Innovating and Deciding, for Companies and People

with @annieduke @pmarca @smc90 Marc Andreessen and Sonal interview author, consultant/advisor, and former pro poker player Annie Duke, in one of her first few appearances with us, and in a conversation quite unlike her other conversations. We cover a broad range of topics relevant to both companies and individuals, all about thinking in bets when it comes to innovation in your business or change in your personal life.

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Sonal?

  Hi, everyone. Welcome to the A6 and Z Podcast. I'm Sonal and as your primary host, editor and showrunner here of the past seven years, I wanted to share some of my very favorite, just a few selected episodes for you on this feed as I get ready to make a change and as we get ready to relaunch this show anew on this feed. The second of these three episodes is a conversation that originally took place, spring, summer 2019, pre-pandemic, ah, that we could remember that time, between A6 and Z co-founder Mark Andreessen and myself interviewing author, consultant, advisor, and former pro poker player Annie Duke on one of her first appearances here. It's a conversation quite unlike her other conversations and it's one of my favorites because Mark and I did several of these interviews together where we really bring out different aspects based on our own interests combined.

• 0:45Sonal?

  And here's a fun behind the scenes fact about this episode. Mark had to leave midway for an urgent meeting, so I had to rebalance the episode to account for both of our segments together. But we all talk super fast together, barely caught our breaths, and cover such a range of topics relevant to both businesses and individuals, basically all of you, covering skill versus luck, outcomes versus process, asking the right questions, on how to communicate about probabilities instead of just deadlines on a team, and on how not making a decision is also a decision and why that matters. Be sure to also check out in this feed, the follow-up conversation with Annie. In that time, it was Jeff and me on the specifics

• 1:26Sonal?

  of how to decide as well, where she covers the practical and organizational implementations of what we cover in this episode. Because the A6 and Z Podcast became an early go-to for book authors to release their books, Annie agreed to share her next book with us first. So that's what we do in the next episode on how to decide. Overall, these evergreen episodes are really all about innovation, which is another signature theme in defining the identity of the A6 and Z Podcast. Hi, everyone. Welcome to the A6NC Podcast. I'm Sonal. And today, Mark and I are doing another one of our book author episodes. We're interviewing Annie Duke, who's a professional poker player and World Series champ, and is the author of Thinking in Bets, which is just out in paperback today.

• 2:10Sonal?

  The subtitle of the book is Making Smarter Decisions When You Don't Have All the Facts, which actually applies to startups and companies of all sizes and ages, quite frankly. I mean, basically, any business or new product line operating under conditions of great uncertainty, which I'd argue is my definition of a startup and innovation. So that will be the frame for this episode. Annie's also working on her next book right now and founded HowIDecide.org, which brings together various stakeholders to create a national education movement around decision education, empowering students to also be better decision makers. So, anyway, Mark and I interview her about all sorts of things in and beyond her book, going from investing to business to life. But Annie begins with a thought experiment, even though neither of us really know that much about football. So what I'd love to do is kind of throw a thought experiment at you guys

• 2:54Sonal?

  so that we can have a discussion about this. So I know you guys don't know a lot about football, but this one's pretty easy. You're going to be able to feel this one. I want you to do this thought experiment. Pete Carroll calls for Marshawn Lynch to actually run the ball.

• 3:09Speaker 01

  So we're betting on someone we know is really good.

• 3:11Sonal?

  Well, they're all really good, but we're betting on the play that everybody's expecting.

• 3:14Marc Andreessen?

  Yeah, the default is the assumed rational thing to do.

• 3:17Sonal?

  This is the assumed rational thing to do, right? So he has Russell Wilson hand it off to Marshawn Lynch. Marshawn Lynch goes to barrel through the line. He fails. Now they call the timeout. So now they stop the clock. They get another play now. And they hand the ball off to Marshawn Lynch, which is what everybody expects. Marshawn Lynch, again, attempts to get through that line, and he fails. End of game, Patriots win. My question to you is, are the headlines the next day the worst call in Super Bowl history?

• 3:48Speaker 01

  Is Chris Collins were saying, I can't believe the call. I can't believe the call. Or is he saying something more like, that's why the Patriots are so good. Their line is so great. That's the Patriots line that we've come to see this whole season. This will seal Belichick's place in history. It would have all been about the Patriots. So let's sort of divide things into like, we can either say the outcomes are due to skill or luck. And luck in this particular case is going to be anything that has nothing to do with Pete Carroll. And we can agree that the Patriots line doesn't have anything to do with Pete Carroll. Belichick doesn't have anything to do with Pete Carroll. Tom Brady doesn't have anything to do with Pete Carroll as they're sealing their fifth Super Bowl victory.

• 4:30Speaker 01

  So what we can see is there's two different routes to failure here. One route to failure, you get resulting. And basically what resulting is, is that retrospectively, once you have the outcome of a decision, once there's a result, it's really, really hard to work backwards from that single outcome to try to figure out what the decision quality is. This is just very hard for us to do. They say, oh, my gosh, the outcome was so bad. This, this is clearly, I'm going to put that right into the skill bucket. This is because of Pete Carroll's own doing. But in the other case, they're like, oh, you know, there's uncertainty. What could you do? Weird, right? Yeah. Okay, so you can kind of take that and you can say, aha, now we can sort of understand some things.

• 5:12Speaker 01

  Like, for example, people have complained for a very long time that in the NFL, they have been very, very slow to adopt what the analytics say that you should be adopting. Right? And even though now we've got some movement on like fourth down calls and when you're going for two point conversions and things like that, they're still nowhere close to where they're supposed to be.

• 5:31Marc Andreessen?

  So they don't, so they don't make the plays corresponding to the statistical probabilities?

• 5:34Speaker 01

  No, in fact, the analytics show that if you're on your own one yard line and it's fourth down, you should go for it, no matter what. The reason for that is if you kick it, you're only going to be able to kick to midfield. So the other team is basically almost guaranteed three points anyway. So you're supposed to just try to get the, try to get the yards. Like, when have you ever seen a team on their own one yard line on fourth down and be like, yeah, let's go for it? That does not happen. Okay, so we know that they've been like super slow to do what the analytics say is, is correct. And you, and so you sit here and you go, well, why is that? And that thought experiment really tells you why. Because we're all human beings. We all understand that there are certain times when we don't allow uncertainty to bubble up to the surface is the explanation.

• 6:17Speaker 01

  And there are certain times when we do. And it seems to be that we do when we have this kind of consensus around the decision. There's other ways we get there. And so, okay, if I'm a human decision maker, I'm going to choose the path where I don't get yelled at. Yeah, exactly. So basically, we can kind of walk back and we can say, are we allowing the uncertainty to bubble to the surface? And this is going to be the first step to kind of understanding what really slows innovation down, what really slows adoption of what we might know is good decision making because we have conflicting interests, right? Making the best decision for the long run or making the best decision to keep us out of a room where we're getting judged.

• 6:56Marc Andreessen?

  Yelled at, yelled at, or possibly fired. So let me propose the framework that I used to think about this and see if you agree with it. So it'd be a two by two, a two by two grid, and it's consensus versus non-consensus, and it's right versus wrong. And the way we think about it, at least in our business, is basically consensus right is fine, consensus, non-consensus right is fine. In fact, generally, you get called a genius. Consensus wrong is fine because you just, you know, it's just the same mistake everybody else made.

• 7:24Speaker 01

  You all agree, right?

• 7:25Marc Andreessen?

  Non-consensus wrong is really bad.

• 7:27Speaker 01

  Horrible.

• 7:28Marc Andreessen?

  It's radioactively bad.

• 7:29Speaker 01

  Right.

• 7:30Marc Andreessen?

  And so, and then, and then as a consequence of that, and maybe this gets to the innovation stuff that you'll be talking about, but as a consequence of that, there are only two scripts for talking about people operating in the non-consensus directions. One script is they're a genius because it went right. And the other is they're a complete moron because it went wrong. Is that, does that map?

• 7:48Speaker 01

  That's, that's exactly, that's exactly right. And I think that the problem here is that what does right and wrong mean? In your two by two, wrong and right is really just did it turn out well or not?

• 7:58Marc Andreessen?

  Yeah, outcomes.

• 7:58Speaker 01

  And this is where we really get into this problem because now what people are doing is they're trying to swat the outcomes away. And they understand, just as you said, that on that consensus wrong, you will have like a cloak of invisibility over you, like you don't have to deal with it. Right. So let's think about Other things besides consensus. So consensus is one way to do that, especially when you have like complicated cost benefit analyses going into it. I don't think that people, when they're getting in a car, are actually doing any kind of calculation about what the cost benefit analysis is to their own productivity versus the danger of something very bad happening to them. Like, what is the society? Someone's done this calculation.

• 8:41Speaker 01

  We've all kind of done this together. And so therefore, like, getting in a car is totally fine. I'm gonna do that.

• 8:46Marc Andreessen?

  And nobody second guesses anybody. If somebody dies in a car crash, you don't say, "Oh, wow, what a moron for getting in a car."

• 8:50Speaker 01

  No. Another way that we can get there is through transparency. So if the decision is pretty transparent, another way to get there is a status quo. So like, a good status quo example that I like to give, because everybody can understand it, is you have to get to a plane, and you're with your significant other in the car, and you go the usual route.

• 9:11Sonal?

  This is a common sight for every couple.

• 9:12Speaker 01

  So you go your usual route. Like, you go the, literally, this is the route that you've always gone, and there's some sort of accident, there's bad traffic, you miss the plane, and you're mostly probably comforting each other in the car. It's like, what could we do? You know? But then, you get in the car, and you announce to your significant other, "I've got a great shortcut. So let's take this shortcut to the airport." And there's the same accident, whatever, horrible traffic, you miss the flight. And that's like that status quo versus non-status quo decision.

• 9:41Sonal?

  Right. You're going against what's familiar and comfortable.

• 9:43Speaker 01

  Exactly. If we go back to the car example, when you look at what the reaction is to a pedestrian dying because of an autonomous vehicle versus because of a human, we're very, very harsh with algorithms. For example, if you, if you get in a car accident, and you happen to hit a pedestrian, I can say something like, you know, "Well, Mark didn't intend to do that." Because I think that I understand, your mind is not such a black box to me. So I feel like I have some insight into what your decision might be. And so more allowing some of the uncertainty to bubble up there. But if, if this black box algorithm makes the decision, now all of a sudden, I'm like, get these cars off the road.

• 10:23Sonal?

  Never mind that the human mind is a black box itself, ultimately, right?

• 10:25Speaker 01

  Of course. But we have some Sort of illusion that I understand sort of what's going on in there, just like I have an illusion that I understand what's going on in my own brain. And you can actually see this in some of the language around crashes on Wall Street, too. When you have a crash that comes from human beings selling, people say things like, the market went down today. When it's algorithms, they say it's a flash crash. So now they're sort of pointing out like, this is clearly in the skilled category. It's the algorithm's fault. We should really have a discussion about algorithmic trading and whether this should be allowed. When obviously, the mechanism for the market going down is the same either way. So now, if we understand that, so exactly your matrix. Now we can say, well, okay, human beings understand what's going to get them in the room.

• 11:05Speaker 01

  And pretty much anybody who's, you know, living and breathing in the top levels of business at this point is going to tell you, process, process, process. I don't care about your outcomes, process, process, process. But then the only time I ever have like an all hands on deck meeting is when something goes wrong. Like, let's say that you're in a real estate investing group. And so you invested in a particular property based on your model. And the appraisal comes in 10% lower than what you expected. Like, everybody's in a room, right? You're all having a discussion. You're all examining the model, you're trying to figure out. But what happens when the appraisal comes in 10% higher than expected? Is everyone in the room going, what happened here?

• 11:43Marc Andreessen?

  There is the obvious reality, which is like, we don't get paid a process, we get paid an outcomes. Poker players, you don't get paid a process, you get paid an outcome. And so there is a

• 11:50Speaker 01

  Incentive alignment.

• 11:51Marc Andreessen?

  It's not completely emotional. There's also an actual, there's a real component to it.

• 11:55Speaker 01

  Yeah, so two things. One is, you have to make it very clear to the people who work for you that you understand that outcomes will come from good process. That's number one. And then number two, what you have to do is try to align the fact that as human beings, we tend to be outcome driven to what you want in terms of getting, getting the, an individual's risk to align with the enterprise risk. Because otherwise, you're going to get this CYA behavior. And the other thing is that we want to understand if we have the right assessment of risk. So one of the big problems was with the appraisal coming in 10% too high there. Could be that your model's correct, it could be that you could have just a tail result. But it certainly is a trigger for you to go look and say, was there a risk in this decision that we didn't know was there?

• 12:39Speaker 01

  And it's really important for deploying resources.

• 12:42Sonal?

  I have a question about translating this to say, non-investing context. So If in the example of Mark's matrix, even if it's a non-consensus wrong, you are staking money that you are responsible for. In most companies, people do not have that kind of skin in the game.

• 13:00Speaker 01

  Right.

• 13:00Sonal?

  So how do you drive accountability in a process-driven environment that the results actually do matter? You want people to be accountable, yet not overly focused on the outcome. Like, how do you calibrate that?

• 13:11Speaker 01

  So let's think about how can we create balance across three dimensions that makes it so that the outcome you care about is the quality of the forecast? So first of all, obviously, this demands that you have people making forecasts. You have to state in advance, here's, here's what I think. This is my model of the world. Here are where all the places are going to fall. So this is what I think. So now you've stated that and the, the whether the outcome is quote unquote, good or bad is how close are you to whatever that forecast is? So now it's not just like, oh, you won to it or you lost to it. It's was your forecast good? So that's piece number one is make sure that you're trying to be as equal across quality as you can and focus more on forecast quality

• 13:54Speaker 01

  as opposed to like traditionally what we would think of as outcome quality. So now the second piece is directional. So when we have a bad outcome and everybody gets in the room, when was the last time that someone suggested, well, you know, we really should have lost more here?

• 14:10Marc Andreessen?

  Right, right.

• 14:12Speaker 01

  Literally, nobody's saying that. But sometimes that's true. Sometimes if you examine it, you'll find out that you didn't, you didn't have a big enough position. It turned out, okay, well, maybe we should have actually lost more. So you want to ask both up, down, and orthogonal. So could we have lost less? Should we have lost more? And then the question of should we have been in this position at all?

• 14:36Marc Andreessen?

  So in venture capital, after a company works and exits, let's say it sells for a lot of money, you do often say, God, I wish we had invested more money. You never, ever, ever, ever, I have never heard anybody say, on a loss, we should have invested more money.

• 14:48Speaker 01

  See, I wouldn't be great if someone said that. Like, wouldn't you love for someone to come up and say that to you?

• 14:53Sonal?

  I actually still don't get.

• 14:54Marc Andreessen?

  And what would be the logic of, what would be the logic of why they should say that?

• 14:56Sonal?

  I still don't get the point exactly. Why does that matter? I don't really understand that.

• 14:59Speaker 01

  So let's, can I just like simple in a poker example?

• 15:02Sonal?

  Yeah, yeah.

• 15:02Speaker 01

  So let's say that I get involved in a hand with you and I have some idea about how you play. And I have decided that you are somebody that if I, if I bet X, you will continue to play with me. Let's say this is a spot where I know that I have the best hand, but if I bet X plus C, that you will fold. So if I go above X, that I'm not going to be able to keep you coming along with me. But if I bet X or below, that you will. So I bet X, you call, but you call really fast in a way that makes me realize, oh, I could have actually bet X plus C. You hit a very lucky card on the end and I, I happened to lose a pot. I should have maximized at the point that I was a mathematical favorite.

• 15:43Marc Andreessen?

  Your model of me was wrong, which is a learning independent of the win or the loss.

• 15:46Speaker 01

  Exactly. So you need to be exploring those questions in a real honest way.

• 15:51Marc Andreessen?

  Right. Because it has to do with how you size future bets.

• 15:54Sonal?

  This is exactly like a company betting on a product line.

• 15:56Speaker 01

  Correct.

• 15:56Sonal?

  And then like ticking like, you know, what the next product line is going to be, and then not having had the information that would then drive a better decision-making process around that.

• 16:04Speaker 01

  Right. So think about the learning loss that's happening because we're not exploring that, the negative direction is, but, and now you should do this on wins as well. So if you do ever discuss a win, you always think like, how could I press? How could I have won more? How could I have made this even better? How could I do this again in the future? Should we have won less?

• 16:20Marc Andreessen?

  We oversized the bet and then got bailed out by a fluke.

• 16:22Speaker 01

  We should have actually had less in it and sometimes not at all, because sometimes the reasons that we invested turned out to be orthogonal to the reasons that it actually ended up playing out in the way that it was. And so had we had that information, we actually wouldn't have bet on this at all because it was completely orthogonal. Like we totally had this wrong. It just turned out that we ended up winning and that, that can happen. I mean, obviously that happens in poker all the time, but what does that communicate to the people on your team? I, good, bad, I don't care. I care about our model. I want to know that we're modeling the world well and that we're thinking about how do we incorporate the things that we learn? Because we can generally think about stuff in, in two cats, stuff we know and stuff we don't know. There's stuff we don't know, we know, obviously. So well, we don't, we don't worry about that because we don't know, we don't know it. But

• 17:07Speaker 01

  then there's stuff we could know and stuff we can't know. It's things like the size of the universe or the thoughts of others.

• 17:13Sonal?

  Right, right. Exactly.

• 17:14Speaker 01

  Or what the outcome will actually be. We don't know that.

• 17:16Sonal?

  I have a question about this though. What is a timeframe for that forecast? So let's say you have like a model of the world, a model of a technology, how it's going to adopt, how it's going to play out. In some cases, there are companies that can take like years to get traction. You want to get your customers very early to figure that out, right? So you can get that data. But how much time do you give? Like, how do you size that timeframe for the forecast? Like, so you're not constantly updating with every customer data point? And so you're also giving it enough time for your model, your plan, your forecast to play out?

• 17:47Speaker 01

  You have to think about very clearly in advance, what's my time horizon? How long do I need for this to play out? But also, not, don't just do this for the big decisions. Because there's things that you can forecast for tomorrow as well. So that you end up bringing it into just the way that people think. And then, once you've decided, okay, this is the time horizon in my forecast. And you would want to be thinking about, what are forecasts we make for a year, two years, five years for the specific decision to play out? And then, just make sure that you talk in advance at what point you'll revisit the forecast. So you want to think in advance, what are the things that would have to be true for me to be willing to come in and actually revisit this forecast? Because otherwise, you can start, as you just said, like, you can turn into like-

• 18:31Sonal?

  You're like a leaf in the wind.

• 18:33Speaker 01

  Right, exactly.

• 18:34Sonal?

  Because then you're like, one bad customer, and you suddenly like, over-rotate on that when in fact, it could have been-

• 18:39Speaker 01

  Right. So if you include that, if you include that in your forecast, here are the circumstances under which we would come in and check on our model, then you've already got that in advance. So that's actually creating constraints around the reactivity, which is helpful.

• 18:52Marc Andreessen?

  Two questions on practical implementation of the theory. So, what I'm finding is more and more people understand the logic of what you're describing. Because people are getting exposed to these ideas and kind of expanding in importance. And so more and more people intellectually understand this stuff. But there's two kind of, I don't know, so call it emotion-driven warps or something, that people just really have a hard time with. So one is, they, you understand, and this could be true of investor, CEO, product line manager in a company, you know, kind of anybody in one of these domains, which is you can't get the not consensus right results unless you're willing to take the damage, right? The risk on the not consensus wrong results. But people cannot cope with a not consensus wrong outcome. They just emotionally cannot handle it. And they would like to think that they can, and they intellectually understand that they should be able to. But as you say, when they're in the room, it's such a traumatizing experience that it's the touching the hot stove.

• 19:37Marc Andreessen?

  They will do anything in the future to avoid that. Is that just, and so like one interpretation would be that's just simply flat out human nature. And so to some extent, the intellectual understanding of here doesn't actually matter that much because there's an emotional override. And so that would be a pessimistic view on our ability as a species to learn these lessons? Or do you have a, do you have a more optimistic view of that?

• 19:54Speaker 01

  I'm going to be both pessimistic and optimistic at the same time. So let me explain why. Because I think that if you move this a little bit, it's a huge difference. You sort of have two tacks that you want to take. One is, how much can you move the individual to sort of train this kind of thinking for them? And that means naturally, they're thinking and forecasts a little bit more, that when they do have those kinds of reactions, which naturally everybody will, they write the ship more quickly, so that they can learn the lessons more quickly. Right? I mean, I actually just had this happen. I turned in a draft of my next book, the first part of my next book to my editor, and I just got the worst comments I've ever gotten back. And I had a really bad 24 hours. But after 24 hours, I was like, you know what? She's right. No, I still had a really bad 24 hours. And I'm the like,

• 20:39Speaker 01

  give me negative feedback like queen, because I'm a human being. But I got to it fast. Like, I sort of got through it pretty quickly after this. I mean, I, you know, the, you know, on the phone with my agent saying, I'm standing my ground. This is ridiculous. And then he got a text the next day being like, no, she's right. And then I rewrote it. And you know what? It's so much better for having been rewritten. And now I can get to a place of gratitude for having the negative feedback. But, but I still had the really bad day. So it's okay.

• 21:05Sonal?

  It doesn't go away, right?

• 21:06Speaker 01

  Yeah. And it's okay. Like, we're all human. Like, we're not robots. So number one is, like, how much are you getting the individuals to say, okay, I improved 2%. That's so amazing for my decision making and my learning going forward. And then the second through line is, what are you doing to not make it worse? Because obviously, for a long time, people like to talk about I'm results oriented. I feel like the worst sentence that could come out of somebody's mouth.

• 21:33Sonal?

  Why is that the worst? I've heard that a lot. What's so bad about it?

• 21:35Speaker 01

  Because you're letting people know that all you care about is like, did you win or lose? That's fantastic. Be results oriented all you want. You should pay by the piece. You will get much faster work. But the minute that you're asking people to do intellectual work, results oriented is like the worst thing that you could say to somebody. So I think that we need to take responsibility. And the people in our orbit, we can make sure at minimum that we aren't making it worse. And I think that that, so that's pessimistic and optimistic. I don't think anyone's making a full reversal here.

• 22:03Marc Andreessen?

  So the second question then goes to the societal aspect of this. And so we'll talk about the role of the storytellers. Or as they're sometimes known, the journalists.

• 22:12Speaker 01

  Yeah, the editors. I love it.

• 22:13Marc Andreessen?

  And the editors, and the editors, the publishers. And so the very first reporter I ever met when I was a kid, Jared Sandberg at the Wall Street Journal, when the internet was first emerging, like, there were no stories in the in the press about the internet. And I used to say, like, there's all this interesting stuff happening. Why am I not reading about any of it in these newspapers? And he's like, well, because the story of something is happening is not an interesting story. He said, there are only two stories that sell newspapers. He said, one is, oh, the glory of it. And the other is, oh, the shame of it. And basically, he said, it's conflict. So it's either something wonderful has happened or something horrible has happened. Like, those are the two stories. And then you think about business journalism as kind of our domain. You got to think about it, it's like, those are the only two profiles of a CEO or founder you ever read. It's just like, what a super genius for doing something presumably not consensus and right. Or what a moron, like, what a hopeless idiot for doing something not consensus and wrong.

• 22:56Marc Andreessen?

  And so, and so since I've become more aware of this, like, it's actually gotten, it's gotten very hard for me to actually read any of the coverage of the people I know. Because it's like, the people who got not consensus right, they're being lavished with too much praise. And the people who got not consensus wrong, they're being damned for all kinds of reasons. The traits are actually the same in a lot of cases. And so I guess, as a consequence, like, if you read the coverage, it really reinforces this bias of being results oriented. It's like, it's not our fault that people don't want to read a story that says, well, he tried something and it didn't work this time, right?

• 23:27Speaker 01

  Yes, exactly.

• 23:28Marc Andreessen?

  And so is there a

• 23:29Speaker 01

  But it was mathematically pretty good. If we go back to Pete Carroll, this is a pretty great case. If we think about options theory, that just quickly, the pass preserve the option for two run plays. So if you want to get three tries at the end zone instead of two, strictly for clock management reasons, you pass first.

• 23:44Marc Andreessen?

  Right, and that's not going to kick off ESPN SportsCenter that night. And so optimistic or pessimistic that the narrative, the public narrative on these topics will ever move?

• 23:53Speaker 01

  I'm super, super pessimistic on the societal level, but I'm optimistic on if we're educating people better, that we can equip them better for this. So I'm really focused on how do we make sure that we're equipping people to be able to parse those narratives in a way that's more rational? And particularly, you know, Now, there's so much information and it's all about the framing and the storytelling. And it's particularly driven by what's the interaction of your own point of view. We could think about it as partisan point of view, for example, versus the point of view of the communicator of the information and how is that interacting with each other? You know, in terms of like, how critically are you viewing the information, for example?

• 24:38Speaker 01

  I think this is another really big piece of the pie and somewhat actually related to the question about journalism, which is that third dimension of the space. So we talked about two dimension, which is sort of outcome quality and how are you allowing that you're exploring both downside and upside outcomes in a way that's really looking at forecast? How are you thinking directionally so that you're more directionally neutral? But then the other piece of the puzzle is how are you treating omissions versus commissions? So, one of the things that we know with this issue of resulting is here's a really great way to make sure that nobody ever results on you. Don't do anything. Right. Okay? So, like, if I just don't ever make a decision, I'm never going to be in that room with everybody

• 25:21Speaker 01

  yelling at me for the stupid decision I made because I had a bad outcome. But we know that not making a decision is making a decision. We just don't think about it that way. And it doesn't have to just be about investing. You can have a shadow book of your own personal decisions. Personal life. So, you know, it's really interesting. I remember I was giving somebody advice who was like, I think he was like 23. And, you know, so obviously, you know, you're newly out of college, had been in this position for a year and was really, really unhappy in the position. And he was asking me, like, I don't know what to do. I don't know if I should change jobs. And I said, well, you know, so I did all the tricks, you know, time traveling. And so I was like, well, okay, imagine it's a year from now. Do you think you're going to be happy in this job? No. Okay, well, maybe you should go and choose this other, maybe you should go and try to find another position.

• 26:06Speaker 01

  And this is what he said to me. And this, I think, shows you how much people don't realize that the thing you're already doing, the status quo thing, choosing to stay in, that really is a decision. So, he said to me, but if I go and find another position and then I have to spend another year, which I just spent trying to learn the ins and outs of the company, and it turns out that I'm not happy there, I'll have wasted my time. And I said to him, okay, well, let's think about this, though. The job you're in, which is a choice to stay in, you've now told me it's 100% in a year that you will be sad. Then if you go to the new job, yes, of course, it's more volatile. But at least you've opened your, you've opened the, the range of outcomes up. But he didn't want to do it because it doesn't feel like staying where he was didn't feel like somehow he was choosing it.

• 26:49Speaker 01

  So that he felt like if he went to the other place and he ended up sad, that somehow that would be his fault and a bad decision.

• 26:56Sonal?

  So profound. In my case, this might be getting a little too personal, but in my case, it was a decision that I didn't know I had made to not have kids. And it's still an option, but it's probably not going to happen. And my therapist kind of told me that my not deciding was a choice. And I was like so blown away by that, that it then allowed me to then examine what was going on there in that framework. In order to not do that for other arenas of my life where I might actually want something. Or maybe I don't, but at least it's a choice that there's intentionality behind it.

• 27:26Speaker 01

  I appreciate you sharing. I mean, I really want to thank you for that because I, I think that people, first of all, should be sharing this kind of stuff.

• 27:33Sonal?

  I do too.

• 27:33Speaker 01

  So that people feel like they can talk about these kinds of things, number one. And number two, in my book, I've got all these examples in there of like, how are you making choices about raising your kids when it feels so consequential? Right. And you're trying to decide like, should I have kids or shouldn't I have kids? Or who am I supposed to marry? Or where am I supposed to live? Or, and the thing that I try to get across is, you know, we can talk about investing. Like I'm putting money into some kind of financial instrument, but we all have resources that we're investing.

• 28:02Sonal?

  That's right.

• 28:03Speaker 01

  It's our time.

• 28:04Sonal?

  Your time, your energy, your heart.

• 28:05Speaker 01

  It could be whatever, your friendships, your relationships. So you're just, you're deploying resources and like for the kind of decision that you're talking about. It's like, if you, you know, if you choose to have children, you're choosing to deploy certain resources with some expected return. Some of it good, some of it bad. And if you're choosing not to have children, that's a different deployment of your resources toward other things.

• 28:28Sonal?

  And you need to know that there are limits. Everything isn't a zero sum game.

• 28:31Speaker 01

  No.

• 28:32Sonal?

  But approaching the world and the fact that evolution has approached the world as a zero sum game. And our toolkit makes it a zero sum game. Means that we need to still view everything as a zero sum game when it comes to those trade offs and resources because you are losing something every time, even in a non-zero game.

• 28:48Speaker 01

  Right. So I don't feel like the world is a zero sum game in terms of like we can, most of the activities that you and I would engage on, we can both win too.

• 28:54Sonal?

  Right.

• 28:55Speaker 01

  But it's a zero sum game, to go back to your therapist, it's a zero sum game between you and the other versions of yourself that you don't choose.

• 29:01Sonal?

  Exactly. Or an organization and the other versions of itself, it doesn't choose.

• 29:05Speaker 01

  Exactly. So there's a set of possible futures that result from not making a decision as well. So on an individual decision, let's, let's put things into three categories. Clear misses, near misses, and hits. There's some that would just be a clear miss, throw them out. And there's some that I'm going to sort of really agonize over and I'm going to, you know, think about it and I'm going to do a lot of analysis on it. And so the ones which become a yes, go into the hit category. And the other one is a near miss. I came close. What happens with those near misses is they just go away. So what I realized is that on any given decision, let's take an investment decision. If I went to you or you came to me and said, well, tell me what's happening with the companies that you

• 29:47Speaker 01

  have under consideration. On a single decision, when I explain to you why I didn't invest in a company, it's going to sound incredibly reasonable to you. So you'll only be able to see in the aggregate, if you look across many of those decisions, that I tend to be having this bias toward missing, toward saying, you know what, we're not going to do it so that I don't want to stick my neck out. Now, this for you is incredibly hard to spot because you do have to see it in the aggregate because I'm going to be able to tell you a very good story on any individual decision. So the way to combat that, and again, get people to think about what we really care around here is forecasts, not really outcomes, is actually to keep a shadow book. The anti portfolio should contain basically all of your near misses. But then you have to take a sample of the clear misses

• 30:32Speaker 01

  as well, which nobody ever looks at because the near misses tend to be a little in your periphery.

• 30:38Marc Andreessen?

  Right.

• 30:38Speaker 01

  If they happen to be big hits.

• 30:40Marc Andreessen?

  So here's the, so the good news, bad news. So the good news is we have actually done this. And so we call it the shadow portfolio.

• 30:46Speaker 01

  Awesome.

• 30:46Marc Andreessen?

  And the way that we do it is we make the investment. We take an equivalent, we take the other equivalent deal of that vintage of that size that we almost did but didn't do. We put that in the shadow portfolio and we're trying to do kind of apples to apples comparison. In finance theory terms, the shadow portfolio may well outperform the real portfolio. And in finance terms, that's because the shadow portfolio may be higher variance.

• 31:04Speaker 01

  Yes.

• 31:05Marc Andreessen?

  Higher volatility, higher risk, and therefore higher return.

• 31:07Speaker 01

  Correct.

• 31:08Marc Andreessen?

  Because the fear is you're the ones that are hitting are the ones that are less. They're less spiky, they're less volatile, they're less risky.

• 31:13Speaker 01

  Right. So what's wonderful about that, when you decide not to invest in a company, you actually model out why that's in there.

• 31:21Marc Andreessen?

  It's often, by the way, it's often a single flaw that we've identified.

• 31:23Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 31:23Marc Andreessen?

  Like, it's just like, oh, we would do it except for X.

• 31:26Speaker 01

  Right.

• 31:27Marc Andreessen?

  Where X looks like something that's like potentially existentially bad.

• 31:29Speaker 01

  Right. And then that's just written in there. And so you know that. So. And then just make sure people, like those ones that people are just rejecting out of hand.

• 31:36Marc Andreessen?

  That's my question. So we never do that. Let me ask you how to do that, though. So that's what we don't do. And as you're, as you're describing, I'm like, of course we should do that. I'm trying to think of how we would do that because the problem is we reject 99 for every one we do.

• 31:48Speaker 01

  Yeah. So you just, literally, it's a sample. You just take a random sample.

• 31:51Marc Andreessen?

  A random sample.

• 31:51Speaker 01

  I mean, as long as it's, it's just sort of being kept in view a little bit because what that does is it basically just asks, pushing against your model.

• 31:59Marc Andreessen?

  Yeah.

• 32:00Speaker 01

  You're just sort of getting people to have the right kind of discussion. So all of that communicates to the people around you, like, I care about your model.

• 32:09Marc Andreessen?

  So let me ask you a different question on, because you talked about sort of groups of decisions. So the other question, portfolios are decisions. So the other question is, so I, early on in the firm, I happened to have this discussion with a friend of mine, and he basically looked at me and he's like, you're thinking about this all wrong. You were thinking about this as a decision. You're thinking about invest or not. He said, that's totally the wrong way to think about this. You should be thinking about this is, is this one of the 20 investments of this kind? Of this class size that you're going to put in your portfolio? When you're, when you're evaluating an opportunity, you are kind of definitionally talking about that opportunity. But it's, it's very hard to abstract that question from the broader concept of a portfolio or a basket.

• 32:44Speaker 01

  Yeah. What I would suggest there is actually just doing some time traveling that as people are really down in the weeds to say, let's imagine it's a year from now, and what does the portfolio look like of these investments of this kind? So I'm a big promoter of time traveling, of just making sure that you're always asking that question. What does this look like in a year? What does this look like in five years? Are we happy? Are we sad? If we imagine that we have this, what percentage of this do we think will have failed? We understand that any one of these individual ones could have failed, so let's remember that. And I think that that really allows you to sort of get out of what feels like the biggest decision on earth because that's the decision you have to be making and be able to see it in the context of kind of all of.

• 33:23Sonal?

  What's going on?

• 33:25Speaker 01

  Fantastic. One of the most powerful things my therapist gave me, and it was such a simple construct. It was sort of like, doing certain things today is like stealing from my future self.

• 33:34Sonal?

  Oh, it blew me. It blew my mind.

• 33:37Speaker 01

  So beautiful.

• 33:38Sonal?

  It's so beautiful. And it seems so like, you know, hokey, like personal self-helpy, but actually, I had never thought of, because we were on a continuum by making discreet individuals, like so and all in the past, so and all today, so and all this woman in the future I haven't met yet. Wow.

• 33:54Speaker 01

  Yep.

• 33:54Sonal?

  Like, the idea of stealing from her was like, I...

• 33:57Speaker 01

  That's really a lovely way to put it.

• 34:00Sonal?

  She's a fucking awesome therapist, for the record.

• 34:01Speaker 01

  Yeah, she is. I have an amazing therapist.

• 34:02Sonal?

  I like talking publicly about therapy because I like pushing the stigma on it.

• 34:04Speaker 01

  No, I'm very, very, I'm very open about, like, let's not hide it. It's totally fine.

• 34:08Sonal?

  There's no fucking reason to hide it. I totally agree.

• 34:10Speaker 01

  Some of the ways that we deal with this is actually prospectively, employing really good decision hygiene, which involves a couple of things. One is, some of this good time traveling that we talked about, where you're really imagining, what is this going to look like in the future, so that that's metabolized into the decision. Two is, making sure that you have pushback once there's consensus reached. Great, now let's go disagree with each other. Then the next thing is, in terms of the consensus problem, is to make sure that you're eliciting as much input not in a room with other people. So, you know, when somebody has a deal they want to bring to everybody, that that goes to the people individually, they have to sort of write their thoughts about it individually, and then it comes into the room after that.

• 34:52Marc Andreessen?

  As opposed to the Pylon effect that just happened.

• 34:53Speaker 01

  As opposed to the Pylon effect. And that reduces the sort of effects of consensus anyway. So now, this is how you then come up with basically what your forecast of the future is, that then is absolutely memorialized, because that memorializing of it acts as the prophylactic. First of all, it gives you your forecast, which is what you're trying to push against anyway. You're trying to change the attitude to be that the forecast is the outcome that we care about. And it acts as a prophylactic for those emotional issues, right? Which is now, you, it's like, okay, well, we all talked about this, and we had our red team over here, and we had a good steel man going on, and we kind of really thought about why we were wrong. We questioned if somebody, you know, let's, if somebody has the outside view, what would this really look like to them?

• 35:34Speaker 01

  By eliciting the information individually, we were less likely to be in the inside view anyway. We've done all of that good hygiene, and then that acts as a way to protect yourself against these kinds of issues in the first place. Again, you're going to have a bad 24 hours, I'm just saying. For sure. But you can get out of it more quickly, more often, and get to a place where you can say, okay, moving on to the next decision, how do I, how do I You make better and better decisions.

• 36:03Marc Andreessen?

  Yeah. So building on that, but returning real quick to my optimism pessimism question. If society is not going to move on these issues, but we can move as individuals. So one form of optimism would be more of us can move as individuals. The other form of optimism could be there will just always be room in these probabilistic domains for the rare individual who's actually able to think about this stuff correctly. Like there will always be an edge. There will, there will always be certain people who are like much better at poker than everybody else. There will still-

• 36:26Speaker 01

  I think that's for sure.

• 36:27Marc Andreessen?

  Okay. Because most people simply, most people just simply can't or won't get there. Like a few people in every domain might be able to take the time and have the discipline and willpower to kind of get all the way there, but most people can't or won't.

• 36:37Speaker 01

  I think that in some, in some ways, maybe that that's okay. Like, I mean, I sort of think about from an evolutionary standpoint, that kind of thinking was selected for, for a reason, right? Like it's better for survival, likely better for happiness.

• 36:49Marc Andreessen?

  You mean the conventional, conventional wisdom?

• 36:51Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 36:51Marc Andreessen?

  Don't, don't touch the brim of stuff twice.

• 36:53Speaker 01

  Yeah. Or run away when you hear rustling in the leaves. Don't sit around and say, well, it's a probabilistic world. I have to figure out how often is that a lion that's going to come eat me?

• 37:00Marc Andreessen?

  Most people shouldn't be playing in the World Series of Poker.

• 37:01Speaker 01

  I have people come up to me all the time and be like, oh, you know, I play poker, but it's just a home game. You know, and I'm like, what are you saying? Just a home game? Like there are different purposes to poker. Like you probably have a great time doing that and it brings you a tremendous amount of enjoyment and you don't have an interest in becoming a professional poker player and why? Just be proud of that. I think that that's amazing. Like I play tennis. I'm not saying, oh, but you know, I'm, I'm just playing, we, you know, I'm just playing in like USTA like 3.5. Like I'm really happy with my tennis. I think it's great. So I think we need to remember that like people have different things that they love. And this kind of thinking, I, I think that I would love it if we could spread it more. But of course there are going to be some people who are going to be ending up in this category

• 37:46Speaker 01

  more than others. And that's okay. Like not everybody has to think like this. I think it's all right. So one of the things I get asked all the time is like, well, we can't really do this because people expect us to be confident in our choices. Yeah. Don't confuse confidence and certainty. So I can express a lot of uncertainty and still convey confidence. Ready? I'm weighing these three options, A, B, and C. I've really done the analysis. Here's the analysis. And this is what I think. I think that option A is going to work out 60% of the time. Option B is going to work out 25% of the time. And option C is going to work out 15% of the time. So option A is the clear winner. Now, I just expressed so much uncertainty in that sentence.

• 38:25Sonal?

  But also a lot of confidence.

• 38:26Speaker 01

  But also a lot of confidence. I've done my analysis, this is my forecast. And all that I ever ask people to do when they do that is make sure that they ask a question before they bank the decision, which is, is there some piece of information that I could find out that would reverse my decision, that would actually cause, not that would make it go from 60 to 57. I don't care modulating so much. I care that you're going to actually change.

• 38:47Sonal?

  And your point is that organizations can then bake that into their process and not just in the forecasting, but in arriving to that decision, so that then the next time they get to it, right or wrong, they make a better decision.

• 38:57Speaker 01

  And if the answer is yes, go find it. Or sometimes the answer is yes, but the cost is too high. It could be time, it could be.

• 39:05Sonal?

  Opportunity cost, whatever.

• 39:06Speaker 01

  Exactly. So then you just don't. And then you would say, well, then you all recognize as a group, we knew that if we found this out, it would change our decision, but we've agreed that the cost was too high. And so we didn't. So then if it reveals itself afterwards, you're not set.

• 39:17Sonal?

  Well, you've talked a lot about how people should use confidence intervals in communicating, which I love because we're both ex PhD.

• 39:23Speaker 01

  Yes, exactly.

• 39:24Sonal?

  PhD psychology people, neither finished. So I love that idea. One thing that I struggle with, though, is, again, in the organizational context, like if you're trying to translate this to a big group of people, not just one-on-one or small group decisions, how do you communicate a confidence interval and all the variables in it in an efficient, kind of compressed way? Like, honestly, part of communication in organizations is emails and quick decisions. And yes, you can have all the process behind the outcome, but how do you then convey that, even though the people were not part of that room of that discussion?

• 39:58Speaker 01

  I think that there's a simpler way to express uncertainty, which is using percentages. Now, obviously, sometimes you can only come up with a range. But, for example, if I'm talking to my editor, and this is very quick in an email, I'll say, you'll have the draft by Friday 83% of the time. By Monday, you'll have it 97% of the time. Those are inclusive, right?

• 40:19Sonal?

  It's another way of doing a confidence interval, but without making it so wonky.

• 40:22Speaker 01

  Without making it so wonky. So I'm just letting her know, most of the time, you're going to get it on Friday, but I'm building, like, my kid gets sick, or I have trouble with a particular. Section of the draft or whatever it is, and I set the expectations for that way.

• 40:35Sonal?

  Fantastic. I mean, we've been trying to do forecasting even for like timelines for podcasts editing and episodes.

• 40:40Speaker 01

  Right.

• 40:40Sonal?

  And I feel frustrated because I have like a set of frameworks, like if there's accents, if there's more than two voices, if there's, um, you know, a complex thing, room tone, like interaction, feedback, sound effects. I know all the factors that can go into my model.

• 40:53Speaker 01

  Right.

• 40:53Sonal?

  But I don't know how to put a confidence interval in our pipeline spreadsheet for, you know, all the content that's coming out and predicting it.

• 40:59Speaker 01

  Yeah. So one way to do it is think about what's the range, uh, what's the earliest that I could get it? And you put a percentage on that. And then you think about the latest day they're going to get it and you put a percentage on that.

• 41:09Sonal?

  I love that idea.

• 41:10Speaker 01

  What's wonderful about that is that, uh, it's a few things. One is I've set the expectations properly now so that I'm not getting, you know, yelled at on Friday, like where the hell's the draft?

• 41:21Sonal?

  Exactly.

• 41:21Speaker 01

  Um, and I think that-

• 41:22Sonal?

  Which is half the battle.

• 41:23Speaker 01

  And a lot of what happens is that because we're sort of, we think that we have to give a certain answer. Uh, it ends up boy who cried wolf, right? So that if I'm telling her I'm going to get it on Friday and, you know,

• 41:33Sonal?

  Honestly, against your own best judgment sometimes even.

• 41:36Speaker 01

  Right. 25% of the time I'm late, she just starts to not put much stock in my, in what I've said anyway.

• 41:41Sonal?

  Right.

• 41:42Speaker 01

  So that's number one. Number two is what happens is that you, you really kind of infect other people with this in a good way where you get them. Uh, it just moves them off of that black and white thinking. So like-

• 41:52Sonal?

  I love that.

• 41:53Speaker 01

  One of the things that I love thinking about, and this is the difference between a deadline or kind of giving this range is that I think that we ask ourselves, am I sure? And other people, are you sure? Way too often. That's, it's a terrible question to ask somebody because the only answer is yes or no.

• 42:11Sonal?

  So what should we be asking?

• 42:13Speaker 01

  How sure are you?

• 42:13Sonal?

  How sure are you? I have a quick question for you on this because earlier you mentioned uncertainty. How do you as an organization build that uncertainty in by default?

• 42:23Speaker 01

  So first of all, we obviously talked a little bit about time traveling and the usefulness of time traveling. So one thing that I like to think about is not overvalue the decision that's right at hand, the thing, the things that are right sitting in front of us. Right? So you can kind of think about it like, how are you going to figure out the best path? Is it, you know, as you think about what your goals are and obviously the goal that you want to reach is going to sort of define for you what the best path is. If you're standing at the bottom of a mountain that you want to summit, let's call the summit your goal, all you can really see is the base of the mountain. So as you're doing your planning, you're really worried about how do I get the next little bit? Right? How do I start? But if you're at the top of the mountain, having attained your goal, now you can look at the whole landscape, you get this beautiful view of the whole landscape, and now you can really see what the best path looks like.

• 43:08Speaker 01

  And so we want to do this, not just physically, like standing up on a mountain, but we want to figure out a cognitive way to get there. And that's to do this really good time traveling. And you do this through backcasting and pre-mortem. And now let's look backwards instead of forwards to try to figure out, this is now the headline, let me think about why that happened. So you could think about this like as a simple like weight loss goal. I want to lose a certain amount of weight within the next six months. It's the end of the six months, I've lost that weight. What happened? You know, I went to the gym, I avoided bread, I didn't eat any sweets, I made sure that, you know, whatever. So you now have this list. Then in pairing with that, you want to do a pre-mortem, which is, I didn't get to the top of the mountain.

• 43:51Speaker 01

  I failed to lose the weight, I failed to do whatever it is.

• 43:54Sonal?

  And then all the things you can do to counter program against that.

• 43:57Speaker 01

  Exactly, because that's going to reveal really different things. It's going to reveal some things that are just sort of luck, right? Let me think, can I do something to reduce the influence of luck there? Then there's going to be some things that have to do with your decisions, like I went into the break room every day and there were donuts there. And so I couldn't resist them. So now you can think about, how do I counter that? Right? How can I bring other people into the process and that kind of thing? And then there's stuff that's just, you can figure out, it's just out of your control. Like it turned out I had a slow metabolism. And now what happens is that you're just much less reactive and you're much more nimble because you've gotten a whole view of the landscape and you've gotten a view of the good part of the landscape and the bad part of the landscape. But I'm sure as he told you, people are very loathe to do these pre-mortems because I

• 44:39Speaker 01

  think that the imagining of failure feels so much like failure, that people are like, no, and you should posit, you know, positive visualization.

• 44:47Sonal?

  I mean, in fact, even in brainstorming meetings, everyone's like, don't dump on an idea, but the exact point is you have to dump on an idea and kill the winnowing of options. But as part of the process, you should be then pre-mortem-ing it.

• 44:58Speaker 01

  There's wonderful research by Gabrielle Adenzen that I really recommend that people see that the references are in my book. In across domains, what she's found is that when people do these this sort of positive fantasizing, the chances that they actually complete the goal are just lower than if people do this negative fantasizing. And then there's research that shows that when people do this time travel and this backwards thinking that increases identifying reasons for success or failure by about 30%, you're just more likely to see what's in your way. So like, for example, she did she did like one of the simple studies where she she asked people who were in college, you know, who do you have a crush on that you haven't talked to yet? She had one group who,

• 45:42Speaker 01

  you know, it was all positive fantasies. So like, oh, I'm gonna meet them and I'm gonna ask them out on a date and it's gonna be great and then we're gonna live happily ever after and whatever. And then she had another group that engaged in negative fantasizing. What if I ask them out and they say no? Like, they said no, and I was really embarrassed, and so on and so forth. And then she revisited them like four months later to see which group had actually gone out on a date with the person that they had a crush on. And the ones that did the negative fantasizing were much more likely to have gone out on the date.

• 46:10Sonal?

  That's fantastic.

• 46:12Speaker 01

  Yeah. So one of the things that I say is like, look, when we're in teams, to your point, we tend to sort of view people as naysayers, right? But we don't want to think of them as downers. So I suggest divide those up into two processes. Have the group individually do a backcast, have the group individually write a narrative about a pre-mortem. And what that does is when you're now doing a pre-mortem, it changes the rules of the game. Where being a good team player is now actually identifying the ways that you fail.

• 46:40Sonal?

  I love what you said, because it's like having two modes as a way of getting into these two mindsets.

• 46:45Speaker 01

  Right, where you're not stopping people from feeling like they're a team player. And I think that that's the issue. As you said, it's like, don't sit there and like, you know, crap on my goal. Well, because what are they really saying? You're not being a team player. So change the rules of the game.

• 46:58Sonal?

  You had this line in your book about how regret isn't unproductive. The issue is that it comes after the fact, not before.

• 47:05Speaker 01

  So the one thing that I don't want people to do is think about how they feel right after the outcome, because I think that then you're gonna overweight regret. So you wanna think about regret before you make the decision. You have to get it within the right timeframe. What we want to do instead is right in the moment of the outcome, when you're feeling really sad, you can stop and say, am I going to care about this in a year? Think about yourself as a happiness stock. And so if we can sort of get that more 10,000-foot view on our own happiness, and we think about ourselves as we're investing in our own stock, our own happiness stock, we can get to that regret question a lot better. You don't need to improve that much to get really big dividends. You make thousands of decisions a day.

• 47:48Speaker 01

  If you can get a little better at this stuff, if you can just, you know, de-bias a little bit, think more probabilistically, really sort of wrap your arms around uncertainty to free yourself up from sort of the emotional impact of outcomes a little bit, it's going to have such a huge effect on your future decision-making. Well, that's amazing, Annie. Thank you so much for joining the A6 and Z podcast.

• 48:12Marc Andreessen?

  Thank you very much.

• 48:13Speaker 01

  Yes, thank you.