Case 339: Waco (Part 3/3)

[Part 3 of 3] *** Content warning: Gun violence, sexual abuse, child sexual abuse, child abuse *** The standoff between the FBI and the Branch Davidians held firm for more than a month, with David Koresh and his followers refusing to surrender. After attempting both negotiation tactics and more aggressive approaches for 51 days, the FBI implements a plan to force the Branch Davidians out, a plan that will have devastating consequences and will change the face of the United States forever. --- Narration – Anonymous Host https://www.instagram.com/caseys.snaps/ Research & writing – Erin Munro Production & music – Mike Migas http://mikemigas.com/ Audio editing – Anthony Telfer Sign up for Casefile Premium: Apple Premium https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/casefile-true-crime/id998568017?ign-itscg=30200S&ign-itsct=casefile_podcastsSpotify Premium https://spotifyanchor-web.app.link/e/9gSwcv7USsbPatreon https://www.patreon.com/casefileFor all credits and sources, please visit https://casefilepodcast.com/case-339-waco-part-3-3 Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy https://acast.com/privacy for more information.

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  Our episodes deal with serious and often distressing incidents. If you feel at any time you need support, please contact your local crisis centre. For suggested phone numbers for confidential support, and for a more detailed list of content warnings, please see the show notes for this episode on your app or on our website.

• 2:15Speaker 00

  Forty-five-year-old FBI negotiator Byron Sage was mortified. A Vietnam War veteran who had been employed by the Federal Bureau of Investigation for almost twenty-five years, he had a wealth of experience when it came to negotiating hostage situations. He'd worked in fugitive extortion and organized crime investigations and knew how to navigate a crisis. Sage had spent hours trying to coax David Koresh and his followers from their compound, and had helped put together a surrender plan that looked set to end the disastrous siege that had started under the ATF less than three days earlier.

• 2:55Speaker 00

  By the afternoon of Tuesday, March 2, 1993, both the Branch Davidians and the FBI negotiators were anticipating a peaceful and imminent resolution, with David Koresh promising that everyone inside the compound would surrender in exchange for his message being broadcast on a national television station. But when Byron Sage called into Mount Carmel just before 6:00 p.m. to find out what was taking so long, he was met with some devastating news. Koresh's right-hand man, Steve Schneider, informed Sage that David Koresh had changed his mind.

• 3:35Speaker 03

  I just talked to them. He's been going through a lot of anguish, and what the guy just went through, I've never seen anything like it before, but he wanted me to remind you to read Psalms, Chapter 2, and then he wanted me to read through you Revelation 18. Steve, but what's this? Did you ever read the story of Christ when he hung on the cross, where he actually perspirations of drops of blood because of the anguish? Mm-hmm. Can I just read Revelation 18 to you? In just a minute, Steve. Everything's ready to go right now, but all of a sudden, I mean, he started praying. He gave us his word. I know that, I'm aware of that. That after the message was placed... Yes, but what if there is a higher power than you and I that speaks to an individual? And what do you do? That's the question.

• 4:18Speaker 03

  This is why I said, be aware of who you're dealing with. Just remember that David told the world... I understand that. That he was coming out. Can I read Revelation 18 to you? Steve, I want him to come out. I understand. When's he planning to come out? He said his God says that he is to wait. How long? How long does he? Look, I know in this world you don't believe that there is a supernatural power that speaks audibly to a person. Is David a man of his word? He always has been. What does trust mean to you? Exactly what it means to you. I got commanders in there losing trust in me.

• 4:55Speaker 00

  Steve repeatedly reiterated that Koresh was awaiting further instruction from God, and nothing would happen until those instructions arrived. Embarrassed and bitterly disappointed, Byron Sage had to return to his commanders with the news that no one would be leaving Mount Carmel that night. The anger the FBI leaders felt about David Koresh's last-minute change of mind was reflected in the crackdown that followed. The head of the agency's hostage rescue team informed the siege commander, quote, "It's time to teach him a lesson."

• 5:57Speaker 00

  There was debate amongst the various FBI leaders as to how to proceed from here. They didn't all see the situation eye to eye, with different units arguing for different approaches. The hostage rescue team, or HRT, was an elite tactical unit trained to take action. Their instincts were typically to rush in and get a situation under control. As one HRT member told journalists from PBS's Frontline program, "A crime's been committed, and I'm talking murder charges. You've got to do something about it. You cannot just let those people sit."

• 6:38Speaker 00

  The HRT's role would be to surround and secure a scene before going in and using force if necessary. This style led to them sometimes being called ninjas. At Mount Carmel, they took up multiple positions from all sides, situating themselves about 300 yards or 275 metres from the building. In contrast, the FBI's team of negotiators were not working directly at the scene. Their headquarters were in an aeroplane hangar five and a half miles away, and their approach was very different from the HRT. Focused on building trust with subjects through talk and a steady pace, their goal was to

• 7:23Speaker 00

  convince the Branch Davidians to come out, rather than rushing in to take them. They couldn't actually see what was going on inside the compound, and would rely on reports shared by the Branch Davidians and their colleagues instead. Negotiator Gary Nasna was concerned when he overheard Dick Rogers, the head of the HRT, telling Siege Commander Jeff Jamar that it was time to teach David Koresh a lesson. Rogers wanted to send his team in, stating, "My people can get in and secure that place in 15 minutes." Gary Nasna argued against this, pointing out that Koresh had still been releasing women and children overnight.

• 8:08Speaker 00

  Perhaps he might continue to release more, even if he wasn't ready to surrender himself. The negotiators felt that storming in with force would undermine the delicate level of trust they'd worked to build with Koresh and his followers. Ultimately, Siege Commander Jeff Jamar sided with the negotiators, agreeing it was too soon to send in the HRT. Jamar was acting as special agent in charge of operations, in accordance with FBI procedure. According to the Bureau's policies, when a major event like Waco took place, it would be run by the highest-ranking local agent. Jeff Jamar was that agent at the nearby office in San Antonio.

• 8:53Speaker 00

  Although he believed that it was too soon to cease negotiations with Koresh, Jamar was also inclined to agree with Dick Rogers that the religious leader needed to be taught a lesson. He ordered that some of the Bradley armored vehicles that had been set up around the perimeter of Maukamal be moved closer to the building. This would function as a visible reminder of the FBI's presence and power at the scene. To further this image of greater control, the FBI also built fake sniper positions, while also having genuine snipers set up at less visible locations.

• 9:35Speaker 00

  Inside Maukamal, some of the Branch Davidians were just as disappointed and confused by David Koresh's abrupt change of mind as the FBI agents. There had been an impromptu celebration the night before, with members raiding the refrigerator and pouring alcoholic beverages. They toasted the impending end to the siege with stale cake and whiskey and sang songs to celebrate. David Koresh hadn't joined in, as he'd been confined upstairs with his shooting injury. At some point, Steve Schneider had told everyone to stop celebrating, adding: "David's mad with you guys. Why are you letting down the message?"

• 10:20Speaker 00

  When news came late the following day that they wouldn't be leaving after all, some Branch Davidians wondered if their sinful behaviour the previous night was to blame. David Thibodeau later wrote in his memoir that he believed Koresh's explanation that God had told him to wait, as he knew Koresh to be entirely sincere in his beliefs. But David knew that the change of plans would not go down well with the federal authorities. The Branch Davidians noticed when the FBI moved the Bradley tanks closer to their home, and then used them to crush two outbuildings on the property. They also rammed into a station wagon that had been left behind by a journalist from the Waco Tribune Herald.

• 11:07Speaker 00

  These actions were undoubtedly intimidating, and spokespeople inside the compound protested about them to negotiators over the phone. "I heard some crunching or something. I looked out the window and I see one of your tanks ran over a guard shack. I thought that was pretty cute," Steve Schneider said. "What now?" a negotiator replied in shock. "You're kidding. I know they've been ordered not to go in there."

• 11:37Speaker 00

  The FBI had cut off the Branch Davidians' phone lines to all but their negotiators, so those inside the compound had no way of contacting the outside world. They wanted to go to the media to share their story, but had no way of doing so, nor were the media permitted near them. Reporters from across the country, and even overseas, had flocked to Waco after the botched ATF raid led to extensive bloodshed, prompting the FBI to set up a designated press area two miles from Mount Carmel. It was next to a roadblock in the middle of a farm-to-market road. The compound could be glimpsed in the distance, but journalists weren't permitted any closer than that.

• 12:23Speaker 00

  Beginning on Wednesday, March 3, the FBI held daily press conferences to update both the media and the public on the siege. There wasn't much to report, aside from the fact that negotiators were still trying to convince David Koresh to surrender, without success. Officials repeatedly referred to the Branch Davidians as "a cult", a word that held loaded significance and called to mind previous tragedies, such as the Manson family murders in 1969 and the Jonestown massacre in 1978, covered in episode 60 of Case File. Moreover, the Branch Davidians were described as militant religious zealots who were dangerous to the public.

• 13:09Speaker 00

  The Branch Davidians watched and listened to these press conferences via their televisions and radios inside Mount Carmel.

• 13:17Speaker 00

  With little else to go on and unable to speak to the subjects of the siege themselves, journalists took to wandering around the city of Waco. They chatted to locals to see if anyone had personal anecdotes about the so-called cult currently holed up in their compound. People they spoke to said they found the group a bit strange, but not scary. They definitely weren’t considered dangerous. Occasionally, reporters and photographers tried to sneak closer to Mount Carmel to see what was happening. When caught doing so, they were arrested and handcuffed. In one call with negotiators, Steve Schneider voiced his distress at the situation, stating:

• 14:02Speaker 00

  “The press are so far back, you guys could come and blow us away and give any story you wanted.” As the days went by, the roadside press area grew and was dubbed “Media City”. There were rows and rows of TV trucks lining both sides of the road. Reporters set up tents and barbecue grills while they waited for something to happen. Journalist Carlton Stowers later told author Jeff Gwynne: “All around Mount Carmel, there were so many agents and army guys and negotiators and equipment and tanks and everything, that it looked like our government was going to

• 14:46Speaker 00

  war with another country.” Soon, members of the public began showing up at a hill just outside Media City to join the growing circus. Most were protesters demonstrating solidarity with the Branch Davidians, while others saw a business opportunity. They sold T-shirts and homemade souvenirs like coffee cups, baseball hats and postcards emblazoned with anti- or pro-government messages and dark jokes. One read: “Mount Carmel erupts: A message from God, the sinful episode.” Another read: “Hey Vern, weird asshole, come out.”

• 15:29Speaker 00

  The first letter of each of the last four words was capitalized to spell out Waco.

• 15:37Speaker 00

  One individual who showed up in support of the Branch Davidians was a 24-year-old army veteran named Timothy McVeigh, who’d driven over from Michigan. He’d already been angered by the notorious Ruby Ridge standoff less than a year earlier, and saw the Waco siege as another example of government overreach and oppression. Sitting on the hood of his car, McVeigh sold bumper stickers with messages such as: “Bane guns, make the streets safe for a government takeover,” and “Fear the government that fears your gun.”

• 16:18Speaker 00

  Meanwhile, FBI negotiators continued their efforts with David Koresh. Often, their calls with him turned into religious sermons, with Koresh preaching for up to an hour at a time about God’s plans for the end of the world and the unlocking of the Seven Seals. Some of the negotiators took to calling these one-sided conversations “Bible babble.” They interjected and tried to return Koresh’s focus to the more practical and immediate matters at hand. When pressed as to when he might emerge with his followers, Koresh replied: “I’m dealing with my father now, not your systematic bureaucratic system of government.”

• 17:03Speaker 00

  The negotiators expressed their concerns about Koresh’s bullet wounds and general health. Koresh suspected that he’d lost about three pints of blood, but was doing alright. He was being treated by one of the Branch Davidians, who was a nurse. She reported that he was doing well, his temperature was normal, and his complexion was good. The other Branch Davidians who’d sustained injuries in the botched raid were also doing fine.

• 17:33Speaker 00

  Despite Koresh's refusal to leave Mount Carmel, he did agree to send out a couple more children. A twelve-year-old boy left the compound on Wednesday, March 3, and an eleven-year-old boy followed the next day. By the end of the siege's fifth day, twenty-one children in total had been released, ranging in age from five months old to twelve years. Their parents had pinned notes to their clothing with instructions about relatives or friends who should be called to take custody of them. All of these children were assessed at a local Child Protective Services facility. Joyce Sparks, who had previously investigated the Branch Davidians after allegations of child abuse were made,

• 18:18Speaker 00

  noted: "They are in remarkably good psychological condition, considering what they've gone through. They appear very healthy, are well behaved, and well educated. None of them appear to have been in any way abused or neglected."

• 18:37Speaker 00

  However, an associate professor of psychology and behavioural sciences disagreed somewhat. He would later testify at Congress:

• 18:48Speaker 00

  "They believed that they would all be attacked, and that the outsiders would kill everyone in the compound, and that Koresh would come back and kill the bad guys, uniting everyone in heaven." All of the young girls were being prepared to be David's wives. One of the older girls expressed distress now that she had been released from the compound, that she would not be able to be picked by David as one of his brides.

• 19:16Speaker 00

  On Tuesday, March 9, a week and a half after the siege began, the Texas Department of Protective and Regulatory Services officially stripped the children's parents of custody rights. To regain custody, they would have to pass state tests.

• 19:36Speaker 00

  Friday, March 5 began positively, with Koresh sending out a nine-year-old girl. It seemed that the negotiators were making slow but steady progress. However, concerns arose when authorities read the note the girl's mother had pinned to her jacket. It was addressed to the girl's older sister and explained that by the time she read the message, the mother would be dead. She added that once all of the children were out, the adults would die. This again raised concerns about a possible mass suicide. Whenever the FBI queried David Koresh or Steve Schneider about this possibility,

• 20:20Speaker 00

  they reassured them there was no such plan.

• 20:25Speaker 00

  Koresh's conversations with the FBI sometimes took on a violent tone. At one point, he told negotiators that he and his followers had been planning for a confrontation with the government since 1985. He threatened to blow the FBI's tanks to pieces. Still trying to build a rapport with Koresh, the FBI offered to send in a sutra kit so his wounds could be treated, as well as photos and videos of the children who'd left the compound to prove they were doing well. Koresh accepted this offer. These items were delivered to the bullet-riddled front doors of Mount Carmel,

• 21:06Speaker 00

  along with a video camera so the Branch Davidians could record videos of their own. The negotiators hoped that this might provide a decent window into life inside the compound.

• 21:19Speaker 00

  And it did. Steve Schneider filmed the injured Koresh seated on the floor with his back pressed against a wall. He wore a white tank top and grey tracksuit pants. His electric guitar was propped up next to him and children could be heard playing in the background. Steve began by asking Koresh if there was anything he'd like to say. Koresh responded:

• 21:45Speaker 04

  "We just thought we'd kind of break the ice and allow people to see just exactly, you know, what kind of people we have here. I'd start off first of all with my oldest son. His name is Cyrus." Come sit over here, son.

• 22:02Speaker 00

  Koresh beckoned his seven-year-old son Cyrus to sit down next to him. Cyrus had shoulder-length blond hair and waved at the camera with a shy smile. One by one, Koresh had other children sit with him. He introduced them and encouraged them to share some facts about themselves, sing their ABCs, and say hello to their Branch Davidian friends outside. He also asked them questions about their love of God.

• 22:35Speaker 00

  The FBI negotiators who subsequently received these tapes scoured them for intelligence on how everyone inside was doing. They all looked clean, healthy, and comfortable enough. Koresh occasionally closed his eyes in apparent discomfort from his injuries, but did not appear to be suffering. The FBI knew the Branch Davidians were capable of holding up inside the compound for months. For a long time, they'd been stockpiling thousands of military-style, ready-to-eat meals and canned goods. They also had their own well with an electric pump, providing a limitless water supply that couldn't be shut off. If the group had everything they needed to survive,

• 23:20Speaker 00

  it was growing increasingly difficult to find a way to draw them out.

• 23:26Speaker 00

  The Branch Davidians remained concerned about the tanks surrounding their property and their inability to communicate with the media. The next couple of days continued with both Koresh and Steve Schneider spending hours and hours talking with the FBI. Steve voiced his concerns that the FBI might kill them all and burn down the entire compound. Koresh mostly preached, though he also offered to send out another child if he could speak to Robert Rodriguez, the undercover ATF agent who'd infiltrated the Branch Davidians. When this wasn't permitted, Koresh reneged on his offer to release anyone else.

• 24:08Speaker 00

  A week into the siege, the Branch Davidians requested to have milk sent in for the children, which the FBI suggested could be traded for more releases. Koresh flatly refused this, stating: "You're dealing with my biological children now." None of the children who had been sent out were his, and he wouldn't entertain the idea of releasing his own sons or daughters. The FBI delivered the milk anyway. The cartons had tiny listening devices implanted into the styrofoam so that authorities could listen in on some of the conversations inside the compound.

• 24:53Speaker 00

  The Branch Davidians were such a cohesive group that the FBI was finding it hard to break through. It wasn't like negotiating with armed robbers or terrorists who were holding hostages captive. Instead, it was the FBI against all of the residents inside, who saw them as the enemy. Although they were speaking with various people inside the compound, the two individuals the negotiators spoke to most frequently were Koresh and Steve Schneider.

• 25:25Speaker 00

  They decided to try driving a wedge between the two friends. Perhaps if there was a chink in the armour, it would be easier to achieve their mission. In the early morning hours of Tuesday, March 9, FBI negotiators asked Steve Schneider if it was true that his wife Judy had a child with Koresh and was considered one of his brides. They challenged Steve about this, clearly trying to provoke him by asking: "Don't you miss the way it was?" But Steve merely reiterated his loyalty to Koresh and replied: "It's better than it was."

• 26:05Speaker 00

  With that attempt failing, Siege Commander Jeff Jamar decided they needed to make life inside the compound less bearable. At 2:15 a.m. on the 10th day of the siege, they cut off its electricity. In the PBS documentary Waco: The Inside Story, Jeff Jamar said: “There’s the 10-day rule. Usually, these things are over in 10 days. That night, it was going to be 20 degrees, and the thought process was: “If we’re going to be cold in the dark, let them be cold in the dark too.”

• 26:44Speaker 00

  Negotiators were less enthusiastic about this decision, aware that it could set back the delicate negotiations process by days. Sure enough, David Koresh refused to come to the phone until the power was restored. It was switched back on later that same morning. This was just the beginning of the power being switched off and turned back on at the FBI’s whim.

• 27:12Speaker 00

  Inside Mount Carmel, tempers were beginning to fray. Those who were injured were suffering even more than the others. David Koresh, whose injuries were the worst, was becoming prone to mood swings. Judy Schneider’s right forefinger had been shot during the ATF raid and by this stage had swollen to twice its usual size. She was offered medical assistance by the FBI, but refused to come out. At 3:40 that afternoon, some Branch Davidians climbed up to the window of the watchtower upstairs and unfurled a homemade banner outside. Written on a bedsheet in large, black letters were the words:

• 27:56Speaker 00

  “God help us, we want the press.”

• 28:04Speaker 00

  Negotiators received some positive news on Friday, March 12, when they learnt that a Branch Davidian named Kathy Schroeder would be leaving the compound. Kathy had previously sent her children out, and her husband, Michael, had been killed during a confrontation with the ATF on the day of the botched raid. She wanted to be reunited with her surviving family, and Koresh was fine with letting her go, as he was already annoyed with her for smoking after the ATF raid. Kathy later told author Jeff Gwynn: “He used my smoking for an excuse for kicking me out. He also told me I’d be a beacon of the message to inform the world.”

• 28:49Speaker 00

  Kathy left the compound late that morning with her hands up, and was interviewed extensively by the FBI. She assured them there were no suicide plans, but added that many other people inside did want to leave. They couldn’t do so because Koresh had a hold over them. The FBI filmed Kathy’s emotional reunion with her three-year-old son and sent the tape into the compound, hopeful it might inspire others to surrender. Another Branch Davidian left the same day, a 19-year-old Australian man named Oliver Gyrefus. Steve Schneider informed negotiators that a few more were planning to leave the next day.

• 29:34Speaker 00

  But later that night, Siege Commander Jeff Jamar ordered that the compound’s electricity be switched off again to prove to the Branch Davidians that the FBI controlled their earthly lives, not David Koresh.

• 29:50Speaker 00

  This time, the power wouldn’t be turned back on again.

• 29:57Speaker 00

  David Koresh and Steve Schneider were furious. They told the FBI negotiators that turning off the power had been an act of bad faith. Privately, the negotiators agreed with them. It seemed highly unlikely that more Branch Davidians were going to leave. Steve said that their people were freezing cold. He again accused the government of wanting to kill them all and then burn the building down. From the negotiators' perspectives, it felt as though whenever they were making incremental progress, the HRT took an aggressive approach that undermined their hard work.

• 30:38Speaker 00

  As far as the HRT was concerned, the negotiators themselves seemed to have been taken hostage by the Branch Davidians. Their progress seemed painfully slow to the tactical unit, who were accustomed to wrapping things up within a couple of days. Described by an analyst who worked with the FBI as "testosterone-driven", the HRT agents believed decisive action could likely draw the standoff to a close quite swiftly. Frustration grew to such a point that one member of the HRT graffited an outhouse they were using with the words "Sage is a Davidian", in reference to negotiator Byron Sage.

• 31:22Speaker 00

  Although the power in the compound had been cut off, the phone line remained open and the negotiators continued trying different tactics. They had Kathy Schroeder call in to speak to her fellow church members. She reassured the Branch Davidians that the FBI was treating her well and hadn't charged her with anything. They'd only asked general questions and had been "super". This didn't have the desired effect, with both Koresh and Steve Schneider becoming upset with Kathy for not being a spokesperson for them. One of the FBI's hidden microphones picked up someone in the compound stating: "Kathy sounds like she's becoming one of them."

• 32:07Speaker 00

  After that, the FBI established a modified strategy. The negotiators would remain friendly and courteous, but would take a firmer approach. They would continue to discuss finding a way to a peaceful resolution with the Branch Davidians, but would no longer listen to any more Bible babble.

• 32:28Speaker 00

  On Monday, March 15, Koresh's two right-hand men, Steve Schneider and Wayne Martin, agreed to meet with negotiator Byron Sage and the McLennan County Sheriff in person.

• 32:41Speaker 00

  The four met on the grounds of Mount Carmel, about 20 yards from the front doors. All were putting themselves in a dangerous situation. Byron Sage was terrified that someone from inside the compound might seize the moment to fire on him or the sheriff. Meanwhile, some members of the HRT were fighting the urge to grab Steve and Wayne and arrest them as they stood there unarmed. Their instincts to jump into action were only assuaged by directions from FBI leadership to leave the men alone.

• 33:17Speaker 00

  Byron Sage spoke mostly to Steve, who was calm and made strong eye contact. Wayne Martin seemed nervous, dressed in a three-piece suit and fidgeting. Sage looked Steve directly in the eyes and reassured him that he would give his life to protect two documents: the US Constitution and the Bible. That was why he was meeting with them, to come to a peaceful resolution. Steve responded positively to this, telling Sage that he believed him completely and would do all that he could to conclude the siege, though he and Wayne repeatedly made it clear that Koresh would always have the final say.

• 34:02Speaker 00

  Steve Schneider and Byron Sage agreed to meet again the following day. When Steve went back into the compound, he told Koresh how much he liked and trusted Sage.

• 34:16Speaker 00

  That night, Jeff Jamar ordered combat engineer vehicles to clear everything within fifty yards of the Mount Carmel building. They crushed cars that belonged to Branch Davidians and were parked around the property. This would prevent any Branch Davidians from using the vehicles as cover if they decided to run out of the building, guns blazing. This was perceived as a hostile act, and again inflamed tempers inside Mount Carmel. Steve Schneider refused to meet with negotiators again the following day, and he and Koresh argued with Byron Sage over the phone. “Are you going to kill me?” Koresh asked.

• 35:01Speaker 00

  “No,” Sage replied, before the call ended abruptly. Deciding they needed to speak to war Branch Davidians more directly, the negotiators began broadcasting messages over a loudspeaker system the FBI had set up outside the compound. This would allow everyone inside the compound to hear them. They broadcast tapes recorded by Branch Davidians who’d left the siege. These upbeat recordings featured positive messages about their interactions with law enforcement. The negotiators also arranged for a package full of documents to be dropped off at the

• 35:42Speaker 00

  compound, including letters from attorneys willing to represent Koresh and others, a letter from the Christian Broadcasting Network, and an audio tape from a theologian who’d listened to Koresh's sermons. These tactics seemed to work, with Koresh saying that more people would soon be coming out, and they would eventually be followed by everyone else. Over the next few days, nine adults left the compound, including Sheila Martin, the wife of Wayne Martin. Sheila was allowed to call her husband in the compound, telling him, “Everything went well. The ride was bumpy.”

• 36:24Speaker 00

  Wayne gave a reply that the FBI considered cryptic. “It could be bumpy later, too.”

• 36:32Speaker 00

  The negotiators were encouraged by the steady stream of surrenders. They urged Steve to send out more people, but he said he couldn't as Koresh was sleeping and had to be consulted before anyone else could leave.

• 36:47Speaker 00

  However, everything seemed to indicate that everyone would be out soon.

• 36:53Speaker 00

  At around the same time, chief negotiator Gary Nasna learnt of a plan that would take the standoff into a whole new phase.

• 37:13Speaker 00

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• 40:11Speaker 00

  FBI Special Agent in Charge Dick Schwein had recently arrived from the Texas city of El Paso to assist Jeff Chamar and other leaders. SAC Dick Schwein wore a dark blue SWAT-style uniform, where the other SACs typically wore civilian clothing. Chief Negotiator Gary Nassner would later describe SAC Schwein as "a caricature of the gung-ho type." He seemed surprisingly cavalier and flippant about the process. Once, I heard him say in passing, "No use trying to talk to these bastards. We've just got to go in there and cut their balls off."

• 40:53Speaker 00

  On the same day that Steve Schneider said he had to wait for Koresh to wake before releasing any more people, Gary Nasna learnt of a plan SAC Schwein had proposed.

• 41:05Speaker 00

  He wanted to use the loudspeakers to broadcast music into the compound.

• 41:11Speaker 00

  According to Nasna, this was an idea that SAC Schwein had gotten from his time serving in the US Army. During the invasion of Panama, American soldiers had tormented military dictator General Manuel Noriega with loud recordings, in an effort to force him out of hiding. Gary Nasna discouraged Jeff Jamar from implementing such a plan. He pointed out that music was not a recommended negotiation tactic and was not something taught by the FBI. They were just starting to make real progress with the Branch Davidians, and this approach would likely derail that. Plus, the loud music tactic hadn't actually worked in Panama.

• 41:57Speaker 00

  Jeff Jamar assured Nasna that he would speak to SAC Schwein that evening when he came on duty and make sure the tapes weren't played. In his memoir, Stalling for Time, Nasna describes how he headed back to the motel where he was staying close to midnight, exhausted but reassured that things were working out.

• 42:19Speaker 00

  After taking a shower, he turned on the television.

• 42:24Speaker 00

  "There on the news, covered live, was the Davidian compound, brightly illuminated, with torturous sounds blaring over speakers."

• 42:35Speaker 00

  The HRT blasted various songs, including Nancy Sinatra's "These Boots Are Made For Walking" across Mau Carmel, along with some deep Tibetan chants. At the same time, bright floodlights were beamed across the property into the building's windows, making it impossible for people inside to sleep.

• 42:56Speaker 00

  Embarrassed on behalf of the FBI and furious that his advice had been ignored, Gary Nasna called the command post to speak to Jeff Jamar, only to find he'd left for the evening. At 11:35pm, Steve Schneider passed on an angry message from David Koresh. "Because of the loud music, nobody is coming out."

• 43:21Speaker 00

  The music eventually stopped, but only because the loudspeaker system malfunctioned. Gary Nasna raised the matter with Jeff Jamar first thing in the morning. Jamar explained that he'd forgotten to tell SAC Schwein not to play the tapes, but promised that it wouldn't happen again.

• 43:42Speaker 00

  That night, the tapes were played again. Included alongside the music and chanting were the sounds of rabbits screaming as they died, recordings typically used by hunters to attract coyotes. There were also screaming seagulls, crying babies, buzzing drills, droning bagpipes, and other sounds selected for their abrasiveness.

• 44:08Speaker 00

  Gary Nasna again tried to put a stop to this tactic, but Jeff Jamar seemed unbothered, telling Nasna that Schwein had nothing better to do on the night shift. David Koresh and his band fought back against the ongoing intrusion by setting up their own generator-powered amps and playing loud rock songs for hours in the direction of the FBI. The Branch Davidians' speakers were so powerful that agents had to shout at one another to be heard.

• 44:41Speaker 00

  Gary Nasna, Byron Sage, and the other negotiators tried to explain to the Branch Davidians that the tactical team was to blame for the ongoing harassment, but the damage was done. People inside the compound were exhausted and sleep deprived. Steve also told the negotiators that the agents who were standing guard around the compound were harassing them in other ways, by mooning them and flipping them off. If Branch Davidians walked outside to stand in the courtyard or other external areas, FBI agents would toss flashbangs in their direction. This perceived hostility meant that no one inside Mau Kamal had any intention of surrendering.

• 45:27Speaker 00

  Byron Sage suspected that even if some of the Branch Davidians were desperate to leave, their loyalty to David Koresh prevented them from doing so. Koresh was clearly a highly charismatic individual. His exceptional knowledge of the Bible and his interpretations of Scripture had won many people over, and they wholeheartedly believed in his teachings. Their loyalty was clearly evident in the way that followers had submitted to Koresh's insistence that other men in the group be celibate and all women be his spiritual wives. Koresh repeatedly said that his people were free to leave at any time, but Sage knew that before anyone inside the compound could do so,

• 46:10Speaker 00

  they had to complete an exit interview with Koresh. He always made sure to tell them that they could do as they pleased, but it would mean leaving their external salvation behind and giving themselves over to Babylon.

• 46:27Speaker 00

  On the evening of Monday, March 22, the FBI delivered another offer to David Koresh in writing. “If everyone inside the compound was out by noon the following day,” it said, “Koresh could make a worldwide broadcast on the Christian Broadcast Network and would be permitted to maintain contact following his arrest. He could even continue holding religious services.”

• 46:54Speaker 00

  Koresh responded by telling the negotiators that he had thrown the letter away. Just after 10 a.m. the next morning, a 34-year-old British Branch Davidian named Livingston Fagan was sent out of the compound by Koresh to provide a counterpoint to the agency's narratives about the group. But before he could attempt to address the media, Livingston was arrested and taken to a local jail.

• 47:21Speaker 00

  Late that night, the FBI continued their strategy of blasting high-powered beams into the compound while simultaneously broadcasting Tibetan chants, Christmas carols, and recordings of previous negotiations. This proved just as ineffective as before.

• 47:40Speaker 00

  Chief Negotiator Gary Nasna continued to voice his displeasure at this approach, and on Wednesday, March 24, he was removed from his role.

• 47:52Speaker 00

  It would later emerge that the HRT leader had complained that Nasna was impeding the tactical team’s more aggressive efforts. In his memoir, Stalling for Time, Nasna later wrote: “The real story was that, with the FBI seemingly helpless to compel the Davidians to surrender, Siege Commander Jeff Jamar was feeling the heat. The entire nation was watching, and the FBI was spending about $128,000 a day. Venting my frustrations more strongly than before, I told him that I didn’t think we would get anyone else out after these recent actions. He appeared unconcerned.

• 48:37Speaker 00

  I realized then that he had already determined what he was going to do.”

• 48:46Speaker 00

  Gary Nasna was replaced by Clint Van Zant, a former member of the negotiation unit. Nasna was concerned by this choice, knowing that Van Zant was a vocal born-again Christian. Nasna worried that this would lead to Van Zant getting into arguments with Koresh about biblical scripture. Sure enough, this concern proved warranted, with Van Zant spending hours on the phone with Koresh, trying to persuade him that his interpretation of the Bible was wrong. Various negotiators on the team later confided in Nasna that they had been frustrated by this approach.

• 49:27Speaker 00

  After Nasna’s exit, there were repeated attempts at negotiations and long conversations between Branch Davidians and FBI negotiators, all to no avail. Progress had completely stalled. Morale inside the compound was low. By this point, they’d been without electricity for weeks, relying on Coleman lanterns, kerosene, and propane for light and heat. Their water supplies were depleting due to some of the outdoor receptacles having been shot at during the ATF raid. Branch Davidians limited themselves to one or two eight-ounce drinks per day, essentially one or two cups of water.

• 50:10Speaker 00

  People were no longer bathing and sanitary conditions were deteriorating. Buckets were used instead of flushing toilets. Food had to be rationed, with everyone receiving two ready-to-eat meals per day. Branch Davidian David Thibodeau later wrote: "The prepackaged rations of spaghetti and meatballs or tuna casserole taste like mud when eaten cold, slime when warmed over our lanterns. We freeze in the chilly winter prairie wind that rattles our broken windows and whistles through the building's thin sheet rock walls."

• 50:51Speaker 00

  Contact with the outside world had been almost entirely cut off, with all messages relayed or filtered through the FBI. Branch Davidians expressed their frustration by hanging more homemade banners out of their windows with messages like "FBI broke negotiation, we want press" and "Rodney King, we understand", a reference to the African-American man whose brutal beating by police led to the LA riots two years earlier. There were supporters and sympathizers trying to make contact with them. J. Philip Arnold and James Taber, two biblical scholars who'd been following the case since

• 51:34Speaker 00

  the botched ATF raid on February 28, travelled to Waco to offer the FBI assistance in communicating with the Branch Davidians. They understood Caresh's preaching about the Seven Seals and realised that he was a true believer, not a con artist as many in law enforcement seemed to believe. His faith and that of his followers had to be taken into account when speaking to them. But when they tried to convey this to the FBI, Arnold and Taber were turned away.

• 52:09Speaker 00

  They kept trying over the ensuing days and weeks, and both were subsequently interviewed about the ongoing siege by a Dallas radio station. They critiqued a media coverage that had depicted Koresh as “just kind of a crazy man who rambles”, pointing out that he knew the Bible well and his teachings were a logical way of interpreting it.

• 52:33Speaker 00

  The two scholars worried that the longer the siege dragged on, the higher the likelihood that it would end tragically.

• 52:41Speaker 00

  As far as they were concerned, the government’s actions were only serving to reinforce the Branch Davidians’ apocalyptic belief system. The ATF, and now the FBI, had created a situation that would look to them like persecution from external forces in a kind of holy war.

• 53:01Speaker 00

  The scholars made a particular point of addressing Koresh's teachings about the seven seals, which they identified as being particularly important. Koresh's preaching over the previous weeks had made it clear that he believed the fifth seal had been opened when the ATF had attempted to raid his compound. He had phoned a radio station on the night of February 28 and told the station manager, “We are now in the fifth seal.” The station manager hadn’t understood what he’d meant, but Arnold and Taber knew exactly what it signified.

• 53:39Speaker 00

  In the Book of Revelation, when the fifth seal is opened, its writer John sees the souls of martyred Christians who were persecuted and killed due to their loyalty to God. The souls cry out, asking how long it will be until justice is done. God tells them to wait a little longer, until more of God’s plan unfolds. Koresh, however, interpreted the fifth seal as pertaining specifically to his followers. The Christians crying out were the Branch Davidians killed during the ATF raid, and now they were in their waiting season, pausing until God revealed what the next step was.

• 54:25Speaker 00

  From Koresh's perspective, surrendering early would mean disobeying God.

• 54:33Speaker 00

  Arnold and Taber addressed the fifth seal at length in their second radio interview, encouraging Koresh to wait as long as he needed, while pointing out that he didn’t have to remain at Mount Carmel to do so. Paul, the most famous of Jesus’ apostles, had continued his ministry after being imprisoned. Koresh could surrender peacefully, and it wouldn’t mean he was betraying God; it might actually expand his influence and audience. They cited a passage in Revelation that instructed its narrator to “prophecy again before many peoples and nations,” something Koresh couldn’t do as long as he was held up inside his compound.

• 55:17Speaker 00

  As they didn’t know whether or not Koresh and his followers would have heard the radio interview, Arnold and Taber obtained a taped copy of it, and began thinking of a way to send it in to Mount Carmel. Another person eager to make contact with Koresh was an attorney retained by Koresh's mother 10 days into the siege. Dick DeGeren was a renowned Texas criminal defense lawyer who would go on to defend some of the state’s most infamous cases. DeGeren drove with Koresh's mother to Waco and attempted to enter Mount Carmel, but was blocked at a checkpoint.

• 55:59Speaker 00

  After petitioning both the courts and the FBI, DeGeren was finally permitted to visit Koresh on Monday, March 29, just over a month into the siege. He rode up to the compound in an armored Bradley vehicle, driven by an FBI agent. They stopped about 100 yards from the building’s entrance, and DeGeren walked to the front door, where he was met by Steve Schneider and Wayne Martin. David Koresh emerged from behind them, bandaged and walking slowly. Koresh told DeGeren his version of events about what unfolded on February 28, and DeGeren

• 56:40Speaker 00

  reassured him that if the ATF used excessive force without provocation, and the Branch Davidians fought back, “That’s self-defense. Texas law is really clear on that.”

• 56:56Speaker 00

  Daguerre took a look around the rest of the building and spoke with other Branch Davidians. He noticed a strong smell of sewage as well as garlic, which the injured group members were using to treat their wounds. Daguerre stayed for two hours and returned several more times over the next few days to meet with his client. When the media reported that Daguerre was representing Koresh, J. Philip Arnold and James Taber, the two biblical scholars eager to share their message with Koresh, decided to reach out to him. They managed to get the tape to Daguerre, who agreed to take it to the Branch Davidians' compound. On Sunday, April 4,

• 57:40Speaker 00

  Koresh and his followers sat in the dining hall as Daguerre played the tape aloud.

• 57:47Speaker 00

  The room was silent as everybody listened. Although they didn't believe the scholars were as knowledgeable as David Koresh, they were positive about their message and felt a new sense of hope.

• 58:01Speaker 00

  Koresh did as well, wondering if perhaps this recording was the message from God he'd been waiting for. He couldn't provide specifics just yet, but he informed his lawyer that he and all of his followers would surrender after Passover, an eight-day Jewish holiday that the Branch Davidians observed. In 1993, it began on the following day of Monday, April 4, and concluded a week later on Tuesday, April 13. It seemed like the siege might finally be drawing to a close.

• 58:41Speaker 00

  The next couple of days saw little communication from those within the compound. Outside, the FBI continued to make noise as they played loud music and unpleasant sounds over the loudspeakers. They refused to stop, even when Steve Schneider called and threatened to cut off communication permanently.

• 59:03Speaker 00

  On Tuesday, April 6, Steve also clarified that the Branch Davidians' dates for Passover were slightly different to those typically observed. They would begin Passover that day at sundown and observe it for the next seven days.

• 59:20Speaker 00

  When the FBI asked if that meant they’d be coming out on the eighth day, Steve Schneider said “no.” Koresh was still waiting for God to tell him a date. They had said they’d leave after Passover, not immediately after. David Koresh confirmed these dates the next day, and when asked if he would come out after that, he didn’t answer, instead embarking on a long religious sermon. The negotiators phoned the compound repeatedly over the next few days, but most of their calls went unanswered. On Friday, April 9, Steve Schneider sent something out of the compound for FBI negotiators

• 1:00:04Speaker 00

  to read. It was a letter dictated by David Koresh to Steve’s wife, Judy, who’d typed it up despite her injured hand. It opened with the words: “Friends, I offer to you my wisdom. I offer to you my sealed secrets. How dare you turn away from my invitations of mercy? I know your sins and inequities. None are hid from me. When will you ever fear and be wise? Your only Savior is my truth. My truth is the seven seals.”

• 1:00:48Speaker 00

  It had been written from the perspective of God, as though Koresh had channeled the letter from a higher source. The letter ended by advising: “Learn from David my seals, or, as you have said, bear the consequences. I forewarn you, the Lake Waco area of old Mount Carmel will be terribly shaken. The waters of the lake will be emptied through the broken dam. The heavens are calling you to judgment. Please consider these tokens of grave concern. Yahweh Koresh.”

• 1:01:28Speaker 00

  The FBI interpreted this final paragraph as threatening to blow up the Lake Waco Dam, though it was unclear how he would do this while holed up in Mount Carmel. Two more letters were sent out the next day, riddled with scriptural passages and more prophecies.

• 1:01:50Speaker 00

  On the night of Tuesday, April 13, Dick DeGaren decided to call into the compound. As Koresh's lawyer, he could circumvent the blocks other outsiders faced. The Branch Davidians’ Passover was concluding the following day, and DeGaren wanted to see what Koresh was thinking. Would he be coming out soon, as everybody hoped? Steve Schneider told DeGaren that Koresh couldn’t come to the phone as he was writing another letter. It was sent out the next day and was addressed to DeGaren. It read: “Hello, Dick. As far as our progress is concerned, here is where we stand.

• 1:02:35Speaker 00

  I have related two messages from God to the FBI, one of which concerns present danger to people here in Waco. I was shown a fault line running through the Lake Waco area. An angel is standing in charge of this event. Many people here in Waco know that we are a good people, and yet, they have shown the same resentful spirit of indifference to our warnings of love.

• 1:03:04Speaker 00

  I am presently being permitted to document in structured form the decoded messages of the Seven Seals. Upon the completion of this task, I will be freed from my waiting period. I hope to finish this as soon as possible and to stand before man to answer any and all questions regarding my actions.”

• 1:03:29Speaker 00

  Koresh went on at some length, sharing his desire for people to be saved and describing what he saw as his destiny to share the truth.

• 1:03:39Speaker 00

  He concluded the letter by again prophesizing that an earthquake would hit Waco and shake some sense into the people, before adding what he planned to do with his finished manuscript. Quote: "I will demand that the first manuscript of the seals be given to you. Many scholars and religious leaders will wish to have copies for examination. I will keep a copy with me. As soon as I can see that people like Jim Tabor and Phil Arnold have a copy, I will come out, and then you can do your thing with this beast. We are standing on the threshold of great events.

• 1:04:20Speaker 00

  The seven seals, in written form, are the most sacred information ever."

• 1:04:28Speaker 00

  Koresh speculated that it would take him about one or two days to write about each of the seals, adding up to two weeks maximum until he was finished. After they were done, he and everyone else would definitely surrender, and Koresh would be willingly taken into custody at the county jail.

• 1:04:51Speaker 00

  As word spread through the compound that they would finally be leaving within the next two weeks, the mood lifted considerably and people felt a renewed sense of hope. They removed the previous banners they'd hung outside the windows and replaced them with the new ones that had more positive messages. "We come to love, not war, and let's have a beer when this is over."

• 1:05:18Speaker 00

  While many of them accepted that they would be incarcerated upon leaving, at least they'd no longer have to ration food or go without showers. They also knew how significant it was that David Koresh was writing a manuscript. Although he was an adept preacher, he'd never written his teachings down aside from notes he'd scribbled in his Bible. He had long said his message could not and should not be written down until God gave permission. It seemed the long-awaited moment had finally come.

• 1:05:55Speaker 00

  Koresh dictated to Steve Schneider, who recorded him while also editing Koresh's words for grammatical errors. Then, two other Branch Davidians typed up Steve’s transcription on a computer, powered by their ever-depleting generator. Progress was going well, and everyone was optimistic. By the end of Friday, April 16, Koresh had finished writing about the first seal. His anticipated schedule was on track. On the outside, FBI leaders were having their own conversations. As far as they were concerned, Koresh had proved that he wasn’t to be trusted on

• 1:06:39Speaker 00

  Tuesday, March 2, when he reneged on their surrender agreement. From their perspective, he had been incalcitrant and avoidant ever since. He often avoided speaking to negotiators for days at a time, and wouldn’t listen when they finally got a hold of him. He’d agreed to come out after Passover, and now he was talking about a manuscript. They suspected this was just another delay tactic, even though Steve Schneider was offering to send out recordings of Koresh's progress. The siege had been dragging on for 48 days, and everyone was over it.

• 1:07:20Speaker 00

  While law enforcement officers assigned to the standoff weren’t as confined or deprived as the Branch Davidians, they were struggling too. They were living in motels, away from their families, and subsisting on fast food, like pizza. The days were long, with 12-hour shifts that were often extremely boring. The HRT agents were especially restless. They were often tasked with delivering goods like milk and medical supplies to Mount Carmel, going right up to the doors where four other federal agents had been killed. Knowing the occupants inside were armed and responsible for their deaths agitated them further.

• 1:08:05Speaker 00

  Because they were used to charging in rather than holding back, the HRT had actually submitted a proposed action plan to FBI headquarters in Washington DC more than a month earlier, on Wednesday, March 10. They'd suggested that they surround the compound with armored tanks under cover of darkness, then demand the surrender of occupants, and, if necessary, employ non-lethal tear gas to force the Branch Davidians out. The negotiators advised against using tear gas to clear the compound unless the Branch Davidians continued to resist all efforts to negotiate. Because people had continued to surrender over the ensuing weeks

• 1:08:48Speaker 00

  and gradual progress was seemingly being made, the tear gas proposal was shelved. By April, however, it was back on the table. Siege Commander Jeff Jamar wanted stronger action taken, and negotiator Byron Sage also signed off on a proposal to use tear gas. The siege was just dragging on too long, and a child hadn't been released since one week in. In order for tear gas to be used, the US Attorney General would have to agree as the nation's chief law enforcement officer and head of the Department of Justice. Janet Reno was the newly appointed Attorney General,

• 1:09:32Speaker 00

  having only been sworn in on March 12 after being nominated by the recently-elected President Bill Clinton. Reno had worked as a prosecutor in Florida, where she developed a reputation for being a staunch advocate for children's rights. There were 62 adults and more than 20 children still hold up inside Mount Carmel, and the thought of releasing tear gas into a building with so many children did not sit well with Reno. What if the Branch Davidians took to using their kids as shields in the face of such an action?

• 1:10:09Speaker 00

  Reno also worried that the gas might permanently damage the children. On Monday, April 12, she rejected the plan, finding it too aggressive.

• 1:10:21Speaker 00

  But the FBI persisted, pushing back against her decision by claiming the Branch Davidians had enough water to hold out indefinitely and a tactical response was necessary. Reno was assured in a seventy-eight-page briefing book that the gas was safe. Quote, "Experience with the effects on children, including infants, has been extensively investigated. Available reports indicate that, even in high concentrations or in closed areas, long-term complications are extremely rare."

• 1:10:57Speaker 00

  If there was any indication that Branch Davidians were using children as human shields, the FBI would back off immediately. An FBI agent also told her that children were currently being abused within the compound. There was no evidence that children were being physically or sexually abused during the standoff, though historical evidence indicated girls had been sexually abused by David Koresh, and corporal punishment was used when children misbehaved.

• 1:11:29Speaker 00

  Finally, the FBI Director William Sessions called Janet Reno and asked her to reconsider.

• 1:11:37Speaker 00

  She did. On Saturday, April seventeen, Reno gave her approval for the tear gas to be used, directing that it be put into effect on Monday, April nineteen.

• 1:11:59Speaker 00

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• 1:14:18Speaker 00

  The gas the FBI proposed using was a white powder called 2-chlorobenzol malonitride, more commonly known as CS gas. It would be mixed with a solvent and delivered via armored vehicles, which would breach the compound's walls and inject the gas inside. While CS gas is considered less than lethal, contact with it results in eye, skin, and respiratory irritation, with coughing fits lasting up to 20 minutes. If used in confined spaces at close range and against people with underlying health conditions, it can kill. Some studies have indicated that large amounts of CS gas can be combustible.

• 1:15:01Speaker 00

  As the FBI didn't intend to use an excessive amount of gas, they didn't anticipate any overly severe results. Over forty-eight hours, they would gradually increase the levels being inserted into the compound until those inside were compelled to leave. That was Plan A. If the Branch Davidians responded to the gas by arming themselves and shooting at the FBI, they would implement Plan B: saturating the building with CS to force an immediate exit. The FBI felt confident that wouldn't happen, however. Their large tanks would provide protection and would surely be too intimidating to fire at.

• 1:15:44Speaker 00

  At 1:53 PM on Sunday, April 18, the FBI sent in armored vehicles to clear the remaining Branch Davidian cars from Mount Carmel to prepare the area for the following day's operation. One of the vehicles removed was David Koresh's own Chevrolet Camaro. This prompted Koresh to pause his work on his manuscript and call the negotiator team to complain. Branch Davidians gathered in the compound's windows to look out as the tanks did their work. Some held up children. One HRT sniper noticed a cardboard sign that had been propped up in one of the windows.

• 1:16:24Speaker 00

  It read: "Flames await." At 5:59 AM on Monday, April 19, just as dawn was breaking, Branch Davidian David Thibodeau was woken by the shrill ringing of the telephone. He answered it, and an FBI agent on the other end demanded to speak to Steve Schneider. David went to wake Steve, but as he was doing so, another Branch Davidian alerted them that something was going on outside. They went to a window and saw a formation of large demolition tanks had formed a ring around the compound in the gray, early-morning light.

• 1:17:07Speaker 00

  At the same time, negotiator Byron Sage announced over the FBI's loudspeakers: "The siege is over. We're going to put tear gas into the building. David and Stephen, lead your people out of there."

• 1:17:23Speaker 00

  At 6:02 AM, two of the tanks approached the compound's windows and injected CS gas via spray nozzles that had been attached to their booms. The Branch Davidians stared at one another in shock as Byron Sage's voice continued to echo. "This is not an assault. The tear gas is harmless, but it will make your environment uninhabitable. Eventually, it will soak into your food and clothing. You are under arrest. Come out with your hands up." Steve Schneider instructed the others to grab their gas masks, which they had purchased in bulk at a gun show.

• 1:18:04Speaker 00

  David Thibodeau ran from room to room, waking people and raising the alarm. The scene was soon chaotic, with individuals bumping into each other as they dashed about, and children crying. Many of the women and children headed towards a tunnel that led to an old school bus half buried in the ground, but the opening minutes of the assault had knocked loose debris, blocking their path. They turned around and made their way to a concrete walk-in cooler at the base of the residential tower, once used as a pantry, but now the compound's gun room. As all of the gas masks were designed for adults, none fit the children.

• 1:18:46Speaker 00

  The women dipped rags and towels into buckets of water and used them to cover their children's faces. Byron Sage could still be heard over the loudspeakers, repeating the words, "Come out with your hands up. There will be no shooting. This is not an assault." Outside, the FBI heard metallic clinking sounds emanating from listening devices they'd smuggled into the compound. This led them to believe that the Branch Davidians were arming up. At 6:04 AM, two minutes after their tear gas was inserted, gunshots came from the direction of the compound, firing at the FBI's tanks.

• 1:19:29Speaker 00

  Byron Sage later said that the tank positioned by the compound's front doors looked as though it was lit up with sparklers due to the rounds bouncing off it. This led to an immediate abandonment of the agency's Plan A and a switch to Plan B. The FBI was now authorised to flood the entire building with gas.

• 1:19:54Speaker 00

  David Thibodeau was still racing through the building, checking the women's quarters for anyone who might not have heard the message, when he heard an enormous crashing sound reverberate through the building. Two tanks had driven up to the dormitory side of the compound, and their steel claws were being used to tear chunks out of the wall. The flimsy building shook violently, and David saw a powdery cloud billow inside, accompanied by a hissing sound. Small gas canisters were simultaneously lobbed through the windows, shattering the glass and adding to the fumes. One canister hit a Branch Davidian directly in the head, causing him to drop unconscious to the floor.

• 1:20:37Speaker 00

  Protected by his gas mask, David Thibodeau ran towards the building's chapel, where some people had taken shelter. Describing the mask as feeling like a hand squeezing your face, he had to resist the urge to tear it off. He saw at least one person without a mask, who had tears streaming down his face and was almost screaming in agony. Those hiding in the chapel soon found their refuge targeted, as a tank knocked against the eastern wall. Its boom poked through the hole it created and deposited more gas, sending those inside scuttling towards the opposite corner. While the gas masks protected the Branch Davidian's respiratory systems, they couldn't protect their skin.

• 1:21:23Speaker 00

  Some received blisters from the gas, with one describing his hands as having “burns like battery acid”. Tears streamed down their faces from the pain.

• 1:21:36Speaker 00

  Messages continued droning over the loudspeaker. “We are not entering the building. David, this will not come to an end until you are all out of the building. We are ready to meet you and provide appropriate medical attention.” By 6:55 a.m., the firing at the FBI’s tanks had stopped. The FBI hadn’t fired back, but no one had emerged from the compound. At one point, someone had tossed the building’s telephone outside the front door, but that was it.

• 1:22:11Speaker 00

  The FBI continued on with Plan B. By 7:09 a.m., they had used up almost their entire supply of 400 ferret-round canisters and issued a request to local law enforcement agencies to send more. Another hour went by with no one emerging from the compound. Byron Sage again encouraged the Branch Davidians to come out, directing them to “walk down the driveway and surrender to the guys in the Bradleys. We don’t want to hurt anyone.” Inside the chapel, as waves of gas permeated the air, people quietly read their bibles or listened to radio broadcasts.

• 1:22:54Speaker 00

  The media had already picked up that something serious was underway at Mount Carmel. Ron Engelmann, a Dallas-based radio presenter who was highly sympathetic to the Branch Davidians, spoke of his horror at the US government’s actions while begging the Branch Davidians to come out for their own sakes. Some heard his message but didn’t heed his advice, scared that if they exited the building, they’d be shot.

• 1:23:23Speaker 00

  David Koresh, wearing a gas mask, split his time between still working on his manuscript and checking in on his followers. At 9:47 a.m., someone from inside the compound ducked out quickly to retrieve the phone thrown outside, shouting “David’s transcript is almost complete!” But the telephone line had been cut off by one of the tanks, and the phone was useless. Some Branch Davidians hung out a banner that read “We want our phone fixed.” The FBI tried to reconnect the phone, but couldn’t. They continued issuing commands over the loudspeaker every 10 minutes.

• 1:24:05Speaker 00

  Fierce winds blowing thirty-one miles per hour gusted into the compound from outside, whipping up the heavy clouds of gas. Earlier that morning, the weather service had issued a wind advisory for Waco, which the FBI had ignored. Now it was dispersing the gas they'd deposited. In response to this, the FBI pushed their tanks further into the compound in an attempt to corral the Branch Davidians. At ten AM, the tanks began crashing against the building's exterior walls, crumbling them and causing the door to the cooler room, where most of the women and children were hiding, to dislodge.

• 1:24:46Speaker 00

  The women had shut the door to prevent gas from leaking in, but it began to flood their shelter. At the same time, the roof above caved in, along with parts of the walls, pinning some women and children to the ground and killing others. Branch Davidians in other parts of the compound were oblivious to the damage below. They raced from room to room, trying to dodge the walls that were caving in around them. A thick layer of dust from the gas coated every surface inside. Just after eleven AM, Byron Sage announced: “David, Steve, we’re still here.

• 1:25:31Speaker 00

  So are you. We’re placing tear gas and will continue to do so. You are prolonging the inevitable. Your word has been hollow and false. We want you to exit now and submit yourself to proper authorities.” There was no response from inside the compound. The tanks demolished more parts of the building, knocking down the gymnasium behind the chapel. Stairways were broken, which trapped some Branch Davidians on the upper levels. Finally managing to reconnect the phone line, the FBI tried calling, but nobody answered. The listening devices were still picking up parts of conversations and human movement

• 1:26:16Speaker 00

  in sight, reassuring the FBI that people were alive, but they suddenly ceased working after being damaged by falling debris.

• 1:26:26Speaker 00

  Just after noon, David Thibodeau suddenly heard somebody shout “Fire!” Flames had broken out almost simultaneously in three different sections of the building. David looked around for an escape route and saw one path was blocked by a timber beam. Climbing up to the upper level, he saw fireballs shooting down the corridor, forcing him to retreat back downstairs. The chapel was now entirely engulfed in flames. David Thibodeau saw people huddled in a corner, trying to avoid the thick smoke. Within minutes of the fire first being noticed, more flames had erupted all throughout the compound.

• 1:27:10Speaker 00

  The entire building was ablaze, and enormous plumes of black smoke emanated from the compound, visible from ten miles away.

• 1:27:20Speaker 00

  At 12:12 PM, Byron Sage urgently requested that David Koresh lead his people out to safety.

• 1:27:29Speaker 00

  One minute later, the FBI called for assistance from the local fire department. They had no equipment at the ready to fight such an immense blaze. At 12:25 PM, FBI agents heard gunshots ringing out from inside the compound. When firefighters arrived ten minutes later, they were held back at a perimeter, out of concern they may be shot.

• 1:27:55Speaker 00

  While FBI agents were fearing gunfire, some people inside Mount Carmel were too scared to attempt an escape for the same reason. At least one individual decided not to jump from a window out of fear government agents would shoot him. Two men escaped out the back door to the cafeteria, only to be struck by FBI tanks. One lost a leg, the other’s torso was torn open.

• 1:28:22Speaker 00

  David Thibodeau crawled on his hands and knees, following two other Branch Davidians who were headed towards a hole on the chapel’s east side. They managed to stagger outside, away from the blaze, and made their way towards a red cross sign positioned about fifty yards away.

• 1:28:43Speaker 00

  In total, nine Branch Davidians managed to escape the burning compound. Most escaped between 12:20 and 12:30 PM by crawling through the same hole as David Thibodeau or through another gap in the front of the compound. A man jumped from the second-floor roof while a woman leapt from a second-floor window covered in burns. Another woman ran out, but upon seeing the FBI tanks outside, turned around and raced back inside the burning building. A HRT agent saw her, left his armoured vehicle and pursued the woman, pulling her back to safety as she fought against him.

• 1:29:26Speaker 00

  FBI agents intercepted the survivors, forcing them to lie in a row on the ground and restraining their hands behind their backs. One agent demanded to know: “Where are the women and children?”

• 1:29:41Speaker 00

  At 12:41 PM, firefighters finally started battling the blaze. Believing the women and children were most likely hiding in the buried bus or the tunnels that led to it, some HRT agents raced towards the compound, which was still burning. Explosions occasionally went off as the huge amount of ammunition stockpiled by the Branch Davidians caught fire. Making their way into some of the tunnels and eventually the bus itself, HRT agents found them to be cool and undamaged. In a state of shock, negotiator Byron Sage approached the site and asked his colleagues: “Where are the kids?”

• 1:30:25Speaker 00

  As he learnt that no one had been found in the location where they’d been expected to hide, the horrifying realisation dawned, that all of the children had been consumed by the inferno. It had been fast and deadly, engulfing the entire flimsy building within 10 to 30 minutes. By 12:30 PM, the roof had collapsed, and two minutes later, the compound was effectively gone. At 12:55 PM, the flames began to die down due to a lack of material left to burn.

• 1:31:05Speaker 00

  It was a day before parts of the site had cooled down enough to permit an examination of the wreckage, and a week before everything could be properly searched. The Texas Rangers took command of the compound to undertake a proper crime scene analysis. An arson team composed of experts from across the United States was tasked with determining the cause of the fire. Amidst the rubble, they discovered 305 firearms and approximately 1.9 million rounds of cooked-off or spent ammunition. By Monday, May 3, two weeks after the fire, the Rangers had also recovered the remains

• 1:31:45Speaker 00

  of 76 bodies, 53 adults and 21 children. Two young women, 17-year-old Ayesha Gyrefus and 24-year-old Nicole Jant, had been heavily pregnant when they died and spontaneously gave birth during the assault, adding two more infants to the death toll. Both of these babies had been fathered by David Koresh. All 14 of his children died during the fire. Medical examiners were only able to identify 35 individuals when performing autopsies, leaving 40 unidentified. 18 children and 9 women were found in the concrete cooler.

• 1:32:30Speaker 00

  Most had died of smoke inhalation, while some had been crushed by falling debris. Rachel Koresh, David Koresh's wife, had been amongst these victims, as was her younger sister, Michelle Jones, and Steve Schneider’s wife, Judy. Their children died alongside them. Three women and four children in the bunker, including one infant, had died from gunshot wounds to the head and chest, seemingly in mercy killings. A boy around 2 or 3 years old was killed by a stab wound to his chest.

• 1:33:09Speaker 00

  Elsewhere in the compound, smoke inhalation was the leading cause of death, killing 33 people. Nine people died from burns, or a combination of burns and smoke inhalation. There were also further victims who had chosen to be shot rather than burn, including six men, three women, and one individual whose gender couldn't be determined. The remains of 33-year-old David Koresh were recovered in the compound's communications room, the office area where he'd spent hours speaking to negotiators and writing his manuscript. Koresh had been killed by a single gunshot wound to the forehead. Steve Schneider's body was nearby.

• 1:33:54Speaker 00

  He'd been shot in the mouth. An autopsy couldn't confirm whether Koresh had taken his own life, or been killed by another. One FBI official speculated that in the final moments at Mount Carmel, Steve had probably realized that he was dealing with a fraud, and so murdered Koresh before turning the gun on himself. There is no definitive evidence to prove or disprove this theory. Right from the start of the standoff between federal authorities and the branch dividents, the events at Waco had been a massive news story.

• 1:34:35Speaker 00

  It was followed closely and reported on constantly by media outlets nationwide, as well as overseas. When the siege came to a brutal end on its 51st day, the coverage went into overdrive. The deaths of so many individuals, particularly such a high number of children, led to reporters and commentators expressing shock. Headlines emphasized that this was a tragedy on a scale that felt completely unprecedented. The public echoed these sentiments.

• 1:35:09Speaker 00

  The day after the fire, President Bill Clinton spoke about Waco with reporters at the White House. Describing David Koresh as “dangerous, irrational, and probably insane”, he said that the siege and enormous loss of life was not the fault of the government. “Four federal agents were killed in the line of duty trying to enforce the law against the Branch Davidian compound, which had illegally stockpiled weaponry and ammunition and placed innocent children at risk”, he said. Mr. Koresh’s response to demands for his surrender by federal agents was to destroy himself and murder the children who were his captives, as well as all the other people who were there who did not survive.

• 1:35:54Speaker 00

  President Clinton defended the operation that the FBI had undertaken the previous day, while adding that the Departments of Justice and Treasury would be beginning an immediate investigation into what had happened and why. Attorney General Janet Reno was called to answer for her decision to approve the use of tear gas. Why hadn’t the FBI just waited the Branch Davidians out? Reno spoke to the media about that, repeatedly emphasizing that she had approved the plan because she’d received reports that children inside the compound were being physically and sexually abused and was told the situation required urgent action.

• 1:36:35Speaker 00

  FBI Director William Sessions distanced himself from these assertions, claiming that he hadn’t told Reno any such thing, and adding: “She’s responsible for what she heard.” FBI documents later examined by the PBS program Frontline revealed that an unnamed agent had in fact made these claims to Reno while the agency was pressuring her to approve the tear gas plan.

• 1:37:05Speaker 00

  Another question that needed to be answered was: who started the fire? Almost immediately, the FBI and the Department of Justice accused the Branch Davidians of deliberately starting the fire. Listening devices that they had planted inside the compound had reportedly picked up snippets of incriminating conversations on the morning of the fire, such as “start the fire”, “got some fuel around here”, and “did you pour it yet”. One person was recorded stating that David Koresh had ordered fuel to be poured somewhere within the compound. “We should have gotten more hay in here”, someone lamented. “I know”, agreed another.

• 1:37:49Speaker 00

  One survivor would later recall he’d heard someone repeatedly commanding “light the fire”.

• 1:37:57Speaker 00

  The flames had spread quickly due to the poor construction of the building, the strong winds, and the holes in the walls made by FBI tanks, which further vented the blaze. Additionally, there was a large amount of highly combustible materials inside the compound. Not only was the building made from highly flammable materials, but the Branch Davidians stacked hay bales along the walls to provide insulation and protection from external gunfire. While some have theorized that the fire could have started accidentally due to tanks knocking over lanterns and space heaters, the arson team ultimately concluded that the fire was deliberately set by one or more persons inside the compound.

• 1:38:42Speaker 00

  The arson investigation revealed the fire had three points of origin. Fuel containers and other chemical accelerants were found near these points. A report released by the Department of Justice stated that these locations were notably distant from one another. The almost simultaneous conflagration of the three fires meant it was not possible for them to be accidental or the result of a single ignition. The first point was on the second floor, near the front of the building. The second was on the middle of the first floor, in the group’s dining room. And the third was also on the first floor, but on the right side, in the chapel. If the Branch Davidians did deliberately light the fire,

• 1:39:27Speaker 00

  author Jeff Gwynn makes clear that this is not a plan everybody would have known about. “Even in the best of times, group communication was difficult when everyone was scattered in different parts of the sprawling building. David Koresh might have informed as many followers as possible that the moment had arrived to die in flames and to live afterward in glory, but there would still have been dozens who had no idea of what was happening.”

• 1:39:57Speaker 00

  The government narrative around this theory has been that the Branch Davidians were participating in a mass suicide, but biblical scholar J. Philip Arnold has suggested Koresh might have instead seen the fire as a kind of holy barrier to protect his followers from the FBI.

• 1:40:16Speaker 00

  In the Bible’s Book of Zechariah, there is a verse describing how God would save Jerusalem by surrounding the city with an impenetrable wall of fire.

• 1:40:26Speaker 00

  This ties to another biblical passage in the Book of Isaiah, a book that Koresh was known to draw heavily upon in his teachings. Chapter 43, verse 2, “Promises”. “When you walk through the fire, you will not be burned; the flames will not set you ablaze.”

• 1:40:47Speaker 00

  Some people have rejected this narrative, instead believing that the FBI was responsible for lighting the fires, either deliberately or inadvertently. Early into the assault, two or three rounds of combustible pyrotechnic tear gas shells were used in an attempt to penetrate a particular corner of the building, though they didn’t succeed and were fired hours before the fire started.

• 1:41:14Speaker 00

  The FBI initially denied they had been used at all, but photographic and audio evidence proved that they had been. Conspiracy theories cropped up accusing the government of deliberately burning down Mount Carmel. Although there is no evidence of this, many have noted that the agency's actions on Monday, April 19, 1993, did create the situation that led to the inferno and the enormous loss of human life. Moreover, they'd had intelligence about the construction of Mount Carmel and had seen the hay bales and clothing strewn about inside.

• 1:41:52Speaker 00

  Essentially, they had known it was a tinderbox, and yet they didn't put together a fire protection plan when submitting their tear gas proposal. They hadn't had firefighting equipment at the ready on April 19, and were completely unprepared when faced with the flames.

• 1:42:12Speaker 00

  The fallout of Waco was immense and led to numerous government investigations, inquiries, and reports. Shortly after the fire, the Department of Justice initiated internal reviews of federal actions, including a chronology of how the entire siege unfolded and an evaluation of tactical decisions. While these reports contained no recommendations that FBI agents be disciplined for their actions during the siege, the agency did make some adjustments following Waco. A greater emphasis was placed on crisis negotiation over tactical responses, as well as inter-agency cooperation to avoid conflicting approaches from different units.

• 1:42:57Speaker 00

  Reflecting on the FBI's approach on April 19, 1993 many years later, one analyst observed that surrounding the compound with tanks while simultaneously imploring people to come out was highly unlikely to work. Quote, "I've never had a warm, fuzzy feeling running toward a tank. Never in my entire life have I encountered any mother who would let her child do that. I don't think that the manner in which the tanks came in created any trust."

• 1:43:32Speaker 00

  The Department of Treasury, which then oversaw the ATF, conducted its own review of the first raid that had triggered the initial loss of life and events that followed. It found that the February 28 raid should not have proceeded after the ATF lost the element of surprise.

• 1:43:51Speaker 00

  ATF Operation Commander Phil Hoynatsky and Operation Second-in-Command Chuck Sarabin were found to have been involved in altering key documents that were essential to the investigation. Both were fired, but later appealed and were reinstated on the proviso that they no longer be involved in field operations. Three days before the report was released, the ATF director resigned.

• 1:44:19Speaker 00

  Following Waco, the ATF began focusing on the worst of the worst gun law offenders, namely criminal gangs, rather than non-violent gun owners and dealers.

• 1:44:32Speaker 00

  From 1993 to 1996, there were multiple congressional hearings and House committee reports, where members of Congress interrogated law enforcement actions. More investigations followed as public sentiment evolved over time. In the immediate aftermath of the siege, most members of the public sided with the government. A CNN poll found that 70% of Americans agreed with the FBI's actions. Within a few months, that number had dropped to 50%. By the late 1990s, public opinion had shifted the other way, with the majority of Americans believing the government had started the fire.

• 1:45:16Speaker 00

  The widespread skepticism led to political pressure and was a factor in yet another report being commissioned by the Department of Justice. In November 2000, the Danforth Report was released. While it found that there was no conspiracy or cover-up surrounding government actions, it did conclude that government employees had mishandled and failed to disclose information, specifically about the use of combustible shells four hours before the fire. The report was received well by the FBI, Attorney General Janet Reno, some politicians, and much of the mainstream media, but it had its critics.

• 1:45:58Speaker 00

  They believed that it depended too heavily on FBI accounts, with civil liberties groups calling it “soft”. Former US Attorney General Ramsey Clark, who went on to represent several Branch Davidians and their relatives in a civil suit, was openly scathing, stating: “History will clearly record, I believe, that these assaults on the Mount Carmel Church Center remains the greatest domestic law enforcement tragedy in the history of the United States.”

• 1:46:35Speaker 00

  Ramsey Clark wasn’t alone in his opinion. The legacy of Waco on the American consciousness and US politics has been enormous. As well as being furious about the huge loss of life, many were angry that the ATF had planned a raid in the first place, considering it an assault on the Branch Davidians’ constitutional rights to bear arms and worship freely. Though arguments were made that Koresh was sexually abusing underage girls in the compound, opponents to the raid pointed out “child sexual abuse was not within the ATF’s jurisdiction.” Waco became a catalyst for individuals already mistrustful of the federal government

• 1:47:19Speaker 00

  and a symbol of government tyranny and overreach. After the siege ended, there was a notable rise in far-right anti-government militias. Estimates have suggested that before Waco, there were a few dozen of these paramilitary groups throughout the entire United States. By 1995, there were hundreds. Some people made pilgrimages to the Mount Carmel site, which was essentially just an open rubble-strewn field.

• 1:47:51Speaker 00

  On the morning of Wednesday, April 19, 1995, the second anniversary of the Waco Fire, a 26-year-old named Timothy McVeigh drove a rented truck to the Alfred P. Moore Federal Building in downtown Oklahoma City and parked it out the front. He lit the two-minute fuse of a bomb that he'd constructed and mounted in the back of the truck before exiting the vehicle. The bomb detonated at 9:02 a.m., destroying the north half of the building. 168 people were killed, including 19 children who were attending a daycare center on the second floor. 684 others were injured.

• 1:48:35Speaker 00

  McVeigh has claimed he wasn't aware there was a daycare center in the building, but his co-conspirator, Terry Nichols, said they'd both known about it and hadn't cared. They'd chosen to target a government building at the beginning of a workday as an act of vengeance for the Waco and Ruby Ridge sieges. McVeigh had been enraged about the federal government's actions at Waco and had driven to Mount Carmel during the siege to protest and sell bumper stickers. As someone drawn to white supremacist and white nationalist ideology, McVeigh had little in common with the Branch Davidians, but he was fiercely anti-government.

• 1:49:17Speaker 00

  As of the release of this episode, the Oklahoma City bombing remains the deadliest act of domestic terrorism in U.S. history. On the same day that Timothy McVeigh was terrorizing Oklahoma City, Clive Doyle, an Australian Branch Davidian who'd survived the blaze, held a memorial service at Mount Carmel. Other survivors attended and planted a grove of crepe myrtle trees along the driveway to honor their dead loved ones. The service was also attended by far-right militia members dressed in fatigues. Several of them made anti-government speeches.

• 1:50:01Speaker 00

  Clive Doyle later told the Chicago Tribune: "I didn't want any government bashing. I wanted it to be a solemn occasion, but, to be honest, they kind of took over the pulpit."

• 1:50:15Speaker 00

  In subsequent interviews, Clive repeated his concern that the story of Waco had been co-opted by far-right and white supremacist groups.

• 1:50:26Speaker 00

  A number of surviving Branch Davidians were criminally prosecuted after the siege. Twelve were charged with conspiring to murder federal agents, as well as aiding and abetting those murders. They were also charged with unlawfully possessing and using various firearms. One of the twelve negotiated a plea bargain, but the others went to trial.

• 1:50:51Speaker 00

  All of the Branch Davidians were acquitted on the murder charges, however, five were convicted of voluntary manslaughter. Others received lesser convictions relating to firearm possession and use, and forcibly resisting arrest. Four were acquitted on all charges.

• 1:51:10Speaker 00

  Those convicted faced a long prison sentence of up to forty years. These were later reduced on appeal, and the last Branch Davidian to be released from prison was a British member, Livingston Fagan, who was freed in 2007.

• 1:51:27Speaker 00

  A number of survivors have written memoirs about their time following David Koresh, including Mark Bro, David Thibodeau, and Clive Doyle. Today, David Thibodeau runs a website called Waco Survivors, which is dedicated to archiving the story of Mount Carmel. Mark Bro rejected Koresh’s teachings long before the siege in Waco, but Clive Doyle remained loyal to his prophet. He became a kind of unofficial spokesperson for the Branch Davidians, and was often approached over the years by people who claimed to be the new embodiment of David Koresh. Clive continued living in Waco and held a weekly Bible study with Sheila Martin,

• 1:52:12Speaker 00

  the widow of Wayne Martin, until his death in 2022.

• 1:52:18Speaker 00

  Today, small communities of Branch Davidians can still be found scattered throughout America and the world. In 1999, a group of volunteers rebuilt the church at Mount Carmel. It still stands, and a splinter group worships there under the name “The Branch: The Lord Our Righteousness”. They are led by a former follower named Charles Pace, who left in 1984 and returned after the siege. Pace believes Koresh was a prophet who twisted the Bible’s teachings by taking other men’s spouses and young girls as his wives. Pace has stated that Koresh was sent by God to commit sin, and that he was following

• 1:53:02Speaker 00

  God’s orders to the very end. The rebuilt chapel at Mount Carmel also operates as a kind of museum about the Waco Siege, with anti-government posters pinned to the walls alongside photographs of the victims. Elsewhere on the sprawling 77 acres are mobile homes occupied by the new Branch Davidian community and remnants of the original compound. Visitors to the site can see the original building’s concrete foundation, the location of the bunker where women and children sheltered, and some crumpled metal remains of the half-buried school bus.

• 1:53:43Speaker 00

  Green fields surrounding the chapel are dotted with several different memorials etched in stone. There is one dedicated to the founders of the Branch Davidian movement and all of those lost during the 51-day siege. Two other smaller memorials sit side by side commemorating the victims of the Oklahoma City bombing and the four ATF agents killed in the initial raid at Mount Carmel on February 28, 1993. And another marble stone planted firmly in the ground has been carved with words from the Book of Revelation, Chapter 6, Verses 9 to 10, scripture that describes the opening

• 1:54:27Speaker 00

  of the fifth seal.

• 1:54:31Speaker 00

  I saw under the altar the souls of them that were slain for the word of God and for the testimony which they held. And they cried with a loud voice, saying, "How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge and avenge our blood on them that dwell on the earth?"

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