Case 339: Waco (Part 2/3)

[Part 2 of 3] *** Content warning: Gun violence, sexual abuse, child sexual abuse, child abuse *** In 1992, a chance discovery by a UPS delivery driver would lead to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives – commonly known as the ATF – launching an investigation into David Koresh’s activities at Mount Carmel in Waco, Texas. Upon discovering that Koresh’s Branch Davidians were stockpiling illegal weapons, the agency began planning a raid that was also intended to boost their image with the public… but the consequences would be disastrous. --- Narration – Anonymous Host https://www.instagram.com/caseys.snaps/ Research & writing – Erin Munro Production & music – Mike Migas http://mikemigas.com/ Audio editing – Anthony Telfer Sign up for Casefile Premium: Apple Premium https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/casefile-true-crime/id998568017?ign-itscg=30200S&ign-itsct=casefile_podcastsSpotify Premium https://spotifyanchor-web.app.link/e/9gSwcv7USsbPatreon https://www.patreon.com/casefileFor all credits and sources, please visit https://casefilepodcast.com/case-339-waco-part-2-3 Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy https://acast.com/privacy for more information.

• 0:00Speaker 00

  From journalist Olivia LaVoix, the creator of the hit investigative series The Bakersfield Three, comes the new Case File Presents series, Ada. In 2011, the body of a woman was discovered in a California vineyard. For more than a decade, she was known only as Jane Doe. Then detectives finally discovered her name. But identifying her was only the beginning. Listen to Ada wherever you get your podcasts.

• 0:34Speaker 01

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• 1:06Speaker 02

  Hi, this is Mark Bittman from the podcast Food with Mark Bittman. I've been writing about food and restaurants for almost 50 years, my whole career, really. And what I know is that the good restaurants all have something in common. They're busy, genuinely, chaotically busy. And somehow, in the last few years, the best of them have begun to make it look easy. And do you know why? Because they're running on Toast's technology. Toast is built for restaurant owners who understand that Toast's tools keep the line moving and keep their customers happy with fewer mistakes and hiccups in ordering and paying. For owners, that turns busy into business. To learn more, head to toasttab.com.

• 1:51Speaker 02

  That's T-O-A-S-T-T-A-B, toasttab.com. Toast: Built for Busy.

• 2:16Speaker 00

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• 2:42Speaker 00

  In the wooded hills of northern Idaho, just thirty-odd miles south of the Canadian border, lies a mountain ridge in the Kynicsoo National Forest, known as Ruby Ridge. This rugged and remote location was home to 20 acres of land that belonged to a former US Army Special Forces officer named Randy Weaver. Randy had bought the land in 1983, after his wife, Vicky, who was deeply religious, began having recurring dreams about living on a mountain top. Believing an apocalypse was imminent and that Vicky’s dreams indicated where they needed to be, Randy and Vicky sold their belongings, learnt from an Amish community

• 3:24Speaker 00

  how to live without electricity, and built a basic cabin on their newly purchased land. It had no power or running water, but the Weavers made it work. Over the next decade, they turned it into a home for their four children, Sarah, Samuel, Rachel, and Alishaba. The family lived a survivalist, self-sufficient lifestyle. Instead of buying food, they hunted and foraged and raised their own livestock. The children were home-schooled. Despite their isolated setup, the Weavers made friends with others in the area. They even took in a troubled teenager named Kevin Harris.

• 4:10Speaker 00

  Early on the morning of Friday, August 21, 1992, Kevin Harris and 14-year-old Samuel Weaver were walking along a trail that led to the family's cabin, accompanied by one of the Weaver's dogs, a Labrador Retriever named Stryker. The trail was wide enough to accommodate an SUV and flanked by heavy woods on either side.

• 4:35Speaker 00

  When a noise emanated from some nearby brush, Stryker barked. The dog approached the brush, still barking loudly. Hoping Stryker might have sniffed out some game they could hunt for meat, Samuel and Kevin followed.

• 4:53Speaker 00

  According to later testimony from the Weaver family, gunfire suddenly rang out, killing Stryker.

• 5:01Speaker 00

  Three US Marshals, dressed from head to toe in camouflage and carrying M16 rifles, had been hiding in the surrounding woods as part of a reconnaissance team keeping watch over the property. One of them shot Stryker after he revealed their location.

• 5:19Speaker 00

  Samuel Weaver cried out: "You've killed my dog, you son of a bitch!" As he was carrying a firearm, the 14-year-old returned fire.

• 5:32Speaker 00

  A second US Marshal shot back in his direction, hitting Samuel in the arm. Samuel began running up a hill, back toward the family's house, when he was shot again, twice in the back, and fell face down on the ground. Meanwhile, Kevin had dived behind a tree stump for cover before firing his own gun at the Marshals. He hit and killed one of them.

• 5:59Speaker 00

  Kevin Harris managed to flee back to the cabin. Whales and despair could be heard from inside its walls as the family discovered that their only son and brother had been killed.

• 6:14Speaker 00

  Nineteen rounds had been fired during the confrontation. Three were shot by Samuel Weaver, two by Kevin Harris, and fourteen by the three US Marshals combined. The Marshals’ story differed somewhat from the Weaver families. They had been at the property as part of a planned raid to arrest Randy Weaver, a white supremacist who’d been on the radar of multiple law enforcement agencies for years. In 1985, a neighbor had accused him of threatening to kill then-US President Ronald Reagan, the governor of Idaho, and Pope John Paul II.

• 6:54Speaker 00

  It was said that Randy was a member of the racist terror group Aryan Nations and that he had a large cache of firearms. In 1986, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, known as the ATF, learnt of Randy Weaver after one of their informants met him at the World Aryan Congress, a convention where American neo-Nazis called for the creation of a new, white-and-male-dominated homeland. Randy met with the informant several times and suggested they form a group to fight what he called “the Zionist-organized government”.

• 7:34Speaker 00

  This was his term for the United States government, referencing an antisemitic conspiracy theory that claims Jews secretly run western states. The ATF later charged Randy Weaver with selling their undercover informant two shotguns with barrels that had been sawed off below the legal minimum length. In October 1990, a grand jury indicted Randy for possession of illegal weapons. He was granted bail, but failed to appear in court for his scheduled trial date.

• 8:11Speaker 00

  It was said that Randy possessed multiple firearms and arresting him at his own residence was therefore deemed too dangerous. This led to the US Marshals attempting to arrange for Randy to surrender himself peacefully. After four months of failed negotiations, on Friday, August 21, 1992, the US Marshals descended on the Weaver property under cover of darkness in a planned raid that resulted in 14-year-old Samuel Weaver, a US Marshal named William Bill Deegan, and the Weaver's dog being killed. In the Marshals' version of events, Randy Weaver had been with Samuel, Kevin, and Striker as they approached the brush.

• 8:58Speaker 00

  They claimed that when Striker exposed their locations, they shouted to identify themselves, which led to Kevin Harris firing at them and initiating the confrontation. Deputy US Marshal Deegan, who Kevin had mortally wounded, fired seven rounds back, while another Marshal shot Striker, scared the dog would attack. It was then that Samuel Weaver started firing. Ballistics reports indicated that Samuel was killed by Deputy US Marshal Larry Cooper, though these reports weren't conclusive. Cooper denied shooting Samuel, saying he hit Kevin Harris instead,

• 9:42Speaker 00

  though there was no evidence that Kevin was struck at all. The FBI later stated that they hadn't realized Samuel Weaver was dead until days after the shootout.

• 9:55Speaker 00

  The altercation led to a standoff between law enforcement and the Weaver family. While the Weavers barricaded themselves in their home, the Marshals radioed for reinforcements. State Police, ATF agents, an FBI hostage rescue team, and FBI snipers took up locations around the property.

• 10:18Speaker 00

  Given the drastic situation with two people already dead, one of those a member of federal law enforcement, and a family said to be armed and dangerous, the FBI amended its usual rules of engagement. Ordinarily, an FBI agent can only fire against someone if they or other agents are in danger of bodily harm or death. At Ruby Ridge, agents would be permitted to fire at any adult male holding a weapon, as long as the shot could be taken without endangering children.

• 10:55Speaker 00

  In the wake of the initial shootout, members of the Weaver family had managed to collect Samuel's body from where it lay dead on the ground and moved him to a shed. On Saturday, August 22, they made plans to bury him.

• 11:12Speaker 00

  Before laying his son to rest, Randy Weaver left the cabin to visit him one last time. He was joined by his 16-year-old daughter Sarah and family friend Kevin Harris.

• 11:27Speaker 00

  Randy Weaver was lifting the latch to the shed where Samuel's body lay when a shot rang out. An FBI sniper named Lon Horiuchi, who had been watching the scene from 200 yards to the north, had taken fire. The shot struck Randy in his back with the bullet exiting his right armpit. Injured but not incapacitated, Randy turned and ran back towards the cabin with Sarah and Kevin. Sarah did her best to shield her father from being shot again, realizing that he was the target, and pushed him in front of her towards the cabin. Vicky Weaver stood in the cabin's doorway, holding the door open for them

• 12:12Speaker 00

  with her 10-month-old daughter Alicia in her arms. Randy and Sarah raced indoors with Kevin behind them. As he crossed the threshold, Agent Horiuchi fired another shot aiming for Kevin. But the bullet struck Vicky first, fatally tearing through her face before hitting Kevin Harris in the chest. Vicky fell to the floor with her infant daughter still in her arms.

• 12:42Speaker 00

  Kevin was badly injured and begged Randy to kill him and put him out of his misery. Randy refused.

• 12:51Speaker 00

  The Weavers felt like they were being hunted. They had no faith in the federal government and refused to trust the FBI negotiators who tried to arrange for their surrender. The standoff went on for days with the Weaver family holed up inside their cabin and federal agents surrounding the property. A crowd of spectators and protesters sympathetic to the Weavers gathered at the base of the mountain. Some carried signs that decried the actions of federal law enforcement. One read: "Federal informant, federal charges, federal attack. I am fed up. Are you? Stand up before it's too late."

• 13:38Speaker 00

  Eventually, a former US Army Special Forces member with similar politics to Randy Weaver was called in to help. Over three days, he managed to convince Randy to surrender, promising that he would assist in getting Randy a fair trial. The standoff finally came to an end on Monday, August 31, 11 days after it began. Randy Weaver and Kevin Harris, who recovered from his bullet wound after the surrender, were charged with multiple offenses, including the murder of the US Marshal.

• 14:16Speaker 00

  Both men were acquitted of this most serious crime at a federal trial. Ballistic reports revealed that Randy Weaver hadn't fired a single shot during the entire standoff. In the end, Randy was sentenced to 18 months in prison for missing his original court date and violating bail conditions.

• 14:40Speaker 00

  He later filed a $200 million civil suit against the government for the wrongful deaths of his wife and son.

• 14:48Speaker 00

  In 1995, the government settled the case, agreeing to pay Randy Weaver $100,000 and $1 million to each of his three daughters.

• 15:00Speaker 00

  The events at Ruby Ridge sent shockwaves through the United States and had significant ramifications. The media and the public were broadly critical of how the various federal agencies had handled the case. A special task force report and a senate subcommittee report both agreed that the rules of engagement were unconstitutional. They also broadly agreed with the Weaver's version of how the altercation began.

• 15:31Speaker 00

  Agent Lon Horiyuchi, the FBI sniper who shot/ killed Vicky Weaver, was charged with involuntary manslaughter, though the case against him was ultimately dismissed. There were no criminal convictions for the deaths of either Samuel or Vicky Weaver.

• 15:51Speaker 00

  For many Americans, the Ruby Ridge incident was seen as a shocking example of state overreach and unnecessary government interference into the lives of private citizens.

• 16:03Speaker 00

  Roughly 2,000 miles away, at the Mount Carmel Center east of Waco, Texas, members of the Branch Davidian Church were among those taking note.

• 16:15Speaker 00

  For some time now, their leader, David Koresh, had been predicting an impending apocalypse on their land, which would take the form of government persecution.

• 16:27Speaker 00

  "What are you going to do six months from now when this is all surrounded by tanks?", he'd asked several followers in June of 1992.

• 16:37Speaker 00

  Two months later, as they followed reports of the Ruby Ridge Siege on television news, David Koresh wondered aloud: "Is it a dress rehearsal for an attack on Mount Carmel?"

• 17:16Speaker 00

  The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, abbreviated to the ATF, is a US federal law enforcement agency that falls under the Department of Justice. Initially founded as a way to collect taxes on imported spirits and tobacco, the agency’s role evolved over time, taking on a more investigative and regulatory role.

• 17:39Speaker 00

  The ATF is responsible for investigating crimes that involve alcohol, tobacco, firearms and explosives, which has made it an unpopular agency at times. This has been attributed to the ATF’s role in regulating products that many Americans enjoy and don’t want regulated. In the words of author Jeff Gwynn, “The agency has become something of a public punching bag.”

• 18:07Speaker 00

  The ATF wasn’t just unpopular with the public, it struggled with lawmakers too. It received less funding than other federal law enforcement agencies, had fewer employees, and frequently came under attack by the country’s powerful gun lobby, the National Rifle Association. The ATF’s role as the nation’s enforcer of gun laws meant it was often accused of trampling on citizens’ Second Amendment rights, the amendment in the US Constitution that enshrines the rights of Americans to bear arms. In the early 1990s, the ATF was in such dire financial straits

• 18:48Speaker 00

  that agents in charge of divisional officers began issuing fines to other agents if they were late for meetings, just so they had some money they could use to purchase necessary equipment.

• 19:01Speaker 00

  The ATF undertook its own investigations, but was also often called upon by other agencies to provide support as required.

• 19:11Speaker 00

  In early June of 1992, the ATF received one request from a sheriff’s department in Texas, who said that they were dealing with a situation in McLennan County, near the city of Waco. It had all started with some reports of troubling things being sent in the mail.

• 19:35Speaker 00

  Larry Gilbreth was a driver for the United Parcel Service, or UPS, and he had been delivering parcels to the Mount Carmel compound since 1986. Sometimes he made several deliveries in one week. Initially, he'd thought nothing of it. The residents who lived at Mount Carmel were viewed by the broader community in Waco as maybe a little odd, but harmless and decent people. Larry would drive their parcels out to the Mount Carmel compound, where David Koresh often signed for them personally. He was always friendly, and Larry enjoyed chatting with him about cars and other hobbies.

• 20:17Speaker 00

  But, things changed over time. While the parcels had initially borne packaging labels that indicated they contained medication or other personal items, larger boxes had started arriving from an arms dealer. More and more kept coming. Larry thought it was strange that a religious organisation would be ordering so many firearms.

• 20:43Speaker 00

  In early 1992, David Koresh began redirecting these deliveries so they weren't addressed to the Mount Carmel compound. Instead, Larry had to take them to a garage that they rented several miles away, known as the Mag Bag. The Branch Davidians who met Larry to sign for the packages began dressing in military fatigues. In Larry's view, they looked more like a militia than a church group.

• 21:13Speaker 00

  They were also ordering ammunition and magazines for 223 rifles, AK-47s and AR-15s. They even ordered a grenade launcher. One day in February of 1992, Larry dropped one of the parcels marked for delivery to the Mag Bag, and it broke open. Inside were about 50 hand grenades. Several rolled out of the box.

• 21:42Speaker 00

  Terrified, Larry jumped back, before realising that they were just the grenade casings, and they had no explosives inside.

• 21:51Speaker 00

  Still, the sight of so many potential bombs was alarming, especially as Larry had noted that another delivery was marked as containing black powder, a substance used to make explosives.

• 22:06Speaker 00

  Larry told his wife about the incident, who in turn reported it to the local sheriff's department.

• 22:13Speaker 00

  The Gilbreaths told the sheriff about the other deliveries as well.

• 22:19Speaker 00

  It wasn't illegal to receive large shipments of firearms in Texas, but the grenades and black powder were more concerning. Plus, some of the ammunition David Koresh was ordering was for fully automatic rifles, suggesting he might be illegally converting semi-automatic weapons.

• 22:39Speaker 00

  The size of these orders was large enough to suggest a substantial operation. A number of the sheriff's deputies also remembered David Koresh's shootout with the George Roden several years earlier, and how he was subsequently trialed for attempted murder. On Thursday, June 4, 1992, McLennan County Sheriff's Department reached out to the ATF to request an investigation.

• 23:10Speaker 00

  Agent Davy Aguilera began looking into the matter, tracing David Koresh's purchases of firearms and ammunition. He also interviewed neighbors who lived near the Mount Carmel compound to see if they'd noticed anything strange.

• 23:27Speaker 00

  One neighbor, a military veteran, mentioned that in January of 1992, he'd heard machine gun fire coming from Mount Carmel.

• 23:37Speaker 00

  After learning that Koresh had purchased weapons from a local dealer named Henry McMahon, Agent Aguilera spoke to him as well.

• 23:47Speaker 00

  Henry told the agent that he and Koresh were in business together. Koresh and his Branch Davidians assembled AR-15s from other parts, then Henry sold them at gun shows. Agent Aguilera informed Henry that this arrangement could make him liable for an 11% federal tax on any proceeds, and he’d need to keep meticulous records of every transaction. This prompted Henry to cancel the arrangement with Koresh, as he didn’t want the extra cost or hassle.

• 24:21Speaker 00

  While he was speaking with Agent Aguilera, Henry called Koresh to tell him that the ATF was there asking questions.

• 24:30Speaker 00

  Now the Branch Davidians would know they were being investigated.

• 24:36Speaker 00

  “Well, if there’s a problem, tell them to come out here,” Koresh replied. But the agents declined his invitation, as they didn’t yet have a warrant to search the compound, and doubted Koresh would show them everything they wanted to see.

• 24:52Speaker 00

  Agent Aguilera continued working on his investigation, certain that Koresh was involved in illegal firearm activities. He also sent a report on his discoveries to ATF headquarters, asking for permission to seek a search warrant for Mount Carmel from federal court.

• 25:11Speaker 00

  While Agent Aguilera was waiting to hear back about his request, news broke of the siege at Ruby Ridge, in which two innocent civilians and a US marshal had been killed. This led to significant negative publicity for the ATF, along with other federal law enforcement agencies. Two months after the conclusion of the siege, Agent Aguilera was informed on Monday, November 2, that his request to search Mount Carmel had been denied.

• 25:45Speaker 00

  The denial of Agent Aguilera's request didn't mean the case was closed. It just meant that Aguilera had to keep digging for more evidence. Understaffing at the ATF meant that he was mostly working solo, with occasional help here and there. He'd managed to track down multiple arms dealers who'd sold to Koresh, and established that the Branch Davidians possessed enough firearms, conversion kits, and munitions to suggest that they were likely involved in illegal sales. But, Aguilera hadn't found any actual evidence that proved criminal activity.

• 26:26Speaker 00

  In December 1992, he began focusing more on interviewing individuals who might have witnessed illegal activity. Agent Aguilera spoke to Child Protective Services worker Joyce Sparks about her investigation into the Branch Davidians. Amongst her general recollections of what she'd seen at Mount Carmel, Joyce described how a little boy there had told her that all of the adults had guns and practiced using them a lot. Joyce had asked David Koresh if she could see the guns kept at the compound. After a 30-minute wait, Koresh escorted Joyce to an old yellow school bus that lay next to the compound.

• 27:10Speaker 00

  It was mostly buried under the ground.

• 27:14Speaker 00

  At one end of the bus was a refrigerator marked with bullet holes. Three rifles lay on the floor.

• 27:23Speaker 00

  Koresh explained that he did his target practice there, as the bus muffled the sound and didn't disturb the neighbours.

• 27:32Speaker 00

  Joyce also related how Koresh had given an ominous warning, stating: "My time is coming. When I reveal myself as the messenger and my time comes, what happens will make the riots in LA pale in comparison."

• 27:51Speaker 00

  He was referring to the 1992 Los Angeles riots, which saw a series of violent riots and civil disturbances across Los Angeles County during May and April of that year. In total, 63 people had been killed and 2,383 were injured.

• 28:12Speaker 00

  Agent Aguilera interviewed some ex-Branch Davidians, including Mark Bro, who was living in Australia and had started a campaign against Koresh after becoming disillusioned with his former mentor.

• 28:26Speaker 00

  Mark described how he had participated in shooting practice alongside Koresh and said that Branch Davidians took it in turns to stand guard around the building while armed. He himself had done so with a loaded gun. According to Mark, Koresh had told them that if anyone attempted to enter the property, they should shoot to kill.

• 28:50Speaker 00

  During one conversation, Koresh had disparaged gun laws as ludicrous because, “An individual could easily acquire a firearm and the necessary parts to convert it to a machine gun. But if a person had the gun and the parts together, they would be in violation of the law.”

• 29:12Speaker 00

  This was significant, as it was an open admission that Koresh knew he was breaking the law by converting firearms.

• 29:21Speaker 00

  Another witness, who’d left the Branch Davidians in June 1992, said that Koresh's arsenal had grown even larger in recent months.

• 29:32Speaker 00

  This individual had seen a 50-caliber weapon so large that it was mounted on a tactical bipod and had heard of other similar firearms on the property.

• 29:43Speaker 00

  There were also around 15 AR-15s, 25 AK-47s, several pistols, and three street sweepers: a 12-gauge, 12-shot shotgun with a spring-driven drum magazine and folding buttstock.

• 30:00Speaker 00

  Each time a street sweeper’s trigger was released after firing a shot, the magazine rotated to position the next shot for firing.

• 30:10Speaker 00

  Agent Aguilera also spoke to one of Koresh's former wives, Robin Buns, her brother, and her mother, Janine, who had also slept with Koresh with the intention of conceiving a child.

• 30:24Speaker 00

  They told the agent that Koresh had screened violent movies about the Vietnam War and told his followers they were training films. Branch Davidians armed with guns took turns standing guard around the building, and there were sometimes shooting drills with AK-47s.

• 30:44Speaker 00

  The Buns also told Aguilera that there were foreigners at Mount Carmel who had overstayed their visas, and that Koresh had fathered more than a dozen children with various women and girls. They explained that no men other than Koresh were permitted to engage in sexual activity.

• 31:05Speaker 00

  Janine Buns told the agent that she had personally delivered some of the babies born to female Branch Davidians. The youngest mother had been just 11 years old.

• 31:18Speaker 00

  Although the sexual abuse of minors and immigration violations did not fall under the ATF's jurisdiction, these other alleged crimes strengthened Aguilera's case, especially as it was against federal law for illegal aliens to receive a firearm.

• 31:37Speaker 00

  Upon performing background checks on the Branch Davidians, Agent Aguilera found that more than 40 were foreign nationals, many of whom were there illegally. Several others had been arrested, convicted, or were under investigation for various crimes, ranging from fraud to smuggling and narcotics offenses.

• 32:00Speaker 00

  Agent Aguilera had enough to obtain the search warrant he needed to raid Mount Carmel. But he still wanted evidence that was stronger than statements from former members who'd left the compound years earlier. On Friday, October 2, 1992, the ATF installed a pole camera along the road near the property in the hopes of capturing photographic proof of the Branch Davidians' shooting drills. Unfortunately, the footage captured by the cameras was too poor to be of any use.

• 32:35Speaker 00

  Their next option was to send in some undercover agents.

• 32:50Speaker 00

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• 32:59Speaker 00

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• 35:02Speaker 02

  Hi, this is Mark Bittman from the podcast Food with Mark Bittman. I've been writing about food and restaurants for almost 50 years, my whole career, really. And what I know is that the good restaurants all have something in common: they're busy. Genuinely, chaotically busy. And somehow, in the last few years, the best of them have begun to make it look easy. And do you know why? Because they're running on Toast's technology. Toast is built for restaurant owners who understand that Toast's tools keep the line moving and keep their customers happy, with fewer mistakes and hiccups in ordering and paying. For owners,

• 35:41Speaker 02

  that turns busy into business. To learn more, head to toasttab.com. That's T-O-A-S-T-T-A-B, toasttab.com. Toast: Built for Busy.

• 35:59Speaker 00

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• 36:15Speaker 00

  The Mount Carmel compound had a long driveway and sat 200 yards back from Double E Ranch Road. It was a narrow road that could barely accommodate two lanes, and much of it was unpaved. It was mostly packed to dirt, framed by gravel along its margins. Sprawling sparse fields lay on either side, with an occasional house here and there. As there were just a few other properties within the vicinity of Mount Carmel, everybody there knew one another.

• 36:48Speaker 00

  One of these properties sat directly across the road from the Mount Carmel driveway. In late 1992, the tenants of that house moved out, explaining that the property's owner wanted to perform some minor repairs. In January 1993, eight men in their late twenties and early thirties moved in. They told the Branch Davidians and other neighbours that they were students at Texas State Technical College in Waco. Not long after they arrived, they threw a housewarming party and invited the Branch Davidians.

• 37:23Speaker 00

  In reality, they were undercover ATF agents tasked with surveilling the Mount Carmel compound. Their new home was dubbed "The Undercover House". They kept cameras aimed at the compound at all times and noted all the comings and goings of its residents. The ATF estimated that about seventy-five people lived at Mount Carmel, but it was difficult to obtain an accurate count of the residents due to the way people came and went from the building. There were always people milling about. In actuality, Mount Carmel's population was almost double that amount. There were one hundred and thirty Branch Davidians there, including forty-two men,

• 38:06Speaker 00

  forty-five women, and forty-three children aged fifteen and younger.

• 38:12Speaker 00

  The undercover agents also wanted to get a sense of what the compound's internal layout was like. On Thursday, January twenty-eighth, nineteen ninety-three, two of the undercover agents walked over to Mount Carmel and tried to strike up a conversation with some of the men working outside on the property. After a few of these visits, Agent Robert Rodriguez received an invitation from David Koresh to attend a Bible study. The two seemed to build a rapport, with Koresh spending time talking to Agent Rodriguez one-on-one. He warned the undercover agent that his group was being persecuted by law enforcement, and said that Rodriguez would also be watched by police if he continued to visit.

• 38:57Speaker 00

  Koresh spoke disparagingly of regulations that made it illegal to convert semi-automatic rifles to automatic ones without a permit. He referred to the United States as "The Dragon" and said it was going to be destroyed.

• 39:15Speaker 00

  Over the next few weeks, Rodriguez visited a few more times and even participated in shooting practice with Koresh. On Sunday, February 21, Koresh suggested that Rodriguez join a two-week Bible study course that was beginning in just over a week’s time on Monday, March 1. After completing the course, Rodriguez could move into the compound as part of becoming a Branch Davidian.

• 39:42Speaker 00

  Joining the Branch Davidians and living at Mount Carmel would give Robert Rodriguez complete access to the inside of the compound, allowing him to provide a detailed description of its layout to his superiors. He proposed that he take Koresh up on his offer, but his proposal was rejected. The ATF already had another plan.

• 40:08Speaker 00

  While the undercover operation had been getting underway, tactical leaders at the agency had been developing plans for how they would serve search warrants at the property. They wanted the operation to be seamless. Recently, the ATF had been on the receiving end of negative publicity from all sides. The Ribby Ridge Siege had led to strong criticism from the public and conservative politicians who were already disinclined to like the agency. Late in 1992, reports that female ATF agents had been sexually harassed by male colleagues led to negative attention from the political left as well. There were rumours that the newly-elected US President Bill Clinton wanted to merge

• 40:53Speaker 00

  the ATF with the FBI.

• 40:57Speaker 00

  The ATF’s officials wanted to improve their optics; they needed a big win that would reflect well on their work. They had hopes that win would be a successful raid of the Branch Davidian compound.

• 41:12Speaker 00

  Ideally, they would just arrest David Koresh away from the compound when he left to conduct business elsewhere. That would ensure the safety of the many followers who lived at Mount Carmel. But the ATF received inaccurate reports that Koresh never left the compound, so they didn’t put together a plan for how such an arrest might be achieved. Usually, the ATF used one of two methods when conducting a raid. The first was dubbed "surround and call out", where they would approach a residence and call out to its occupants to surrender peacefully. The other was known as a "dynamic entry", and involved bursting into a location before the suspects inside had time to prepare.

• 41:58Speaker 00

  Everything the ATF thought they knew about the Branch Davidians made the first option a no-go. There was fear they might destroy evidence, use their firearms to attack, or enact a mass suicide rather than surrender. They also had enough food in the form of military-style "ready-to-eat" meals to sustain them for months.

• 42:22Speaker 00

  The problem with the "dynamic entry" was that Mount Carmel was in a difficult spot to launch a surprise attack. It sat on top of a small hill with no ground cover around it. Any approach by the ATF would be seen by the Branch Davidians before they arrived. Even though Koresh kept strict controls over the group's firearms and they were locked away when not in use, they'd still have time to grab their weapons. Then, they could fire at approaching agents who'd be left completely exposed. Plus, there were many women and children who lived at the property. The last thing the ATF wanted was another situation where innocent civilians were killed.

• 43:08Speaker 00

  Intelligence gathered by Agent Aguilera helped them come up with an alternative idea. He'd learnt that every morning of the week, except for Saturdays, the men at the compound went outside by 10 a.m. at the latest and worked on excavating a large pit intended as a tornado shelter. Maybe the ATF could catch them by surprise before they had time to grab weapons from the compound by driving up in pickup trucks with cattle trailers hitched to the back. That would make them look like regular road users instead of law enforcement. When the Branch Davidians saw them heading up the driveway, they would probably assume they'd just taken a wrong turn.

• 43:53Speaker 00

  It was decided that helicopters would also fly overhead as a kind of diversion from the pickup trucks. Snipers would also take up position in the undercover agents' house nearby, just in case. As the pickup trucks pulled up, agents would burst out from the cattle trailers and subdue the men at the pit. Another group would climb into the compound via a ladder to secure the gun room inside, making sure no one else could gain access.

• 44:24Speaker 00

  Meanwhile, other agents would announce themselves at the front door, then use a battering ram to gain entrance. Female ATF agents would herd the women and children together and keep them calm in a separate area of the compound. After the scene was contained, the agents would search the compound and seize illegally converted weapons, along with any other illicit materials they might find.

• 44:50Speaker 00

  Seventy-six ATF agents would participate in the raid, and about half of these were members of the agency's elite tactical units known as the Special Response Teams, or SRTs. Agents from all over the country would arrive in Texas several days beforehand to be deployed at Fort Hood Army Base for briefings, special training exercises, and rehearsals. Then, they would be relocated to Waco the night before the scheduled raid. It would be the biggest raid in the agency's history, and was dubbed Operation Trojan Horse. The go-word to signal the launch of the raid was "showtime".

• 45:32Speaker 00

  The ATF director signed off on the plan in mid-February, and Operation Trojan Horse was scheduled for Monday, March 1, until a last-minute complication changed everything.

• 45:48Speaker 00

  By early 1993, Branch Davidians had been making occasional headlines in the Waco Tribune-Herald for a number of years. The newspaper had covered the 1988 trial of eight Branch Davidians for attempted murder, and in April 1992, they ran several articles about a mass suicide that was rumored to be planned at Mount Carmel. Stories about so-called cult groups always attracted interest from readers and made for a change of pace to the usual daily news. Mark England and Darlene McCormick were the journalists at the Waco Tribune-Herald known to cover the Branch Davidians.

• 46:28Speaker 00

  In October 1992, they received reports from sources that the group was being investigated by the federal government for possessing illegal weapons.

• 46:39Speaker 00

  When Darlene McCormick dug deeper into the matter, one of her sources told her how David Koresh had claimed the divine right to take every man’s wife. They also alleged that he had boasted of having sex with underage girls, and he’d abused children both physically and psychologically.

• 47:00Speaker 00

  Darlene McCormick and Mark England began putting together an investigative series on the Branch Davidians. It was ready for publication by early January 1993, but its release was postponed after ATF officials confirmed with the newspaper that a raid was being planned. The agency wanted the paper to hold off on publication until after the raid. They initially told the editors that the raid would happen on February 22, then changed it to March 1, and then moved it to an indefinite date. After much back-and-forth, the agency refused to provide an exact date for the operation, or even a window for when it was likely to occur.

• 47:46Speaker 00

  Tired of holding off on the story and believing the public had a right to know what was being alleged about the church group, the Waco Tribune Herald published the first article in the series on Saturday, February 27, 1993. Under the headline “The Sinful Messiah”, the article opened with the words: “If you are a Branch Davidian, Christ lives on a threadbare piece of land 10 miles east of Waco called Mount Carmel. He has dimples, claims a 9th grade education, married his legal wife when she was 14, enjoys a beer now and then, plays a mean guitar,

• 48:27Speaker 00

  reportedly packs a 9mm Glock and keeps an arsenal of military assault rifles, and willingly admits that he is a sinner without equal.”

• 48:38Speaker 00

  Spread across three pages, the article went on to outline the allegations against 33-year-old David Koresh, noting that authorities have done little to prosecute Koresh for his alleged crimes. It described how many former members had left the group, but that “Koresh remains with about 75 faithful in a compound they built to await the end of the world. Former cult members and authorities say it is heavily armed.”

• 49:09Speaker 00

  The newspaper also ran an editorial imploring local authorities to take action against Koresh.

• 49:20Speaker 00

  The ATF had originally planned to execute the raid on Monday, March 1. After learning that the Waco Tribune Herald was beginning a series about the Branch Davidians two days before the intended raid, the ATF decided to change their plans. Worried the articles might make the Branch Davidians cagier and more alert to danger than usual, they would bring the raid forward. They couldn’t move it to the day of the article’s publication, as most of the agents participating in the operation would have only just arrived and needed more time to prepare. Instead, the raid would take place the day after the story ran, on Sunday, February 28.

• 50:05Speaker 00

  On Saturday, February twenty seven, undercover agent Robert Rodriguez visited Mount Carmel with a copy of the paper to show the group. After David Koresh read the articles, he seemed concerned.

• 50:20Speaker 00

  At a sermon in the chapel that day, Koresh spoke about the coverage and how an attack from Babylon was clearly impending, adding: “Now, for sure, they’ll be coming. Remember what I taught, how we have rehearsed.”

• 50:37Speaker 00

  It seemed as though Koresh was clearly anticipating some kind of intervention. Agent Rodriguez reported back to his superiors, stating that while Koresh and his followers had been unhappy about the articles, they’d still gone about their usual routine. He also noted that he hadn’t seen any guns out while at the compound. This seemed reassuring. Rodriguez’s superiors told him to return to Mount Carmel early the next morning before the raid to gauge the goings-on there.

• 51:11Speaker 00

  Sunday, February twenty eight, was a chilly morning with light rain.

• 51:17Speaker 00

  At eight AM, Agent Robert Rodriguez returned to Mount Carmel with copies of that day’s Waco Tribune Herald. Everything seemed normal, with no sign of any preparations for an attack. He chatted with Koresh in the front compound area.

• 51:36Speaker 00

  After reading the articles, David Koresh decided he wanted more copies of the paper, so he asked his brother-in-law, David Jones, to go to the store and buy some. David was employed as a postal worker, and he drove a yellow Buick with the words “US Mail” painted on the door. At about eight thirty AM, David Jones drove away from Mount Carmel.

• 52:03Speaker 00

  As David drove along Old Mahaya Road towards Waco, he spotted a car pulled over the side of the road. Standing next to the car was a man wearing a windbreaker jacket emblazoned with the letters KWTX, the name of a local television station.

• 52:22Speaker 00

  David pulled over and asked if there was a problem. The man introduced himself as Jim Peeler, a TV news cameraman. He said he was looking for a nearby compound called Mount Carmel, but he was lost. Thinking he was just talking to a US postal worker, Jim explained that he needed to film an important police raid that was about to take place.

• 52:49Speaker 00

  David Jones pointed out where the compound was. Then he got back into his car, did a U-turn, and sped back to Mount Carmel.

• 53:02Speaker 00

  David Jones burst back into the compound just fifteen minutes after he'd left. He saw that David Koresh was still speaking to Agent Rodriguez in the front compound area. Although Rodriguez believed he'd successfully infiltrated the Branch Davidians with an undercover persona, the truth was that they had known he belonged to law enforcement right from the start.

• 53:28Speaker 00

  The entire household of undercover agents had stood out like a sore thumb. Despite saying they were students, the eight men looked too old to be in college and had the clean-cut look of law enforcement agents. They drove new-model cars, and when they'd hosted a house party, they kept most of the doors inside firmly closed.

• 53:51Speaker 00

  The Branch Davidians had realised who they really were, and some had discouraged David Koresh from welcoming Agent Rodriguez to their home.

• 54:01Speaker 00

  Koresh had simply reminded them that the gospels told of Jesus befriending a Roman centurion.

• 54:09Speaker 00

  Knowing that Rodriguez was with the ATF, David Jones didn't want him to know that he was now aware of the impending raid. So instead of approaching Koresh, he whispered the information to his father Perry Jones, who then summoned Koresh to another room by pretending he had a phone call.

• 54:30Speaker 00

  After speaking with Perry Jones for a few minutes, David Koresh returned and approached Agent Rodriguez, who could immediately see that something was wrong.

• 54:41Speaker 00

  Koresh was physically shaking and dropped a bible he was carrying. Nervously, he told Rodriguez, "They got me once, and they'll never get me again."

• 54:55Speaker 00

  He then walked to a window and gazed out across the long driveway, before moving to another window. After staring outside for some time, Koresh turned back to Rodriguez and said, "They're coming, Robert. The time has come."

• 55:15Speaker 00

  Understanding that Koresh had somehow found out about the imminent raid, Rodriguez knew he had to leave the compound. Meanwhile, more and more Branch Davidians were gathering in the room, watching and listening to the goings-on. Agent Rodriguez told Koresh he had to leave and meet someone for breakfast. Koresh shook his hand, and added, "Okay, Robert. Good luck."

• 55:45Speaker 00

  Rodriguez exited the compound, terrified that someone might shoot him from behind as he walked to his car. Trying to hide his fear, he walked the thirty-foot distance to where he'd parked, glancing at the end of the driveway towards the undercover house as he did so. He was shocked to see that all of the house's windows were open, with cameras and snipers clearly visible inside. If any of the Branch Davidians walked outside, they would be able to see that too.

• 56:19Speaker 00

  Rodriguez made it to his car and drove down the long driveway back to the undercover house. Once he was inside, he called raid leader and operations second-in-command Chuck Sarabin, who was stationed at the ATF’s command post about eight miles away. Frantically, Rodriguez explained how their cover was blown and Koresh knew they were coming. In response, Agent Sarabin asked if Rodriguez had seen any guns out while inside the compound. Rodriguez said he hadn’t, and nor had Karash responded to the news with a call to arms. He had just been shaking and reading the Bible.

• 57:03Speaker 00

  Nevertheless, Rodriguez still hoped that the raid would be called off. But instead, Agent Sarabin decided... “I think it’ll be okay if we go quickly.”

• 57:25Speaker 00

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• 1:00:08Speaker 00

  At 9:10 a.m., Agent Chuck Sarabin arrived at the staging area where the agents participating in the raid were waiting. "Get geared up, we've got to go now," he shouted. "They know ATF and the National Guard are coming. We're going to hit them now." He ran to agents milling about the parking lot and to others waiting inside, urging all of them to hurry. Within 15 minutes of Sarabin's arrival at the staging area, the ATF's special response and arrest teams were geared up and crammed into the two cattle trailers that would transport them to Mount Carmel. Space inside the trailers was tight, and the agents were sardined together. Some of the agents felt confident,

• 1:00:52Speaker 00

  while others were apprehensive about going ahead with the raid if the element of surprise was gone. But none felt it would be appropriate to question a decision made by the higher-ups.

• 1:01:05Speaker 00

  The mood inside the trailers was later described as uncharacteristically somber. Agent Sarabin rode in the truck pulling the first trailer and maintained cellular contact with Agent James Cavanagh, who was one of the top officials waiting in the undercover house. Agent Cavanagh kept Sarabin up to date on the scene at Mount Carmel. He reported that there were no signs of any Branch Davidians. Everyone must have been inside. When the trucks with the two cattle trailers pulled up to the Mount Carmel driveway at around 9:45 a.m., the mood was eerily quiet. “There’s no one outside,” one agent radioed.

• 1:01:49Speaker 00

  “That’s not good,” another replied. At the same time as the trucks arrived, three helicopters sent by the National Guard approached the rear of the compound. They were supposed to bear diversion, but had arrived too late, failing to have the intended impact. One was a Black Hawk with five ATF agents and a National Guard pilot inside. The other two were smaller models, also piloted by National Guard pilots and with ATF Operation Commander Phil Huynatsky riding as a passenger in one. Meanwhile, the trucks had parked in front of the compound’s main building, as per the plan. Then the agents began to climb out.

• 1:02:35Speaker 00

  The first to emerge were those tasked with fending off the compound’s dogs, which were kept in a pen by the front entrance. The Branch Davidians had five dogs, an 80-pound brown Malamute named Fawn and her four 10-month-old puppies. The ATF dog team had fire extinguishers to keep the dogs at bay, as well as shotguns, just in case. One agent immediately discharged a fire extinguisher at the dogs, while another approached the compound gate. David Koresh suddenly appeared in the front double doorway and called out, “What’s going on?” The agents identified themselves, calling out that they had a warrant and ordering Koresh to freeze and get down.

• 1:03:21Speaker 00

  Koresh slammed the door shut and disappeared.

• 1:03:26Speaker 00

  Accounts of the following events vary, and there are some discrepancies between the government's version of events and the Branch Davidians. Kathy Schroeder, a Branch Davidian, was later to say that she had been looking down from her second-floor bedroom window when the ATF trailers arrived. She was hiding up there with her four kids, with Koresh having told the women and children to go to their rooms.

• 1:03:53Speaker 00

  Kathy's room looked out directly over the dogpen. According to her memory, the first gunshots of that day were the ATF agents firing shots at Fawn and her pups almost immediately upon arrival, killing the five dogs. "Then, after that, there was a lot of shooting," she told author Jeff Gwynn. Branch Davidian David Thibodeau wrote in his memoir that he ran into the foyer just as David Koresh was slamming the double-door shut and bullets were being fired at the doors by ATF agents outside. In David's view, the shots that followed from inside the compound were a natural attempt at self-defense by the Branch Davidians,

• 1:04:38Speaker 00

  who had armed themselves with 9mm pistols and automatic and semi-automatic assault rifles over the preceding hour.

• 1:04:47Speaker 00

  ATF agents said that it was the other way around: the first gunshots rang out from inside the compound as soon as David Koresh disappeared behind the front door. The gunfire was shot through the door so heavily that the door bowed outward. The agent standing closest to the door was shot in the thumb before diving for cover in a nearby pit. Other agents still emerging from the trailers became caught up in the gunfire as well. The initial shots from the doorway were followed by shots from windows all along the first and second floors. Bullets punctured the trailer's canvas coverings and pinged off the metal poles along the sides.

• 1:05:30Speaker 00

  Some hit ATF agents.

• 1:05:35Speaker 00

  The ATF's version of events has been supported by members of the media who were watching the scene unfold from a ditch on Double E Ranch Road. Several reporters and a cameraman all said that the shooting started from inside the compound, right when the door slammed shut.

• 1:05:56Speaker 00

  The helicopters that had arrived at the compound at the same time as the trailers were targets too. Official government reports note that when the helicopters were roughly 350 metres from the back of the compound, they were fired upon. This forced them to pull back, but it was too late for them to warn the agents in the trailers to abort the raid. Two of the helicopters landed in a nearby field to check for damage, while the third remained hovering above. All three had been struck by bullets. None of the helicopters were fitted out with mounted guns, and the pilots were certain none of the agents on board had fired any shots.

• 1:06:38Speaker 00

  Plus, they only carried sidearms, which would have had little impact when fired from such a height. However, several Branch Davidians have said they were fired on from above, with the roof of the compound's tower being riddled with bullets. This account was later supported by the Branch Davidians' lawyer, Dick DeGaren, who entered the compound some weeks later. On the ground, ATF agents took cover behind the trucks and behind the Branch Davidians' cars and vans parked nearby. One agent, who hid behind a white van with several colleagues, later said that the van seemed to bounce from all of the bullets hitting it.

• 1:07:20Speaker 00

  Other agents ducked behind an old air conditioning unit that lay abandoned outside. Others crawled up to the base of the compound building, pressing themselves low against the walls. When they looked up, they could see gun barrels poking out of the windows above. Once they had cover, they began firing back. They did admit to shooting the compound's dogs, but only after they were fired at first.

• 1:07:50Speaker 00

  The ATF agents weren't as well armed as the Branch Davidians. Most had a German 9mm submachine gun, known as an MP5. Some only had their handguns, and a few had shotguns. Six had AR-15s. In the chaos and smoke of the gun battle, they could see little of the people they were firing at. Within a few minutes, most of the ATF agents had spent all of their ammunition. They began shouting to their colleagues over the gunfire and the sound of the helicopter, asking them to ration their bullets. At one point, a Branch Davidian inside the compound began firing with one of the 50 caliber rifles.

• 1:08:36Speaker 00

  An agent told author Jeff Gwynn how its bullets tore chunks as large as cantaloupes from the ground. When they hit the cars outside, chunks of the engines flew off and ripped into the agent's legs. Branch Davidians also tossed hand grenades down from the windows, spraying agents with shrapnel. 16 ATF agents were injured. One was shot five times, but survived. Some sustained leg wounds, with one agent being hit in both legs. Several others were pinned down behind a shed when another agent staggered over and collapsed on top of them, his arm bleeding profusely.

• 1:09:18Speaker 00

  An agent who was also a medic braved gunfire to try and reach his fallen colleagues, only to have his medical bag shot out of his hands by bullets from a 50 caliber weapon. He attempted to go to the aid of a 32-year-old agent named Steve Willis, who'd taken cover behind a van when he was shot through the head.

• 1:09:39Speaker 00

  Willis died at the scene.

• 1:09:44Speaker 00

  Meanwhile, the ATF pushed forward to complete their mission, with a team of seven agents hauling ladders through the gunfire to the east side of the building. They had been tasked with climbing into the compound to gain access to David Koresh's bedroom and the gun room. Their intelligence from former Branch Davidians who'd left the group was that all of the weapons were kept in the same room on the upper floor. The agents raised the ladders several meters apart, giving them access to the roof. Special Agents Conway LeBlu, Todd McKeon, Kenny King, and David Millen climbed up to enter Koresh's bedroom.

• 1:10:25Speaker 00

  Thirty-six-year-old LeBlu made it up there first and held up his shotgun to provide cover for the others.

• 1:10:33Speaker 00

  David Millen approached Koresh's bedroom window, using a breaching tool to smash the glass and clear away the remaining shards. As he did, gunfire exploded from the room, hitting Kenny King four times. Twenty-eight-year-old Todd McKeon was struck in the chest and died immediately. King tried to reach him, but was hit twice more. He rolled off the roof and landed in a courtyard near the back of the compound. He would lie there bleeding for nearly two hours.

• 1:11:09Speaker 00

  Millen rolled away towards LeBlu, and they began returning fire. They tried to provide cover for the second team of three who were headed for the gun room. Special Agents Bill Buford, Keith Constantino, and Glenn Jordan had successfully entered their window, tossing a destruction device inside before crawling through. But a Branch Davidian stood in the doorway and fired at them. The agents shot back, and he vanished, before more shots peppered the gun room's walls. Some of the shots passed through to the outside roof area where Agent Millen still stood. He slid down the ladder to the ground to escape. Buford and Jordan were both hit.

• 1:11:54Speaker 00

  They escaped through the window, dove onto the roof, and slid down to the ground.

• 1:12:01Speaker 00

  Buford was struck in the face by a bullet as he lay on the ground. Another agent lay over him for protection, then managed to pull him to safety. Meanwhile, Agent Constantino was still in the gun room where the firing had stopped after his injured colleagues fled. As he tried to decide what to do, a Branch Davidian appeared and shot at him. Constantino returned fire. The man fell, and Constantino ran for the window, hitting his head on the way out. Dazed, he rolled off the roof and sustained severe injuries to his hip, leg, and knees. He was dragged out of the line of fire.

• 1:12:45Speaker 00

  Agents Mellon and LeBlu were still on the roof. Mellon clambered down the ladder, safely reaching the ground as LeBlu provided cover for him. LeBlu was then shot before he could climb down, and his lifeless body fell near Todd McKeon's. Special Agent Robert Williams, aged 27, had been providing cover from the ground for his colleagues climbing the roof, but intense gunfire forced him to seek shelter behind a large metal object that lay on the ground. A few seconds passed with no shooting. Robert Williams held his MP5 up when he was suddenly struck by a bullet from a high-caliber weapon, dying instantly.

• 1:13:31Speaker 00

  People were dying inside the compound too. Jaden Wendell, a 34-year-old former policewoman who'd joined the Branch Davidians, wrapped her children in mattresses for protection, then began firing shots down at the ATF agents below. She kept leaning out of the window to aim at them. The snipers positioned in the undercover house shot at Jaden as she leaned out too far, and she fell back to the floor, dead. Her children stayed hidden beneath the mattresses, too scared to emerge.

• 1:14:07Speaker 00

  A twenty-four-year-old Australian Branch Davidian named Peter Jant had taken up a sniper position in the water tower. He posed the biggest danger to the agents below, as he was in the perfect position to shoot at them over and over. They fired back at him repeatedly, until he was killed. Twenty-eight-year-old British national Winston Blake was killed in the kitchen after being shot in the head. Others were injured. Judy Schneider, the forty-one-year-old wife of Koresh's second-in-command Steve Schneider and the mother of one of Koresh's children, was shot through her bedroom window. The bullet struck her right forefinger and shoulder.

• 1:14:51Speaker 00

  Koresh's brother-in-law David Jones was also injured, as was Scott Sanobi, the Branch Davidian who'd fired on ATF agents in the gunroom. Peter Hibsman, twenty-eight, was struck in his side, which caused major internal damage to his abdomen. He repeatedly begged for someone to end his suffering, and another Branch Davidian later did as he requested, shooting him twice in the back of the head. Perry Jones, David Koresh's father-in-law, was also shot in the abdomen during the beginning of the siege, when ATF agents fired at the front double doors. The sixty-four-year-old was seen crawling on his hands and knees, screaming that he

• 1:15:34Speaker 00

  had been shot and begging to be killed. He was also subsequently mercy-killed. Despite being the target of the ATF's initial gunfire, David Koresh had avoided being shot while standing at the double doors. He was wearing a protective vest and carrying a rifle as he roamed throughout the compound over the course of the siege. About forty-five minutes after the first shots were fired, two ATF agents gained access to the compound, entering via the rear first floor. A lone Branch Davidian fired on them from a catwalk above, while shouts of "ceasefire" began to ring out through the compound.

• 1:16:18Speaker 00

  The ATF agents couldn't see who exactly was shooting at them, but it was David Koresh. They shot back, striking his left hip bone, left wrist, and thumb. Koresh crawled away, badly injured.

• 1:16:38Speaker 00

  The calls for a ceasefire had been a long time coming. The alarm had first been raised just three minutes into the siege, when Branch Davidian Wayne Martin ran to his office on the first floor to call 911. A Harvard Law graduate and one of Koresh's inner circle, Wayne sounded distraught as his call was picked up by Lieutenant Larry Lynch of the McLennan County Sheriff's Department.

• 1:17:04Speaker 03

  Hello? Hello? Yeah, this is Lieutenant Lynch, may I help you? Yeah, there's 75 men around our building and they're shooting at us in Mount Carmel. Mount Carmel? Yeah, tell them there are children and women in here and to call it off! Alright, alright, uh...hello?

• 1:17:20Speaker 03

  I hear gunfire, oh shit. Hello? Who's this? Hello? Call it off!

• 1:17:28Speaker 00

  Upon learning of the gunfire at Mount Carmel, Lieutenant Lynch muttered: "God Almighty, that fucking newspaper", assuming the issue was connected to the ongoing series by the Waco Tribune Herald.

• 1:17:43Speaker 00

  Wayne Martin set the phone down, and the call ultimately disconnected after about 13 minutes. Lieutenant Lynch was able to call Wayne Martin back, who shouted down the phone: "Tell them to fall back, we've got women and children in danger. Call them off, we're under fire."

• 1:18:04Speaker 00

  Lieutenant Lynch asked who was firing at them, and ordered Wayne not to fire back. "We haven't been", Wayne said. While keeping the line open with Wayne, Lieutenant Lynch began trying to call the ATF. The Sheriff's Department had been aware of the ATF's investigation into the Branch Davidians and their undercover house across the road. Lieutenant Lynch was able to make contact with the ATF's Operation Commander, Phil Hoynatski, who had been in one of the helicopters. He began acting as a messenger between Wayne Martin and the ATF, desperately trying to arrange a ceasefire. He asked Wayne to stop the Branch Davidians' shooting,

• 1:18:48Speaker 00

  while arranging with Agent Hoynatski for the ATF agents to do the same.

• 1:18:54Speaker 00

  At ten thirty-four AM, after the shooting had been going on for over forty-five minutes, Wayne Martin told Lynch that someone else wanted to talk to him. David Koresh picked up the phone and told the lieutenant: "We've known about this. I've been teaching about it for four years. We knew you were coming and everything." When Koresh began quoting the Bible and discussing his theories about the Seven Seals, Lynch demanded that he stop talking about religion and focus on the urgent matter at hand. He asked Koresh to call a ceasefire, which Koresh said he would consider.

• 1:19:36Speaker 00

  Meanwhile, Agent James Cavanagh in the undercover house also tried to call the compound. After the phone rang for a long time without answer, it was picked up by Koresh's second-in-command, Steve Schneider. Agent Cavanagh could hear screaming and crying in the background. Steve Schneider was angry, and it took the agent a few minutes to calm him down. When Steve had calmed somewhat, Agent Cavanagh proposed a ceasefire. Steve was receptive, given that people inside the compound, including his wife, were wounded. He began making his way through the building, telling people to stop shooting, with shouts

• 1:20:20Speaker 00

  of "ceasefire" echoing through the halls of Mount Carmel. It took several minutes for the shooting to ease, due to the sprawling layout of the compound and the fact that the Branch Davidians were deafened and shocked by the almost hour-long shootout. Agent Cavanagh advised his team leaders to tell the agents the same thing, but the delay in the message being communicated throughout Mount Carmel made the agents nervous that the whole thing was a trick. The lack of trust on both sides led to the shooting resuming. Many of the ATF agents were almost out of ammunition, while the Branch Davidians had a seemingly endless supply.

• 1:21:03Speaker 00

  A second ceasefire was attempted, and then a third, before the shooting finally stopped at eleven thirty-nine AM.

• 1:21:16Speaker 00

  Rather than being the successful, public image boosting operation the ATF had hoped for, Operation Trojan Horse had been an unmitigated disaster, leading to multiple deaths and an ongoing crisis with no clear resolution in sight. Additional law enforcement agencies would now be drawn into the standoff, including the Texas Rangers and the FBI. Agent Kavanaugh negotiated for the ATF agents to retrieve their fallen comrades before withdrawing and leaving the compound. This included Agent Kenny King, who had rolled from the roof and lay bleeding in a rear courtyard for two hours. He was carried from the grounds on one of the ladders.

• 1:22:01Speaker 00

  The retreating agents had to raise their hands and slowly begin exiting the compound without making any sudden movements. Deceased and badly injured agents were placed into vehicles to be driven from the property, while the remaining agents walked away on foot. A news cameraman who'd filmed part of the botched raid from the front of the compound captured footage of the defeated agents limping down Mount Carmel's driveway. When he began to film the bodies of those who had died, some of the ATF agents and members of local law enforcement shouted at him and pushed him to the ground. ATF agents were subsequently joined by Texas Rangers and Highway Patrol officers in setting

• 1:22:46Speaker 00

  up perimeters around Mount Carmel. Late in the afternoon, nearly six hours after the shootout, some ATF agents were sent out to set up a skirmish line around the compound, scouting the area. Several of them were crossing a field about 350 yards behind Mount Carmel when they came across three Branch Davidians attempting to enter the compound.

• 1:23:11Speaker 00

  Mike Schroeder, Norman Allison and Bob Kendrick lived in the Mag Bag Building several miles away. They'd caught wind of what had been going on at Mount Carmel and wanted to stand alongside their fellow Branch Davidians. They drove towards a nearby trailer where several elderly Branch Davidian women lived, about two miles from the compound, then walked the rest of the way. Bob Kendrick had heart disease and struggled to keep up, eventually giving up on his mission, but Mike and Norman carried on.

• 1:23:47Speaker 00

  One of the ATF agents said he ordered the man to show their hands, and 29-year-old Mike Schroeder responded by shooting at them. The agents fired back, killing him. Norman surrendered. The Branch Davidian death toll had increased by one.

• 1:24:09Speaker 00

  Inside the compound, there was some brief celebration when law enforcement initially retreated, followed by anxiety that they would soon return. The Branch Davidians were also dismayed to discover that their leader had been badly wounded. David Koresh was lying on blankets in an upstairs hallway, shaking and drifting in and out of consciousness. His eyes kept rolling back in his head, his skin was deathly pale, and his glasses were fogging up with sweat due to a fever. Koresh and all of his followers believed that he was about to die.

• 1:24:48Speaker 00

  He called his mother to say goodbye, leaving a message on her answering machine. "I'll be back real soon, okay?" he said. "I'm sorry you didn't learn the seals, but I'll be merciful, okay? I'll see you all in the skies."

• 1:25:07Speaker 00

  However, several hours passed and Koresh remained alive. Ultimately, he decided that God didn't want any more Branch Davidians to die just yet. They would still have to face off against the forces of Babylon for the final battle, but Koresh couldn't say exactly when that would be.

• 1:25:28Speaker 00

  The ATF re-established contact with the compound by the early afternoon, after Steve Schneider called officials to talk. When they learnt that David Koresh had been injured, they offered to send in medical assistance. Koresh refused. The officials tried to find out exactly how many people were inside the compound and how many were injured. What were their names and ages? But Koresh wouldn't provide that information.

• 1:26:00Speaker 00

  He wanted to broadcast his religious teachings over local radio before he or anyone else would leave the compound. Negotiators agreed, and at 4pm, Koresh issued a broadcast over the Dallas radio station KRLD. It was replayed twice over the following hour. The ATF agents continued trying to coax David Koresh out, but he abruptly cut off communication with them at 6:14pm.

• 1:26:32Speaker 00

  He then made calls to cable news station CNN, giving an interview about the day's events. The standoff was making news across the country and public interest was high. "They fired on us first," Koresh told CNN. "I never planned to use the weapons. The problem is that people outside don't understand what we believe." He also claimed a two-year-old child had been shot and killed, which was not true.

• 1:27:05Speaker 00

  Contact with the ATF resumed later that evening. Though the ATF had no trained negotiators, they did their best to reason with David Koresh, pleading with him to release the compound’s children to relatives or friends on the outside who would take good care of them. To everyone’s surprise, Koresh agreed. By midnight, he sent four children out of the compound with notes pinned to their clothing detailing contact information for their temporary guardians.

• 1:27:41Speaker 00

  The ATF wouldn’t be managing the situation for much longer. The death of four federal agents meant that the FBI would be stepping in, deploying about twenty highly-trained negotiators and their hostage rescue team, an elite tactical unit experienced in managing hostage crises. At 9:30 a.m. on Monday, March 1, the director of the ATF made the official decision to hand over the scene to the FBI.

• 1:28:12Speaker 00

  Agents from the FBI had started arriving in Waco the previous night, with more arriving throughout the morning. Their leaders and negotiators would be based at a command post close to Mount Carmel in an aeroplane hangar about five and a half miles from the scene, while other agents would have boots closer to the ground. Their first priority was to control the inner perimeter around the compound. Their second was to set up a central negotiation channel. In order to restrict the Branch Davidians’ communications to them and to them alone, they cut off all but two of the compound’s phone lines and disabled them from calling any number other than theirs.

• 1:28:57Speaker 00

  This would prevent the lines being tied up by media outlets seeking interviews or exclusives from the Branch Davidians.

• 1:29:05Speaker 00

  The FBI negotiation team set up long, narrow barracks where they would be working from, a large, open space with a small room where the telephones were set up. The Bureau’s chief negotiator Gary Nasna took over from ATF agent James Kavanaugh, who introduced him to Koresh over the phone. Gary Nasna spoke with Koresh regularly throughout Monday, March 1. The two established a decent rapport, despite Koresh telling Agent Nasna, “We’re not ready to come out.”

• 1:29:40Speaker 00

  However, he did agree to release more children from the compound. During the course of the day, ten further children left Mount Carmel, aged between five months and 11 years old. None of the children sent out of the compound were David Koresh's offspring.

• 1:30:02Speaker 00

  Agent Gary Nasna could see that Koresh wouldn’t agree to an entire surrender, but he hoped that he might be convinced to keep sending out Branch Davidians in smaller groups. Although Koresh was angry about the compound’s phone lines being cut off to everyone other than the FBI, he continued talking with the authorities. He repeatedly assured them that the group had no intention of taking their own lives. In fact, he explained that they needed to stay alive so that they could deliver their message to the outside world. The FBI negotiators found David Koresh to be a puzzling character. They were accustomed to coaxing out bank robbers and political terrorists.

• 1:30:47Speaker 00

  Koresh's citing of scripture and desire to discuss biblical prophecy was an entirely new experience for them, and one they weren’t sure how to take.

• 1:30:59Speaker 00

  Byron Sage, one of the chief negotiators at the scene, would later tell journalists from Frontline: “There had been some question: Are we dealing with a delusional personality, or are we dealing with a con man? Does this guy think he’s Jesus Christ? Or is he just a con man who’s using religion to deceive all the rest of the people inside?”

• 1:31:24Speaker 00

  Deciding to take Koresh's proclamations at face value, the FBI continued with the strategy that had shown some progress thus far. They would offer him more opportunities to broadcast his message in exchange for more surrenders. Perhaps, if he was given a national platform rather than just a local one, Koresh could be convinced to leave the compound.

• 1:31:49Speaker 00

  Shortly after 10pm on Monday, March 1, David Koresh made the FBI an offer. If they allowed him to deliver a nationwide broadcast about the Book of Revelation, then he and all of his followers would surrender peacefully. Gary Nasner proposed that Koresh record his message using a tape recorder, with a statement at the beginning promising to leave Mount Carmel after the message was broadcast. After negotiating throughout the night, Koresh agreed to this proposal early on Tuesday morning.

• 1:32:24Speaker 00

  He recorded his message and sent it out for the FBI to review. It was 57 minutes long, the entirety of which was a sermon about the Book of Revelation. After some further negotiations and tweaking of Koresh's message, the FBI gave their approval. They arranged for the tape to be played uncut via the Christian Broadcasting Network television station at around lunchtime. As a show of good faith, David Koresh sent out four more children and two women in their 70s who lived in the trailer adjacent to the compound. Spirits were high.

• 1:33:05Speaker 00

  The initially tense and violent standoff looked to be coming to a peaceful end.

• 1:33:12Speaker 00

  At 1:32pm on Tuesday, March 2, Koresh's sermon was played on the Christian Broadcasting Network. It began with Koresh stating: “I agree that upon the broadcasting of this tape, to come out peacefully with all the people, immediately. My name is David Koresh, and I am speaking to you from Mount Carmel, Santa.” As it was delivered into homes all across the United States, the FBI continued working out the logistics of the surrender plan with Koresh. They would deliver a stretcher to the compound's front doors, so that the injured Koresh could be stretched out.

• 1:33:55Speaker 00

  He would be the first to leave, with four men carrying him. A number of women and children would follow. Then Steve Schneider would coordinate for the remaining people to leave, sending out one person every two to three minutes. By 3pm, the FBI's hostage rescue team buses were in place, ready to escort the Branch Davidians from the property. Laboratory personnel stood by, preparing to process the crime scene inside the building. Inside the compound, the Branch Davidians packed their bags in preparation to leave.

• 1:34:34Speaker 00

  Over the next hour and forty-five minutes, Koresh and several of his followers repeatedly reassured the FBI that their surrender was imminent. Steve Schneider explained that they were just trying to stretcher the injured Koresh downstairs to the lower level. "Everyone's lined up with their stuff, ready to go out", he told Gary Nassner in a relieved-sounding voice. Children were standing near the front doors, wearing their coats and holding prized possessions, such as teddy bears. Many members were emotional, exchanging hugs and tears with Koresh as they braced themselves to leave.

• 1:35:15Speaker 00

  A little while later, Agent Nassner spoke to Steve Schneider again. Steve explained that Koresh just wanted to deliver one final Bible study lesson before they left. The FBI was reassured, as such an action seemed to be consistent with Koresh's character. It seemed like they were nearly there.

• 1:35:39Speaker 00

  At 5:59pm, the negotiators called into the compound again. Steve Schneider answered the phone, and this time, his words filled the negotiators with dread.

• 1:35:53Speaker 00

  "The Lord spoke to David", Steve said.

• 1:35:57Speaker 00

  "The Lord told David to wait, not to come out."

• 1:36:06Speaker 00

  To be continued. Next week.

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