a16z Podcast
Hosted by Marc Andreessen
@pmarca reads out loud IT'S TIME TO BUILD
1,837 words · 2 speakers
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It's Time to Build by Mark Andreessen. You can also find and share this essay at a6nz.com/built.
Every Western institution was unprepared for the coronavirus pandemic. Despite many prior warnings, this monumental failure of institutional effectiveness will reverberate for the rest of the decade, but it's not too early to ask why and what we need to do about it. Many of us would like to pin the cause on one political party or another, on one government or another, but the harsh reality is that it all failed. No Western country, or state, or city was prepared, and despite hard work and often extraordinary sacrifice by many people within these institutions.
So the problem runs deeper than your favorite political opponent or your home nation. Part of the problem is clearly foresight, a failure of imagination, but the other part of the problem is what we didn't do in advance and what we're failing to do now, and that is a failure of action, and specifically, our widespread inability to build. We see this today with the things we urgently need but don't have. We don't have enough coronavirus tests or test materials, including, amazingly, cotton swabs and common reagents. We don't have enough ventilators, negative pressure rooms, and ICU beds.
And we don't have enough surgical masks, eye shields, and medical gowns. As I write this, New York City has put out a desperate call for rain ponchos to be used as medical gowns.
Rain ponchos in 2020 in America. We also don't have therapies or a vaccine, despite, again, years of advance warning about bat-borne coronaviruses. Our scientists will hopefully invent therapies and a vaccine, but then we may not have the manufacturing factories required to scale their production. And even then, we'll see if we can deploy therapies or a vaccine fast enough to matter. It took scientists five years to get regulatory testing approval for the new Ebola vaccine after that scourge's 2014 outbreak at the cost of many lives.
In the US, we don't even have the ability to get federal bailout money to the people and businesses that need it. Tens of millions of laid-off workers and their families, and many millions of small businesses are in serious trouble right now. And we have no direct method to transfer them money without potentially disastrous delays. A government that collects money from all its citizens and businesses each year has never built a system to distribute money to us when it's needed most. Why do we not have these things? Medical equipment and financial conduits involve no rocket science whatsoever. At least therapies and vaccines are hard.
Making masks and transferring money are not hard. We could have these things, but we chose not to. Specifically, we chose not to have the mechanisms, the factories, the systems, to make these things. We chose not to build. You don't just see this smug complacency, the satisfaction with the status quo, and the unwillingness to build in the pandemic or in healthcare generally. You see it throughout Western life, and specifically throughout American life.
You see it in housing, in the physical footprint of our cities. We can't build nearly enough housing in our cities with surging economic potential, which results in crazily skyrocketing housing prices in places like San Francisco, making it nearly impossible for regular people to move in and take the jobs of the future. We also can't build the cities themselves anymore. When the producers of HBO's Westworld wanted to portray the American city of the future, they didn't film in Seattle, or Los Angeles, or Austin. They went to Singapore. We should have gleaming skyscrapers and spectacular living environments in all our best cities at levels way beyond what we have now.
Where are they? You see it in education. We have top-end universities, yes, but with the capacity to teach only a microscopic percentage of the 4 million new 18-year-olds in the US each year, or the 120 million new 18-year-olds in the world each year. Why not educate every 18-year-old? Isn't that the most important thing we can possibly do? Why not build a far larger number of universities, or scale the ones we have way up? The last major innovation in K-12 education was Montessori, which traces back to the 1960s. We've been doing education research that's never reached practical deployment for 50 years since.
Why not build a lot more great K-12 schools using everything we know now? We know one-to-one tutoring can reliably increase education outcomes by two standard deviations: the Bloom-Trotz-Sigma effect. We have the Internet. Why haven't we built systems to match every young learner with an older tutor to dramatically improve student success?
You see it in manufacturing. Contrary to conventional wisdom, American manufacturing output is higher than ever. But why has so much manufacturing been offshored to places with cheaper manual labor? We know how to build highly automated factories. We know the enormous number of higher-paying jobs we would create to design and build and operate those factories. We know, and we're experiencing right now, the strategic problem of relying on offshore manufacturing of key goods. Why aren't we building Elon Musk's alien dreadnoughts, giant, gleaming, state-of-the-art factories, producing every conceivable kind of product at the highest possible quality and lowest possible cost all throughout our country? You see it in transportation.
Where are the supersonic aircraft? Where are the millions of delivery drones? Where are the high-speed trains, the soaring monorails, the hyperloops, and, yes, the flying cars? Is the problem money? That seems hard to believe when we have the money to wage endless wars in the Middle East and repeatedly bail out incumbent banks, airlines, and carmakers. The federal government just passed a $2 trillion coronavirus rescue package in two weeks. Is the problem capitalism? I'm with Nicholas Stern when he says that capitalism is how we take care of people we don't know. All of these fields are highly lucrative already and should be prime stopping grounds for capitalist investment.
Good both for the investor and the customers who are served. Is the problem technical competence? Clearly not, or we wouldn't have the homes and skyscrapers, schools and hospitals, cars and trains, computers and smartphones that we already have. The problem is desire. We need to want these things. The problem is inertia. We need to want these things more than we want to prevent these things. The problem is regulatory capture. We need to want new companies to build these things, even if incumbents don't like it, even if only to force the incumbents to build these things. And the problem is will. We need to build these things.
And we need to separate the imperative to build these things from ideology and politics. Both sides need to contribute to building. The right starts out in a more natural, albeit compromised, place. The right is generally pro-production, but is too often corrupted by forces that hold back market-based competition and the building of things. The right must fight hard against crony capitalism, regulatory capture, ossified oligopolies, risk-inducing offshoring, and investor-friendly buybacks in lieu of customer-friendly and over a longer period of time even more investor-friendly innovation. It's time for full-throated, unapologetic, uncompromised
political support from the right for aggressive investment in new products, in new industries, in new factories, in new science, in big leaps forward. The left starts out with a stronger bias toward the public sector in many of these areas, to which I say, "Prove the superior model. Demonstrate that the public sector can build better hospitals, better schools, better transportation, better cities, better housing. Stop trying to protect the old, the entrenched, the irrelevant. Commit the public sector fully to the future." Milton Friedman once said, "The great public sector mistake is to judge policies and programs by their intentions rather than their results." Instead of taking that as an insult, take it as a challenge.
Build new things and show the results. Show that new models of public sector healthcare can be inexpensive and effective. How about starting with the VA? When the next coronavirus comes along, blow us away. Even private universities like Harvard are lavished with public funding. Why can't 100,000 or 1 million students a year attend Harvard? Why shouldn't regulators and taxpayers demand that Harvard build? Solve the climate crisis by building. Energy experts say that all carbon-based electrical power generation on the planet could be replaced by a few thousand new zero-emission nuclear reactors. So let's build those. Maybe we can start with 10 new reactors, then 100, then the rest.
In fact, I think building is how we reboot the American dream. The things we build in huge quantities, like computers and TVs, drop rapidly in price. The things we don't, like housing, schools, and hospitals, skyrocket in price. What's the American dream? The opportunity to have a home of your own and a family you can provide for. We need to break the rapidly escalating price curves for housing, education, and healthcare to make sure that every American can realize the dream. And the only way to do that is to build. Building isn't easy, or we'd already be doing all this. We need to demand more of our political leaders, of our CEOs, our entrepreneurs, our investors.
We need to demand more of our culture, of our society. And we need to demand more from each other. We're all necessary, and we can all contribute to building.
Every step of the way, to everyone around us, we should be asking the question, "What are you building?" What are you building directly, or helping other people to build, or teaching other people to build, or taking care of people who are building? If the work you're doing isn't either leading to something being built or taking care of people directly, we failed you. And we need to get you into a position, an occupation, a career, where you can contribute to building. There are always outstanding people in even the most broken systems. We need to get all the talent we can on the biggest problems we have and on building the answers to these problems. I expect this essay to be the target of criticism. Here's a modest proposal to my critics.
Instead of attacking my ideas of what to build, conceive your own. What do you think we should build? There's an excellent chance I'll agree with you. Our nation and our civilization were built on production, on building. Our forefathers and foremothers built roads and trains, farms and factories, then the computer, the microchip, the smartphone, and uncounted thousands of other things that we now take for granted that are all around us, that define our lives and provide for our well-being. There is only one way to honor their legacy and to create the future we want for our own children and grandchildren, and that's to build.
Page updated September 30, 2026 · transcript and summary are machine-generated
