear your feedback - you can take part in our podcast survey here: https://insights.historyhit.com/history-hit-podcast-always-on. You can also email the podcast directly at [email protected] mailto:[email protected]. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy https://acast.com/privacy for more information.

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Dan Snow?

  Hey friends, if you love this podcast and want to decide what history we cover, then you need to become a Dan Snow's History Hit subscriber. Pitch your topic and if I like it, we'll make it into a subscriber exclusive episode. So far, we've covered the English Reformation, the Hudson Bay Company, the Trail of Tears, all of which have been decided by dedicated subscribers. So take the reins of your favourite podcast by heading over to historyhit.com/subscribe or sign up in your podcast player.

• 0:32Speaker 01

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• 1:14Speaker 01

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• 2:47Dan Snow?

  Shortly after 12 noon, on the 10th of April 1912, a whistle, bold and optimistic, RMS Titanic cast off from Southampton Dock on England's south coast. Toed out into the River Test by tugboats, she set sail on her maiden voyage across the Atlantic Ocean to New York. Hundreds of passengers and crew on board gathered at the bows of the ship, while hundreds more swarmed across the decks, desperate to secure a view. Couples embraced, children sat on the shoulders of their parents. A sea of hands and hats waved ecstatically as goodbyes were sent to family and friends

• 3:32Dan Snow?

  on the dockside. The vastness of this mighty ship was breathtaking. The luxurious ocean liner dwarfed its flanking tugboats. She seemed to glide, making light work of the water beneath. She pulled further and further away from the crowds and well wishers on the dock, until their cheers were slowly replaced by the sound of waves and seabirds. How few of them can have imagined that this would tragically be the final farewell.

• 4:02Dan Snow?

  Four days later, in the dead of night on the 15th of April 1912, Titanic, the world's biggest ship, was lost beneath the waves following a catastrophic collision with an iceberg. It was, and it is still, the worst peacetime maritime disaster in history. Fifteen hundred people perished that night in the icy Atlantic. For decades, historians and enthusiasts have pored over the same question: how could the unsinkable ship sink? Well, today on this extended podcast, we are going to answer that question categorically. I'm joined by one of the world's leading experts, Tim

• 4:45Dan Snow?

  Maltin. He's pored over the records, the testimonies of survivors, the artefacts. He dug into the science to reveal how Titanic, at every turn, was doomed to sink that fateful night. In this minute-by-minute account, we're going to tell the dramatic tale, from the moment of impact to the moment it slipped beneath the sea. We'll bust a number of infamous myths and give you details and insights you've probably never heard before. You're listening to Dan Snow's History It, and this is my definitive guide to the sinking of Titanic. Tim, great to have you back on History It.

• 5:29Speaker 03

  It's great to be here, Dan. Thanks for having me.

• 5:30Dan Snow?

  Well, at 11.30 that night. How's the voyage going? Pretty good, I expect?

• 5:34Speaker 03

  The voyage has been going really well. It's Titanic's maiden voyage. The weather has been absolutely perfect. The sea is like a plate of glass, so everyone's loving the fact that no one's feeling seasick. They've been exploring the restaurants, the libraries, they've been even playing squash. There's a swimming pool on Titanic. So they're amazed at all these new things like elevators that they haven't seen before, electric gymnasiums, and people are just really feeling that the ship is so beautiful, and they're complimenting Ismay and Andrews on the beauty of the ship.

• 6:03Dan Snow?

  So eleven fifteen, eleven twenty, still a few people in the restaurant, some people have gone to bed, what exactly is going on on board?

• 6:10Speaker 03

  That's absolutely right. At about that time, people are starting to go to bed. And in fact, on this night, they were going to bed a bit earlier than they normally would have done, because it's freezing cold, Dan. Titanic's arrived in the Labrador Current, the water's actually below freezing. In fact, at nine thirty, Laitala, who's on duty on the bridge, has asked the carpenter to keep an eye on his cold water, his fresh water supplies, so they don't actually freeze. So everyone's thinking, it's so cold, I'm gonna go to bed with a cup of hot bawberl or a cup of soup or something like that.

• 6:40Dan Snow?

  Now, Tim, were they being a bit cowboy here? Because were their ice warnings, were their ice warnings ignored? Were they worried about hitting a great big iceberg?

• 6:48Speaker 03

  Well, to some extent, you're absolutely right, Dan, because with hindsight, everyone would have wanted them to slow down. And of course, had they slowed down, they wouldn't have hit the iceberg and we wouldn't be talking about the Titanic now. However, it's very easy for historians to chat with the benefit of hindsight and blame the people that were there. And what I want to do today is really put you back into the mindset of being on Titanic. And it's very important to understand that in the time of Titanic, captain after captain testified that they would continue their course and speed until they actually sighted ice, trusting that they would have time to avoid it. In fact, Dan, in nineteen twelve, the danger of the ice region was actually the danger of fog.

• 7:28Speaker 03

  Now, Titanic was quite lucky to the extent that she had very high pressure that night. It was a thousand and forty nine millibars.

• 7:34Dan Snow?

  Yeah, it was astonishing weather in some ways, wasn't it?

• 7:36Speaker 03

  Oh, it was the clearest night. All the survivors said it was the clearest night we'd ever seen.

• 7:40Dan Snow?

  Not a breath of wind.

• 7:41Speaker 03

  Not a breath of wind. The stars were actually reflecting in the surface of the Atlantic, like a mill pond. And in fact, Beasley, his survivor account is there, but Beasley actually says that it seemed that there were more stars in the sky than gaps between the stars, if that makes sense.

• 7:59Dan Snow?

  So it's very, very clear. And so they thought, let's make speed while we can.

• 8:03Speaker 03

  That's right. It's crystal clear, Dan. It's one of the clearest nights they will ever have encountered. In fact, it's possible because of the atmospheric conditions that they may have been able to see about 80 miles that night, whereas normally you'd only see sort of 20 or 30 miles. So what they were doing, you're absolutely right, is they were really trying to capitalise on this perfect weather to get through it before the barometer drops and the fog came down. Because it should be understood that once the fog comes down, Titanic has to go dead slow. And the problem is Titanic needs to be doing six knots to have steerage weight, otherwise she needs tugs to manoeuvre her. So you could argue, she's actually more dangerous when she's going below six knots than when she can turn fast, because the faster she goes, Dan, the quicker she can turn.

• 8:48Dan Snow?

  Okay, so everyone on the bridge goes, look, we know there's going to be ice around, but we can see it. It's got this beautiful clear night, so let's crack on. We don't want to get stuck in a fog bank. That would be, that would be the really dangerous.

• 8:57Speaker 03

  That's right. In fact, they had put a number of ice warnings in the chart room. And what's a fascinating fact is that because the Labrador current was travelling south at at least one knot, which is more than one mile an hour, Dan, it's nearly almost two miles an hour. What was happening was that wherever the ice was reported, they knew that there wouldn't be ice exactly there anymore. So they were all aware of ice. In fact, Murdock, who was on duty at the time, he's the first officer, Murdock, and actually Captain Smith really rated him, because Murdock was the guy with the quick reactions. And Murdock was used to being on the Olympic with Smith, which was Titanic's twin sister. These ships, Dan, were the biggest ships in the world at the

• 9:37Speaker 03

  time, 50,000 tonnes, they could take 3,000 people. They had four funnels, which reassured everyone that they were the strongest, biggest ships. In fact, Dan, the third funnel was actually for ventilation. So she only actually needed three, but they thought she looked better with with four. So these ships were the marvel of the age. And the other thing that gave them confidence, Dan, is that you could actually sort of, if you like, sort of chainsaw the ship into three sections, and each section would have floated indefinitely. As we'll find out later, that isn't what happened.

• 10:07Dan Snow?

  Okay, Tim, the big moment. Suddenly, the lookout

• 10:11Speaker 03

  Season iceberg, what time is it and what happens? That's right, so it's just before eleven forty, Dan. It's probably about eleven thirty eight and forty seconds, something like that. They just start to see what they describe as a dark berg coming out of the haze in front of them. Now, in fact, people think of Titanic hitting a lone iceberg, and yes, she did hit one iceberg. However, seven minutes steaming time away from the iceberg that they actually crashed into, Dan, there was a barrier of field ice. Now, this was solid ice, three miles deep and seventy five miles long. It's like an island of ice. And a huge floating island of ice, Dan, completely blocking the path to New York. So Titanic was actually on the slower, longer southern route to New York

• 10:53Speaker 03

  in the attempt to avoid this ice, which generally comes from the north and melts as you go south. But that year, the Labrador current was almost overflowing with freezing meltwater from the Arctic. And this brought down this ice barrier, and you get this thing slightly called ice bling that comes off of field ice like that. And that, combined with a little bit of haze all around the horizon, which the lookouts noticed, it just meant they saw the berg a bit later than they would otherwise have done. Tim, did they have binoculars and would that have helped? Well, they didn't have binoculars, they wanted binoculars, they would normally have had binoculars. They were actually left behind, locked away in the cabin

• 11:35Speaker 03

  because when Lightoller was switched for Murdock, in fact, they bumped off one of the officers and he had the key of the binoculars in his pocket. So he went back to Belfast and they couldn't get the binoculars. However, Dan, it's not all bad news because the best way to spot ice at night is with the naked eye. And that's because you need a wide field of vision to actually be able to see the berg coming out of the darkness. Now, interestingly, actually Captain Lord, who we'll hear about later on a nearby ship, he actually said he never allowed the binoculars at night, the lookouts at night, to have binoculars. But in fact, what Titanic wanted, they wanted the ring of three bells, and three bells signified object dead ahead.

• 12:15Speaker 03

  Now, if they'd had binoculars, they might have been tempted to inspect the object after they detected it. But all the officers on the bridge wanted from the lookouts was to just detect the object and immediately prior to inspection with binoculars, ring the bell. And that's what happened. That's what happens. So what they do is as soon as they see this, this, what they see is this dark berg. In fact, it was a brilliant white berg, but it appeared to them dark because the haze behind was even, even slightly brighter than the berg itself. They rang three sharp rings on the crow's nest bell. Now Murdoch had been standing on the starboard wing bridge and that's because there was glass in front of the bridge and of course you'd get bits of spray on there, although they kept it very clean.

• 12:58Speaker 03

  But Murdoch knew they were approaching the ice area. He knew they were doing twenty two and a half knots. So he wanted to have no glass between him and the bergs as it were. So he was out on the wing bridge. It would have been freezing cold. He's got a twenty mile an hour wind, a freezing wind coming at him. The lookouts have been on duty for over an hour as well, so they're going to be quite cold. But they nevertheless, they see the berg, they immediately give the three rings. And what Murdoch does is he's basically sprints into, he dashes onto the bridge, the wheelhouse area. And what's fascinating is people don't really tend to realise this, but the wheel itself, Titanic ship's wheel, is actually in its own room, Dan. It's in a little cubicle with the curtains drawn.

• 13:39Speaker 03

  So that the compass binnacle of the compass by the wheel will not splash light onto the bridge. And this is because the officers want to have their eyes in. So the officers don't want to have any light because they're looking ahead. To give you an idea of how fanatical they were about that, is Murdoch ordered all the hatches to be closed on Titanic's foredeck and that was to avoid any spillage of light. Even there were some first class cabins on Titanic, sort of looking forward. And what they did is they actually put shutters on those windows. Oh wow. So any cabins that had light had it blocked out. And that's because they wanted to be able to absolutely, as it were, see in the dark and not have any dangers. So what happens is Murdoch dashes onto the bridge.

• 14:22Speaker 03

  And what he does is he, the first thing he does is he rings full astern on Titanic's engines to slow the vessel. And that's signalling to the engine room. That's exactly right. Signalling to chief engineer bell where these giant reciprocating engines are. And Dan, just to give you an idea, these are the biggest reciprocating engines ever built. They're four storeys high, alright? So suddenly, they're all having their cups of Bovril and soup and things and they're and they're warming their soup on the engine. So they're just sort of, you know, chilling out and, you know, enjoying their sort of relaxing and probably, probably chatting about Belfast.

• 14:54Dan Snow?

  And then saying how well it's all going.

• 14:55Speaker 03

  Absolutely right. And then suddenly, this order comes through full astern. And, and suddenly, it's not like nowadays where you'd flick a switch and the electric engines would just go in reverse. This is a case where they have to wait for the engines to slow down to a stop, and then they have to order the steam into the other chambers to get them to go in reverse. So, long story short, he also orders harder starboard. Now, starboard is the right-hand side.

• 15:20Dan Snow?

  Turn right, hard.

• 15:21Speaker 03

  Well, actually, harder starboard. So it's pretty confusing, but basically, in layman's terms, he gave the order hard left turn.

• 15:29Dan Snow?

  Okay.

• 15:30Speaker 03

  But the, the way they did that in 1912 was called harder starboard, because it's an overhang from sailing days when you had a tiller.

• 15:37Dan Snow?

  Yep.

• 15:37Speaker 03

  And so you'd say to the chap at the tiller, harder starboard, which means throw the tiller over to the right, which throws the actual rudder over to the left, which brings the ship over to the left or port side. And actually, Dan, Titanic turned in time to her stem actually missed the iceberg they could see above the water. So the lookouts thought she'd had a close shave.

• 15:57Dan Snow?

  Tim, I know you've written entire thesis about this, but why didn't they see that iceberg in time?

• 16:04Speaker 03

  Well, this is the extraordinary thing, Dan. They didn't see it because it was so clear, which sounds a bit counterintuitive, but joking apart, Dan, they had just come from a very warm part of the sea called the Gulf Stream into a freezing part of the sea called the Labrador Current. And this actually made it that the air was very cold down below and much warmer higher up. And what this creates is a bit of haze at the horizon. Sailors call it abnormal refraction. And in fact, many ships in the area of Titanic's crash talked about abnormal refraction. And unfortunately, this refraction is a layer of haze at the horizon, and it just slightly reduced the contrast with the berg. And what that meant was they probably saw it 10, 15 seconds later than they would otherwise have done. And

• 16:49Speaker 03

  as it happened, Dan, they did see it 30 seconds before the collision. They only needed a few more seconds, and they nearly missed it as well. But that's why they didn't quite spot it.

• 16:59Dan Snow?

  Okay, well, time check. About twenty-three forty now?

• 17:03Speaker 03

  That's right, bang on Dan, twenty-three forty, eleven forty PM. There is a- We have the collision and-

• 17:08Dan Snow?

  Terrible sound.

• 17:09Speaker 03

  Terrible sound, so it sounds different from people all over the ship. So, if you're down in the boiler rooms down there, it sounded like a roll of thunder. If you're one of the passengers up like Beazley in second class, it sounds like Calico being ripped. Someone said it sounded like a boat being pulled up on gravel beach. And then to Smith, Smith comes running out of his chart room, which is part of the bridge.

• 17:32Dan Snow?

  Right, we should say, because Captain Smith, he wasn't down drinking with the high-rolling guests. He was, he was on, he was on the bridge.

• 17:39Speaker 03

  Another myth we should bust, because Captain Smith actually never drank at sea. He had been having a party, but funnily enough, they made sure that the crew actually took his glasses off the table. So that the people in the restaurant could see that he wasn't drinking at all. And he never drank at sea. Also, people say he was in bed. Actually, he wasn't in bed. People say that because he did rush out from the chart room onto the bridge. And his cabin, where he slept, was also beyond the chart room.

• 18:05Dan Snow?

  Captains always have a little cabin, don't they, right as close to the bridge as possible?

• 18:08Speaker 03

  That's right, but actually, we know from Lythola that, who survived, that Smith was on and off the bridge the whole time and working out star sights and very much on duty at the time. Although, the person actually in charge of the, the actual watch, the officer in charge of the watch was Murdoch. But Smith remained in the charge of the ship. And there was no way, Dan, that Smith was going to turn in when he knew they were in the ice region.

• 18:33Dan Snow?

  Okay, so Titanic has smashed into this iceberg. But tragically, not just bang on. This is the terrible thing, Tim, if it just hit the iceberg, we might not be talking about it today.

• 18:45Speaker 03

  Dan, that's absolutely true. So Titanic had sixteen watertight compartments. And she could float with any two of them open to the sea. And that's because, if you can imagine, Dan, that there's a collision like that, for example, if another ship had speared Titanic between a bulkhead, the automatic doors would have automatically come down with the floats. As the water came in, it lifted floats, the heavy doors dropped down. It was a foolproof system. In fact, they went further than that. They made it so that she could float with any four of her forward watertight compartments flooded. But here's the thing, Dan, and you'll remember this from your geography GCSE days, but you know when you learn about wave erosion at the cliffs and things like that? And you have a shelf of the beach and that's because the waves are on top of the water, aren't they? But there's, it's very calm under the surface.

• 19:30Speaker 03

  So what happens is the iceberg was eroded at the surface, but leaving a shelf, an ice shelf sticking right out. We call it a spur. And what happened was that Titanic actually had a flat bottom. So what happens is this flat bottom of the ship runs right over this ice ledge, which is why it does so much underwater damage to Titanic. This glancing blow of the berg, just gently, if you like, scraping along the side of Titanic, I mean enormous forces, of course, Dan. But what it meant was, instead of slowing up Titanic, it meant that it actually ripped, it knocked the heads off the rivets over a two hundred foot section of Titanic. Now, to put that in perspective, Dan, see this sort of fireplace we've got here.

• 20:13Speaker 03

  The actual damage that the iceberg did to Titanic was no bigger in volume, Dan, in total than the size exactly of this fireplace. Okay, so quite a, a small amount of damage from that perspective.

• 20:24Dan Snow?

  Hang on a second, what?

• 20:26Speaker 03

  Yeah.

• 20:26Dan Snow?

  That the hole in the side of Titanic was no bigger than a metre squared, two metre squared?

• 20:30Speaker 03

  Correct, correct.

• 20:31Dan Snow?

  Wow.

• 20:32Speaker 03

  Uh, however, if only it had been a hole, Titanic would have survived. The problem is that the iceberg didn't make a hole at all. What it did was it smashed and dented the plates, which is like a, a patchwork quilt made of steel. And if you like with your patchwork quilt, the cotton that sews the patches together, they're the rivets. And what it did was it went for the weakest point in a very strong structure. Now, the weakest point, just like, you know, in my jersey, it's probably the seam here, you know, it'll rip in the seam. Well, the seams on the Titanic's hull were these rivet heads. So what happened was the enormous explosive force of the iceberg, which was tens of, hundreds of thousands of tonnes of, of, of, of pure water and Titanic, which was fifty thousand tonnes, you know, they were going to come off badly and Titanic came off worse because her rivet heads got popped off.

• 21:16Speaker 03

  And what that meant was over a two hundred foot gash, there was just water. Spurting in along the seams, she was just leaking like a sieve then Dan, along 200 feet. And the critical problem is, if she'd neatly filled her first four bulkheads, she'd have been absolutely fine.

• 21:30Dan Snow?

  Yeah, if she'd rammed head on into an iceberg or a rock.

• 21:33Speaker 03

  Oh, she'd have been absolutely fine. In fact, and bizarrely, if she'd hit head on, it wouldn't even have thrown people out of their beds, because she was doing 22 knots, it would have smashed in the first 100 feet. And if you go from 20 miles an hour in 100 feet in a car, you're not even going to be throwing through the windscreen or anything, do you see what I mean? So actually, it would have been quite a gentle and should have floated indefinitely. But this whole shelf is doing damage to what we call Titanic's keel, which is the flat-bottomed area. And then what happened was some of the plates underneath were damaged in the fifth watertight compartment. And that's the end boiler room. And when Andrews, who designed Titanic or helped design it and helped build it, he was actually travelling on the maiden voyage. And when he realised it was leaking into number five,

• 22:17Speaker 03

  he knew that the pumps in the stern were not sufficient to keep the water down.

• 22:22Dan Snow?

  So if it, front four, you can manage.

• 22:24Speaker 03

  Manage forever.

• 22:25Dan Snow?

  Just that one extra compartment.

• 22:26Speaker 03

  Yeah, it was probably a couple of feet too far.

• 22:29Dan Snow?

  Really?

• 22:30Speaker 03

  Yeah.

• 22:30Dan Snow?

  So if they'd had another two seconds on that big turn to port, they probably could have just about made it, you reckon?

• 22:37Speaker 03

  A hundred percent.

• 22:39Dan Snow?

  Or if they just kept going and bashed it head on.

• 22:41Speaker 03

  Yeah, I think Murdock would have been fired if they'd bashed it head on, because the captain would be like, why didn't you try and avoid it? In fact, Murdock did two things. We talked earlier about the harder starboard, the famous harder starboard order. But there's a much less famous order, which quartermaster Oliver noted when he came on to the bridge at that time, which was harder port. So what happened was that they were going harder starboard to move the bow to the left. And then they were exposing all of the right-hand side of the stern of Titanic. So what Murdock wanted to do was flick the tail of the ship away. And this gives you an idea, Dan, of actually how well the ship did turn, because he did flick the stern away, and that's why the damage stopped.

• 23:20Speaker 03

  Otherwise, you see, if he hadn't gone harder port afterwards, the iceberg would have ripped right the way down the side of Titanic, and she'd probably have rolled over. And sunk, but the fact that he flipped, he used the good steering of Titanic and his immense skill dance to flip the stern tail of the ship out of the way, but this actually ran the bow more into the iceberg.

• 23:40Dan Snow?

  So they're making decisions even as the scraping is taking place, he's throwing, he's throwing that tail.

• 23:46Speaker 03

  Oh yeah, yeah, hundred percent, hundred percent, absolutely right.

• 23:48Dan Snow?

  In the minutes that follow, so forty one, forty two, forty three.

• 23:52Speaker 03

  Yeah.

• 23:53Dan Snow?

  What decisions are being made? Is there sort of panic on the bridge or are they doing stuff?

• 23:56Speaker 03

  Well, immediately after the collision, Captain Smith runs onto the bridge and says, what was that? And Murdoch said, it was an iceberg, we've struck an iceberg. And Smith says, close the watertight doors. And Murdoch says, I've already closed them.

• 24:09Dan Snow?

  Okay, five minutes in, twenty three forty five, we've got Captain Smith on the bridge. What's he thinking?

• 24:14Speaker 03

  He's very worried, Dan, because not only did he feel the collision itself, he was sufficiently worried to order the watertight doors closed. Now, actually Murdoch, who was the officer in charge of the watch, had already done that, but Smith was sufficiently worried to order the carpenter to go down straight away to sound the ship. But what really worries Smith is there's a little instrument on the bridge called a commutator. And this is a thing which tells how the ship is listing. Now, normally they use it for in a heavy sea or when they're trimming it for a cargo, for example, how they load the ship. And he knows it's an absolutely dead calm night. He knows it's like a mill pond out there. And when he looked at that commutator, it's showing a five degree list to starboard.

• 24:56Speaker 03

  So he knows she's making water fast. And in fact, Ismay does ask him, he's the owner of Titanic, Ismay comes onto the bridge and asks the captain, why have we stopped? He says, we've hit an iceberg. He says, is it serious? And Smith does say, I believe it is serious.

• 25:12Dan Snow?

  Tell me about Smith. Was this his last journey? Was he past it? Was he the right man for the job?

• 25:18Speaker 03

  Well, all these are in fact myths, as you, as you hint. No, Smith was in his absolute peak. He was the best captain of the White Star Line. Captain Smith was known as the millionaire's captain. And you would think that he would always have a voice like a foghorn. In fact, he almost never spoke above a conversational tone. But when He had to reprimand a sailor, he could make them jump off the deck. So they liked him. He was popular with the first class passengers because he was urbane, intelligent, sophisticated. He could talk about antitrust law and things like that when he was around the first class dinner table. But when he was with the sailors, he was greatly admired for his speed and caution and safety.

• 25:59Speaker 03

  He was known as the Commodore of the White Star Line, and they particularly chose him to do every maiden voyage. So he did the Adriatic when she was the biggest ship in the world. He did the Olympic when she was the biggest ship in the world. Now he was doing the Titanic. In fact, he had every intention of doing the Britannics next ship's maiden voyage as well. So he was at least three years away from retirement. And he'd never really had an accident, apart from the year before in nineteen eleven. He liked going fast and he was racing a navy vessel called HMS Hawke. And unfortunately, the huge suction from the propellers of Olympic, combined with the shallow water off the Isle of Wight in Southampton Water,

• 26:39Speaker 03

  actually sucked the Hawk into the side of Olympic. Now, actually, even on Titanic's maiden voyage, when the passengers were having lunch as they were departing Southampton Water, there had been a coal strike. Lots of ships were laid up and this constricted the channel even more. And actually, the New York, which herself was once the biggest ship in the world, she was sucked away from her mooring lines, which snapped, and she was sucked towards Titanic's hull. Now, the relevance of this is that it was quick thinking on Smith's part, putting a touch of thrust on the port propeller that actually washed New York back into her berth and saved a collision then. Now, ironically, had Captain Smith not been so quick thinking on the Wednesday before when Titanic left Southampton,

• 27:23Speaker 03

  the voyage would have been cancelled and everyone would have been saved. Twenty-three forty-six, does he order the engine stopped or do they just come to a stop? Murdoch orders the engines to be stopped. Titanic then comes to a stop after about five minutes, something like that. What about the passengers? Are they aware of what's going on now in the minutes that follow? What really alerts the passengers that there's trouble, Dan, is the engine stopping. Because 10 minutes after the collision, the engine stopped for the last time. And you know, when you're at sea, if anyone's been on a cruise, they'll remember there's always the sort of dancing of the mattress. There might be some clinking of some glasses. There's that shipboard hum. And what happened was, Dan, that that shipboard hum stopped.

• 28:08Speaker 03

  And it was really, although some people heard the and felt the noise of the collision. What woke most people up was the sudden stillness, which at sea in a liner like Titanic, which takes days and days to cross the Atlantic. That's just wrong. And they're like, why have we stopped? So what did they do? They all went and opened their windows. The first thing they did was, oh, have we arrived in New York? Have we hit another boat? Have we run out of coal? What's happened? So they all opened their windows, portholes, to have a look out. And they thought, beautiful starry night, absolutely fine, must be something non-critical. And they went back to bed, but a lot of them left the portholes open.

• 28:48Dan Snow?

  So at that stage, no panic really among the passengers?

• 28:51Speaker 03

  Oh, absolutely no panic at all. So even at that stage, even Andrews is saying, before he knows the rate and the extent of damage. Even Andrews is saying, we think it'll be all right. And then Smith, not the doddery old man that he's portrayed as, Smith goes, get the carpenter to sound the ship. So straight away, he's ordering the carpenter to go and sound the ship.

• 29:13Dan Snow?

  And that means work out how much water's in the bottom of the ship?

• 29:15Speaker 03

  That's right. And what the carpenter did, because he was quite a clever chap, is he went to stand on that spiral staircase. And he let his plumb line down and he drew it back up. And he was amazed because 10 minutes after the collision only, he had seven feet of water in Titanic.

• 29:30Dan Snow?

  Oh, that's bad news.

• 29:32Speaker 03

  Well, that is very bad news because it's not just these first four watertight compartments. It also goes into the fifth compartment, and that is outside, Dan, of Titanic's design envelope. Because Titanic is built to withstand any sort of normal collision that might happen between two vessels at sea. She's even built to have a running aground where she just hits head on. But what she's not designed for is the kind of side swipe disaster that she had.

• 29:59Dan Snow?

  Like a tin can just opening up.

• 30:00Speaker 03

  Absolutely right.

• 30:02Dan Snow?

  Tim Moulton, just before midnight, 23.58, just before midnight, almost 20 minutes after the collision. Captain Smith's obviously thinking about what comes next because he orders the lifeboats to be uncovered.

• 30:14Speaker 03

  That's right, this is very significant and it's almost a window onto Smith's mind because he gives the order at that time to what's called uncover the boats. And that means that take the canvas covers off, start getting ready, start getting the oars and everything out, ready to ship, start swinging out the davits because Titanic had these sort of cranes on her deck which would swing the lifeboats out. So he doesn't yet know if they're going to have to abandon ship because the designer is still, the builder of Titanic is still doing his calculations. But Smith wants to be ready, so he makes sure that the crew start preparing the lifeboats as a precaution.

• 30:48Dan Snow?

  Tim, has anyone perished by this stage? Were people killed in that initial collision down there in the depths of the hull?

• 30:54Speaker 03

  Not yet. In fact, there is someone called Fred Barrett who falls into an open manhole cover that's open because they're trying to get the pumps from the stern to come in and help with the front. And because of all the steam, because they're trying to put the fires out in the boilers, he falls into this manhole cover and breaks his leg. But no, no one has died at this stage.

• 31:14Dan Snow?

  Presumably now on the bridge, there's damage reports coming in from different parts of the ship, trickling in. The news is bad.

• 31:20Speaker 03

  The news on the bridge is terrible and it's blow after blow. So first of all, the carpenter comes up sort of white in the face in a bit of a dither about how much water the ship is making. Then the mail clerks rush up and want to know where the captain is because Titanic's a royal mail ship. One of her key things is delivering mail at super fast speed to America. And Dan, 10 minutes after the collision, the mailbags are floating in the mailroom. The cars and stuff that are on Titanic, they're all underwater by now. The crew, the firemen's accommodation is underwater. So at this stage, people down below in the forward are also third-class male passengers know there's a problem because their berths are having water coming in because the females in third class were at the stern.

• 32:05Speaker 03

  So they didn't know anything about it, but the males were in the bow and they knew all about it.

• 32:09Dan Snow?

  Wow.

• 32:10Speaker 03

  Not if they were in families, Dan. I should say, men travelling alone in third class were in the bow, women travelling alone in third class were in the stern.

• 32:16Dan Snow?

  And just while we're here, were they locked in? Denied access to escape.

• 32:20Speaker 03

  They were not locked below down. So, um, in fact, there's no easy answer to that question. So let me explain. The gates between third class and the rest of the ship had to be locked. That was the rule. And it was actually insisted upon by US immigration. In other words, what they said was, if you open these gates during the voyage, we're not going to let any of you in at New York. So they had to keep the gates shut. Now, interestingly, at the point that Smith orders the boats uncovered as a precaution, he doesn't yet know that it's an abandon ship order. Now later on, Dan, when they do abandon ship, they immediately open the gates. And not only do they open the gates, they send first class stewards down to third class to guide them up to the boat.

• 33:01Speaker 03

  But when we hear the reports that they're locked below, that's because Titanic is complying with the immigration laws. And yes, those gates are locked. So actually, third class did try and climb the gates. They tried to barter and bargain with the crew to get them opened. And the crew did not open them until the order to abandon ship is given. And that isn't till about forty minutes after the collision.

• 33:26Dan Snow?

  Okay, well, we're going to come to that. So fourteen minutes past midnight. We're now on Monday morning?

• 33:31Speaker 03

  Monday morning, Dan. Fifteenth of April, nineteen twelve.

• 33:34Dan Snow?

  We're having a bad Monday morning. Uh, the lifeboats are ordered to be swung out now on these davits.

• 33:39Speaker 03

  That's right. So they've been prepared, the covers have come off, they've got them all ready. And then Smith says, swing them out. And that's the next stage to being, you know, super ready because now they can be actually filled with people.

• 33:51Dan Snow?

  So Tim, there's a big myth, isn't there, that the lifeboats were unsightly and there weren't enough of them. Is that true?

• 33:56Speaker 03

  Again, Dan, it's a very hard question to answer. So Titanic had twenty lifeboats. Sixteen lifeboats that are what you would call proper clinker bill, wooden lifeboats. But Titanic also carried four collapsible boats. So these had solid sort of flat bottoms. But then you could pull up canvas sides on them. And so she had four of those. So in total, you could say she had sixteen lifeboats and four life rafts known as collapsible lifeboats. Titanic, although she sank on an even keel and took two hours twenty minutes to sink, she's. Still sank with some lifeboats attached. So she didn't have enough time, even with all that time and even on an even keel,

• 34:35Speaker 03

  to unload all her lifeboats. And what's fascinating about this is people, you know, armchair historians in the future, you know, with the benefit of hindsight can say, well, she should have had lifeboats for everyone. But as we know, Dan, from disasters like Costa Concordia and even Lusitania, is that most ships list when they're sinking. And that means you've got to have lifeboats on each side for everyone. So you've got to have then forty or fifty lifeboats, not twenty or thirty. And what the Board of Trade wanted was instead of ships piled high with lifeboats, that you'd never have enough crew or time to launch. What they wanted was properly subdivided vessels, which only needed to carry enough lifeboats to ferry, ferry the passengers, Dan, from a stricken vessel to a nearby rescue ship.

• 35:17Speaker 03

  So that was the idea, that the lifeboats would be used as ferries between Titanic and nearby ships that would rush to her aid.

• 35:25Dan Snow?

  We've got eighteen minutes past midnight now. The band are starting to play?

• 35:30Speaker 03

  That's right. So the main thing that Captain Smith wants to avoid is a panic. So he's now ordered people to get their warm clothes on and get up to the boat deck. And at the same time, he orders all the stewards from each of the classes to go down and tell passengers to be woken up and to put warm clothes on and their life belts on and to come up on deck. He even orders the gates between third class and second class to be opened. And he orders first class stewards to go down and usher the third class women and children, is the order, up to the boat. And so the band is playing actually quite light-hearted music. There was a comedy that was very popular in London at the time called The Merry Widow.

• 36:14Speaker 03

  And they were playing things like Ghost Dance, which is like a comic tune from The Merry Widow, for example. And actually, Dan, contrary to expectations, there was quite a lot of merriment going on among the passengers because they believed they were safe, they actually believed I think it wouldn't sink, they believed it was ridiculous that they were being asked to put their life jackets on. So there were lots of jokes about, you know, you'll you'll need to get some ice from the iceberg for your drink and all that.

• 36:40Dan Snow?

  So very different mood on the bridge to to Dan where the passengers were?

• 36:44Speaker 03

  Oh, yes. On the bridge, it's very serious. Smith's probably even actually sweating. Certainly, Lightoller was dripping in sweat at this time. But the passengers are making light of the situation.

• 36:56Dan Snow?

  And the mood on the bridge gets worse about 25 past midnight. So we're about 45 minutes-ish after that collision. We've got bad news for the captain from the designer, from the builder of the ship.

• 37:07Speaker 03

  That's right. This is the most shocking news of that night, really, because they believe they can cope with everything. They've got huge pumps on board to pump out the water. They've got watertight bulkheads. Titanic even had a double hull on her black keel. But Andrews has now crunched the numbers then. And he comes back and he says, she can't stay afloat. With the rate that water is coming in and with the number of compartments it's coming into, and with the power of the pumps that we've got on board, it's a mathematical certainty that Titanic will sink.

• 37:37Dan Snow?

  And it's his ship. He knows better than anybody else.

• 37:40Speaker 03

  Not only did he help design the ship, but he's the managing director of Harland and Wolf where she was built. He knows that ship like the back of his hand. Always first into work, always last to turn the lights out. He knows every rivet and every screw on that ship. If there was anyone that could save the ship, the man to do it was on board, Andrews. Now, he is on the side of caution and he reckons she's got an hour to an hour and a half to live. Now, actually Titanic floated on an even keel for two hours and 20 minutes. But nevertheless, you know, it was such a body blow to Smith, who had a young daughter at home, had a wife at home. He knew that he probably wasn't going to survive.

• 38:17Dan Snow?

  Because a captain ought to go down with his ship.

• 38:19Speaker 03

  Yeah. In fact, the rule is that after the abandon ship order has been given, captains can survive. And actually, the captain of the Lusitania survived the sinking of the Lusitania, for example. But I think Smith was one of those people. He knew it was going to be a very rough night.

• 38:36Dan Snow?

  You're listening to Dan Snow's History. This is the Titanic sinking minute by minute. More coming up.

• 38:46Dan Snow?

  This episode is brought to you by TikTok. I never thought about the history of coffee. You make it, you drink it, nothing more to it. Then I've had a TikTok video about how people in the 1700s would pour their coffee into saucers to let it cool before drinking it. I love that sort of discovery. A detail, but suddenly you're imagining how people lived and drank and socialized. Now I wonder what'll baffle historians about us. Mugs. It's a ceramic vessel, but crucially, it has a handle. Well, that's the joy of TikTok, folks. You look for one thing and find yourself somewhere completely different. Your next discovery is waiting on TikTok. Learn more at tiktok.com/discovermore.

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• 41:11Dan Snow?

  We're at 25 minutes past midnight, we're 45 minutes since the collision. Andrews and Smith have agreed that the ship is doomed. Smith orders the passengers to abandon ship. What about asking for help, getting on the radio?

• 41:24Speaker 03

  That's exactly what they do. So as soon as they realise that Titanic is going to sink, they work out their position and they give, there's a distress position. Now, there's the old distress call, which is CQD. Titanic's call signal is MGY. So the first signal that goes out is CQG MGY. But then there's this new signal called SOS, which has only just been brought in by a convention earlier of Marconi operators. And so they also use the new call SOS.

• 41:53Dan Snow?

  And that's Morse code, they just blasted that out into the ether.

• 41:55Speaker 03

  That's absolutely right.

• 41:56Dan Snow?

  There's another myth here that people have heard, do they send out the wrong coordinates?

• 42:00Speaker 03

  That's absolutely right, that is not a myth. So the way that Titanic and other ships in 1912 found their position, Dan, was by looking at the stars and how high they were relative to the horizon. So Titanic took her star sights at 7.30, so just before it was completely dark. And unfortunately, obviously, you have to take the star sights on deck. And they have a thing called a hack watch, which is what you and I would call a stopwatch. And what happened was that when Pittman, who was a junior officer, when he actually transferred the time from the star site at 7.30 onto Titanic's ship's chronometer's time, and Titanic had three clocks to make sure that nothing could go wrong, he made an error of one minute in transcribing the time.

• 42:43Speaker 03

  And so Titanic's position was correctly logged, the star sights were correct, but because the time was a minute out, Titanic's position was given as 10 miles too far west. Because one minute at 42 north, which is the latitude she was at, is 10 miles too far west, so it was the wrong coordinates. Is anyone on the receiving end of these messages? That's right. So because it was such a clear night, the messages actually travelled much further than they normally would. So they're picked up all over the place. They're picked up at Cape Race on land, about 400 miles away. In fact, Titanic's sister ship, the Olympic, picks up the distress signals straight away. And bizarrely, Dan, a couple of rather important ships that don't pick it up is, there's a ship only 10 miles away

• 43:27Speaker 03

  called the Californian, her radio operator's gone to bed, he's done a 14-hour shift, so he's asleep, so he doesn't pick it up. Even Titanic's eventual rescue ship, the Carpathia, Dan, doesn't actually pick up these distress calls immediately, because what's happening is Cotum is getting ready for bed, he's getting his slippers off, taking off his dressing gown. Cotum's the radio operator on the Carpathia, and what he does is he thinks, "I'll call my mates on Titanic", because they all knew each other. All these radio operators on the North Atlantic, Dan, they all trained together. And they were all young men, and they knew, they knew each other. And at a determined endearment, they used to call each other "old man", which is OM in code. So he said, "Say, old man", and Titanic's then quite rude. Titanic comes in "K", which means, "What is it? Carry on, you know, what

• 44:12Speaker 03

  are you saying?" And he says, "Oh, you've got some mail for you at Cape Cod". And then Phillips comes in and says, "CKD, CKD, SOS, SOS, it's a CKDOM", which means, "It's a CKD, old man. We are thinking you've got to come now and have your boats ready". And if Cotum on Carpathia had not telephoned Titanic, he wouldn't have picked up Titanic's distress signal either. But the Californian was 10 miles away. If they'd responded to the call, that would have been half an hour at 20 knots? They'd have had to get steam up, Dan. It would probably take them about an hour. So they would have got there at about the time that the last big lifeboats on Titanic were being launched. So it probably would have saved a lot more people. I think they could have saved a lot more people.

• 44:54Speaker 03

  So the Carpathia didn't get the incoming call, it just randomly decided to dial into Titanic and see how they were doing? Well, that's the amazing thing, Dan, because a lot of ships that were way too far away to help actually did hear the call, but actually the Carpathia, which was the only ship that eventually Came to Titanic's rescue, she actually just decided to telephone Titanic to let her know there was some mail waiting for her at Cape Cod. So when she just casually rings up Titanic, Phillips and Bride on Titanic, they can't believe it. And they're like, no, no, we're thinking, come now.

• 45:27Dan Snow?

  We don't care about the mail. That mail's gonna stay there.

• 45:30Speaker 03

  Yeah.

• 45:30Dan Snow?

  Right, we've got forty minutes past midnight. We're now an hour from that collision. We've got first lifeboats lowered away.

• 45:38Speaker 03

  That's right. So it takes a while for passengers to come up from their cabins with all their sort of motoring coats on and all their their life jackets and things. And then the first lifeboat to be launched is lifeboat number seven.

• 45:51Dan Snow?

  And is this first class passengers getting in this?

• 45:53Speaker 03

  First class passengers. So what you had to remember is broadly speaking, first class passengers towards the the front of the ship or the bow, second class and nearer the stern, and of course, third class are both right at the bow and right at the stern. And there are no lifeboats in that section at all.

• 46:07Dan Snow?

  These first class passengers, this is now getting real. They must be scared. Are they excited? What's going on with these passengers as they're being put in the lifeboats?

• 46:14Speaker 03

  Well, at this stage, Dan, they are still thinking that it's ridiculous that they're being put off in lifeboats because in nineteen twelve, most ordinary people couldn't swim. It was a freezing night and they all believed they were better off in the warmth and security of Titanic. They also trusted in radio that ships would be coming to their aid. In fact, to give you an idea of how brave the first passengers were who went in lifeboat number seven, there's a great little story about Dorothy Gibson, who was a beautiful film actress and she was so sort of attractive that many men had offered their services to protect her on the voyage, which is what how they carried on in nineteen twelve, Dan. And about four of them said, oh, you know, can I look after you on the ship and all this sort of thing. So

• 46:55Speaker 03

  her favourite, Kent, Edward Kent, she met him on the on the stairs going up to the lifeboat and she had her most treasured possession on her, which was a gold and ivory miniature of her mother. And what she did is she said, oh, they're making me go in the lifeboat. It's absolutely ridiculous. I'll be on board in the morning for breakfast, but here is this miniature. Can you look after it? Because you're gonna stay on the ship and I want it safe. I'm not having this miniature in a lifeboat. So he looks after it. She gets in the boat and is eventually saved. He goes down with the ship. His body is eventually saved and in his pocket is her miniature and she gets it back eventually.

• 47:32Dan Snow?

  Wow, so it's first-class passage, men allowed to go, is it the women going in there?

• 47:36Speaker 03

  So, men and women are all allowed on the deck, and in fact, Dan, it's different rules on each side of the ship. So, on the right-hand side of the ship, although the rule is women and children first, on the right-hand side of the ship, men are allowed to get in when there are no women and children around, or once all the women and children who are nearby have got in. So, a lot more people, a lot more men certainly, escape from Murdoch's side of Titanic, which is the side that he's in charge of on the right, whereas Lightoller is in charge of the left-hand side of the ship, and he's much more strict about no men at all. So, Astor, the richest man in the world, comes up to Lightoller and says, "Oh, can I go in with my pregnant wife to look after her?" Now, I think Murdoch on the other side would have let him, but Lightoller's like, "No, no men."

• 48:17Speaker 03

  So, the richest man in the world is consigned to die, and his pregnant wife, Madeleine, it goes in the lifeboat on her own. And then there's another boy who's only about 14, and Lightoller says he can't go, because in 1912, you're a man if you're over 13. And then, apparently, what Astor does is he puts a lady's hat on the boy and says, "Now, he's a girl and he can go." And he is then allowed to go, and that's where the myth of people dressing up as women comes from. It's actually a young boy who's given a girl's hat.

• 48:47Dan Snow?

  And why are those lifeboats loaded without their full complement?

• 48:50Speaker 03

  Well, that's absolutely right, Dan, and again, that sounds very odd from 100 years later, but I can explain why. So, what you had was you had emergency lifeboats, and that's called lifeboat number one. But that shared a crane, shared a davit, with some of the bigger lifeboats. So, what Murdoch wanted to do is get the little lifeboats away quickly, because they thought they only had an hour left, and that was really not enough time to launch all the boats. So, basically, what they were doing is getting the boats launched, and if there were people around, yes, they can all get in. But the chief thing was get the boats away quickly. The other thing they did, Dan, was they opened the doors in Titanic's hull, and they opened these gangway doors that were used in port,

• 49:32Speaker 03

  and they opened those so that the lifeboats could be filled more, they felt, safely. So, instead of filling them from 90 feet up, you can see in that photograph up there-

• 49:40Dan Snow?

  And lowering everyone down?

• 49:41Speaker 03

  See how far it was to the sea, eighty foot drop in the dark. And so what they wanted to do really was just lower the lifeboats away. Then get the people filled from lower down and they also felt they could fill them with more people if they filled them from the water.

• 49:53Dan Snow?

  Interesting. So there's these hatch in the sodhill, which is actually how people get on and off the ship when it's.

• 49:57Speaker 03

  That's right, that's right.

• 49:58Dan Snow?

  And they're close to the water level, so they can all just hop out of there and.

• 50:01Speaker 03

  Well, that was the plan, but in fact, what happened was all the lifeboats, once they got into the water, they could see how the ship was listing. And they were terrified of suction. And in fact, Captain Smith and some occasions ordered lifeboats to row to lights that they could see.

• 50:16Dan Snow?

  So yet another myth, Tim, that's not true, that they were callously abandoning people as they lowered half full lifeboats of toffs down into the sea.

• 50:22Speaker 03

  And there's another point there, Dan, that's very important, is that the Board of Trade, in their wisdom, decided that each lifeboat could take sixty five people. And this was based on some cubic footage worked out behind a dusty desk in Whitehall. But actually, Dan, when you had um six oars in the lifeboats, they needed room to swing. So you couldn't, you couldn't pack it with people and have room to swing the oars. The other thing is, people were bringing bits of luggage, someone had their dog in the lifeboat. Also, people would have these huge life jackets and big fur coats. So this was taking up more and more space. And a final thing is, someone like Lys Holler was a seaman, he'd actually been wrecked at sea before. He, he'd been um on a desert island even, uh of St Paul in the middle of uh, middle of the ocean.

• 51:03Speaker 03

  Anyway, he knew that the wind would come up with the sun in the morning. So he didn't want to load the lifeboats fully, because then they would start to get swamped. And in fact, as we'll find out later on, the lifeboats were becoming swamped when they were eventually rescued in the morning.

• 51:18Dan Snow?

  So it's forty four minutes past midnight and we can see, there is another ship, we can see lights from other ship.

• 51:23Speaker 03

  Well, this is one of the most extraordinary things that happened that night, Dan. So uh, the Californian had been nearby and she'd actually been watching Titanic the whole time. But because Californian was facing away from Titanic, because she'd run into a massive ice barrier that was just ahead of the iceberg that Titanic ran into. It was only when she swung around and what we call opened her lights out to Titanic, that suddenly, for example, her masthead light could be seen. Um by Titanic. And the other thing is that Californian had been Morse lamp signaling to Titanic since she stopped. But now they noticed her Morse lamp signals. So now the two vessels started to Morse lamp signal to each other.

• 52:02Dan Snow?

  But that's great.

• 52:04Speaker 03

  It should be great, Dan, but remember, we're talking about the Titanic and everything's a tragedy. So that night, what happened was, because of the very cold water we talked about in the Labrador Current, it had made the air lie in layers of colder, heavier air down below and warmer air higher up. And this added, Dan, to the beauty of the night, because someone like Beasley later on in the lifeboat said that the stars were flashing so much that it seemed like the stars were morsing to each other. Now, the terrible tragedy is that it didn't just make the stars flash, it made the mors flash randomly.

• 52:36Dan Snow?

  No.

• 52:37Speaker 03

  Yes. So Titanic and Californian decided that they were both looking at vessels burning oil lamps, flickering oil lamps, because it scrambled the scents out of the mors. And there's something even worse than that, is that the Californian knew that they had a map of all the ships in the area with radio. And they had a map saying, the only ship near us with radio is Titanic. And the reason they didn't get their radio out is that because of this raised horizon caused by this very calm weather and this fog bank on the horizon, basically, it made Titanic look like she was only five miles away from them. And that made them think she was only 400 feet long, instead of a ship twice as long, twice as far away. So they then concluded that whatever ship that was, it was about the same size

• 53:22Speaker 03

  as they were and didn't have radio.

• 53:25Dan Snow?

  So it couldn't be Titanic?

• 53:26Speaker 03

  So therefore, she doesn't have radio.

• 53:28Dan Snow?

  So don't bother to turn the radio on. Oh, the tragedy.

• 53:32Speaker 03

  Oh, it's tragedy after tragedy after.

• 53:33Dan Snow?

  So they were, they were within sight of Titanic. That's crazy.

• 53:37Speaker 03

  As I said, they'd been morsing for a long time. A lot of calmness on Titanic was because people were looking on the bridge, because Titanic was facing towards Californian. And actually, Smith allowed not just first-class passengers, but also stewards and passengers of all classes to go onto the bridge and actually have a look at what was going on. And they were calm because they believed that the Californian was actually coming towards Titanic. And the reason for that was, remember, we said that she'd swung around and opened out her lights. So suddenly she'd appeared. Now, Dan, if you suddenly see a ship just appear, you think it's coming towards you. So they all felt they were about to be rescued.

• 54:12Dan Snow?

  So the Californian had arrived at this big ice island, hadn't hit anything.

• 54:16Speaker 03

  It ran into the shallow ice, which had scared Captain Lord.

• 54:19Dan Snow?

  Okay. And it was just, but therefore just floating about, waiting to work its way around?

• 54:23Speaker 03

  Uh, that's absolutely right. It was waiting till daylight to explore. And so, um, Captain Law decided that the ship he was looking at was a nearby small vessel, probably got into trouble with his rudder, wasn't answering his Morse lamp signals, uh, didn't appear to be making rocket signals because the rockets appeared to be very low. They appeared to be coming from a ship further away, which is very ironic. Um, and so he thought, I tell you what I'm gonna do, I'm gonna wait three hours till daylight when I can investigate in safety.

• 54:52Dan Snow?

  So the first boat to be loaded is very much from the sort of first class area of the ship. Does that mean it's only first class passengers in there?

• 54:59Speaker 03

  Yes, um, in fact, they did send stewards down to second class and third class, um, to help passengers come up. But their real priority, Dan, was luring the lifeboats before Titanic sank underneath them. So, um, it just so happened that the first class had these big decks where they stored the lifeboats. So it is logical that the first people on the scene with the lifeboats are first class.

• 55:24Dan Snow?

  So are there women who refuse to leave the ship if they, if their husbands can't come with them?

• 55:29Speaker 03

  Oh, absolutely. This happened quite a bit, um, especially, um, I would say Isidore and Ida Strauss. So they actually owned what's Macy's department store. They were a very wealthy, older couple. And it was regarded really that Isidore Strauss, uh, the gentleman, would have been allowed into a lifeboat because he was quite old and very important, and she was frail and needed someone to be with her. But he absolutely refused. He said, I will not get in a lifeboat before other men. And so she said, because she was pretty terrified as well of going out in a small boat without him on the North Atlantic in the dark. Um, so she said, I would rather stay with my husband, so I will stay. So she elected to stay because he wasn't allowed in.

• 56:09Dan Snow?

  And did they perish?

• 56:10Speaker 03

  They did. Um, it's believed they went down to their cabin together and drowned together.

• 56:16Dan Snow?

  Okay, so the Californian thought they were, they were near a ship without radios, didn't turn their radio on, they couldn't see the Morse lamps, these light signals. Was there any other way of getting in touch?

• 56:27Speaker 03

  Well, Titanic had one final way of alerting help, Dan, and this was what's called distress rockets. And these are rockets which went up and went 600 feet high, exploded into a ball of stars and then came down on little sort of parachutes quite slowly. Now tragically, because the nearby ship thought they were looking at a smaller, nearer ship than they were, they thought these rockets were coming from much beyond the ship that they were looking at. And unfortunately, the rockets were only really detectable when they were very low down because in that cold air that was magnifying, whereas when they were very high up in the warm air, they were too far away to be seen. And so they thought they were some sort of company signal or what they really thought

• 57:10Speaker 03

  was there was some sort of signal from a vessel way beyond the one they were looking at.

• 57:15Dan Snow?

  Wow, so many things had to go wrong for this tragedy to take place.

• 57:18Speaker 03

  That's right, Dan.

• 57:19Dan Snow?

  We're at 47 minutes past midnight, Tim, we're over an hour since the collision. First of all, are there any casualties yet? Has anyone drowned down below?

• 57:27Speaker 03

  Well, they haven't drowned down below. What's happened is, Dan, a lot of the engineers have what's called damped the boilers to avoid explosions because what they didn't want was freezing seawater pouring into red hot boilers and then exploding. So in fact, one of the first orders that Captain Smith gives on the bridge and very soon after the collision as well, within a couple of minutes of the collision, he orders the boilers to be damped. So what happens is that once they've damped it, a lot of the boilers, firemen, go up to the top and are just cooling their heels, just waiting on the, in their promenade area. And what there is in the engine room is lots of activity. There's a skeleton crew down there and what they're doing is they are making sure to keep steam up because the steam drove the lights on Titanic and what they wanted to do was keep the lights burning.

• 58:12Speaker 03

  In fact, Dan, there was a squash core on Titanic, which is amazing innovation, and the lights were burning under the seawater and you could see the green seawater. So people were looking in the viewing gallery of the squash core and they could see green Atlantic water in there, lit up by these lights that were still burning. So yes, lots of activity around the dynamos and the engine room to keep the lights burning.

• 58:35Dan Snow?

  Water level rising or still far enough to the stern that they're reasonably dry?

• 58:39Speaker 03

  The water level is rising in the bow because what's happening is the weight of water, Dan. So although Titanic weighs 50,000 tonnes, you can imagine there's thousands of tonnes of water coming in very quickly. And so what's happening is, imagine if you're making sort of ice or something in an ice cube tray. What happens is, as Titanic, like an ice cube tray dips into the water, it fills the first cube, then the second cube, then the third cube. And what happens is the weight of water is getting bigger and bigger. And remember, we talked about how actually there wasn't much damage done by the iceberg. But guess what? As soon as the anchor hozer goes in, you can see at the bow there, there's that big anchor. That is a huge hole. That hole itself was doubled the size of the damage that was done by the iceberg as soon as that goes down. So then she starts to sink twice as fast.

• 59:24Speaker 03

  And guess what? When everyone was ordered up to the lifeboats, they didn't go back down to their rooms to shut their portholes, which they'd been looking out of to see why they'd come to a stop. So what happened is, Dan, these portholes are big, right? And remember, the damage to Titanic isn't that big. So every two portholes that goes underwater, it doubles and triples and quadruples the damage to Titanic as she's settling in the water. So Titanic's actually sinking faster and faster and faster.

• 59:49Dan Snow?

  So 47 minutes past midnight, there is just sort of mixed news, a slightly bit of good news for Titanic, the first in a while, is that someone is actually responding?

• 59:58Speaker 03

  Well, it's very good news because all these ships that have responded previously are just too far away to make any difference. And now Carpathia, who was actually heading from America to Europe, she has decided to turn straight around and head for Titanic. Problem is, she's 56 miles away. Now, that might not sound like very long, but Titanic asks her, when do you think you'll get here? How long will it take you? And she says, we'll be with you in about four hours. And they know, they just haven't got four hours, Dan.

• 1:00:27Dan Snow?

  Oof. For the next 10 minutes, there's more and more lifeboats being lowered now.

• 1:00:32Speaker 03

  That's right. So lifeboats are being lowered the whole time. So there's twenty lifeboats. And they lowered about sixteen of them. They were lowering them about every ten, fifteen minutes. They were lowering them more or less in order. So you've got the sort of lifeboats numbered one to seven going first. Then you've got the later lifeboats coming in. But there are still some things called collapsible lifeboats, Dan. And they're on the top of the bridge around the first funnel area. And the ship actually ends up going down with some of those collapsible lifeboats still attached.

• 1:01:03Dan Snow?

  We're at quarter past one AM on Monday morning. The bow's underwater. Presumably now the passengers have realised this is life and death.

• 1:01:14Speaker 03

  Absolutely right. So people are much whiter, they're much more terrified with fear, their blood's drained out of their cheeks. And they are very, very worried. And there's negotiations going on about who's going to get into a lifeboat, who isn't. Because tragically, Dan, in nineteen twelve, if you were over thirteen, you were an adult, if you were a man. So they were regarding it as really women and children, but actually teenage sons were not allowed in the lifeboats. And this had a, an unforeseen consequence, which is a lot of the third-class families, for example, the Goodwins. There were eight of them, ranging from all ages, and they chose to stay together instead of splitting up. The younger males and the husband from the daughters and the mother. And there's another reason for that.

• 1:01:59Speaker 03

  If we think of socio-economic times in nineteen twelve, it was often the man that was the breadwinner in nineteen twelve. And a lot of the first and second-class passengers were travelling on business. They had plenty of money, they could replace everything, and there was only a couple of them travelling. So they were sort of nimble to move around the deck. Whereas if you've got a family of eight.

• 1:02:18Dan Snow?

  You're emigrating.

• 1:02:19Speaker 03

  You're emigrating. You've got all your luggage, you've got everything you own on that ship. You can't replace stuff that's lost. Also, you can't replace the breadwinner if your husband dies very easily. You might be destitute. So I think with third class, they had a lot more to think about. And tragically, a lot of third class, they had every assistance, Dan, women and children, to get to the lifeboats as much as anyone else. But they chose to stay together.

• 1:02:44Dan Snow?

  And was that increasingly fraught for the officers that are running this evacuation?

• 1:02:49Speaker 03

  We have a particularly fraught time on the starboard side towards the stern of Titanic, which is kind of where these lifeboats are here, because what happens is that a flood of third-class passengers does come up from third-class and decide to want to get onto the boats, but a lot of the lifeboats are already full. And so people are trying to jump into the lifeboats now. In fact, some people did jump into the lifeboats, including first-class, and there are stories about people having arms broken, ankles broken by people jumping into the lifeboats. And so what fifth officer Lowe does is he actually takes his revolver and fires into the air. And of course, that brings everyone up, you know, sharp and realises that it's serious. And so that stops a lot of the rushing of the boats.

• 1:03:31Dan Snow?

  All right, Tim, so 1.30am right to 1.45 this period, those final lifeboats are being lowered. There's a big clamour to get on. Are we talking big queues, a melee to get on these lifeboats?

• 1:03:41Speaker 03

  That's absolutely right, Dan. It couldn't be more different from when the first lifeboats were launched. They were trying to beg people to get in. The band was playing, you know, sort of lovely classical music. Actually, comedy music sometimes at that time. By now, Dan, people know it's a very serious situation. They know there's more people wanting to get onto the lifeboats that they can see in front of them than there is room. And so what this crew do is they throw a cordon of linked arms around the lifeboats, and they're actually pushing the people back and they're allowing women and children through under there, between their arms, to get into the lifeboats. And then as soon as it's it's full enough, they're like, right, no more in this boat, lower away.

• 1:04:21Dan Snow?

  So there's more people in these last lifeboats, but is it more challenging lowering them?

• 1:04:26Speaker 03

  Well, it's very challenging because not only are the ropes straining and creaking, because these lifeboats are in some cases actually overfilled, but also what's happening is that there's a discharge coming out of the side of Titanic, and it's actually washing lifeboats together, so that they're actually being lowered one on top of the other. And there's a danger that people in the lifeboat on the sea will actually be crushed by the lifeboat that's coming down. So they absolutely scream and shout and say, hold on, hold on. And luckily, someone on the deck hears them and halts the lowering of the lifeboat above. And it allows the lifeboat below to cut the falls and actually head away from the ship, and then to safely lower the lifeboat above. But obviously, it's a balance between absolute speed, rushing to get these boats away, but balancing it with safety.

• 1:05:12Dan Snow?

  But we still only got a fraction of the passengers on board into these lifeboats that are now floating around Titanic.

• 1:05:16Speaker 03

  That's right. So tragically, there were 2,227 passengers on Titanic. We've also got, remember, we've got like 800 crew. So unfortunately, only about 700 people actually got into lifeboats. And people thought that people could swim from the water into the lifeboats. But unfortunately, the water was below freezing then, and people only survived about 20 minutes.

• 1:05:43Dan Snow?

  You listen to Dan Stowe's History, the Titanic is going to sink after this. Don't go away.

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• 1:07:23Dan Snow?

  So Tim, we're now at five past two on Monday morning. The final lifeboat's being lowered. That must have been a hot ticket.

• 1:07:28Speaker 03

  Well, it was, and there's a lot of controversy around this because Ismay, who actually owns the White Star Line, owns Titanic. He actually is standing there. He has been helping. He's been acting like a member of the crew, helping launch the boats. He's got his pyjamas on under his suit. He's sweating, he's waving his arms around. Actually, he's annoying the crew. They're like, "Look, we're handling it. Just leave us alone." But then at that last moment, when it is, you know, he knows it's death or there's a space in the boat and he kind of feels that it's going to be a wasted space in the boat if he doesn't get into it because no one else is allowed to get into it, but he switches from crew to passenger. So suddenly the crew, who kind of owns the captain, if you like,

• 1:08:12Speaker 03

  suddenly becomes the first class passenger with massive staterooms and suites. And I think, to be fair to him as well, I think Chief Officer Wild, who's one of his most senior officers, says, "Look, come on, there's a space for you here. Get in." You know, almost, almost bungled him into the lifeboat. But whatever happens, he ends up regretting it.

• 1:08:31Dan Snow?

  So that boat is lowered with the owner of Titanic in it.

• 1:08:35Speaker 03

  That's absolutely right. It's a fateful decision. So yes, he saves his life and who among us can say in the same situation, because thankfully we haven't been in that situation, that we wouldn't try and save ourselves as well, but he makes that decision and he has to live with it. And it comes home to roost very quickly because when he is got up onto the rescue ship Carpathia, he cannot see any of the other passengers. He can't face anyone. So he goes into the doctor's cabin. He's shivering, he's delirious. They put him on sedatives and he stays locked in his cabin for the entire slow, long journey to New York. And everyone's like, "Where's Ismay? Why were we going so fast? Why did we crash? What's going on?" And he will, he refuses to speak to anyone.

• 1:09:19Speaker 03

  He does say that it ruined his life. In fact, later on, he does still function as a company director and things like that, but he was, he was very heavily vilified in the press at the time.

• 1:09:30Dan Snow?

  What is the mood as you watch that last lifeboat lowered? What's the mood amongst the people remaining on board?

• 1:09:36Speaker 03

  I mean, it's terror and shock. I mean, some people are running around trying to find other lifeboats, not realising that there aren't anymore. The band who bravely played throughout the whole lowering of the lifeboats without trying to get into a lifeboat themselves. They know that game's up, as it were, and they actually go down to their cabins, they get their instruments, put them on their backs, they take their shoes off. And we know later on that they did actually jump off the ship before it went down completely. But of course, all the survivors said the band played until the end, and they did because they were very brave. But very, very few people survived who weren't in lifeboats. And therefore, the survivors all say the band played until the end.

• 1:10:16Speaker 03

  But we actually know, Dan, that they stopped playing about 15 minutes before the ship actually disappeared below the waves.

• 1:10:22Dan Snow?

  Captain Smith, unlike Ismay, he's still on board.

• 1:10:26Speaker 03

  He's still on board, and unlike Ismay, he hasn't been panicking like Ismay was loading the boats. He's kept it very calm. And what he's been doing is just quietly going around to each knot of men, lowering the lifeboats, encouraging them, saying, "Well done, lads." But what he does is he quietly goes around and he says, "It's time to abandon ship. It's every man for himself."

• 1:10:45Dan Snow?

  You've done enough.

• 1:10:46Speaker 03

  He even goes to the wireless cabin and says, "I release you both. You've done everything you can, you know, basically stopped sending distress message. It's not worth it anymore." And they still stay at their posts. But Smith's job at this stage is to go around and do that. He's also being approached by women holding babies, saying, "Captain, what do I do?" So he's in this terrible situation. He's also scanning the horizon for the Carpathia to come or to Californian. And he's constantly looking around at what's going to be happening next.

• 1:11:17Dan Snow?

  So Captain Smith says, "Every man for himself." That just means your work here is done. Do the best you can to save yourself. How does everyone respond to that differently?

• 1:11:25Speaker 03

  Well, that's right, Dan. So what it was meant to mean was you're you're no longer required to stick to your post on the ship and you can save yourself. Now, in fact, we're led to believe that Murdoch didn't want to save himself. He felt personally guilty for having been in charge of Titanic at the time of what became the fatal collision. And there is a French gentleman who very vividly writes a letter home and recalls Murdoch, in fact, after he's launched one of the last sort of proper lifeboats before the collapsible boats. He is actually standing there more or less with with water around his feet and he actually does a salute, military salute, and then takes a revolver and shoots himself in the

• 1:12:07Speaker 03

  head and falls to the deck. And there's a couple of people that corroborate that. So I believe that Murdoch did, in fact, take his own life. At 2:15 a.m. there's a particular event. What happens then? Well, there's an extraordinary event at 2:15 because it's such a calm night. But suddenly Titanic takes a lunge forward and this makes people think there's a wave on the North Atlantic and this wave washes a lot of people into the sea. It actually knocks off the first funnel. They believe John Jacob Astor was crushed by the first funnel on the starboard wing bridge. So the funnel falls into the starboard wing bridge. So we've got a wave that's coming over the bows here? Yeah, that's right. It washes over the top here of the officers' quarters. Okay. It washes people that are trying to release collapsibles A and B at the front

• 1:12:50Speaker 03

  here. They're trying to cut the falls and release it. It washes them off the deck. And at that point, they know it's it's pretty much the end. And in fact, Lightoller takes a header dive off the bridge. And in fact, so does Captain Smith. So, you know, in the film, we've got Smith in that dramatic scene and the water's coming up the windows and everything. That didn't happen at all. Smith actually dived into the sea and he was actually found helping babies and children to get to life.

• 1:13:16Dan Snow?

  Is this the first mass casualty event then, now that there's a wave that's crashed over and swept some people into the freezing cold sea?

• 1:13:22Speaker 03

  That's absolutely right, Dan, because up until now, there's been a lot of panic and danger, but actually not a huge amount of deaths aboard Titanic. But what we have here with this wave is the first people being washed into the freezing ocean. Now, they can only survive in there 10 to 20 minutes maximum.

• 1:13:37Dan Snow?

  So the big wave's around 2.15, Captain Smith is in the water. Is this really the end? Not just the beginning of the end, is this the end?

• 1:13:44Speaker 03

  It's really the end, and what really signifies that, Dan, is that Titanic's lights have heroically been kept burning by very brave engineers with no thought for saving themselves, keeping the dynamos going, keeping everything running. And suddenly, what happens is we get this big wave coming in which washes people off. But it's part of where the ship actually breaks her back. So the weight of the bow is full of water, and the stern up in the air actually snaps. And at that moment, all the lights go out in the ship, and everyone knows there's only a matter of five minutes left before she sinks.

• 1:14:18Dan Snow?

  So the big wave smashes the bows, the stern, which has been out of the water? The propeller's out of the water?

• 1:14:24Speaker 03

  The propeller's out of the water, but again, only an angle of about 15 degrees, not the Hollywood version.

• 1:14:28Dan Snow?

  And eventually, that bit sticking out of the water, that stern, just breaks off.

• 1:14:32Speaker 03

  That's right, because the Titanic is made to be on an even keel and supported all the way along her length. You know, maybe in huge waves, she could take a couple of waves underneath, but when she's got nothing underneath the stern at all, that's 20,000 tonnes. She's just not designed to hold that in the air. She's designed to float on the water. So she breaks there, and that's when all the lights go out.

• 1:14:55Dan Snow?

  So Titanic's hull ruptures, the lights go out, this big wave washes across the foredeck. Captain Smith's in the water. Light-hauler officers in the water.

• 1:15:04Speaker 03

  They are, Dan, and the musicians have by this time jumped into the water. We've also got a lot of third-class passengers and other passengers just jumping off the side of the ship. Some of them tragically are sucked back into the ship through open portholes, where there's a change in pressure and they're getting sucked in. But generally speaking, most of them, we end up with about 1,500 people in the water. On that calm night, in fact, the baker, he's been quite smart. He's gone down and filled his pockets with oranges and things like that. And less cleverly, perhaps, he's got completely drunk on brandy and stuff like that. Um, and he actually climbs over the stern, because what's fascinating, Dan, is as the ship breaks in half,

• 1:15:46Speaker 03

  the stern settles back again and people think, oh, the stern's going to stay afloat indefinitely. It's a lifeboat in itself, but unfortunately, there was so much damage done to the keel when the bow pulled apart from the stern, that the stern is actually slowly, slowly sinking. But the stern stays afloat on its own for about five minutes on an even keel. And people think we're going to be all right, then the stern itself starts to tip up.

• 1:16:10Dan Snow?

  So the stern section is now floating separately to the main section. Which one goes down first?

• 1:16:16Speaker 03

  So what happens is, in fact, Jack Thayer notices and does a sketch that the bow actually comes up a bit again. But we don't know whether his sketch is right or not. What we do know is from the seabed that Titanic's at about 500 metres apart, both sections. And in fact, the bow kites down to the seabed before the stern. So probably the bow goes down at least a couple of minutes. But remember, the sea's two miles deep there, but Titanic's bow is probably not yet hit the ground by the time the stern actually disappears. But it actually takes a while for the bow to sink two miles when it's full of water.

• 1:16:53Dan Snow?

  So at 2.17, we think the bow slips beneath the waves. So the bow's gone, the stern section, they think, my goodness, we might make it here. But then it starts to tip up again and, uh, and it's not long for this earth.

• 1:17:06Speaker 03

  That's right, Dan.

• 1:17:07Dan Snow?

  And are people jumping off?

• 1:17:09Speaker 03

  People are jumping off, people are screaming, um, people are actually saying prayers. One of the passengers actually said that it looked like clumps of bees, um, sort of hanging on to capstans and bits of decking and falling off in clumps. So people are sort of hanging on to each other and then falling off.

• 1:17:26Dan Snow?

  And we don't know what it was like because almost no one survives after the lifeboats have left Titanic.

• 1:17:32Speaker 03

  We don't know um firsthand what it was like being on board, however, there was enough light for some people who were swimming in the water like Jack Thayer to actually see people and light hollers see people dropping like clumps of bees from the deck. So they people could see very much what it was like if they were very close. Most of the lifeboats had now pulled away to a safe distance because they were worried about being caught in the suction.

• 1:17:55Dan Snow?

  So it is two twenty AM and the sea is flat calm. There is no Titanic. The mighty ship that had been there minutes before is just gone. What's the seascape look like?

• 1:18:06Speaker 03

  Well, it's just such a tragic picture, Dan. You've got a few lifeboats dotted around. Most of them can't see each other because they've all sort of split away. But what everyone can hear is this sickening sound, a bit like a football crowd cheering when a goal is scored. You've got one thousand five hundred people just screaming from the top of their lungs, you know, help comes to me. And what they're doing is they're they're calling the lifeboats back. But I'm afraid in the dark, the lifeboats that are in many cases quite overloaded anyway, but certainly when faced with a crowd of people, it will be like deciding to row your lifeboat into Wembley Stadium to pick people up. And you would just think you would get swamped immediately. So the lifeboats decided they would wait until the cries thinned out a bit. And so it would be more safe to go back.

• 1:18:50Speaker 03

  But tragically, by the time the lifeboats did go back, very few people were able to be saved. I think about five or six. Even people who were in lifeboats like the upturned collapsible or lifeboats that flooded a lot, even they died because the water was actually two degrees below freezing. So the rule of thumb basically is if you got submerged, you would probably not survive. Now, Lightoller was a really hard case. He got sucked under with the ship, but he was a real tough guy. He'd already survived shipwreck and things like that. He'd done gold prospecting in the frozen Yukon. Even his sailors called him a hard case, and he did manage to survive on the upturned collapsible B lifeboat.

• 1:19:30Dan Snow?

  So he came to the surface and there was a floating smaller lifeboat there?

• 1:19:33Speaker 03

  That's right. In fact, the first funnel, when it fell, created a wave which actually pushed the lifeboat away from Titanic. And he was able to reach that along with a number of others, including for a time Captain Smith. But unfortunately, people tended to drop off that during the night. So there was a woman there, I think with some children as well, and they dropped off during the night.

• 1:19:55Dan Snow?

  So people just clinging to the other side of this hull and they just...

• 1:19:57Speaker 03

  That's right, because they just can't cope with the cold and it's survival of the fittest.

• 1:20:02Dan Snow?

  Wow. Anybody else make it, having been fully submerged, having been aboard Titanic till the end?

• 1:20:07Speaker 03

  Well, the most remarkable story really of surviving in the water as opposed to in a lifeboat is a baker called Charles Jocelyn. And he was remarkable because he was the head baker on Titanic, but also he was quite drunk. He drunk a lot of alcohol in the moments before the sinking. He filled his pockets with food and biscuits and all sorts of stuff. And he says that he didn't get his head wet as the Titanic sank. He says he stood right on the end there as the bow went and just sort of swum off. But then they wouldn't let him on the lifeboat because they were worried that the air pocket in the upturned collapsible would get sort of, you know, submerged if too many people got on the boat. So they were policing it and they wouldn't let him get on. And then as sadly as people died

• 1:20:51Speaker 03

  in the night and fell off, then they said, right, now you can come on. So after about an hour or so, when other people had fallen off, he was then allowed to get on and he did end up surviving. I think that is probably because his blood was probably so, had so much alcohol in it that it was antifreeze.

• 1:21:07Dan Snow?

  And what's the last confirmed sighting of Captain Smith?

• 1:21:10Speaker 03

  The last confirmed sighting of Captain Smith is he was swimming to this collapsible B because it was the upturned boat that was nearest the officers' quarters. And he had a child in each arm. He gave the children to the crew on the upturned lifeboat. And they said, oh, come on, you know, save yourself, you know, jump on. And he said, no, I'm all right, boys, I'm all right, lads, you know, good luck. And then carried on to swimming near the lifeboat, but then would have eventually succumbed to the cold.

• 1:21:37Dan Snow?

  So he made the decision not to try and save himself?

• 1:21:40Speaker 03

  That's right. I mean, I think he probably have hoped that he would have eventually survived, but he was certainly not going to take up a place on a lifeboat that someone else could have climbed on to.

• 1:21:48Dan Snow?

  And the children that Captain Smith had taken to the life raft, did they survive?

• 1:21:53Speaker 03

  Unfortunately, they did not survive.

• 1:21:56Dan Snow?

  It's 4:17 AM and the next big event happens, that is that finally the Carpathia arrives.

• 1:22:03Speaker 03

  Well, that's right, Dan. It's been the most extraordinary night because people are finding themselves in these tiny lifeboats, in these freezing conditions on the wide North Atlantic. And what they're doing is they're constantly looking for boats and ships approaching. And that night, the stars were so clear that you could see them setting and rising behind the icebergs all around. And what they were seeing is they kept thinking that rising stars were ships approaching and that setting stars were ships going away. So the whole night, it was kind of what's going on. And eventually, they allow themselves to realise that these lights that are coming must be another ship. And that, of course, was the Carpathia. She arrived on the scene about 4:20 in the morning.

• 1:22:44Speaker 03

  So about two hours after Titanic disappeared below the water, it's still dark at this stage. And the other fascinating thing, and you could regard this as good luck, but Titanic's false distress position, which was wrong, in fact, the actual sinking was between her and the rescue ship Carpathia. So Carpathia was on her way to the wrong position, 10 miles wrong, but happened to come across Titanic's lifeboats in that position. So if you want a little bit of luck that night, it was that the actual position was between the rescue ship and the false position.

• 1:23:16Dan Snow?

  And actually, in the middle of the night, it's quite hard to spot these little lifeboats floating about.

• 1:23:19Speaker 03

  Well, that's a really good point, Dan. And in fact, Boksel had the presence of mind to have some rockets put in his lifeboat. So he was actually burning green flares in his lifeboat. And it was the green flares that Carpathia saw, and that steered them to pick up the boats. And then as the day dawned, then Rostran on the Carpathia could see more and more Titanic's lifeboats dotted around. Because some of them went north towards Carpathia and some of them just sort of fanned out to get away from Titanic and away from what they thought would be suction. So they were in a wide area on the sea. And in fact, it took until about 8:30 in the morning before the last lifeboats were brought on board.

• 1:24:00Dan Snow?

  And so, how many people does Carpathia pick up?

• 1:24:03Speaker 03

  Carpathia has 705 survivors. However, it's hard to know exactly how many were lost on Titanic because the inventories are not completely accurate. But around 1500 people drowned at the night the Titanic sank, possibly 1490, something like that. And again, the 705 figure, it might be 702, 703, but the generally accepted figure of survivors from the Titanic is only 705 out of 2227 people on board.

• 1:24:36Dan Snow?

  And Carpathia takes them to New York?

• 1:24:38Speaker 03

  Carpathia takes them to New York, but it is a very painful journey because obviously you've got people realising that no other ships have come to the rescue. You've got people realising and looking for their loved ones on Carpathia in vain, finding they're not there. And then, would you believe it, this fog that Captain Smith was worried about actually descends before they get into New York and they have to go dead slow and the fog horns blaring and people just want to get back to normality. They want to try and change their clothes and tell the world what's been happening. It takes days and days for Carpathia to actually arrive at New York and actually done. It's only in that moment when Carpathia arrives at the dock in New York

• 1:25:20Speaker 03

  that people realise the terrible tragedy and that only 705 have survived and that there's no other boats with any other survivors.

• 1:25:28Dan Snow?

  When they land in New York and the dust has subtly worked out who'd survived, what are the headlines about who had survived and who had perished? And are the myths true? Was it all the posh people?

• 1:25:37Speaker 03

  Well, actually, Dan, again, there's even myths about that. So one very extraordinary fact is that more men survived the sinking of the Titanic than women. And to give an example, out of the almost 900 crew, there were only 23 women in that crew and they were all stewardesses.

• 1:25:54Dan Snow?

  How about the different classes? How did they fare?

• 1:25:57Speaker 03

  Well, there again, Dan, you know, the sort of theory is obviously that first and second were much, much more prioritised than third. But in fact, you were twice as likely to drown on Titanic as a second class man than as a third class man. Another one there is that actually twice as many third-class men were saved as first and second-class men combined.

• 1:26:18Dan Snow?

  Wow. I mean, that shows presumably there are a lot of third-class men on board.

• 1:26:22Speaker 03

  It does. You've spotted it, Dan. It's that people don't generally understand how much the bulk of those travelling on Titanic were actually in third-class. But it does help to dispel the myths that not only were they not locked below until they were allowed not to be, if that makes sense, but also they were actually given a good chance to survive. But unfortunately, there were not enough lifeboats. There were a lot of third-class, and also these large families, they actually chose to stay together.

• 1:26:50Dan Snow?

  What's the one big lesson that they drew at the time to try and reduce the chances of this catastrophe happening again?

• 1:26:57Speaker 03

  I think the biggest one, Dan, is actually 24-hour radio watch. Had Californian had two radio operators as Titanic had, then we wouldn't be talking about Titanic now because everyone would have been saved.

• 1:27:11Dan Snow?

  Because I'm from Southampton, the great port city from which Titanic sailed, we often talk about the impact that that sinking had on the people of Southampton. Is that true?

• 1:27:22Speaker 03

  Gosh, it's absolutely true. And the impact of the sinking of the Titanic on Southampton was utterly devastating. So, for example, most of the nearly 900 crew were handpicked from Southampton. And in fact, there was a school near the docks where every single child had lost their father in the sinking of the Titanic.

• 1:27:46Dan Snow?

  The Titanic disaster was a milestone of the 20th century. Its sinking, well, it seemed to symbolise the end of the era of progress. After years of rapid technological innovation and cultural and industrial changes, it was a stark reminder of the fragility of innovation, the hubris of humans, and how things can just get worse. I don't think we'll ever stop being fascinated by the stories of heroism, the catastrophe, the luck, the humanity that emerged that night, and the lessons that were learnt from that disaster over 100 years ago still influence our lives today, from maritime safety to international law. I hope you've enjoyed this episode. If you want more on the Titanic, more personal

• 1:28:29Dan Snow?

  stories, more history on its construction and the aftermath that followed the sinking, you can check out the mini-series we made a few years ago on this podcast. We've linked to it in the show notes. Thanks so much as ever to Tim Moulton. If you want more minute-by-minute explainers, let me know. Our email's in the show notes too. See you next time.

• 1:29:19Speaker 04

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• 1:29:49Speaker 01

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• 1:30:28Dan Snow?

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