Ray Dalio | The All-In Interview

(0:00) Ray Dalio joins Friedberg! (0:50) The current US fiscal situation (6:23) Breaking down "The Big Debt Cycle," a potential US debt spiral, and the impact on real wealth (24:54) USD vs other currencies and assets, best hedges against the dollar (33:20) Portfolio construction, how China increases risk for US AI companies, why this market reminds Ray of 1998-1999 (41:45) How the US can avoid a debt crisis (53:29) DOGE, Trump, and AI's greatest risk (1:05:31) Chances of conflict between the US and China Follow the Besties: https://x.com/chamath https://x.com/Jason https://x.com/DavidSacks https://x.com/friedberg Follow Ray Dalio: https://x.com/RayDalio Read Part 1 of "How Countries Go Broke": https://x.com/RayDalio/status/1878840018770210979 Pre-order "How Countries Go Broke": https://www.amazon.com/Principles-Investment-Economic-Ray-Dalio/dp/1501124064 Follow on X: https://x.com/theallinpod Follow on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/theallinpod Follow on TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@theallinpod Follow on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/allinpod Intro Music Credit: https://rb.gy/tppkzl https://x.com/yung_spielburg Intro Video Credit: https://x.com/TheZachEffect Referenced in the show: https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/government-debt-to-gdp https://www.crfb.org/press-releases/treasury-confirms-calendar-year-2024-deficit-tops-20-trillion https://www.cbo.gov/publication/61172 https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/2bstne1l09npgdk1s5yww/corner-office/ray-dalio-makes-his-exit-from-bridgewater https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/M2SL https://www.jpmorgan.com/insights/outlook/economic-outlook/fed-meeting-september-2024 https://www.forbes.com/sites/robertfarrington/2024/11/08/fed-cut-interest-rates-so-why-do-mortgage-rates-keep-climbing https://www.chathamfinancial.com/insights/fomc-recap-december-2024 https://www.cnbc.com/2025/01/14/a-global-bond-sell-off-is-deepening-as-hopes-for-multiple-fed-rate-cuts-fizzle.html

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Ray Dalio?

  It was the government that was the big buyer. Then you get everybody leveraging up. Then you've got a problem.

• 0:06David Friedberg?

  Do you own Bitcoin, Ray?

• 0:07Ray Dalio?

  Yeah, I have some, not nearly as much as gold. The AI war, it's a war that no country can lose. If China or the US really lose this war, it's more important than profits. We're at a civil war internally, and we're at an international war simultaneously. Just have people behave logically. Maybe that's too much to ask, we hope.

• 0:34David Friedberg?

  All right, besties. I think that was another epic discussion. People love the interviews. I could hear him talk for hours. Absolutely. We crush your questions, I admit it. We are giving people ground truth data to underwrite your own opinion. What'd you gonna say? That was fun. That was great.

• 0:50David Friedberg?

  Ray, good morning.

• 0:51Ray Dalio?

  Good morning.

• 0:52David Friedberg?

  I'm going to start off by sharing a couple stats. Today, the US has $36.4 trillion of federal government debt and GDP of $29.1 trillion, giving a debt-to-GDP ratio of 125%. And this ratio has climbed steadily since the pandemic began in 2020, when the federal government debt was $20 trillion and GDP was just $21 trillion. So since the pandemic, federal government debt has risen by 80%, while GDP's climbed 38%. And steady inflation from the large stimulus of money from both central banks and the US government caused the Federal Reserve, which is the US central bank, to raise interest rates, driving up the cost of borrowing.

• 1:37David Friedberg?

  And despite recent efforts to cut interest rates again, markets have traded treasuries down, causing the long-term interest rates of US debt to spike up to levels that we have not felt since just before the 2008 global financial crisis. To keep the economy growing, the US government is now running a nearly $2 trillion annual deficit, nearly 7% of GDP, while paying over a trillion dollars per year in interest alone on just the existing outstanding debt. The Congressional Budget Office, the CBO, projected last week annual budget deficits are expected to be equal to 6.1% of GDP through 2035, which the CBO noted is significantly

• 2:18David Friedberg?

  more than the 3.8% the deficits have averaged over the past 50 years. The national debt slated to rise by nearly $24 trillion over the next decade, a sum that does not even include the trillions of dollars in additional tax cuts that the current administration may put into place. Is the US headed for bankruptcy? What are the mechanics of the looming crisis ahead and can we avoid it? To talk about this, what I consider to be the most important topic in the world at the moment, is Ray Dalio, who I consider to be the preeminent thought leader on this matter. In 2021, as everyone knows, Ray published The Changing World Order: Why Nations Succeed and Fail. I declared it the book of the year and I thought it was the most prescient and important

• 3:03David Friedberg?

  thing that everyone should read. And unfortunately, I feel like many in politics, many in government, have largely ignored some of the prescient warnings shared in that book. This week, Ray is releasing a new book called How Countries Go Broke, in which he analyzes and shares his studies on this particular topic. And I'm really excited for Ray to join me here today. Ray, thanks for being here.

• 3:26Ray Dalio?

  Thanks for having me here to talk about this important issue.

• 3:31David Friedberg?

  Well, so let me just start by asking why you wrote the book, why are you putting it out now? And maybe we can just talk about the timeliness of all this from your point of view.

• 3:39Ray Dalio?

  Through my roughly 50 years of being a global macro investor, I would keep to myself. And then now I'm 75 and I want to pass along the things that have helped me and the bond markets, global markets I've been involved with all over the world for a long time. And there's a mechanical process, which is not understood, about the question, when is enough debt? When does it matter? How does it work mechanistically? And I feel compelled to get that understanding out now. How do the mechanics work?

• 4:19Ray Dalio?

  For countries, for the United States, for other reserve countries, I want to make sure that's understood.

• 4:25David Friedberg?

  Thanks for doing it. And the basis of the analyses is your work at Bridgewater and outside of Bridgewater, is that right? You've kind of gathered quite a bit of material together for this book, and you've shown a lot of historical context. Maybe just share a little bit about where the data came from and how you've kind of conducted these studies over what period of time?

• 4:43Ray Dalio?

  You know, Bridgewater and I, up until my passing along Bridgewater, maybe a little over a year ago, has been indistinguishable, you know, and the same. So, and over through that period of time, we've been involved in the markets, I've been involved in the markets and thinking about such things. So, the data is largely public data that's available for anybody. We just, you know, collect it from all different spots and go back through history, like I did in changing world order. We were, in some cases, in the changing world order because we were dealing with data that was hundreds of years ago.

• 5:27Ray Dalio?

  We would go through archives and pull data out. The data is all available to everyone.

• 5:33David Friedberg?

  And so I think that's really important because this isn't just an opinion piece you're writing. As an analyst, you're sharing quite a lot of empirical data that's publicly available that anyone can go access, and you're taking a look at that data and saying, this is the pattern, this is the trend that we've seen historically, it has repeated over and over again. I think you make a really important point at the front of the book. Only about 20% of the 750 currency debt markets that have existed since 1700 still remain, and all of them that still remain have devalued through the mechanistic process you described in the book. That's really important to note. You know, we all think that we have this kind of privileged position in the United States, and the US is different, and this time around is different.

• 6:17David Friedberg?

  But you highlight how so often, everyone thinks they're in a good place, and then the cycle repeats. You speak about, and the primary premise of this is what you call the big debt cycle. And you highlight that these big debt cycles typically last about 80 years. They're more easily forgotten than the short-term debt cycles, which last about six years on average, plus or minus three years, you say. And we're now 12 and a half cycles of the short-term debt cycle since 1945. So we've kind of been in this big debt cycle in the US for about 80 years at this point. But maybe we could start by talking about what the short-term debt cycles are that you highlight make up the long-term debt cycle.

• 6:57Ray Dalio?

  Yeah, and I want to. I want to emphasize, just based on what you said, that they're mechanical. They can watch, you can watch it, you can do the calculations. So if you read the book, you can see these, it'll even make common sense to you. You see the calculations. To me, it's, it's almost like the circulatory system. You know, I think that credit is like blood that brings nutrients to all of the parts of the body, and it passes through a system that is like arteries.

• 7:39Ray Dalio?

  And then credit creates debt. And the key question, if it's healthy, is does the debt create an income that is more than enough to service the debt? And that's like, I don't know, eating vegetables or something. It's a healthy process. And if not, credit begins to build up this debt. It begins to become like plaque in the arteries. And you can measure it, just like you could measure it in the arteries. And you can see how it constricts.

• 8:22Ray Dalio?

  That circulatory system, because as credit and debt service rise, you see that it eats up more and more consumption because you have to spend that. So you could watch the government do that. You could see that how interest is eating up and debt service is eating up. And that means there's less money. And then you also can see how heart attacks take place. And they're very, you know, economic debt heart attacks. And the way they take place is by looking at the supply and the demand. You if this, if you have a lot of debt and then you have a large supply of debt, that has to be bought.

• 9:06Ray Dalio?

  Somebody's got to buy it. And so that when you get to the point where there's debt risks, there's not only the new supply that has to be offered, but there is the possibility of holders of those debt assets selling those debt assets. And so the supply becomes overwhelming relative to the demand. And then what that means is it's, it's the same dynamic as it for the government as it is for an individual or a company, except the government can print money.

• 9:47Ray Dalio?

  So when that debt service burden rise or there's a big supply, demand imbalance, if the government, most importantly, the central bank doesn't print money and buy it, then there has to be a rise in the price of the debt to constrict borrowing. And that borrowing constricted, that credit that is not going to come, will weaken the economy and cause bad economic conditions. And so they can let that happen or they can print money and buy the debt and monetize it. When they do that, that's inflationary and it lowers the value of the debt.

• 10:32Ray Dalio?

  In either case, you don't want to hold that debt because either there's a debt service problem or there's a depreciation. You get paid back with a greater supply and cheaper. Money and that is the dynamics and that's the mechanism. And because it can be measured, it can be seen in all countries. You can watch it happen. And so like you're going to your doctor, you can measure these things. You can see them and you can know what needs to be done.

• 11:08David Friedberg?

  So, yeah, I want to just talk about two things real quick. One is just to provide an analogy for folks watching or listening on what it means to have interest levels be so high relative to one's income. So, you know, the United States this year is expected to service debt with over a trillion dollars of interest payments on the outstanding US Treasury bonds. And the government's only going to bring in just under five trillion of revenue. So nearly a quarter of every dollar that's being collected by the federal government is going out the door just to pay interest on the existing debt. So in order to fund new programs, the government needs to take on new debt.

• 11:51David Friedberg?

  And the folks that are having to issue that cash to the government end up saying, wait, that's pretty risky now. I need a higher interest rate. And over time, that interest rate climbs. And then there's this separate entity called the central bank that comes in and says, well, I'll buy the debt ultimately to give the government the ability to continue to operate or give the economy the ability to continue to move. And the central bank, when you say the word monetize, you mean the central bank ends up, when you say monetize the debt, that means they're buying the bonds, they're buying the debt that's being issued in the market. Is that the right way to kind of?

• 12:26Ray Dalio?

  That's right. They're essentially making the money up.

• 12:30David Friedberg?

  Right.

• 12:30Ray Dalio?

  And buying it.

• 12:31David Friedberg?

  So there's a central, in the US, it's our Federal Reserve and the US government are the two players here. And the Federal Reserve ultimately would, in this model, and historically, obviously during the pandemic and during 2008, they would go into the market, they would buy bonds by issuing cash that they're making up effectively.

• 12:50Ray Dalio?

  Very well described. And, you know, a good example was in COVID. Money, there were two waves. The first wave was the COVID wave in which they put out, the government wanted to and actually did, deliver a lot more money to people, companies, than there was a loss of income. So they first wave a lot of that money. Where did they get the money from? They had to borrow it. The central bank then came in and lent them. That was the primary. Then the second, when President Biden was elected,

• 13:32Ray Dalio?

  there was a second wave of that after COVID. It was mostly like a universal basic income thing. In other words, hand people money and we're going to be better off. And so they handed people money, doing that same exercise again. And so naturally, all these people got a lot of money. And so they deposited them in banks. They went out and spent and so on. And it therefore shouldn't be surprising that we had a big wave of inflation. And we also had a lot of banks buy government bonds, which they lost a lot of money on. And that was that crisis.

• 14:14Ray Dalio?

  So that's how the mechanics work.

• 14:18David Friedberg?

  Right. And when that money gets printed, it finds its way into the economy and the money supply goes up. And the way I kind of think about it, and you've got a nice image in your book that I really appreciate. Here's a kind of overview of the big debt cycle that you talk about, which is there's small expansion and contraction waves as debt comes into the market. Debt should drive productivity, but at some point you accumulate so much debt that you can't drive productivity anymore. And then you effectively have to monetize the debt and everything gets devalued. But as I kind of think about the introduction of money into the economy, the increase in the money supply, I always tell people, and everyone screams, "Oh, the markets are going up, the markets are going up."

• 14:59David Friedberg?

  But I say, "The markets are going up in dollar-denominated value, and there's more dollars." So, you know, the nominal, meaning the actual...

• 15:10David Friedberg?

  You know, index might go up, the NASDAQ might go up, the Dow might go up. But if you've got a lot more dollars, a dollar is worth less. The real question is, has your purchasing power gone up? Have you actually increased your net worth as the markets go up? And when you do the studies, it turns out that inflation goes up, meaning the cost of everything goes up when you pump money into the system. So of course, it looks like the markets go up. Of course, it looks like asset values go up. But ultimately, if everything's going up, your purchasing power goes down. It's almost like I tell people, you have 100 clams, and you use seashells, and you're using seashells to buy stuff. And then, you know, there's only five things to buy. Now, if you have 500 seashells to buy stuff,

• 15:55David Friedberg?

  the price of the things you're trying to buy goes up because everyone's got more seashells. Doesn't that ultimately kind of describe what happens as the money supply goes up? The inflation drives the purchasing power down of everything, and everyone kind of gets inflated away.

• 16:09Ray Dalio?

  Very well said, Dave. You can't get richer by making money. You know? And the purpose of money...

• 16:21David Friedberg?

  Because purchasing power is what matters at the end of the day. What your money's worth, what you can actually buy with it.

• 16:26Ray Dalio?

  That's right. And there are two purposes of money, which is as a medium of exchange and a store hold of wealth. Saving is very important. And if you don't have savers who has it as an effective store hold of wealth, then you don't have a viable long-term credit market.

• 16:50David Friedberg?

  Yeah.

• 16:51Ray Dalio?

  People don't understand that the bonds become a bad deal. You need that, like any marketplace, you need purchasers and sellers.

• 17:03Ray Dalio?

  To be able to have an efficient negotiation to achieve a balance without the government coming in and printing a lot of money and messing up, make a big mess. It's like they made very severe negative real rates.

• 17:21David Friedberg?

  Right.

• 17:21Ray Dalio?

  And we know what happened with the negative, severe negative real rates and the government, while they were making the significant real rates, it was the government that was the big buyer.

• 17:32David Friedberg?

  Yeah.

• 17:33Ray Dalio?

  Okay, so the government takes it on and they make negative rates. So what happens is then you get everybody leveraging up.

• 17:39David Friedberg?

  Yes.

• 17:40Ray Dalio?

  Then you've got a problem and so that's how, that's how it works. And it's a global issue. It's not just an American issue.

• 17:49David Friedberg?

  Well, that's what I, I want to get to that in a minute because I want to talk about the relative strength of the United States and how this plays out globally. Firstly, in your book, you describe the big debt cycle following five stages. You call it the sound money stage when net debt levels are low and money is sound and the country is competitive. And then you talk about the debt bubble stage where debt and investment growth are greater than can be serviced from the incomes being produced. And then you call it the top stage, the bubble pops and the credit and debt and markets contract. And then this deleveraging stage where the central bank comes in and they start buying all the debt and issuing more cash and the inflation goes up and the value goes down. And then finally, the debt, the, the big debt crisis recedes and we start over again. But you speak about in the top stage, a debt crisis.

• 18:34David Friedberg?

  Can you describe the debt crisis, you know, like how do we talk, think about the mechanics of what is a debt crisis? Where are we in the United States today with respect to facing a debt crisis? And what are the, the red flags that you look for?

• 18:47Ray Dalio?

  First, when there's a lot of borrowing to service debt, there's what's called

• 18:55Ray Dalio?

  You know, the death spiral is, we typically refer to that when a company has it, the government can have it too. And that is that dynamic where there's too much debt and you have to borrow to service the debt. And then people, investors, know that that's a problem to service the debt. So the credit is worse. And that means that interest rates go up, which is the worst thing that can happen to a heavily indebted entity. And then as they rise, you get that spiral, you need to borrow more, and so on.

• 19:34Ray Dalio?

  So that is also noticed when then there is, the key spot is when the debt service becomes large. And then, like, the real red flag, the biggest red flag, is when there's then the selling of the debt beyond the new supply, but the holders of it sell it. And then you can see it in the market action, because you can see that long-term interest rates rise, while short-term interest rates aren't rising or go down. So it's the free market losing its desires. You have a balance problem in the free market out there.

• 20:18Ray Dalio?

  And then you start to see that when the currency then depreciates particularly relative to gold, or bitcoin, or other assets, and sometimes other currencies. But typically, these things happen, broadly speaking, together, in which all currencies go down relative to other things, like gold, bitcoin, or tangible values. And so that's what it looks like. That's that edge.

• 21:01Ray Dalio?

  Then you start to see, you know, the dynamics. So you either see the central bank comes in very quickly. And does the buying and when that happens, you see then the currency. To take a Japan, for example, if you were a holder of Japanese bonds, you lost about eighty percent of your money relative to gold and about sixty percent relative to US bonds because you received an interest rate that was three percent less than the corresponding interest rate in the United States. You lost the interest rate and interest rates in the United States, as you know, were very low relative to inflation for most of that time.

• 21:44Ray Dalio?

  Plus, you had a depreciation in the currency. So you lose, you know, you lost a ton of money in the debt that way because the central bank came in and printed the money. It's very bad for holders of the debt. And it's a basic thing. You don't have to even get too technical. It's just a supply-demand thing, you know?

• 22:04David Friedberg?

  Well, so are we seeing that in the US today? So the Federal Reserve cut interest rates as of a few months ago. As they've cut interest rates, the market has sold off US bonds rather than buying them, which is normal. When, you know, rates go down, the price of bonds is supposed to go up. And we are now seeing rates actually climb in the market relative to where they were while the Fed has been cutting rates. Is that a dynamic that's a red flag for you?

• 22:37Ray Dalio?

  While gold has gone up and Bitcoin has gone up. And so that is that kind of market action I'm talking about. And you've seen it in other countries, too. The UK, very classic. The dollar has been a relatively strong currency, but not measured in gold or Bitcoin. All right? So all currencies have gone down.

• 23:05Ray Dalio?

  And then you've had that dynamic you're talking about. And you see it also in like Sterling is a good example. Sterling has gone down while UK bond rates have gone up and central banks have held it steady. And so you see it in the market action. You also see it in terms of

• 23:27Ray Dalio?

  who the buyers are and who you've seen central banks, for example, and sovereign wealth funds shift to have lesser amounts of debt, bonds and so on, at the same time as they've accumulated gold or hard values.

• 23:47Ray Dalio?

  Now, gold is the third largest reserve currency, by the way. Dollars, euros, gold, and then yen. So, yeah, you're seeing that supply demand shift. And it's that's partially for all the reasons we're talking about. And also partially because of issues like geopolitical issues. Countries sometimes worry about sanctions. Countries, China is worried about holding bonds. You would, US bonds. Japanese bought a lot of bonds. Even as a percentage of portfolios,

• 24:28Ray Dalio?

  the bonds themselves have become such a large US Treasury bonds and US debt has become such a large part of the portfolio that it's even from a portfolio rebalancing point of view, you don't want so much concentration. All of those factors are in play for the supply, demand and bonds. That's why I emphasize you have to look at the supply and demand of bonds.

• 24:54David Friedberg?

  You've got a table in the book where you look at central government debt level to deficit level.

• 25:03David Friedberg?

  Across these major markets, you've got the US, Japan, China, France, Germany, and the UK. And the US is running a deficit, 7% of GDP. So the federal government is spending more than it makes at a level that's about 7% of the total size of the economy in the United States, which is the highest of all of these industrialized markets. Second is France at 6%, third is the UK at 6% as well, and then China at 5%. And then these countries are all approaching 100% debt to GDP. Japan, obviously, is at 215%.

• 25:47David Friedberg?

  So from a relative perspective, one of the points that I've heard a lot of people make is everyone's got this problem. Everyone's got rampant spending. Everyone's got rising debt levels. They're increasing their debt levels to pay the interest on their existing debt and to stimulate their economy. The US is the best, strongest currency amongst the group that we just showed. Why would anyone trade out of our currency? I guess, from a market perspective, Ray, where else do people go with their worth, their net worth? Where do they transfer their value into if it's not dollars? And doesn't it have to be some denominated currency? It isn't the US ultimately the best.

• 26:31David Friedberg?

  Maybe you can talk about what these alternatives are, gold, Bitcoin, elsewhere. But is that realistic at scale? Like, is there enough of gold, enough Bitcoin for everyone to transfer all their net worth into those assets versus hold some currency-denominated asset? Maybe we can just talk about that dynamic of how do I make the decision about where to store my value? Where do I store my net worth?

• 26:52Ray Dalio?

  First of all, the United States...

• 26:57Ray Dalio?

  And countries like China, you see that particular dynamic, China, Japan, they're all educational and that means that the bonds, the debt are bad assets. So then what, where you store it is in those assets that benefit rather than suffer from the reduced value of money and the buying of it. So, and obviously you look at money and what is an international money. That is why gold is in it. And then there's a question of, you know, Bitcoin or others are a conversation.

• 27:39Ray Dalio?

  We can digress into that, but it can be ideally, it's international, it's mobile. Ideally, it's relatively private. So it's relatively secure because in history, there's the value part of it and then there's the confiscation part of it too, in some fashion or another. That confiscation can easily take the form of taxing on holding it.

• 28:09David Friedberg?

  Right.

• 28:09Ray Dalio?

  For example, one of the problems with real estate, besides the fact that it doesn't move, so it's not internationally, you know, you can't use it internationally, is it is a readily taxable asset. It's there.

• 28:27David Friedberg?

  It's there.

• 28:27Ray Dalio?

  And therefore they're going to get, they won't take it and you can, you can get it. So we have to understand that taxes and confiscations are one in the same.

• 28:37David Friedberg?

  Cause during a time of a debt crisis, and I want to get to this in a minute. You talk about the four actions that can be taken. Tax or taxation, austerity where governments cut spending, restructuring where the debt gets restructured and then the central bank buying the debt. Obviously this notion of taxation, it's always played a critical role during these moments and assets are seized or taxed in different ways and transferred away. What about commodities and how did commodity markets do? Non gold, is there a difference in commodity markets?

• 29:08Ray Dalio?

  Yeah.

• 29:08David Friedberg?

  Hard, soft, et cetera?

• 29:09Ray Dalio?

  It's so, it's so interesting. I've, you know, I've studied history and of, and of course I've been through a bunch of these like the seventies. Commodities.

• 29:18Ray Dalio?

  Ideally, also, those that might do well if the economy doesn't do well, because you're dealing also with the inflation environment is, are always gone to. You don't want economically sensitive commodities as much, but unless the, sometimes maybe the economy will do pretty well, but there's usually that it doesn't. But like in the Weimar Republic, giving example, rocks were used to store whole of wealth. Now, that sounds really funny, but they were considered building ingredients. You know, in other words, the rocks were used to build things with, and so they would

• 30:03Ray Dalio?

  store the money in rocks, but any asset.

• 30:07David Friedberg?

  I should go store a bunch of GPU chips in my garage, H100s from Nvidia.

• 30:12Ray Dalio?

  Yeah, except technology devalues them. The new technology devalues them, right? So that's the question. What is, it is those things that can't be devalued. Commodities, by the way, in real terms, all commodities, every single commodity, in real terms, over long decline, long periods of time have declined because of productivity.

• 30:36David Friedberg?

  Yeah.

• 30:36Ray Dalio?

  But every commodity has declined in real terms because of productivity. So you would like productivity-producing assets that cannot be taxed can move around from place to place. So equities of a certain type tend to do that. That's why currency depreciations are associated with that combination of things. Currency depreciation, lowering interest rates and producing money causes equity assets to go up. Not necessarily in real terms, like in the seventies, they didn't go up in real terms.

• 31:16Ray Dalio?

  They went down in real terms, but it is those kinds of storeholds of wealth that can't be taxed as easily that benefit from inflation rather than not.

• 31:29David Friedberg?

  Right, okay.

• 31:30Ray Dalio?

  The purest play is gold because gold can be transferred between countries. It's used by central banks as a reserve, so central banks will go to it. They are going to it. They'll hold it. It can be private.

• 31:47David Friedberg?

  Right.

• 31:47Ray Dalio?

  More so than crypto. Crypto is very easily taxed. You know, in other words, the government knows where it is and who's doing what and so on. And it's also an effective asset to tax, but it has, you know, benefits too. It was very interesting when we had negative rates. I was with a group of the central bankers in a discussion of how negative they can have rates, and they described that they can have negative rates only to the extent that there's not enough capacity for paper money to be stored. So they estimated, it was funny actually, for that they could have over a short period

• 32:32Ray Dalio?

  of time up to 400 basis points negative rates.

• 32:36David Friedberg?

  That's crazy.

• 32:37Ray Dalio?

  Because there wasn't enough, they calculated how much vault storage space there was. And then they calculated that they would produce more vault storage space because it would be profitable to do that. And then they, and they said, and the good thing is, we can tax it. Okay? Because if you have a digital currency, you can tax it.

• 33:03David Friedberg?

  Yeah. Do you own Bitcoin, right?

• 33:06Ray Dalio?

  Yeah, I have some. Not, not nearly as much as, as gold. I'm, you know, that's kind of my diverse buyer. I, I try to find what are the, I'll have to have some, I'm, I'm, but I'm a gold guy much more than I am a.

• 33:19David Friedberg?

  Yeah. So I'm like, I'm a productive asset guy. I like owning businesses that make stuff. So in this, in this environment, where do I own that's a productive asset? That's a business that can still see its revenue and its incomes grow as this inflationary effect and this devaluation occurs as we get through a debt crisis like this? What would be the best kind of productive asset? Is it a mining business? Is it a commodity trading business? What's the right?

• 33:46Ray Dalio?

  I'm with you. So, you know, let that chart that we showed in the beginning has this line productivity going up, you know? And I think that we're in a, um, yeah, that's it. And it, and it, and it tends to compound on a, on itself. And I think that that's where AI and that is fantastic. But it, it depends where you're referring to AI. I think the super scalers in this world have risk issues. But, but you know, you think by, you know, the, um, the super scales or, uh,

• 34:27Ray Dalio?

  Nvidia or, or, you know, those, I think that the tech war, certainly productivity, I'm with you, man. But you want to invest in productivity, but there's disruption, great disruption.

• 34:39David Friedberg?

  Yeah.

• 34:39Ray Dalio?

  That's going to take place. And there are going to be the disruptors and the disruptees. And it's not necessarily those who are producing the vehicles, but it's those who are implementing and changing as a result of having their big impact. I think that like the, the tech war for the AI war, it easily is, I think it is actually more important. It, it's a war that no country can lose. Okay. Because it's more important than profits.

• 35:19Ray Dalio?

  If you lose, if China or the US really lose this war, it's more important than profits. And so you have to play that war that way. And it could be like electric vehicles or more in terms of Chinese electric vehicles and the like, you can produce them. So I don't think, and I think there's such expectations. I think we are going to see applications. Like, I think the Chinese are a bit behind in the chips, but they're ahead in the applications in terms-

• 36:01David Friedberg?

  Yeah, did you see the DeepSeek announcement this weekend? And obviously markets are reacting, yeah.

• 36:06Ray Dalio?

  That was known for a little while now.

• 36:09David Friedberg?

  Yeah.

• 36:10Ray Dalio?

  And so I think you're going to even see, well, the Chinese play is going to be

• 36:17Ray Dalio?

  chips, very inexpensive chips embedded into manufactured goods. You'll see robotics. So you're, you're going to see, Chinese are unbelievably in making things inexpensively, terrifically. They own 33% of all world manufactured goods, which is more than the combined US, German and Japanese manufactured goods. Chinese produce more. So, you know, you're going to see that type of competition. And it may be, it's like solar panels or something.

• 36:57David Friedberg?

  Right.

• 36:57Ray Dalio?

  It's profit doesn't matter. So you have to go where there's, I think that where there's product innovation and disruptors to be essentially long those who are benefiting themselves through usage or creating the applications that are having the big effect is certainly one thing. But you also have to look at different countries and places and things. Most importantly is price. I think a lot of investors make the mistake of thinking, I want to- Buy good things. You know, that's a great company. But a great company that gets expensive

• 37:40Ray Dalio?

  is much worse than a bad company that's really cheap. So you have to look at pricing. This is all part of the cycle, you know? Everybody says that's great and it's going to be great for the future. And, and like, you know, like the internet and dot com. It was great, it's great, okay? But the price has to be paid attention to. And I'm particularly concerned of those companies at a time when we are in a situation with the interest rates operating as we are. In other words, this looks quite a lot alike like nineteen ninety-eight or ninety-nine, where the assets of the, the, you know, the new hot thing.

• 38:26David Friedberg?

  The productivity growers, yeah.

• 38:27Ray Dalio?

  Yeah, so.

• 38:28David Friedberg?

  Yeah.

• 38:29Ray Dalio?

  Are hot, the prices are high.

• 38:32David Friedberg?

  Yeah.

• 38:32Ray Dalio?

  And you have a rising interest rate environment. That is a classic issue. So we have to pay attention to the interest rates and the pricing of those assets. And you have to think where is next? The other thing is, I think diversification is very, very important. Cause everybody's leveraged long. Everybody thinks, you know, I'm gonna buy assets that are gonna go up. And I'm, and if they're good, I'm gonna do that in a leveraged way. So the world is so leveraged long. You have to pay at least as much attention to correlation. So that's why when I look at,

• 39:14Ray Dalio?

  you know, something like gold or these uncorrelated assets. It's interesting, as you add it into the portfolio, it reduces the risk of the portfolio. So you have to pay attention to the uncorrelated a- assets in that kind of an environment. And those could be geographically looked at. Or, but, so that's part of portfolio construction.

• 39:39David Friedberg?

  Well, so there's no simple answer for the audience on what to buy, but I do think this portfolio point of view, in the book, you actually talk about having 10 to 15 uncorrelated bets at any given time. And I would imagine in your context, truly uncorrelated, whereas most folks buy US equities and think that they're in different sectors. But obviously, there's a great degree of correlation when you're buying a bunch of US equities.

• 40:00Ray Dalio?

  Equity prices, just to keep in mind, this many times equity prices and inflation-adjusted therefore purchasing power terms have declined 60 or 70%.

• 40:15David Friedberg?

  Yeah, that's incredible. That's an incredible fact for folks to take in. So when you adjust for the value of your dollar, equity prices have really taken a hit, even though the market's gone up. And I hear this a lot.

• 40:28Ray Dalio?

  And from 1966

• 40:32David Friedberg?

  Yep.

• 40:33Ray Dalio?

  Until 1984, you had a negative real return.

• 40:38David Friedberg?

  I think this is super important, Ray. I just want to double click on this and then we'll talk about the US. But a lot of folks talk about markets going up without taking into account what is the denomination that those markets are measured in, in this case, US dollars. And when you look at the value of your US dollar and you look at the market going up, even if you bought equities, what you can now turn that dollar into has actually not gotten much stronger. Folks have really taken a hit. And I think this is super important.

• 41:08Ray Dalio?

  Yeah, so I just, I'm glad you're bringing it up. I think it's super important, too, and I just want to emphasize, you have to look at your returns in real dollars.

• 41:19David Friedberg?

  What can you buy?

• 41:20Ray Dalio?

  Okay.

• 41:21David Friedberg?

  What can you get?

• 41:22Ray Dalio?

  Or real, any, what can you buy?

• 41:24David Friedberg?

  Yeah.

• 41:25Ray Dalio?

  It's funny, because I watch the value go up and down, even the currency go up and down. And it's a distorted perspective. It's like being on a boat that's going up and down and judging the land to be volatile.

• 41:42David Friedberg?

  Yeah, absolutely. Okay, I want to come back to the United States and I want to talk about your point of view on measures that the United States is going to have to take or should take going forward in order to avoid a more cataclysmic debt crisis. In fact, you use this term often, the beautiful deleveraging that's possible. When there's a great deal of debt and a country faces a debt crisis, that there are several actions that can be taken together to try and resolve the debt crisis in a way that is least harmful. But I first want to talk about the measure that you share of risk.

• 42:22David Friedberg?

  So first is you you show what you call your risk gauge for US long-term government debt. And so you've got this risk gauge on the long term and the risk gauge on the short term for US government debt. On the short term, you say US government debt is a 0% risk gauge. There's no risk in the near term. The economy seems fairly balanced. But over the long term, your risk gauge is 100%. And then you follow that up with an analysis of the central bank. And you say the central bank, short term, 0% risk gauge, long term, 46% risk gauge, nearly the highest you've seen ever. But maybe you can just say, what's the the composition of these risk gauges? And what does this tell us? And then we'll come back to the actions.

• 43:07Ray Dalio?

  Just to be clear, 100% does not mean 100% probability of of it happening. It means 100%. That's the highest that it's ever been. You know, it's it's at the kind of maximum. But yeah, just to describe it, the longer term risk gauge is taking existing amounts, projecting those two things that I've described before, the supply, demand, and the debt service creating the squeeze. So think of it as going into, you know, your doctor and having

• 43:46Ray Dalio?

  Him give you your test results and how much plaque is in there and what it's looking like and how you did on your stress test and what your arteries are looking like and what your condition is. That's what the first measure is. The second is you're in a seizure. In other words, now, so that second measure of the debt is exhibiting, okay, it's now happening.

• 44:19David Friedberg?

  Yeah.

• 44:20Ray Dalio?

  And happening means things like you're seeing the selling, you're seeing the spreads widen, in other words, the interest rates rising on the long end without the short end. You're seeing that the central bank is put into that position of being able, you know, having to make the difficult choice of coming in there and monetizing everything very much and then credit problems and debt monetization because you're in the middle of it. That's what the, that's what the one on the right means. So what we have is if I'm speaking to you as the government policymakers, your condition is, is very bad.

• 45:05David Friedberg?

  Right.

• 45:06Ray Dalio?

  Okay. You're not in the middle of it now. You, in other words, we're not seeing that particular dynamic transpire, but you have to change your diet, you have to change your behavior, you have to maybe have a stent put into the equivalent. So you asked about what that is, okay? Okay, here's what it is.

• 45:31David Friedberg?

  Let me, let me pull up this chart for you real quick, Ray. So I just want to highlight the CBO.

• 45:39David Friedberg?

  Projection, right? So this is the US government's debt as a percent of the US government's revenue, which you indicate in your book is more important than debt to GDP. You've got to look at the actual revenue being generated by the government and how much debt they have. And the CBO highlights this expansion to 700%, meaning the government is going to have a debt level that's seven times the income it's making every year over the next, I believe this is a 10-year chart. And you propose a bunch of actions that can keep it flat over the next 10 years, which is the basis of the book, is there's a series of recommendations in the book. I just want to kind of voice over again, you highlight that there are four actions. One is increase taxes.

• 46:24David Friedberg?

  So obviously citizens are going to lose assets and lose income. So there's a loss to the citizens when this happens. Cutting spending or austerity, and there's obviously a loss of services by the government provided to the citizens. So the citizens are going to lose services, they're going to lose benefits. A central bank buying the debt, which will typically increase inflation because more money will come to the markets and everything costs more. So that's another form of taxation where the value of your dollar, the value of your assets goes down. And then this kind of restructuring of the debt where, again, the currency gets devalued and everyone loses things. And so I just wanted to kind of walk through that and maybe you could frame this up for us a little bit.

• 47:05Ray Dalio?

  Sure. Like that chart, if you go back to that chart, think about that chart as being, you know, your plaque, so to speak, in the arteries and the debt service. So you could calculate all those numbers and you know what the picture looks like. And that is a stability. And so, number one is, I call it my 3% solution. The solution is you must cut the deficit, which is the equivalent of bonds selling, down to 3% of GDP.

• 47:45Ray Dalio?

  And it's seven and a half percent expected. Now, different people have different views as to how to cut it. Forget it, I don't really care. Just, you have to have a unified agreement. Everybody in Congress and the President and so on should pledge to do that. And then the question is how to do it. But they shouldn't, they should know that number.

• 48:07David Friedberg?

  That's about 900 billion a year.

• 48:08Ray Dalio?

  Yeah.

• 48:09David Friedberg?

  Roughly. And that means cutting it, as you point out, by cutting the deficit by more than half, from where it sits.

• 48:16Ray Dalio?

  Yeah, well, it's, yes, because it with the continuing the tax cuts, from tax cuts, that's, that'll be seven and a half percent, and you want to get it down to three. And, and it sounds draconian, but we did that kind of change from 1991 till 1997. And the key, there are three keys to this. Do it soon, fast, when the time is good, when the economy's good. In other words, do it now.

• 48:53David Friedberg?

  Now.

• 48:54Ray Dalio?

  Okay. The temptation is going to say, well, we're going to ease into this, and we're going to be there, and we're going to do it in three years from now. But if you have a bad economy, you cannot do it. Okay? And that's the, that's the worst. So, we have the best economy, and the sooner you do it, the more you're going to do it. So, 3% solution, do it now, and recognize that you have to deliver it. So, if you're having, let's say, cost cuts in government, you have to own the number. So, everybody's got to pledge 3%. Now, the, the argument says how to get there. But you have to own the number, so

• 49:39Ray Dalio?

  much so that you'd say, if it's not 3%, throw me out of office, because I've got to, oh, I've got to deliver that number. So, if somebody, if government cost expense cutting, you know, and is it really the 2 trillion number? Is it the 1 trillion number? Is it a half a trillion dollar number? We all throw those numbers around. You got to own the number, and you got to get to 3. And you can't make it any one thing.

• 50:06David Friedberg?

  Right.

• 50:07Ray Dalio?

  But you also have to realize, like, if you did it, um, spread out, nothing's gonna be that big. So, I mean, nothing's gonna be insurmountable.

• 50:21Ray Dalio?

  That would mean, I go through the numbers in the book. By the way, this book is online free. And everybody, everybody can get it.

• 50:31David Friedberg?

  I read it this weekend. I have a, and I, and I used a highlighter for the first time in a long time, Ray. So, there was a lot of great content to pull out of there. I might, uh, use AI to reduce it down.

• 50:42Ray Dalio?

  This is being put out, not to sell books. Anyway, it's all free, so everybody can go through the mechanics. But the main thing is, you take the things you can cut from, or build from. So, what can you cut from? And you look at government expenditures, roughly 70% of government expenditures are, you can't cut. So, yeah, so it comes down to a small percentage that you can cut. But you, you find out, how much can you cut? So, the important thing is, 3%. The other thing about it is to realize that if you make those moves,

• 51:21Ray Dalio?

  the bond market and what, it will benefit. You see, this, and so, interest rates.

• 51:28David Friedberg?

  And then, interest rates will go down.

• 51:30Ray Dalio?

  Right. And interest rates going down, interest rate expense is most important.

• 51:37David Friedberg?

  So, when the president does a interview the other day, and he says, we need to get them to cut interest rates by 1%, and he's speaking about the central bank, he's effectively trying to force the central bank, or coerce the central bank to take rate action, when, if we were to cut spending, I think this is so important, if the federal government were to cut spending significantly and quickly, the market would naturally react to lower rates.

• 52:04Ray Dalio?

  That's right. Okay.

• 52:06David Friedberg?

  I think that is so important for everyone to hear.

• 52:08Ray Dalio?

  He's right. If you look at the my calculations, you need 100 basis if you get 100 basis points cut in rates, that's equivalent to significant cutting in spending. So he's right, but you but if you do that without the other parts, you're going to take money away. You're going to make it less desirable to own these things, these bonds. And because that's that's going to be a problem where if you do these things together, they can support each other. So in other words, fine, cut it from spending.

• 52:45David Friedberg?

  And by the way, Ray, the longer we wait, the more interest accumulates because it's at a higher rate, the more the debt accumulates. And ultimately, this is the arithmetic depth spiral that you get into. The longer we wait, the more you have to cut in the future to get out of the hole. It's not linear. It's a nonlinear cutting that's needed to get. So the faster you do it, the less you have to cut. I think that is so important. Let me just say that again. The for any person in government listening, the faster you cut, the less you have to cut.

• 53:17Ray Dalio?

  Yes, and you can do it in a manageable way, you know, a bit here, a bit there. These bits add up. And if you don't, you're going to have this arc of compounding.

• 53:29David Friedberg?

  So let's talk. Let's talk politics for a second. Is Doge and the concept of Doge enough? Or do we need legislative action here? And then I want to talk about the politics of the legislative action needed, given like the election cycles.

• 53:44Ray Dalio?

  There's a combination of a question. It's not just Doge. It's a matter of

• 53:53Ray Dalio?

  less regulation, productivity changes that might come from AI, which then have translate to profits. That might be capital gains profits. They might be profits and all of that. And so but it really, you know, when I look at it.

• 54:17Ray Dalio?

  It looks, it looks very tough and, and, but there's also, you know, revenue also tariffs produce revenue.

• 54:25David Friedberg?

  Yeah.

• 54:26Ray Dalio?

  So, but yeah, people think, um, on the, on the tariffs, people don't think of taxes as inflation, but taxes are inflation.

• 54:35David Friedberg?

  Right.

• 54:36Ray Dalio?

  Because you, it costs you more. So the real question, as you play with the numbers, is it's very, very difficult to know and be precise about how much is going to come from productivity and profit increases from the efficiencies gained by AI and new technologies, how much do they come from this and that? We don't honestly know, but the important thing is not to, we're at the edge and not to make it a crap shoot.

• 55:11David Friedberg?

  Right.

• 55:12Ray Dalio?

  So, and, and to get the, if, the number must be 3%. And so you should have handle, not hail mary passes, but a, a clear passage to that 3% number.

• 55:28David Friedberg?

  Are we better off with Trump as president versus if Biden had won? In this context?

• 55:34Ray Dalio?

  Yes, I do believe we are, in the, in the financial context, because in terms of profitability and the likelihood of cutting, I think the, the Republicans are probably more likely to make these moves than the Democrats, but you also have to take into consideration the impacts, the social impacts and

• 55:54David Friedberg?

  Right.

• 55:55Ray Dalio?

  the other impacts that are going to come from this. We're at a civil war internally and we're at an international war simultaneously. So there are second order effects. I think the main thing is, uh, take those numbers and make them real at, at 3%, not speculating. I, I worry honestly about the gap.

• 56:19Ray Dalio?

  Like the idea of when profits kick in from AI. I'm worried about that.

• 56:28David Friedberg?

  That's what I was gonna ask you next. So AI takes off, we lose a lot of jobs. We have a million five, three million, five million people that become unemployed that work in call centers, that work on automotive lines, et cetera, et cetera. They lose their jobs. And but while before the productivity kicks in from AI that creates new markets and new parts of the economy, we have a lot of unemployed people and the government representatives, the politicians raise their hands and say, we have to support these people. We have to introduce stimulus. We have to introduce new support programs. And is it not likely the case that with AI coming online, we are going to see a fairly significant demand for, you know, public support on this transition that's coming?

• 57:14Ray Dalio?

  That's right. But there are two dimensions. The near term is what will the pro... I don't think the profit impact and the financial impact on productivity is going to be nearly enough, near enough, to deal with the supply demand issue that we now have. So let's say, we are... Is it this year? Is it next year? Just imagine you are at risk of a heart attack, you know? And then I say, someday we'll have the productivity conveyed to profits that will cover the budget deficit. Okay, it may be out there, but it's not as immediate as it needs to be. And then we have the other aspect of it, which is, how is that pie divided?

• 57:56Ray Dalio?

  Which is going to be very political, because the disruptive effects will be enormous. And we're really all guessing on how those disruptive effects will be.

• 58:10Ray Dalio?

  It's too much of a... But you're absolutely right. Lots of jobs are going to be lost. Lots of change is going to happen in terms of turbulence. And how do we have a plan? How can we even agree on a plan of how to deal with that? I don't think we're in a time, maybe in the rest of our lifetimes, that agreement is going to be easy. I think we're going to see fragmentation of states from the central government. I think you're going to see big fragmentation in the world, not just in the United States, on the failure to agree on most things. And so I'm worried about the timeline.

• 58:55Ray Dalio?

  Think of the timeline as this way. There's the first hundred days. We're in a honeymoon period. I've been through... I'm old, you know? I've been through this a long time. I know what the honeymoon is like right afterwards. There's a hundred days that you can change legislation. You move quickly and everybody's there. Then there's the next important time horizon. It's two years to the midterm elections. You get in about years, you know, eighteen months after the election. And now not everybody goes, everything goes as anyone expects. You could have this supply-demand situation. And think of our cycle. I mentioned, you know, the average cycle is about six years, give or take three years. And so we're going to be later into the cycle.

• 59:39Ray Dalio?

  We have this supply-demand situation.

• 59:42David Friedberg?

  Right.

• 59:42Ray Dalio?

  Are things going to stay good into the midterm elections? And that mandate? I think there could be a lot of fighting in the midterm elections.

• 59:52David Friedberg?

  Let me ask you two questions. The first, if we do significant cuts, there will be a lot of job loss. If AI is successful and moves quickly, there will be significant job loss. If there is significant job loss, does that not fuel the rise of socialism in the United States?

• 1:00:12Ray Dalio?

  I think that we can do it. When I talk about the 3% solution... I think that we can cut and make the adjustments in a few percentages to be able to do this without great trauma. So we can get to having that limitation done without great trauma and it will be supported by interest rate moves. So that's first. We can get this thing done. We must get that thing done. And if we don't, then of course, I think we are in an era that of course we're going to have great conflict in the United States.

• 1:00:57Ray Dalio?

  This is not a run to Nirvana. This is, you know, the moment, you're going to have legal challenges. One state, the Democrats, you know, the blue states, the red states, and within the states, you're going to have a lot of disruption and you're going to have a lot of dissatisfaction and it's going to be about money and power. And so that's ahead. And so like you say, there's the socialists, the left, the right, and that's why you're going to, this type of civil war or internal conflict is going to be with us.

• 1:01:40Ray Dalio?

  This is not a straight race to Nirvana and prosperity. And, and you have that at the same time as you have the other elements, you know, they're the five big forces. So what I'm calling, so you have the debt money we talked about. There's the internal conflict that is, we're going to test the legal system and, you know, and we're in an environment now that might is right. Internationally, you're going to have the same kind of conflict. We touched on China. We're going to have conflict. You no longer have a cooperative, even an attempt at a cooperative world order. Things like the World Health Organization, the World Trade Organization, all of those are obsolete.

• 1:02:25Ray Dalio?

  And so we're going to have, again, might is right, and so it's going to be a period of greater conflict. You're going to have a technology war. You can have increased military spending in this kind of environment. That's, that creates a budget issue. And climate. Will have, uh, it will be an economic issue as well as a environmental issue. So these things, these expenses are going to go up. So all of those coming together, so you're, yes, left, right and conflict will be ahead of us.

• 1:03:03David Friedberg?

  Is this a hot civil war? Do people take to the streets? I mean, how does this resolve? Obviously, we've got historical context for social uprising. But what happens in the United States over the next 10 years?

• 1:03:14Ray Dalio?

  I think two important aspects of it is, does the legal system work well?

• 1:03:22David Friedberg?

  Hmm.

• 1:03:23Ray Dalio?

  So that the Supreme Court, you know, you asked me about the independence of the central bank. You know, did the, uh, does law work? And I think there's going to be a lot of challenges. I'm not saying it doesn't work. I'm saying that's the question. And that'll be very much state by state. You're going to see conflicts between the states and the central government. So how does that decision-making system hold up? Is it might is right? You know, sanctuary city issues and such. How is, uh, or is that going to all work well?

• 1:04:07Ray Dalio?

  I mean, that's, you know, that's the most important thing. And then we have, in a time of great stress and challenge, you know, when things get worse. Right now, things are good. This is pretty good. And, but they're going to get worse. And then you have the international going on at the same time. And so internally, within countries, we have the same kind of conflict. You're seeing it happen in Europe. You're seeing the same, same dynamic. We talk about the problems that the United States is having regarding debt and so on. You have then the expense, same problem within Europe. You're seeing greater polarity, left, right.

• 1:04:49Ray Dalio?

  You're seeing economic problems cause more confrontation. And so you're seeing this around the world. So you're coming into an environment that is likely to have over a period of time, over a period of time, not immediately, uh, greater conflict. When you talk about 10 years, there's going to be a period. In that 10-year period where it's going to, it's going to be hellacious. In that 10-year period where, you know, the coordination of dealing with our problems, our problems will be greater and the cooperation for dealing with problems will be less.

• 1:05:30David Friedberg?

  On that point, talk about the role that you have seen external conflict play in resolving the fiscal challenges internally. So you talk in your prior book, Changing World Order, about the historical relationship between external conflict as a cycle that seems to follow or flow with this financial cycle. Maybe you can talk a little bit about what's going to happen between the United States and China, given the condition in the US today. Do we have a higher propensity when things are difficult at home? Folks tend to go to war. War is stimulatory. Is that a driver here? And what's going to happen functionally with China over the next decade, do you think, and the US?

• 1:06:15Ray Dalio?

  There's a cycle that has to do with changes in money and all of these things. Where you don't have enough money, you need money to support international conflict, you need money to make domestic people happy, and then there's no power, you know, there's no system for making judgments internationally. The, you know, the United Nations doesn't work, the World Health Organization, they don't work, so there's no system. So you come into this power. So when, so when we're talking about the financial problems that

• 1:06:57Ray Dalio?

  we're talking about, that we covered, and recognize that that's worldwide, and then you have the polarity worldwide that has to do with wealth, different wealth and values, and you have that problem within the population, and then you have no rule system internationally. So it is a might is right series. You have that confluence of things, particularly now. Then you, and then there's disruptions, big disruptions, technology. We talked about how you can't lose the technology war. Because you'll lose the military war.

• 1:07:37Ray Dalio?

  All of that stress and shortage of what is perceived to be needed is

• 1:07:46Ray Dalio?

  incendiary, you know, it's, it's a, it's a, it's a, it's a risky situation. Of course, productivity helps, but it was like, you have to understand, put it in its place. The 1920s, leading up to the stock market bubble, that, that was the decade that we had the greatest number of inventions, patents, innovation, great productivity increases. While we simultaneously had big debt increases and we simultaneously had these wealth gap and values increases. And so you don't get away from that.

• 1:08:25Ray Dalio?

  So this is going to be a lot of tension in a world where it's difficult to get all the parties to cooperate. In, in wars, if you look at history, when I say wars, there are military wars there, and then there's less than military wars. And, and I can't tell you that we're going to go into military wars. I think like the Soviet Union and the United States, because of the risk of mass destruction,

• 1:08:54Ray Dalio?

  yeah, it was able to avoid those. But it, it, in history, it's going to, it's going to be a very, it's going to be a very difficult period.

• 1:09:08David Friedberg?

  You describe in your book, the difference between how the United States goes to war and how China goes to war. I, correct me if I'm wrong, but you speak to the US goes to war head to head, open confrontation, whereas China is much more like a Sun Tzu art of war style. It's a little bit more tricky, a little bit more careful. They, they never let you know what they're going to do. Is, is that a fair characterization?

• 1:09:36Ray Dalio?

  The, the, um, the general belief of, um, the Chinese on the art of war, and this has existed.

• 1:09:48Ray Dalio?

  Throughout and it exists today is that if you're going into a fighting war, you must not have been smart enough to win without a fighting war. And you win through deception and manipulation because fighting wars are going to damage you a lot. You don't want to be damaged, you want to get to your objective. So that's how they fight wars. That's the, it sounds like a smart way to fight wars. Also, international relations, there's what's called the tribute system. And the tribute system was your power determines where you are in your hierarchy. If you have more power, you have more hierarchy, you're higher in the hierarchy.

• 1:10:33Ray Dalio?

  It's like Confucian. And if you are, and everybody should know what each other's power is and the lesser power should give tribute to the greater power. This is internationally. And the greater power should respect that and treat, and they should work and have harmony together, rather than to have the conflict. Because it's all about getting what you want. Harmony and prosperity is what you want and fighting that destroys things is not what you want.

• 1:11:10Ray Dalio?

  Whereas, yeah, the man who was Vice President, great historian of China, a man by the name Wang Xishan described it to me that there's the Mediterranean approach.

• 1:11:25David Friedberg?

  Right, that's what it was, yeah.

• 1:11:27Ray Dalio?

  And the Mediterranean approach, which is a very different approach, really began out of that there were families and there's no borders and the way it worked is there were no limitations. In fact, we didn't have countries with borders and ideas that you don't cross borders until, what's the piece of Westphalia, the thirty, in the mid 17th century, I think it was like 1650 something.

• 1:11:58Ray Dalio?

  Up, they had thirty years of war and everybody would fight, so they were fighting experts. And that's what the norm was. And then after thirty years of war, they decided, okay, let's draw a boundary around it and try to, what goes on in there is your business. And that's how it came about. So, and that's, by the way, in history, one of the reasons that the Chinese and Japanese lost, and they had what they call their hundred years of humiliation, when the foreign powers came in, in late eighteen thirties, and they had a fight, the Opium Wars and so on.

• 1:12:38Ray Dalio?

  The Western powers were strong at fighting because they were practiced at it. And then there was the hundred years of humiliation, they call it in China, where they, the foreign powers came in. So, anyway, I've given you too much history, but I'm saying that there's a whole different attitude about how to play that game. And so that's what I think you're gonna see. You know, that's, when we come back now to the Chips War, and you took a look at today's news, you know, there we are.

• 1:13:11David Friedberg?

  There we are. Well, look, Ray, I feel like, I always tell people, the kid that stands up at the middle school and says, I'm gonna make the vending machines free, wins the presidency of the middle school. And unfortunately, in a democratic system, the election process kind of follows a similar pattern. It's very hard. I watched these hearings this week, and I was deeply frustrated when I hear senators say, I got this money for my constituents, I got this. Their initiative, their intention is to stand up and say, I'm gonna get you this. They go into Congress, they get you that money, and over time, government spending swells,

• 1:13:55David Friedberg?

  and there is no incentive to reduce it. And we find ourselves now on the precipice of a really difficult crisis. And I really do hope that politicians find within themselves the Leadership to stand up and say, we need to do difficult things because 10 years from now or 20 years from now, if we don't, things are going to be very bad for all of us and convey that to people. And I really do hope that your message gets to them and that their leadership allows them to stand up and say, we need to make these really difficult changes deeply and quickly in order to preserve the union and that they can make those changes and we can move forward and continue to build our lives. And so I really appreciate you taking the time to write this book, share this with us, and I really do hope it's

• 1:14:40David Friedberg?

  heard. I think it's so important. So, thank you so much, Ray.

• 1:14:43Ray Dalio?

  We can do this. And if we don't do this, the power of the United States is going to be greatly diminished. So it's domestic, it's international. So I appreciate, yeah, I appreciate you, Dave, that we can have this kind of conversation, just have people behave logically. Maybe that's too much to ask.

• 1:15:06David Friedberg?

  Yeah, well, no, look, I mean, let's not give away the vending machines for a couple of years and, you know, kind of think about keeping the school open for the next generation. But that was great. Thanks, Ray.

• 1:15:17Ray Dalio?

  You know your stuff. You're great. And this is really invaluable. Thank you for doing that for your listeners.

• 1:15:24David Friedberg?

  I think it's so important, too, Ray, and I spent a lot of time thinking about it and worrying about it. Your message is so clear and important. I think you present it well and write it well. I read your whole book this weekend. I appreciate you putting it all out there. I really do hope that the folks that listen to our show in DC, listen to this. I cannot tell you how disappointed I was after I spent the weekend at the inauguration. I met a lot of members of Congress. I met most of the members of the new cabinet. And it's just not there. I'm just frustrated and I'm disheartened by it. So, anyway, I think, I think it's important to keep harping on it, though. We're not going to stop and I'll keep talking about it and appreciate your efforts here, too.

• 1:16:05Ray Dalio?

  We just have to do our best.

• 1:16:06David Friedberg?

  That's right. Really appreciate it, Ray. Thank you.

• 1:16:09Ray Dalio?

  Thank you, Dave. Bye.