Part One: Francis Galton: Inventor of Eugenics

This week Robert begins our exploration of Francis Galton, a groundbreaking explorer and statistician who also invented modern racism as we know it by creating Eugenics. (4 Part Series) See omnystudio.com/listener https://omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:02Robert Evans?

  Welcome back to Behind the Bastards, the only podcast where I started the introduction before recording, but then I started recording because I remembered and Dave gave me some shit on it. Our guest for this week, the great David Christopher Bell. How are you doing, Dave?

• 0:16Speaker 01

  I'm doing great. I'm living the dream.

• 0:19Robert Evans?

  Living the dream. What is the dream?

• 0:21Speaker 01

  Living the dream. Having shirts with the faces of our pets on it.

• 0:27Robert Evans?

  Oh, that, that is the dream, actually. Yeah. Is that kitten? Oh, kitten in the new one. Yeah.

• 0:32Speaker 01

  Yeah, Rue.

• 0:32Speaker 02

  And I got this Anderson shirt from my friend Beth Ann.

• 0:36Robert Evans?

  Oh, wow.

• 0:36Speaker 01

  Beautiful.

• 0:37Robert Evans?

  I don't, I don't have my cat on a shirt, but I do have some old Gulf War themed Simpson shirts that have Saddam Hussein on them and my cat's named Saddam Hussein.

• 0:46Speaker 02

  That's close enough.

• 0:47Speaker 01

  It counts. It counts.

• 0:49Speaker 02

  We also have those shirts with each other's faces on them that we order that one live show and never address it.

• 0:56Robert Evans?

  Talk about that in reference to pets and stuff. That would be weird.

• 0:58Speaker 01

  Wear it every episode, right?

• 1:00Robert Evans?

  Wear it every episode. Yeah.

• 1:01Speaker 02

  Every episode.

• 1:02Robert Evans?

  I just wear it to the grocery store, you know? Yeah.

• 1:05Speaker 02

  Oh, good.

• 1:06Robert Evans?

  Out to the Fight Club. When I go to my local Fight Club, I always wear it. Yeah.

• 1:10Speaker 02

  Oh, I'm glad, I'm glad it's getting good use. I'm glad it's not, not just the grocery store.

• 1:14Robert Evans?

  I do have a concern because you and I are both men of more or less a certain age, right? So, so we grew up the right way, obviously.

• 1:22Speaker 01

  We're hurdling towards the grave.

• 1:23Robert Evans?

  We are hurdling towards the grave. But we were, you watched Mulan as a kid, right?

• 1:28Speaker 01

  Uh, not as much as a lot of people my age.

• 1:32Speaker 02

  I watched it a lot.

• 1:34Robert Evans?

  See, I watched it and I, you know, I think the lesson, whether you saw it once or a dozen times, that Mulan did a really good job of imparting is that you always need to be ready for the Huns to attack, right?

• 1:43Speaker 01

  Oh, yeah.

• 1:44Robert Evans?

  And there's some good lessons in there about how to kill a large number of Huns with the minimal, minimal amount of ammunition use, right? And my concern, because I was watching this with a kid's friend recently and I realized, because I've watched a lot of media with this kid, kids today aren't learning about how to defeat the Huns. No one's telling them about the danger of the Huns. What's gonna happen?

• 2:03Speaker 01

  Well, it's up to us.

• 2:04Robert Evans?

  I know. It's up to us and we're not doing the job right now, you know? We were warned about the Huns, but they're not being warned. It worries me, Dave.

• 2:12Speaker 01

  Yeah, we have to go school to school, like a program, you know, when like you'd have an assembly and like someone would come in with puppets and like tell you about stuff.

• 2:21Robert Evans?

  Here's a Tilla. Yeah.

• 2:23Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 2:23Robert Evans?

  The Huns from the movie, not really accurate.

• 2:25Speaker 02

  Such a good movie though, guys. Such a good movie. A bop.

• 2:29Robert Evans?

  I mean, it is, because I think based on historically when it would have been set, this was roughly contemporaneous to like the height of the Roman Empire when Mulan was set and the Huns really wouldn't have been, certainly not in China. Like, I don't know where.

• 2:40Speaker 02

  No, no, no, no.

• 2:41Robert Evans?

  But I think they didn't want them to be Mongolian.

• 2:43Speaker 02

  Never count on Disney being historically accurate and not.

• 2:46Robert Evans?

  Yeah, they picked a different kind of racist to be.

• 2:48Speaker 02

  Yeah, yeah, yeah. They're like always, always at minimum a little racist, all the way up to a lot of racist.

• 2:53Robert Evans?

  Yeah, it's gotta be some kind.

• 2:54Speaker 02

  And historically inaccurate 95% of the time.

• 2:57Robert Evans?

  As, as an Italian, I'm okay with bigotry against the Huns because as far as I'm aware from history, we were doing great until the Huns came. No problems in the Roman Empire until the Tilla showed up. That was when things went wrong.

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• 3:14Robert Evans?

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• 4:58Speaker 06

  I'm Melissa Jelton, host of the What Happened to Her podcast. We're kicking off the season with the Sandra Birchmore story, a case the police wrote off as a suicide in a snowstorm. Her family never bought it and the man they suspected wore a badge.

• 5:14Speaker 07

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• 5:19Speaker 06

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• 5:37Robert Evans?

  Speaking of racism, Dave, have you ever wondered who invented racism?

• 5:43Speaker 01

  Oh, God. Um, was his name, was it like, like James T. Racism?

• 5:50Robert Evans?

  Jonathan H. Racism? Yeah.

• 5:51Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 5:52Robert Evans?

  Yes, of the, of the Portland racist.

• 5:57Speaker 01

  Of the racist empire? Yeah.

• 5:58Robert Evans?

  Yeah, yeah. I mean, human beings have never needed like a scientific justification to be shitty to people who live far away and practice strange customs. Like, if you, if you're, like, the word barbarian literally exists because the ancient Greeks heard some people who lived like, today we'd say like 40 minutes away from Greece. And they're like, those people, it just sounds like they're going bar, bar, bar, bar, bar all the time. That's what, that's literally where the term came from.

• 6:22Speaker 01

  Yeah. I imagine like the first cavemen, right? Where it's like a caveman family.

• 6:28Robert Evans?

  This other guy from this other cave.

• 6:29Speaker 01

  Three caves over, move next to them. They're like, I don't know why. I don't like them.

• 6:32Robert Evans?

  I don't like their customs. Yeah, I think we should kill them all. Um, it is funny how long some of these, like, have you heard of the Berbers and like a lot of North Africa, like Morocco, right? They're kind of the indigenous people of Morocco. Like, their name comes from bar, bar, from the barbarian term, right? Like, it's still, and that's not what the Berbers prefer to be called, because that's actually kind of a racial slur for them. They prefer to be called, I think it's the mazik. And so I bring this up to say that no one like had to invent prejudice and human beings had been doing slavery and colonialism for a long time prior to the Enlightenment. But it's the Enlightenment that gives us racism, right? In its modern term, sense. You know, like, that's the racism where you're not just, because it used to be back in the day, all you needed to say

• 7:16Robert Evans?

  is like, well, we're from Rome and those guys aren't. So like, fuck them. Like, people didn't.

• 7:20Speaker 01

  Yeah, you're saying that like when we really leveled up our racism.

• 7:24Robert Evans?

  Yeah. Yeah. Because the upside of the ancient Roman era prejudice is that like, if you're saying, okay, they're not Roman, fuck them. When you conquer them, they kind of become Roman. And then you stop being a dick to them for the most part, right?

• 7:36Speaker 01

  Right.

• 7:37Robert Evans?

  That's not, I'm smoothing over for some stuff, but it was a lot less shitty than it was like with racism today, where we're still dealing with the after effects of like slavery, right? And the bigotry. And that's because of scientific racism. And scientific racism is a product of the Enlightenment and that kind of like early modern period where people are starting to put together science and they're doing it kind of the wrong way. And the guy who's most responsible for creating modern racism by sort of marrying these early ideas of science to the prejudice that had always existed is a man named Francis Galton. Francis Galton is the subject of our episodes this week and one of the most influential people in all of human history. I cannot overstate this. In terms of the

• 8:19Robert Evans?

  impact Galton has had, he's absolutely on the level of a guy like Hitler. But unlike Hitler, he didn't like kill anybody. He was a scientist. He wrote books, you know? And he also.

• 8:29Speaker 01

  Right. He didn't, he didn't, he, there was no point in his life probably when he was like, man, I'm a real Hitler right now.

• 8:36Robert Evans?

  Yeah, I really gotta do some Hitler stuff. No.

• 8:37Speaker 01

  Yeah, he died probably thinking he led a good life.

• 8:41Robert Evans?

  He absolutely did. And where, but Hitler also was like Francis Galton. That guy had some shit locked down. Like, we're definitely gonna copy some Francis Galton stuff. And it's, the weird thing about Galton, because he was a really brilliant scientist in a lot of ways, he also did a lot of good stuff. Like, he's, he is the person who gets credit for being the first, like, mathematician, I guess, to observe and demonstrate the concept of regression to the mean. And he gets credit for discovering correlation as a statistical concept. So like, most of, a lot of, I mean, maybe most is too much, but a lot of modern statistics is based on shit Galton was the first guy to figure out, right?

• 9:18Speaker 01

  Okay.

• 9:19Robert Evans?

  And there's, he did a lot more stuff, right? And that's part of why he was such an influential racist, because the guy who invented, he's the guy who invented eugenics, like literally came up with the name eugenics. That's Francis Galton.

• 9:30Speaker 01

  I figure that's where we're, I figure we're getting around the eugenics of it all. Yeah. Yeah, because we're talking about that idea of like racists trying to kind of couch racism in like science.

• 9:41Robert Evans?

  Yeah.

• 9:41Speaker 01

  To, and, and it, and that idea that it's gotten so found, you know, it's stuff like, what, BMI being a thing that's like a guy measured like a bunch of soldiers in Ireland or something and was like, everybody needs to be like this.

• 9:56Robert Evans?

  This is the ideal body shape.

• 9:58Speaker 01

  Right. It's the weird idea that like.

• 10:01Robert Evans?

  A starving Irishman.

• 10:03Speaker 01

  Yeah, like, I'm not saying throw out all science, obviously, but it's weird that like, we have such dogma from times like this, where it's

• 10:11Robert Evans?

  Yeah.

• 10:12Speaker 01

  filled with racist and weird, you know,

• 10:15Robert Evans?

  Yeah.

• 10:16Speaker 01

  tactics and yeah.

• 10:18Robert Evans?

  So let's talk about Francis and how he became the king, the guy who invented racism, I guess, not the king, that's still probably Hitler. So Francis Galton was born on February 16th, 1822, at the Larches near Sparkbrook, Birmingham. That's obviously in England, right? Like, I don't, I don't need to specify that. The Larches, Sparkbrook,

• 10:40Speaker 01

  Birmingham, right?

• 10:41Robert Evans?

  Yep. It could be Alabama, too, I guess.

• 10:45Speaker 01

  Oh, yeah.

• 10:45Robert Evans?

  So Galton's family had lived in that area around Birmingham for ages, and they had made their, obviously, the founder of modern racism. His family were like arms merchants. Of course, they were war profiteers. Like, that's the most obvious way for them to have gotten rich. His grandfather, Samuel, took up work at his father's, so Galton's great-grandfather had had a grandfather had had a gun factory in Birmingham. And I think previously, it had just been making muskets for like, people to hunt or whatever with, right? Like, it was not a, it was not a military arms manufacturer. And then the Napoleonic Wars start going. And he's like, oh, you know how, what's a great way to make a shitload of money right

• 11:28Robert Evans?

  now is selling guns to the British Army at the start of the Napoleonic Wars? I think we're gonna need a lot of guns for about 20 fucking years. Because this Napoleon guy's gonna be a problem. So this makes them quite rich, right? The family gets loaded off of selling guns to the British Army, but it also causes strife with their extended family, because the Galtons were Quakers, and they had been Quakers longer than anyone could remember. And the Quakers, I think, are okay with hunting, but you know what the Quakers aren't okay with? Selling guns to an army. That's not really, no. Yeah. But once Samuel spun up production to start selling to the military, the Quakers are like, well, you can't keep being a Quaker, because that's like, one of our main things, is that you

• 12:10Robert Evans?

  don't, you're not a war profiteer. So he gets formal, and his branch of the family is formally disowned from the Quakers in 1795 for fabricating and selling instruments of war. Although he keeps attending Quakers' services, I think they're too polite to kick him out. But he's no longer like, they're like, well, but you're not one of us, right?

• 12:30Speaker 01

  That is awkward.

• 12:31Robert Evans?

  But it's really weird now. Yeah, you made it weird, Samuel. In his own autobiography, Francis Galton notes that his grandfather was also a scientific man, and quote, "a statistical man of business." He was a fellow of the provincially famous Lunar Society, whose members met at one another's houses on the day and the night of the full moon, and the, and which, though small in numbers, was so select as to include, and then he lists a number of famous scientists of the day, including a guy named Dr. Erasmus Darwin, who's the father of the famous Darwin. And the famous Darwin is like, the half cousin of Francis Galton. They know each other most of their lives, right? And they're very close, like, friends.

• 13:13Speaker 01

  Can we, I, sorry, I, a petition to re, to bring back the blank society?

• 13:20Robert Evans?

  Yeah.

• 13:22Speaker 01

  As something that isn't always filled, whenever I hear the blank society, I think that's a bunch of racist.

• 13:27Robert Evans?

  Bunch of racist, yeah, a bunch of bigots.

• 13:29Speaker 01

  Yeah, you gotta bring it back. Or it's something that Sherlock Holmes will bust up or something.

• 13:32Robert Evans?

  Right, right. Yeah, they're, they're doing some sort of scheme.

• 13:35Speaker 01

  Right, but they, they were right about the naming idea there. Like, we, we should have that.

• 13:40Robert Evans?

  The Lunar Society, I would love to be a part of a Lunar Society. That sounds cool. Yeah, exactly. So it's clear to me that Francis Galton came to regard his war profiteer grandfather as the ancestor he took most after. That's why he emphasizes how statistical and scientific he is, in an era in which that's not really as much of a thing. Like, if you're, if in 1800, you're a man who believes in statistics, a lot of people will be like, well, that's nonsense. Math doesn't know things, you fool?

• 14:07Speaker 01

  Right.

• 14:07Robert Evans?

  Like, it's not, it, there's controversy among basic elements of science in this period of time. Samuel marries into the famous Barclay family. You've heard of, like, Barclay Bank, right? Samuel marries into the Barclays, and he starts a bank after the war, right? That's how he gets rich after he stops being a war profiteer. And he was described, one thing that's interesting, at the time, he is described as a captain of industry. And like, one of his biographies that someone writes in like, 18 fucking 12 or something, he's called that. And that's not a term a lot of people are using in the early 1800s, right? That's more of like, a later 1800s term. So he's among the very first people to be described as like, a captain of industry. He is an early, he's really an early founder

• 14:52Robert Evans?

  of capitalism, in a lot of ways. Capitalism is still getting formed as an ideology, and this guy who's a war profiteer and a banker, but also a man of statistics and science, is a very early, he's, he's, a lot of people see him as an early embodiment of like, what a capitalist is supposed to be, in the very first, almost the first generation in which they exist. Not quite. Samuel's oldest son, Samuel Tertius Galton, partnered with him, and that's Francis's father, partnered with him to run the bank, and married a woman named Violetta Darwin, the daughter of his friend Erasmus, right? So the Darwin, that's how the Darwin's become a member, or become entwined with the Galton family, is Francis's

• 15:32Robert Evans?

  dad marries the daughter of Erasmus. So Francis is born into a family of four sisters and two brothers, and was the youngest member of the family to survive to adulthood. Life was dangerous even then for the very wealthy. His cousin, Charles Darwin, not the more famous Charles R. Darwin, this is the, the Charles Darwin nobody hears about, because he dies at age 20 as a medical student from what is described as a dissection wound. That means he's dissecting a cadaver or performing surgery, and he cuts himself, and then he dies of infection. That happened to a lot of surgeons and doctors in this period of time.

• 16:07Speaker 01

  Yeah, this is the era where gravestones could just say stub toe.

• 16:10Robert Evans?

  Stub toe, got a, got a little cut if things went wrong. Yeah. And it's especially the case if you're like, cutting up a corpse, and you get corpse juice in your open wound. Bad to get corpse juice in an open wound. Generally want to avoid that.

• 16:23Speaker 02

  Don't like that phrase, corpse juice, not into it, thank you so much.

• 16:26Robert Evans?

  Avoid it, avoid it as much as possible. So because he had a, the Galtons were a large family, and Francis's parents were rich, most of the raising, when he's a little boy, is done by not his parents, but by his third sister, Adele. She's 12 years older than him and severely disabled, with a spinal curvature that left her bedridden much of the time, and unable to socialize or go out in public much at all. So instead, she focused all of her attention on her younger brother, as he would later recall. "She hailed my arrival into the world as a fairy gift, and begged hard to be allowed to consider me as her sole ward, and in her simple way educated herself as best as she could, in order to be able to teach me. Her idea of education at that time was to teach the Bible as a verbally inspired book to cultivate memory, to make me learn the merest rudiments

• 17:11Robert Evans?

  of Latin, and above all, a great deal of English verse. This she did effectually, and the result was that she believed and succeeded in making others believe that I was a sort of infant prodigy." So what Galton is saying there is that she teaches him to memorize the Bible as a little kid, and that convinces the people around them that he's a genius, right? He's always of the belief that I was not really a childhood genius. My sister convinced other people of that, by helping me to, like, learn how to memorize the Bible, because that's what she thought was what made an educated man. And other people believed this as well. A visitor in their home, to their home in 1828, when Francis was six, described him as a prodigy, recording that he read Shakespeare for fun, and quote, "By reading a page over twice, he repeats it by heart." So he's, he's got this very, like,

• 17:54Robert Evans?

  eidetic memory, you know, where he could just look at something, yeah.

• 17:58Speaker 01

  Yeah, nothing against anybody with a good memory, but this is real, like, dumb guy, smart guy.

• 18:03Robert Evans?

  Yeah.

• 18:04Speaker 01

  Like, I think about.

• 18:04Robert Evans?

  Memorize the shit up.

• 18:06Speaker 01

  Right. I had a social studies teacher that made us all memorize the preamble to the Constitution.

• 18:12Robert Evans?

  Oh, I still haven't memorized, yeah.

• 18:13Speaker 01

  Yeah, I can still recite it. I don't know what any of it means, really. Like, I, he never taught us, like, what it, why it was important. Or maybe it did, and I don't remember anymore.

• 18:24Robert Evans?

  It just lost to me.

• 18:24Speaker 01

  But I do remember, yeah, the stupid preamble.

• 18:28Robert Evans?

  It's a very old-timey 1800s way of like, this boy can, has memorized all the works of Shakespeare. And it's like, well, that is impressive, but does that mean he is like, smart? Or does it mean he has a lot of Shakespeare memorized?

• 18:40Speaker 01

  I would classify it under neat.

• 18:42Robert Evans?

  Neat. It's neat. Yeah, it's potentially impressive. Yeah.

• 18:46Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 18:47Robert Evans?

  Yeah. And this is, he would also, he develops an early habit of performances in which he'd recite some work of literature or poetry to his family. I've run into this in five or six biographies from this time, at least. It seems to have been a common method of entertainment for families with bright children, usually wealthy families, where they're like, "Have the smart kid recite things for us," you know?

• 19:08Speaker 01

  It fucking sucked back then.

• 19:10Robert Evans?

  It sucked so bad.

• 19:12Speaker 01

  I think Brotherhood of the Wolf I was watching, and there's a scene in that where the guy is like, they're having dinner, and he's like, "I would like to recite a poem for everybody."

• 19:19Robert Evans?

  Fuck me.

• 19:20Speaker 01

  And it's like, "Oh my god, get a TV."

• 19:22Robert Evans?

  That's hell. Yeah, fucking invent Netflix, you dipshits.

• 19:25Speaker 01

  Yeah, those idiots.

• 19:26Robert Evans?

  Yeah, figure out Hulu assholes. My god.

• 19:28Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 19:29Robert Evans?

  They didn't even know how to torrent. Yeah, bullshit. So Francis recalled performing Milton's Paradise Lost and Pope's translations of the Iliad and the Odyssey for his family. In his autobiography, perhaps sensing that bragging about his tendency for spouting verses a child made him seem arrogant, Francis included this passage. "In middle life, I feared I had been an intolerable prig and cross-questioned many old family friends about it, but was invariably assured that I was not at all a prig, but seemed to spout for pure enjoyment and without any affectation, that I often quoted very aptly on the spur of the moment, and that I was a nice little child." It says a lot that he's like, "As an adult, I worried I was an asshole. As a kid..."

• 20:09Speaker 01

  But I was assured, no I wasn't.

• 20:11Robert Evans?

  No, no, I wasn't. I was very smart and good.

• 20:13Speaker 01

  It's literally that Skinner meme. "Am I out of touch?" No. It's the children who are wrong.

• 20:19Robert Evans?

  "I'm an insufferable prig?" No. It's my memory that's wrong. Yeah. For my part, I kind of suspect he was an intolerable prig as a kid, but maybe that's unfair. It is true that he grew into one as an adult. "One thing I find interesting about his prig status is that after he invented eugenics, he came to believe that disabled people should be prevented from breeding. Even so, he wrote this of his big sister," and this is after his official take is that we need to sterilize people who are born with any sort of genetic disability, with any sort of like inherited disability, right? He writes this of his big sister. "Though she was compelled to pass the greater part of her life lying on her back, she was so energetic in other ways and so capable of endurance that she overcame difficulties

• 21:04Robert Evans?

  that would have been insurmountable to most women who were equally handicapped. She was active in setting up schools and teaching the poor. She had a considerable correspondence and exerted a wide influence among all classes during many years. Her natural capacity was of an unusually high order, and many who knew her well and whose opinions deserve respect thought that a slight betterment of opportunity and circumstances might have caused her name to be as widely loved and known as those of any of our English saints or heroines." So what he's saying is, she was really smart. She wasn't educated because she was a disabled girl in 1800 and something, right?

• 21:36Speaker 01

  He's like, "This person really contributed to society. Too bad they were disabled. They obviously can't contribute to society."

• 21:43Robert Evans?

  Yeah, obviously. Should be stopped from breeding. I really owe everything to her. My entire career as a scientist and a researcher to her educating me as a child, but clearly disabled people have nothing of value to contribute to society. Like, the way he squares that is by being like, "Well, she was my sister, so she must have been like a special kind of disabled person."

• 22:01Speaker 01

  Right. She has my special blood.

• 22:03Robert Evans?

  Yeah, exactly. So from an early age, Francis's parents steered him toward the sciences. Unfortunately, this is the early 1800s, well, mid 1800s by the time he's like a teenager, which means he spent a good deal of time being exposed to absolute cranks, and I fear they rubbed off on him. Here's one recollection, and this is from when he would have been like five or six years old. "Father discovered a needy foreign chemist who agreed to take me in hand at a rather high charge. All I clearly recollect of him now was that he seemed obsessed with the idea of making some wonderful compound out of sucinic acid, which is derived from amber, and that he spent all his spare shillings in buying bits of amber and burning them. I learned nothing from his tuition." So he's just like, "This madman who thinks he's gonna make some compound out of amber

• 22:48Robert Evans?

  that's probably an alchemy sort of deal, where it's gonna be an immortality elixir and make gold or some shit."

• 22:55Speaker 01

  This is what I envy about people back then, though, right?

• 22:58Robert Evans?

  Way easier.

• 22:59Speaker 01

  Is you can look at the moon and say it's made of ghosts.

• 23:02Robert Evans?

  Yeah.

• 23:03Speaker 01

  And like, they'll get enough people to go like, "Yeah, that's probably right."

• 23:06Robert Evans?

  That seems right. Well, and as a writer, too, if you were just the first guy to figure out, "I don't know, what if a dude was dead but not?" And then you invent fucking Dracula, right?

• 23:17Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 23:18Robert Evans?

  Like, it was a lot easier back then to be like a groundbreaking writer.

• 23:22Speaker 01

  I mean, all the way into frickin' 70s, that would argue. Like, listen, I love Spielberg, but it doesn't take a genius to go like, "What if a shark attacked people?"

• 23:32Robert Evans?

  Yeah, what if a shark was scary?

• 23:33Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 23:34Robert Evans?

  Yeah. So by age five or so, Francis is already out of the house, attending boarding schools, which started for him when he was like five. And over the next several years, he bounced around several, including a boarding school in France, which he hated because of the strict and abusive discipline. Kids were punished there by receiving a little metal mark that they had to carry around with them whenever they spoke English. And they could transfer these marks to other kids who screwed up. Sorry, it's not a boarding school in France. It's a French boarding school in England, right?

• 24:04Speaker 01

  Okay.

• 24:05Robert Evans?

  And when you speak English, because you're supposed to be learning French, they give you this little metal token that's like a token of shame, and you lose privileges when you have it, but you can get rid of this mark of shame by transferring it to another kid who screws up? So it becomes common for children who have a mark and want to get rid of it to trick gullible kids into speaking English, and Francis is the most gullible kid in the school. So he gets tricked a lot.

• 24:28Speaker 01

  Amazing. It sounds like they actually created this weird economy in this school.

• 24:34Robert Evans?

  Yeah, they did. The shame economy?

• 24:35Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 24:37Robert Evans?

  Yeah, yeah. And it's teaching the kids to like abuse their fellow kids and trick them in order to like transfer the punishments onto them. Francis never gets over this. He's pissed about this for the rest of his life, and he lives a long-ass life. He writes decades later, in like 1900 something, as an elderly man, "I rebelled with my whole heart against the treachery encouraged by this system." And I get it, that probably would suck ass.

• 25:04Speaker 01

  I was about to say, yes, this would be something I would take to my grave. This would be like...

• 25:08Robert Evans?

  I would probably take this to my grave.

• 25:09Speaker 01

  Yes. I would be finding the people at the school when I was an adult. Yes.

• 25:14Robert Evans?

  Those are who I'd be sterilizing as an adult, where I was sterilized, you know? He had similar complaints when he was sent to King's Edward School in Birmingham as a teenager. This is kind of his high school. Quote, "I learnt nothing, nothing, and shafted my limitations." He hates school. Anytime he has to learn around other kids, in part because he says that he craved topics that were denied to him at this, because this rich kid's school just focuses on the classics, right? It's the kind of school a lot of conservatives want all of education to be, where you just learn like the Iliad and shit, right? And Galton's like, "No, I wanted to learn. First off, they wouldn't let me do any good English reading. You're doing everything in fucking Latin, and I didn't want to read

• 25:57Robert Evans?

  in Latin. I wanted to read in English. And also, I wanted to learn math and science." And they didn't care about math and science because it had barely existed at that point in time. And I didn't want to fucking memorize the goddamn Aeneid in Latin, which, bro, I had to translate the Aeneid from Latin and it sucked ass, so I get it, Francis. Like, I hear you, man. He provided an anecdote from his time in grade school that I do feel honor-bound to share with you. "One of our schoolfellows, a gaunt, dyspeptic-looking boy, performed the following feat to our terror and admiration as we crowded around him to see it. He took a frog by its hind feet, opened his wide mouth, and dropped the frog's forefeet on his tongue. The frog struggled to get free, and at the critical moment his hind legs were let go, down went

• 26:41Robert Evans?

  the frog, head foremost into his gullet. He was our hero for the time. None other dared to attempt the same feat. He said that he felt the frog all the way as it went down into his stomach and in it." That's nuts. Like, there was nothing to do.

• 26:55Speaker 01

  I mean, I love how that is a story that could be from any era about a dude. Like, you could have told me that's from like...

• 27:02Robert Evans?

  It was crazy.

• 27:03Speaker 01

  Yeah, George Bush in college, it's the same. I would believe it, right?

• 27:07Robert Evans?

  If some kid had done that when I was in middle school, I would remember that the rest of my life.

• 27:11Speaker 01

  Oh, yeah.

• 27:12Robert Evans?

  Yeah, absolutely.

• 27:13Speaker 01

  He'd be a king.

• 27:14Robert Evans?

  He'd be a king, yeah.

• 27:15Speaker 01

  Not like a king you respect or follow, but a king.

• 27:18Robert Evans?

  Like, a king nonetheless. The fact that he's like, "Yeah, he was the hero for the day." I'm like, "Yeah, no, you would be." Like, he absolutely would be.

• 27:25Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 27:26Robert Evans?

  Francis's mother seems to have decided at some point during his adolescence that her genius son was destined for a career in medicine, and his father seems to have done the same. One presumes that his mom was influenced by the fact that her dad was Dr. Erasmus Darwin, a prominent physician and scientist. Now, Dr. Erasmus Darwin was an early and major proponent of the idea of biological evolution, that all life descended from a single microscopic ancestor. That had existed as a theory before Charles Dar... He's not... The fact that Darwin writes out the origin of species doesn't mean no one was thinking about ideas that are related to evolution. And like, we shouldn't take from this that Dr. Erasmus Darwin had the whole idea of like natural selection down

• 28:08Robert Evans?

  because he certainly didn't. But he is one of a number of scientists that's like, "Well, there's probably a common origin to all life, rather than God have just making a bunch of different animals and people and stuff." And this is very controversial at the time. Erasmus is attacked as a radical, godless atheist, as much as he's praised for being an icon of the Enlightenment. And you know who else is a godless atheist, who seeks to destroy all of religion and faith, you know? By force if necessary.

• 28:37Speaker 01

  Oh, man.

• 28:38Robert Evans?

  The sponsors of this podcast.

• 28:40Speaker 01

  Yeah, that's...

• 28:41Robert Evans?

  Yeah, that's right.

• 28:42Speaker 01

  That's what I was gonna say.

• 28:43Robert Evans?

  We don't support that. They're radical, you know, but they are advertising on our podcast, so please buy their products and support their destruction of all faith.

• 28:51Speaker 06

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• 29:34Speaker 06

  She was starting to get worried and get scared for her safety. Stories of survival.

• 29:42Speaker 05

  The only difference between me and her, frankly, was a little bit of luck, because by all rights, I should be dead.

• 29:49Speaker 06

  Cases that everyone else called closed. They can't convict her, right? Like, she has so much evidence. These stories all start in the same place, with a woman failed by a system that didn't believe her, that didn't protect her, that didn't see her. No child should ever experience that. And we were babies. She did all of these grave...

• 30:10Speaker 07

  Things and came out and spoke about it and he got a year. Never know who that devil is because he's wearing a disguise. Sometimes it's a police uniform.

• 30:21Speaker 06

  Listen to what happened to her on the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

• 30:28Speaker 04

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• 30:32Speaker 07

  And the argument is, do you want to win? If you don't win, you have no power.

• 30:40Speaker 04

  It's real.

• 30:41Speaker 07

  Those are the very people who I always say vote against their own economic interests and they complain about the very thing they're receiving.

• 30:47Speaker 04

  It's raw.

• 30:47Speaker 07

  I knew that the issue of transgender athletes was not going well with a lot of black men.

• 30:56Speaker 04

  Roland Martin Unfiltered.

• 30:57Speaker 07

  I went off, I said, this is exactly what I'm talking about. Y'all gonna scream at Chanel, but you don't want to see a black luxury company in the same van.

• 31:07Speaker 04

  Catch Roland Martin's daily commentary on the Black Information Network.

• 31:11Speaker 07

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• 31:21Speaker 04

  And download Roland Martin Unfiltered on the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts. Or wherever you get your podcasts.

• 31:30Robert Evans?

  And we're back. Wow, that was, I mean, again, I don't stand by what our advertisers said.

• 31:35Speaker 01

  That was dark.

• 31:36Robert Evans?

  Extreme. Yeah, yeah, honestly upsetting, but what can you do with advertisements? You know, you just take their money and let them say whatever.

• 31:45Speaker 02

  Yeah.

• 31:45Robert Evans?

  Yeah, exactly. Cash the check. That's right. That's right. So at age 16, Francis was pulled out of King Edward's school. His high school, his, his, his formal education ends when he's 16 because his dad's like, it's time for you to learn to be a doctor. And the way learning to be a doctor went, you don't like go to med, I mean, they had medical schools, but it was not the same as medical school is now. You pretty much get tossed directly into an internship by working as a doctor's assistant under, under another doctor. So he gets pulled out of school at 16 and immediately starts interning at Birmingham General Hospital. There were so many fewer rules at that point in time.

• 32:20Speaker 01

  That's horrifying. Imagine going to the hospital.

• 32:23Robert Evans?

  Oh, my God.

• 32:24Speaker 01

  16 year old.

• 32:24Robert Evans?

  There's a fucking 16 year old, you've got like a fucking knife in your belly or something?

• 32:28Speaker 01

  Oh.

• 32:29Robert Evans?

  Oh, man, that would suck. Oh, man. After he'd left high school, but before he started work at the hospital, his dad decided reasonably enough that Francis should get an example of what to expect at the hospital first. That like, he's going to pay him to like, follow a different doctor around first so that he can at least get prepared for like, being in an ER. And here's the description of that. This is his first ex, like, experience with medicine. "My father asked our medical attendant, Mr. P, to show me an example of the medical work I should be engaged in before I was plunged wholly into it. A servant brought a note from Mr. P awaiting an answer. It was to the effect that a housemate had suddenly died at Lord Blank's house and that he, Mr. P, was about to make a postmortem examination. Would I like to come?

• 33:13Robert Evans?

  Oh, the mixture of revulsion, wonder and interest and excitement. I changed clothes and went, entering the house by a back door as directed and treading softly up the back staircase to the cold garret where the poor girl lay. She was the first dead person I had seen, handsome and feature, but greatly swollen. She had been apparently in perfect health a few hours before, then she was suddenly seized with intense pain in the stomach, followed rapidly by perientitis." And that's inflammation, often infection of the outer lining of the inner abdomen, caused usually by a puncture wound, right? So you've got, your guts are bleeding into your other guts, right? Is what he describes here, and then she dies as a result of massive infection. "Mr. P pricked his finger while sewing up the abdomen.

• 33:57Robert Evans?

  A dissection wound, when death has followed perientitis, is proverbially dangerous. It was so in this case, for Mr. P nearly died of it." So his first experience with medicine is he, he takes, this doctor takes him to see the bloated corpse of this girl around his age and pricks his finger sewing her body up and nearly dies himself of infection. That's his first experience with medicine?

• 34:20Speaker 01

  There's a lot, there's a lot to take away from that.

• 34:22Robert Evans?

  There's a lot to take away from that.

• 34:24Speaker 01

  Number one, I don't need to know how good looking the corpse is.

• 34:27Robert Evans?

  Yeah, that was weird of you to note. Yeah.

• 34:30Speaker 01

  I don't need to know. Also, he's making up names. I don't know, Mr. Blank and Mr. P.

• 34:35Robert Evans?

  Mr. Blank.

• 34:36Speaker 01

  Come on, man.

• 34:37Robert Evans?

  Oh, man. It's just, death is such a constant in this period that you're like, yeah, you can cut your finger at any time, kid, and that's it. That's it. Normal day at the office, cut your finger, it's over. So days later, Galton would consider this the moment that ended his childhood. And like, yeah, that would pretty much be it. You're not really a kid after you go through that.

• 34:58Speaker 01

  No.

• 34:58Robert Evans?

  Yeah.

• 34:59Speaker 01

  You're done. You're done.

• 35:00Robert Evans?

  You're done. You're an adult man now.

• 35:04Robert Evans?

  "Still, he took to work at the hospital gamely enough and was soon sewing up wounds and risking his own young life to do so. This is where he first encountered the mentally ill. In his autobiography, he describes accompanying a researcher named William Bowman to an asylum in Vienna." So what, during like a break in like the hospital work calendar or whatever, he accompanies these two other doctors to Europe. This is his first time over to Europe and they go to an insane asylum. And this is, he's, they're doing some work and he's just sort of following them to get like, experience in the broader medical field. And he writes this of the insane asylum. "In those days, I was particularly shy and sensitive, and a consciousness of even the least unconventional, unconventionality made me blush to an absurd degree.

• 35:45Robert Evans?

  In one of the female wards, a young buxom and uncommonly good-looking female lunatic dashed forward with a joyful scream. She clasped me tightly to her bosom with both hands, calling me her long-lost Fritz. Tableau, amusement of the others, myself pink to the ears." So this is like, really embarrassing to him because this good-looking girl who's mentally ill hugs him and is like, putting her breasts up to him. And this is like, one of the life moments he remembers most, most from his childhood.

• 36:13Speaker 02

  Gotta be honest, great, great statement. Uncommonly good-looking female lunatic.

• 36:18Robert Evans?

  Uncommonly good-looking female lunatic.

• 36:20Speaker 02

  I know a lot of those.

• 36:22Speaker 01

  How old was he?

• 36:23Robert Evans?

  He could, 17 maybe?

• 36:25Speaker 01

  This is why teenager, this is why they should be just fucking going to the prom and shit, right?

• 36:32Robert Evans?

  Exactly.

• 36:32Speaker 01

  Like, he's like 16, 17 and he just can't help but to talk about how hot the corpses and the insane asylum patients he met on.

• 36:43Robert Evans?

  In a, in a better world, he would have met this uncommonly good-looking female lunatic at a party and eventually she would have given him a mixtape. And then he would have given her like, a really shitty mixtape that he made, like, because his music.

• 36:54Speaker 01

  These days, we call them manic pixie dream girls.

• 36:58Speaker 01

  Turn back then, it was, what is it again?

• 37:00Speaker 02

  Uncommonly good-looking female lunatic.

• 37:03Robert Evans?

  Yeah, that's the first manic pixie dream girl?

• 37:06Speaker 02

  I'm having a great time.

• 37:07Robert Evans?

  He meets his in an asylum.

• 37:09Speaker 01

  That should be a shirt, right?

• 37:10Speaker 02

  I know, it should, it should.

• 37:12Robert Evans?

  I tell you what, that, there's a good road trip movie in this.

• 37:15Speaker 01

  Oh, yeah.

• 37:15Robert Evans?

  So the, this trip to the continent is Francis's first experience abroad. He writes his older sister best during the visit. "I have duly kept your precepts in mind about the immeasurable superiority of Englishmen." So he's a bigot and his family are bigoted, but this is like a pre-scientific racist. They're just like, but we're better than everyone else that you meet because we're English. Never forget that we're better. Like, as you travel the world, we're the best and everyone else is worse than us. Remember that, Francis.

• 37:42Speaker 01

  This is how you make, I am surprised this didn't make a Hitler. Cause like, I mean, I know it kind of did, but I'm more overt, like a guy walking around going like, yeah, I'm Hitler. Cause there's like, telling a child.

• 37:54Robert Evans?

  Primitive.

• 37:55Speaker 01

  Yeah, telling like a teenager, you're better than everybody else. And then come with me to go see people at their worst and most vulnerable moments.

• 38:04Robert Evans?

  Yeah.

• 38:04Speaker 01

  While reminding you that you're better than all these people.

• 38:07Robert Evans?

  Yeah, of course, that made him into the man who invented eugenics.

• 38:11Speaker 01

  Yeah, that's a Hitler stew. That's the ingredients of a Hitler stew.

• 38:14Robert Evans?

  Yeah, that's all the, all the pieces of a tasty Hitler stew, right? They're all together. I'm going to guess a lot of cumin in a Hitler stew. I'm not sure why. Anyway, during the same trip, he wrote this in a letter back home to his whole family.

• 38:26Speaker 02

  With his GI issues, that motherfucker's not seasoning his food.

• 38:30Robert Evans?

  Yeah, you're probably right, Sophie.

• 38:31Speaker 01

  You guys have, uh, you've covered this Hitler fellow on this show?

• 38:34Robert Evans?

  We have. We've talked a little bit about Hitler.

• 38:36Speaker 01

  Is that like your Thanos?

• 38:37Robert Evans?

  The only H-bomb. Yeah. That's our Thanos.

• 38:41Robert Evans?

  During the same trip, he wrote this in a letter back home to his entire family. "There is nothing more useful than traveling. The more you see, the more you are convinced of the superiority of England. However, nothing could be so admirable as a German or Frenchman who loves this country. It must be a great and genuine patriotism to be able thus to prefer it." But like, wow, these must really be admirable patriots if they love their shitty ass fucking countries that suck so much worse than England.

• 39:07Speaker 02

  This is funny, bigot. Dance for his country in an unhinged way.

• 39:12Robert Evans?

  I've already quoted from two major sources in these episodes. Pullmers by, or Bulmer's biography of Francis Galton and Galton's own autobiography. But I found these quotes, the ones that I just read about him talking about how much better England is than everywhere. In a dissertation Susan Schumacher wrote, Schumacher wrote for the University of Canterbury. And Susan analyzed the growth and development of Galton's chauvinistic views during his world travels. So we'll be hearing from her several more times in these episodes. "Most of the scientific training Galton received as a doctor was in boiling various natural compounds to make tinctures and extracts." There's a lot of boiling, there's a lot of simmering, there's a lot of reducing things to vapors and then turning them into liquids again. That's most of medical science.

• 39:54Robert Evans?

  And there's also a lot of making pills. You're mashing up different compounds to like, make pills.

• 39:58Speaker 01

  It's all we could do, right?

• 39:59Robert Evans?

  It's all we knew.

• 40:00Speaker 01

  You have fire in a pot. What do we, water in there or no water?

• 40:04Robert Evans?

  Yeah.

• 40:04Speaker 01

  We got a rock and we got some like.

• 40:06Robert Evans?

  Maybe this plant does something. Maybe it's medical, maybe it just poisons people in a way we think is beneficial. There's no way to know. Like, we're still very new with this science thing. To give you an idea of how primitive shit was, this is something that Galton wrote later about his medical schooling. "The stethoscope, the stethoscope was considered generally to be new-fangled. The older and naturally somewhat deaf practitioners pooh-poohed and never used it." So like, the most respected doctors, like a stethoscope? Everyone's deaf, why would that be useful? They would probably scream it a lot louder.

• 40:40Speaker 01

  It's really funny to feel, feel like, why would we need to listen?

• 40:45Robert Evans?

  Yeah.

• 40:46Speaker 01

  More or observe closer?

• 40:48Robert Evans?

  That's not doctoring. These people are poor. You don't need to listen to them. Again, not long after this, a man is going to be hounded to his death in the United States for being like, surgeons should wash their hands. And the reason why he's had to do his death is that surgeons are like, but doctors can't give poor people illnesses. We're rich, right? That's literally the justification. We're a better class of person. Why would we have to wash our hands? That means we're the same kind of thing as a poor person if we could get them sick. It's very funny, except for all the deaths. So, working in their equivalent, his day's equivalent of an ER, which is what his early medical school is in. He's like, basically working in an emergency room. Galton got a feeling for the common sorts of injuries of the day. Most nighttime emergencies were

• 41:32Robert Evans?

  caused by burns because everyone's heating everything with like fire and oil. So if you get injured at night, it's probably because you like poured a fucking burning lamp on yourself or something, right? It was a horrible time to be alive.

• 41:44Speaker 01

  Oh, yeah. I do this nightly to myself.

• 41:46Robert Evans?

  Yeah. Oh, it would be awful. The next com- most common injuries were broken heads from brawls. That's what he, how he described them at nighttime, right? Because people are drunk at a bar and they get into a fight, which he had to clean and stitch up. As a wealthy child of a wealthy family in the Victorian era, he had grown up extremely conservative and this colored his interpretations of all he saw. His biographer, Michael Bo- Bulmer, describes him as having little sympathy for liberal causes like chartism. The chartist movement was a working class attempt to reform UK politics that was active from 1838 to the late 1840s. It was a kind of proto socialist-y, right? It's not perfectly accurate to view it that way, but it's certainly on like the progressive side of things. And they supported

• 42:29Robert Evans?

  some radical policies, like a vote for every free man of sound mind over the age of 21. They also supported an end to property qualifications for ministers of parliament. So you didn't have to like own land to be in parliament and annual parliamentary elections so that rich people couldn't just like buy offices as easily because you'd have to do it more often, right?

• 42:48Speaker 01

  So woke shit.

• 42:50Robert Evans?

  Woke shit, the chartists. Britain would ultimately adopt nearly every chartist reform. The only one they still haven't adopted to the present day is annual elections to parliament because, again, it would make rich people less powerful. But only after the movement died, right? The chartists don't get anything until after they've been bashed into like, like fucking prison and stuff, right? And there are a lot of brutal riots and mob, like police riots and stuff where these chartists are bashed half to death or to death in order to stop them from advocating for slightly better conditions. The height of the movement was in 1839, which is like one of the first years that Francis is working as a doctor. There were mass protests that the police cracked down on with standard brutality. All

• 43:35Robert Evans?

  Francis noted at the time was, "Many people were hurt. It was curious to observe the apparent cleanness of the cuts that were made through the scalp by the blow of a policeman's round truncheon." They're like, "Wow, when police beat people half to death, it's really clean. I love police violence. It's so much better than bar violence."

• 43:53Speaker 01

  It's like they're blessing them somehow.

• 43:55Robert Evans?

  What a clean, nice wound the police left this dying man who's now brain damaged forever. Yeah. I love how orderly police caused wounds are. That's Francis's conclusion. Bulmer analyzed this statement in his biography of Francis Galton and concluded, "This common comment reveals a detached intellectual interest, a tendency to see people as cases to be studied or examples to be counted rather than as fellow humans to be sympathized with, which remained part of his character." And that is very important. He does not see people as people. He sees people as data points on a graph, right? He's, he would, he would have been an effective altruism guy if he came out today, like where he's like, "Well,

• 44:39Robert Evans?

  this would, this means that I have to, we have to support thousand millions of people dying and starving, but it will be better for people who don't exist yet, maybe in the future, based on these things I, I've decided in my own head that don't necessarily correspond to reality." That would have been him today. In 1840, Francis traveled overseas on his own for the first time. His father had agreed to pay for him to study medicine in Germany over the summer. Showing what it seems to be, have been rare defiance, he instead decided to quote, "Make a dash and go as far as his dad's money would take him." So he's like, "I'm not gonna study in Germany. I'm fucking bouncing. I'm gonna take my dad's money. I'm gonna go to the Balkans. I'm gonna go to Constantinople." And honestly, if I

• 45:22Robert Evans?

  was a rich kid, I would definitely prefer rolling around the Balkans and Constantinople to, to-

• 45:27Speaker 01

  To DJ for a while.

• 45:28Robert Evans?

  Going to the ER. Yeah, DJ for a while. Yeah. He took in a residency of Ibiza.

• 45:35Robert Evans?

  Yeah. This means that for the first time, young Francis was confronted with large numbers of non-white people once he winds up in Turkey, right? Schumacher's dissertation provides Francis's reaction to being in this environment. In a letter to his father, he begins, "Here I am at Constantinople among Turks, Armenians, Greeks, Jews and Franks." And further on in the same letter, "Then there are the Greeks. I never saw such black eyes in all my life. I should like to put one of them in a rage. They must look splendid then."

• 46:06Speaker 01

  Oh, my goodness. Yeah, I mean-

• 46:08Robert Evans?

  Crazy statement.

• 46:10Speaker 01

  This is going, this is going as good as you assume it would, right? This guy around anybody who isn't white, he's gonna be like, "I don't know why. I don't like this that much. I don't know why."

• 46:20Robert Evans?

  Who's around, and he's around a bunch of Greeks for the first time after just like reading the Iliad as a kid. And he's like, "I wonder what it like, I bet they look great angry. I wish I could really piss off this Greek so I could see them in their natural condition," which I assume the Iliad describes.

• 46:35Speaker 02

  What a weirdo.

• 46:36Robert Evans?

  He continues in that letter. And here's where things get really dark. "I saw the women's slave market today. If I had 50 pounds in currency at my disposal, I could have invested in an excessively beautiful one, a Georgian. Some of the slaves had their nails dyed in henna. Most of the black ones were fettered, but they seemed very happy dancing and singing and looking on complacently whilst a couple of the Turks were wrangling about their prices." So-

• 47:01Speaker 02

  Sir.

• 47:01Robert Evans?

  There's- Okay.

• 47:04Speaker 01

  This guy, everything he writes, it makes me wanna put him in a cage.

• 47:08Robert Evans?

  Yeah.

• 47:09Speaker 01

  Like, I wanna contain him.

• 47:10Robert Evans?

  Yeah, he should have been locked up.

• 47:12Speaker 01

  I don't want him, yeah, interacting with society.

• 47:14Robert Evans?

  No, no. A cave would have been the right thing. Plato's The Cave is a great example of what we should have done to people like, like this fucking kid, you know? Lock him in a cave, let him look at some fucking projections and a fire on the wall and just let him, let him live and die there, you know?

• 47:30Speaker 01

  Either that, or I wanna give him access to Twitter. It's one or the other because he'd be like a real Chet Hanks or something on Twitter.

• 47:36Robert Evans?

  He'd be Richard Hananyo, fucking A. Like, Jesus, like, um, so it is kinda noteworthy to, his casual willingness to discuss buying a sex slave, right? Because Britain ended slavery in its possessions in 1833. Slavery's been over for like almost a decade in Britain when he's saying this. So that means, among other things, he doesn't care about that. He doesn't think that it's immoral to own a person as long as that they're not a white person, right? Especially if you wanna have sex with them. That's a perfectly good reason to wanna own somebody. You know, if he'd had more currency, he would have bought a sex slave. Later, during his vacation in 1841, he wrote to his father about a very entertaining fellow traveler. "He had a hooked nose, gold spectacles, and was a member of the Reform

• 48:21Robert Evans?

  Club and an A-plus ultra-radical. We had a red-hot argument on politics, which I firmly believe neither of us knew anything about."

• 48:29Speaker 02

  LOL.

• 48:29Robert Evans?

  Based on how he describes Jewish people elsewise, I'm guessing that this was like a Jewish socialist that he meets, right? That's what he-

• 48:36Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 48:37Robert Evans?

  Yeah. Anyway, great. Also, the assumption that like, "Well, this guy's talking about politics I don't believe in. We must, neither of us must know anything about politics." And it's like, maybe it was just you, Francis.

• 48:47Speaker 01

  Right. I was about to say, that sounds like he lost the, the debate or the conversation.

• 48:51Robert Evans?

  He lost the argument. Sounds like this guy said some reasonable stuff. Maybe we shouldn't own people?

• 48:55Speaker 01

  Yeah. What do we know? What do we know?

• 48:58Robert Evans?

  Yeah. Galton attended college in Cambridge as a break from his medical education to study mathematics. His half cousin, Charles Darwin, helped convince his father this was a good idea. Bulmer calls his academic record here, "Undistinguished." Despite his later success, success in statistics, Francis was a mediocre math student by his own account. He's like, "I wish I was better at maths." And he suffered a mental breakdown in his third year. This caused him to settle for a pass degree rather than attempting to earn an honors distinction. So he gives up on being like a great student and just is, is focusing on just doing well enough to pass because he can't really do much better. His weakness is always going to be analytical mathematics. That's what math people's, I,

• 49:39Robert Evans?

  I'm not fit to judge him as a mathematician or anybody, right?

• 49:45Speaker 01

  I'm no math learner. I went to-

• 49:46Robert Evans?

  I'm no math learner.

• 49:47Speaker 01

  A performance arts charter school. I barely know how to do math.

• 49:51Robert Evans?

  I dropped out of fucking college. I certainly don't know how to do math. But math people are like, he wasn't very good at the analytical side of mathematics. That was his big weakness, right? He chose to take a pass degree during his final year at Cambridge too, because he'd been drawn to extracurriculars and didn't wanna take away from them. And these extracurriculars are the humanities, right? Galton helps find, found the Historical Society, which is a debating group, uh, formed to propose a different debating group, the Cambridge Union, right? So he gets really into like arguing with kids about history other than, as opposed to like learning how to be a better mathematician.

• 50:26Speaker 01

  Oh, good. He likes debate.

• 50:28Robert Evans?

  He likes debate. He gets into the Ben Shapiro sciences.

• 50:31Speaker 01

  Everybody cool loves debate, you know?

• 50:33Robert Evans?

  Everybody cool loves, as a kid who loved debate, I was not cool in school.

• 50:38Speaker 02

  But you know who is cool in school?

• 50:41Robert Evans?

  That's right, Sophie. Dave and the sponsors of this podcast.

• 50:45Speaker 02

  Yeah.

• 50:45Robert Evans?

  Who are willing to argue with you, honestly don't listen to the things they wanna argue about. It's, it's not great. Probably racist.

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• 51:21Speaker 06

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• 51:41Speaker 03

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• 51:48Speaker 06

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• 51:51Speaker 03

  They can't convict her, right? Like, she has so much evidence.

• 51:55Speaker 06

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• 52:08Speaker 07

  Things and came out and spoke about it and he got a year. Never know who that devil is because he's wearing a disguise. Sometimes it's a police uniform.

• 52:19Speaker 06

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• 52:26Speaker 04

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• 53:09Speaker 04

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• 53:28Robert Evans?

  And we're back. So talking Francis Galton. He was a, you know, he seems to have been a pretty popular guy at school. He makes a lot of friends. He's very social. He's going to make a lot of influential contacts during this period with other wealthy kids, which is really what college is all about. Right? Like, that's the actual benefit of college even today. There's not as much of a benefit if you're not making connections and friends with other rich people. Like, that's definitely why a lot of kids go to, you know, like Harvard or Cambridge today. Several of his friends were budding historians, and this is where we can document him first experiencing his earliest feelings of race science.

• 54:09Robert Evans?

  Quote, "The subject of prehistoric civilization was novel even so late as the early 50s and was discussed independently from two different sides. The line of approach that may, one of his friends followed was to investigate the customs of the so-called Aryan races. The other of his friends, the other line was by studying, was by the study of living savage races. And of such inferences regarding the past as might be drawn from implements and bones preserved in prehistoric graves and caverns." So one of the issues with this, and this is an issue that persists to the modern day. They're looking at so-called savage people, which are in reality, the indigenous people of the places they're colonizing. And these are the indigenous people, the places they're colonizing, after they've generally been through apocalyptic changes, right? Especially the Americas.

• 54:54Robert Evans?

  Everything they're noting about the behavior of indigenous people is usually after like 90% of them died of disease and a bunch of the rest get enslaved. And they're like, ah, the natural habitats of this group of people. It would be like if the nukes go off and then some aliens came down here like four years after all electricity is gone and were reduced to starving tribes. And like, in their natural society, human beings seem to huddle and, and search for cans, fighting each other for like depots of cans. And the, and that's their natural human.

• 55:22Speaker 01

  They're naturally traumatized and terrified of us.

• 55:27Robert Evans?

  Yeah. Not quite, actually. Maybe, maybe that's not a fair way to document and try, and to try to draw inferences of the past. Right? This is partly where the idea that like life was nasty, brutus and short, and ancient peoples had no technology and no knowledge of anything and no art. That's a lot of like pre-history gets written about, like people didn't know how to do war in the ancient era because they weren't really sophisticated enough.

• 55:52Speaker 01

  I mean, we do this shit with like Native Americans too, which is like, yeah, you go in, you brutalize and devastate a group of people. And then you conclude based off the brutalization and devastation you did. Oh, they were pretty primitive, actually. I mean, look at them all with these burning huts, like they couldn't even keep a hut not burning.

• 56:10Robert Evans?

  Yeah, yeah. All we did was light them on fire and look, the natural, the natural state of their homes is burning down. Yeah. I mean, it is what people, some people do about like the Middle East today, right? Where, where they're like, wow, we've been, we've been at war with this place for forever and they're naturally pissed at us for reasons that we have nothing to do with. Yeah. Cool stuff. I love how common an inference that is. He goes on to explain that at the time, most historians believed that the entire history of the ancient world was contained in the Pentateuch, or the first five books of the Old Testament. It was also practically supposed that nothing more of importance could be learned from the origins of civilization during classical times than was to be found definitely stated in classical authors.

• 56:51Robert Evans?

  So he's saying that like at his time, the idea of prehistory is that like, there's nothing really to learn. It's all in the Bible. So the fact that his friends are talking about prehistory in any way, are trying to glean anything more than is in these classical works, is actually part of like a revolution in historiography. The, even as bad and as, as incomplete as it is to like, look at these people and tribes that you've been fucking with for years and try to determine ancient civilization. That's still an improvement over just being like, well, whatever is in the Bible and the Iliad is probably all we need to know about ancient peoples. And like, actually, no.

• 57:31Speaker 01

  It's an incredible time when you're talking about like that hip new thing called math and science and prehistory.

• 57:37Robert Evans?

  Trying to barely understand the world.

• 57:40Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 57:41Robert Evans?

  So through his young adulthood, Galton is going to see Western antiquarians and archaeologists trying to grapple with the disconnect between evidence of ancient great civilizations of non-white people and their beliefs about white supremacy. This is like a major thing that early history is dealing with. Giving his waning interest in math education and his clear disinterest in practicing medicine, I don't know what Francis Galton would have done after graduation if he'd been a normal kid, but he wasn't. And the period of time in which he has to think about doing something for a living is about to end. Cause his dad dies in 1844 and his dad is fucking loaded.

• 58:18Robert Evans?

  He's so loaded that even though there's a bunch of brothers and sisters, the resulting inheritance that Francis gets makes him instantly so wealthy that he never has to work again. Right? As long as he doesn't develop like a fashionable gambling problem, he's never going to have to do anything. And so as soon as he gets his inheritance, Francis is like, well, I'm not going to do anything practical anymore. Like I'm, that part of my life is over. It's time to fuck off and party for a while. Bulmer writes that Galton, quote, "Immediately abandoned the idea of practicing medicine. And in 1845, he set up for the Near East to satisfy his desire to travel and sow his wild oats."

• 58:55Robert Evans?

  Now, there's a, actually, I like to think back to a very good Rudyard Kipling line from, uh, the poem Mandalay, uh, or Mandalay Bay, I think is the name of the poem. And he's talking about like the British colonial possessions in a period of time, a little bit after Galton's youth. And he's talking about like, that what psychologically goes on in, in the men who travel over to the far east and to Asia as part of the empire. "Take me somewhere east of Suez, where the best is like the worst, where there ain't no Ten Commandments and a man can raise a thirst." Galton is going over to the Middle East and North Africa to raise a thirst. He's not just going to fulfill his intellectual interest. He is going there to have sex with a lot of enslaved people.

• 59:40Speaker 01

  Yeah, he's going to become collegula.

• 59:42Robert Evans?

  Yeah, he's going to do a lot of horrible sins. That's why he's going.

• 59:47Speaker 01

  How old is he?

• 59:48Robert Evans?

  He's like 18 or 19.

• 59:50Speaker 01

  Yeah, when I was that age, the moment I left home.

• 59:53Robert Evans?

  Horrible things.

• 59:54Speaker 01

  I was, I was snorting drugs in a squat house.

• 59:56Robert Evans?

  Yeah, exactly.

• 59:57Speaker 01

  In London.

• 59:58Robert Evans?

  Immediately to nose drugs in a foreign country.

• 1:00:01Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 1:00:02Robert Evans?

  I was licking black tar heroin off of a guy's finger in rural India.

• 1:00:06Speaker 01

  Yeah, exactly. It's a miracle we're alive.

• 1:00:10Robert Evans?

  If Fentanyl had been around, we might not be.

• 1:00:13Speaker 01

  It's honestly, it's an injustice that we're alive.

• 1:00:16Robert Evans?

  It really is.

• 1:00:18Speaker 01

  It's, yeah, that's an affront to nature.

• 1:00:21Robert Evans?

  God. So this first meant that Galton goes on what Bulwer describes as a shooting trip up the Nile. And shooting trips are popular gatherings for the upper class and their stock estates. And they would sometimes go on vacation for the same purpose. A bunch of wealthy armed white guys are going to like roam around on a boat and shoot every living creature we see on the Nile for a couple of weeks. Just start blasting. Yeah, it's a shooting trip. We're going to blast everything we can.

• 1:00:47Speaker 01

  It's one of those things like nowadays, if I told someone I was going on a shooting trip, you know, it wouldn't go well.

• 1:00:54Robert Evans?

  Yeah. Going on a shooting trip to where? Yeah. The Nile? Unfortunately, Francis was unable to convince any of his friends to go with him, perhaps because they had to finish school or work and he didn't have to do that anymore. But on the steamer over, he meets two of his rich former classmates who are all in the same condition as he is. They're traveling with a butler and a cook to the Nile. Right? And so they decide to all hang out together and Galton finds the group, an Arab translator and an Arab boy to be their coffee bearer. His name was Ali, but they nicknamed him Bob because again, they're not going to call this boy by his fucking name. Right?

• 1:01:31Speaker 01

  Ali or Bob, it's the same amount of letter. It's just.

• 1:01:34Robert Evans?

  Same amount of letters, what does he care?

• 1:01:36Speaker 01

  Just call him by his name.

• 1:01:38Robert Evans?

  By his fucking name. It's not a hard one to pronounce, guys.

• 1:01:41Speaker 01

  No.

• 1:01:43Robert Evans?

  Early in the trip, they met a man that they first mistook for a poor Arab traveling in a small and dirty boat. Upon meeting, Galton describes how, quote, "Like arrogant Britishers, he and his friends discussed loudly in English together whether we should not pitch him into the river." So they're start like joking, he doesn't speak English. Let's talk about throwing this strange Arab man that we just meet on the Nile into the river for no reason. But before they could, quote, "He shortly astonished us by speaking perfect French. And after a while, we discovered he was a much more interesting person than we had dreamed of." Now, first off, he's interesting because he's white. They find out he's a French guy. This person, this is another one of Galton's early like connections to like a leftist, right?

• 1:02:28Robert Evans?

  This French person who they realize is actually really smart and interesting is an exiled Saint Simonian. And the Saint Simonians are a kind of proto-socialist sect in France. And they get sort of cracked down on and made illegal and he flees the country and he winds up working for a local Arab leader. And this French guy, Armand, explains to Galton that, quote, "Though he spoke English badly, he quite understood what we had said among ourselves when we first met him and made me feel very small indeed." And the fact that he says that like, oh, I felt like such an asshole for like assuming something about this foreign man that turned out to be wrong based on his appearance. And for some people, this would have led to introspection and even change. Right?

• 1:03:14Robert Evans?

  Galton keeps getting confronted with these, these opportunities to be a better person. He will never take them.

• 1:03:20Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 1:03:20Robert Evans?

  Absolutely not.

• 1:03:22Speaker 01

  He's telling this story like someone like getting a waiter's name wrong, like, oh, can you believe it? But he was going to throw a man in the Nile.

• 1:03:30Robert Evans?

  Yeah, he was gonna throw a man in the Nile for looking different. He's such a prick. And in no point does he become a better person. He never grows because he's, he's rich. He doesn't have to. I think that's a big part of it. Like, he never has to be afraid of anyone. Really, he should, but he never has to because of his money. Galton spent years in North Africa and the Middle East sowing his wild oats, in his own words. There is evidence that during this period, he did things that later ashamed him. His biographers will note that almost none of his letters survive from the years right before, right after his dad died. Uh, his first biographer, Carl Pearson, calls this period of his life, "The fallow years of his life," because there's, we don't have anything to know about them, right? Cause he, you're kind of led to believe he

• 1:04:15Robert Evans?

  destroyed the letters he sent home.

• 1:04:17Speaker 01

  Yeah. He, he did some stuff, but he was like, oh no.

• 1:04:20Robert Evans?

  I don't want history to know about this.

• 1:04:23Speaker 01

  Yeah. This was his LiveJournal years where it's like, you know, we're all kind of thankful LiveJournal isn't around anymore.

• 1:04:29Robert Evans?

  Yeah. Thank God. They took that down. Yeah. Now, I am not, I've had some fallow years of my own. So I'm not surprised that his great niece and future housekeeper told his biographer Pearson that she thought it, quote, "Best not to take any notice of those blank years. I expect his mother tore up any letters of that date." Pearson merely notes that the letters perished. Goodness. Yeah. Now that is enticing. His more recent biographer, Bullworth, cites one rare surviving letter from this period. That's a letter to Galton from his friend Montague Bolton. And Montague is one of the guys, he's exploring Egypt and the North, and North Africa and the Middle East with during this time, right? Montague's a traveling buddy

• 1:05:11Robert Evans?

  and later sends a letter to Galton referencing their adventures together and writes, "What an unfortunate fellow you are to get laid up in such a serious manner for, as you say, a few moments enjoyment." That means he caught VD, right?

• 1:05:25Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 1:05:26Robert Evans?

  And based on other things he wrote, we know that this is, maybe this is from a prostitute who was technically free. It's probably from an enslaved person. And so it's probably raped by any just like, like that's most of the sexies have. It's horrifying, right? One reason for us to guess this is that at a later point in the same letter, Galton's friend Montague describes negotiating for a pretty, a pretty enslaved girl from Abyssinia or Ethiopia. He told Galton, "The Han Huris are looking lovelier than ever. The divorced one has been critically examined and pronounced a virgin." Now, I don't know what the Han Huris are, but the Huris are the infamous heavenly virgins in the Islamic afterlife. Now, there's a lot of debate as to what that actually means.

• 1:06:10Robert Evans?

  I don't know why he would put Han there, but I, my guess is that that was a term he and Montague came up with for some local enslaved women who were, worked at a brothel that they both knew. And this guy's saying, we, one of them got inspected and pronounced, right, a virgin. So they're, that his friend is talking about the prostitutes that they hung out with, enslaved, right?

• 1:06:31Speaker 01

  The cage I'm picturing putting him in keeps getting smaller.

• 1:06:36Robert Evans?

  Yeah. Smaller and smaller. He has some spikes in there now.

• 1:06:39Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 1:06:40Robert Evans?

  Um, we can kind of infer from this information that Francis Galton spent a fair amount of his recreational time during this period, having non-consensual sex with enslaved people. There were hints of this reprobate period, even in Galton's autobiography. In a chapter about his visit to Khartoum, Egypt, he writes this. "The saying was that when a man was such a reprobate that he could not live in Europe, he went to Constantinople. If too bad to be tolerated in Constantinople, he went to Cairo and thenceforward, under similar compulsion to Khartoum." Now, he's saying like, when someone was so shitty, they couldn't exist in Europe. They go from Constantinople and then to Cairo and then to Khartoum. That's the exact route, route he took. He's talking about himself, right?

• 1:07:20Speaker 01

  He's just getting booted out of countries, basically. Yeah.

• 1:07:23Robert Evans?

  Cause he's, he's, he's fucking doing all the drugs and having sex with all of the enslaved people he can.

• 1:07:27Speaker 01

  He's on a crime spree. He's on a crime spree.

• 1:07:28Robert Evans?

  He's on a crime spree, but he's rich. So he doesn't get arrested. He just gets kicked off to the next city. Um, and it's also worth noting that the, pretty much the only thing he writes about doing in Khartoum is meeting a bunch of slave traders. He's introduced to these slave traders by another Englishman, a Cambridge scholar, another Cambridge scholar. All of these guys whoring their way through the Middle East are Cambridge, Cambridge scholars. And this dude introduces, uh, this is what he writes about, the guy who introduces them to the slave traders. "He easily held his own under difficulties. One hearts by his sympathy and could touch any amount of pitch without himself being defiled. He was consequently an admirable guide and then that sink of iniquity, Khartoum."

• 1:08:11Robert Evans?

  Right? He never got defiled by the fact that he was hanging out with the absolute worst people on the planet, right? The most degenerate and vile slavers, but he never got colored by it. Just like me. You know, don't think too much about what I did in my free time as a kid. Um, he had this to say about the people he met through these slave traders. "A party of inward girls who had been captured on the borders of Abyssinia. These girls were delighted to talk to us of places known to them as well as ourselves. They seemed merry as possible at the prospect of being sold and soon finding each of them a master in a home." He writes a lot about how happy specifically black enslaved people are at the idea of being enslaved. Whenever he writes about black people, it's to say they wanted to

• 1:08:54Robert Evans?

  be enslaved. That's like the only time they come up in his biography, his autobiography. I should note that too.

• 1:09:00Speaker 01

  I mean, fucking people still try to say that today.

• 1:09:04Robert Evans?

  Yeah.

• 1:09:05Speaker 01

  It's like this real incredible coping, right? Cause it's like, they loved it. Otherwise, I mean, I would be like, when a history is gated, greatest monsters, and I can't be that, right?

• 1:09:14Robert Evans?

  Yeah.

• 1:09:15Speaker 01

  They must have loved it.

• 1:09:16Robert Evans?

  It had to have been that bad.

• 1:09:17Speaker 01

  Otherwise, I'm completely damned.

• 1:09:20Robert Evans?

  Yeah. Yeah. I, I am, I am a sinner beyond the ability to forgive.

• 1:09:25Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 1:09:26Robert Evans?

  Um, which you were, Francis. And you know who else is beyond forgiveness?

• 1:09:30Speaker 01

  Hmm.

• 1:09:31Robert Evans?

  All of us. All of us. Yes, that's right. All of us.

• 1:09:35Speaker 01

  Unless we accept Jesus Christ into our hearts. That's where you're going with this, right?

• 1:09:41Robert Evans?

  But I, I was, but, but not like the religious Jesus, but like the Jesus you say when like something fucked up that happens and you're like, Jesus Christ. You have to accept that, that like sense of resignation into your heart. That's the only thing that'll save you.

• 1:09:53Speaker 01

  I really admire that Jesus Christ is you, is a, is a person and like an expletive. Like you can, that's great. Yeah.

• 1:10:02Robert Evans?

  Yeah. We should do that. Yeah. You want David Bell. God, David Christopher Bell.

• 1:10:07Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 1:10:08Robert Evans?

  That, that actually does work a little bit. Yeah. Yeah. The next time you stub your toes, listeners, save David's name, you know?

• 1:10:14Speaker 01

  Please.

• 1:10:15Robert Evans?

  Oh, Dave, you got anything to plug?

• 1:10:18Speaker 01

  Uh, is it, is there ever a good time to mention that my ancestor was Alexander Graham Bell, a famous eugenicist?

• 1:10:27Robert Evans?

  Yeah, that's a good time to mention.

• 1:10:29Speaker 01

  I was wondering, you're gonna make a cameo in this.

• 1:10:32Robert Evans?

  I should do the, the Alexander Graham Bell episodes with you, David.

• 1:10:37Speaker 01

  Yeah. I'll plug, um, so I, I have a podcast network.

• 1:10:41Robert Evans?

  You do.

• 1:10:42Speaker 01

  Gamefully Unemployed. I do with Tom Ryman. We don't talk about eugenics mostly. We were mostly about like movies, like movies, like Best of the Best with Eric Roberts. And Best of the Best 2 with Eric Roberts, uh, which I've been thinking about often. I have the box set coming. I want to plug the Best of the Best box set. Um, but also, yeah, go to Patreon or just Google Gamefully Unemployed, G-A-M-E-F-U-L-Y, unemployed. And, uh, I'm the head writer at Some More News. And

• 1:11:13Robert Evans?

  That's right.

• 1:11:14Speaker 01

  I'll, uh, at Movie Hooligan on Blue Sky. Why not?

• 1:11:17Robert Evans?

  Yeah. Check them out. Check them out there. Check out Dave and Tom's podcast, Fox Mulder is a Maniac too. If you're, if you're missing the X-Files and you, you want to think a lot about Mulder's behavior.

• 1:11:28Speaker 01

  Right. It's our own Behind the Bastards, basically for Fox Mulder.

• 1:11:31Robert Evans?

  To be honest, if Fox Mulder had written an autobiography, there would be a period in his early twenties where he's bumming around the Middle East and North Africa, committing crimes against humanity.

• 1:11:40Speaker 01

  Oh, God, yeah.

• 1:11:41Robert Evans?

  Easily. Easily. No question.

• 1:11:43Speaker 01

  We also, oh, we also have a new, uh, podcast about Supernatural. It's our sequel to that. It's about those beautiful Winchester boys. And it's called Him Booze. Yeah. And it's, it's a spiritual sequel to Fox Mulder's A Maniac, it turns out, because they are also, uh, maniacs, it turns out. Yeah.

• 1:12:00Robert Evans?

  Beautiful stuff. All right, everybody. Well, that's gonna be it for us from Behind the Bastards. And it should be it for all of you, you know? All of you listening to this podcast. Go and listen to the next podcast, which will happen at some point. Bye.

• 1:12:17Speaker 02

  Behind the Bastards is a production of Cool Zone Media. For more from Cool Zone Media, visit our website, coolzonemedia.com, or check us out on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Behind the Bastards is now available on YouTube. New episodes every Wednesday and Friday. Subscribe to our channel, youtube.com slash at Behind the Bastards.

• 1:12:42Speaker 03

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• 1:13:16Speaker 06

  I'm Melissa Jelton, host of the What Happened to Her podcast. We're kicking off the season with the Sandra Birchmore story, a case the police wrote off as a suicide in a snowstorm. Her family never bought it, and the man they suspected wore a badge.

• 1:13:31Speaker 07

  You never know who that devil is because he's wearing a disguise. Sometimes it's a police uniform.

• 1:13:36Speaker 06

  And you can get access to all episodes 100% ad-free with an iHeart True Crime Plus subscription exclusively on Apple Podcasts, available only to iHeart True Crime Plus subscribers. So don't wait. Head to Apple Podcasts, search for iHeart True Crime Plus, and subscribe today.

• 1:13:54Speaker 03

  If anyone wanted to commit a murder, up here would be the greatest place in the world to hide the body. But soon they'll find it. He acted friendly. He talked friendly. He sounded friendly. They all knew that I did the scary boogie stuff. And they said, maybe she'll find out where this girl is. I saw him violent. Backhand there. Pow!

• 1:14:23Speaker 04

  Listen to The Devil's Quarry, Season Two, in the Bone Valley feed, on the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. Didn't catch the latest Roland Martin Unfiltered podcast? Here's what you missed.

• 1:14:42Speaker 07

  There should not be a single law enforcement agency that does not have body cameras.

• 1:14:47Speaker 04

  It's real.

• 1:14:48Speaker 07

  Black farmers have been under attack. This is just the latest example of them just slapping DEI on anything.

• 1:14:53Speaker 04

  It's raw.

• 1:14:54Speaker 07

  And I'm sitting here going, they are playing y'all for fools.

• 1:14:57Speaker 04

  Catch Roland Martin's daily commentary on the Black Information Network. And download Roland Martin Unfiltered on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.

• 1:15:07Speaker 03

  This is an iHeart Podcast. Guaranteed Human.