Foreign in a Domestic Sense

A dusty surveillance file uncovers the story of love, betrayal, and the fight for Puerto Rico’s freedom.

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Roman Mars?

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• 1:05Roman Mars?

  This is 99% Invisible. I'm Roman Mars.

• 1:14Roman Mars?

  On a recent trip to Puerto Rico, producer Jacob Medina Gleason was introduced to a piece of family history. It's an old manila folder with a photo of her grandfather, Tomas Velez Lopez, attached to the front. In the picture, Tomas is a young 20-something with thick, wavy hair and a full Tom Selleck mustache. And across the top of the folder, in big, bold letters, it reads...

• 1:37Speaker 01

  Division of Special Investigations. And it has his case number. I don't know if they started from one, but if they did, he was 7,480.

• 1:49Roman Mars?

  The Intelligence Division opened a case on Jacob's grandpa in the 1970s. The folder contains over 60 pages of notes and details about Tomas's life. Mundane things that are common in police files. His height, his weight, his license plate number. But there were other, less mundane details, too.

• 2:09Speaker 01

  There's a line here that says, "Peligroso? No." So it's, "Is he dangerous?" And no, he apparently was not dangerous. Flipping through the folder, it was clear that my grandpa was part of a big investigation. But as I kept reading through the documents, I couldn't find what crime he was being accused of, or any allegations at all. Instead, what I learned is that his case was about something else entirely. The file sums it up in one line. You know, they're saying sort of purpose of the investigation. And it's to determine his activities politically. This file the police kept on my grandpa is a type of folder known in Puerto Rico as a carpeta.

• 2:56Roman Mars?

  Carpetas were created to spy on supporters of Puerto Rican independence. And the folders were one part of a decades-long surveillance operation which tracked more than 150,000 Puerto Ricans. The goal of the government surveillance project was to intimidate and suppress the political movement, one that Jacob's grandfather belonged to.

• 3:17Speaker 02

  Your grandpa was a dreamer. And his first dream was having his nation free. Free from the power of the United States. That was his first love. When I met him, he loved it more than me. Truly, I mean, truly.

• 3:41Speaker 01

  This is my grandma Nancy. If you can't already tell, Abuela Nancy is New Yorican, down to her bones. And she told me that she actually met my grandpa because of the independence movement.

• 3:53Speaker 02

  We both sold Periodico Claridad.

• 3:58Speaker 01

  The two of them first ran into each other selling a pro-independence newspaper on the same street corner.

• 4:04Speaker 02

  Then one day, he told me, "Hey, you can't take my corner. You gotta go sell somewhere else." I was like, I said, "Well, uh-uh."

• 4:17Speaker 02

  That's how it all started. We had a very, very sweet friendship.

• 4:24Speaker 01

  My grandma also told me that after their little meet-cute, the government opened a carpeta on her, too.

• 4:30Speaker 02

  They started surveilling me when we two got together. Mine's wasn't even as big as his.

• 4:40Speaker 01

  My grandpa Tomas died years ago, so I never got to ask him about any of this. But what I do know is that he, like a lot of Puerto Ricans, served in the US Army. And it was not lost on him that despite being a US citizen, Puerto Rico was not really a part of the United States. So he spent his life, right up until his later years, fighting for Puerto Rican independence.

• 5:01Speaker 02

  We were activists. We were always activists. Wherever there was something to do and something to fight for, we were there.

• 5:13Speaker 01

  For years, decades even, my grandpa's carpeta wasn't sitting in some government building or archive, but was buried in the back of my abuela's closet. All over Puerto Rico, thousands of these carpetas are lying around, perhaps in some other abuela's closet. And each one, in its own way, provides a glimpse into the long and often ugly relationship between Puerto Rico and the United States.

• 5:41Roman Mars?

  Puerto Rico has been a colony since the Spanish first arrived on the island of Baringan 500 years ago. And from the very beginning, resistance defined the identity of the island. In fact, the very idea of being Puerto Rican was born out of this tension between the colonized and the colonizer.

• 6:00Speaker 03

  The first time that the term "Puerto Rican" appears in the Spanish colonial record, it is in the early 1700s when a military official is complaining about all these Puerto Ricans, "bastards of Spanish military generals." And so it is used to refer to Puerto Ricans, people from the archipelago, as "bastards."

• 6:24Speaker 01

  This is Jorrel Meléndez Vádillo. He's an assistant professor of Latin American and Caribbean history at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and author of the book Puerto Rico: A National History.

• 6:36Speaker 01

  Jorres says that despite the Spanish Crown's original intent to demean, people on the island embraced the term Puerto Rican, using it to rally around a shared identity.

• 6:45Speaker 03

  I think that Puerto Rican identity has always been constructed in opposition to colonialism. It is an affirmation of being something different from Spain.

• 6:59Roman Mars?

  In the 19th century, hostility between the Spanish Empire and its colonies sparked a number of revolutions throughout the Caribbean. Puerto Ricans saw uprisings taking place all around them, in the Dominican Republic and Cuba, and wanted in on the action.

• 7:14Speaker 01

  Which is when the United States entered the equation. In 1898, during the Spanish-American War, the United States presented themselves as liberators to the Puerto Rican people. But by the time the dust settled and the US had beaten the Spanish, they did not give Puerto Rico independence. Instead, they annexed it.

• 7:31Roman Mars?

  At the time, when a US territory was annexed, the next step for it was statehood. That's just how territories had worked since the founding of the country. A swath of land would be taken, a local government would form, and the territory would become a state.

• 7:46Speaker 01

  But when the US acquired the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico, lots of Americans were like, eh, I don't know about all that.

• 7:55Speaker 04

  Americans in general did not like the idea of giving statehood to places inhabited by a majority of people who they didn't perceive as white.

• 8:05Speaker 01

  This is Christina Bonza Kraus, a professor of constitutional law at Columbia Law School.

• 8:10Speaker 04

  They didn't think that the people of these islands could be properly assimilated into American culture, and yet, instead of just leaving them alone, the United States took them anyway. And so then, we've got this debate. What are we gonna do? Should we have them as territories? Why were we annexing them? What's gonna happen next?

• 8:27Speaker 01

  These questions went all the way up to the Supreme Court in a series of cases called the Insular Cases. In these arguments, the court debated whether or not the Constitution applied to all of these newly annexed territories.

• 8:39Roman Mars?

  And the answer to that was a resounding, "sort of."

• 8:44Speaker 04

  It ended up essentially saying that Puerto Rico was not part of the United States in a more general sense. But it also said that Puerto Rico wasn't foreign. And so it came up with this language. Puerto Rico and the other territories by implication, that is, the other new ones, the Philippines and Guam, are foreign to the United States in a domestic sense. And also, the court said, they are domestic in an international sense.

• 9:12Speaker 01

  If "foreign in a domestic sense" and "domestic in an international sense" is complete gibberish to you, that's because it is. Basically, the case is determined that the Constitution only applied to Puerto Rico as the US saw fit, because it wasn't a state. And then use this obscure language to explain away why it wouldn't become one. It's a two-step process: annex and incorporate. They were not planning to incorporate Puerto Rico.

• 9:39Roman Mars?

  The Foraker Act and the Jones Act gave Puerto Ricans the ability to elect their own legislature and granted citizenship. So Puerto Ricans were citizens, but not totally citizens. And they could hold elections, but they still had no representation in Congress.

• 9:54Speaker 01

  As you could imagine, all this vague, incoherent language pissed a lot of people off. Puerto Rico had been a colony for hundreds of years by this time, and their fate was always being decided for them by outside forces. And within Puerto Rico, no one voiced their frustration with the island's status more loudly than the leader of the nationalist party, Pedro Albizu Campos.

• 10:15Speaker 05

  (speaking Spanish)

• 10:30Speaker 01

  Starting in the 1930s, Albizu Campos led the nationalist party, which was one of the strongest voices in the Puerto Rican independence movement.

• 10:37Speaker 03

  Albizu Campos is a fascinating individual. Pedro Albizu Campos was a Harvard-educated lawyer, Afro-descendant. He had great rhetoric. He would spit fire. He dominated a crowd when he spoke, and he spoke about the ills of Puerto Rico.

• 10:53Speaker 05

  (speaking Spanish)

• 11:09Roman Mars?

  A lot of what Albizu Campos was responding to came from Supreme Court cases that set up the political dynamic between the US and Puerto Rico. He wanted Puerto Ricans to see that this relationship made them second-class citizens, and he wanted them to get mad.

• 11:26Speaker 01

  There were peaceful protests that shined a light on Puerto Rico's colonial status. But in 1935, Puerto Rican police, under the control of the US, killed a number of independence protesters. Months later, in response, some in the independence movement killed the police chief. After that, the US determined that the Nationalist Party wasn't a political party, but a bunch of insurrectionists.

• 11:48Speaker 03

  And they were not afraid to use violence, and that is something that authorities feared.

• 11:54Roman Mars?

  At first, Albizu Campos and the Nationalist Party tried to seek change through the ballot box, but the scales were always tipped against them. The US held a firm grip over the electoral system on the island, and basically, every other lever of power too.

• 12:10Speaker 01

  And so, Albizu Campos determined that they couldn't gain independence within a system designed to oppress them. He declared that the Nationalist Party would withdraw from electoral politics so long as the US was in power. Freedom wasn't going to be earned. They needed to take it.

• 12:26Roman Mars?

  In the 1930s, hoping to restore order to the island, the United States appointed a new governor to oversee Puerto Rico. He militarized the police and jailed political opponents, including Albizu Campos. The governor also authorized a new surveillance operation, one that would keep tabs on people they suspected to be part of the independence movement. This was the beginning of the carpetas.

• 12:52Speaker 06

  Basically, the way it would work was, it was sort of like a three-strike system.

• 12:57Speaker 01

  That's Christopher Gregory Rivera. He's a photographer and artist who's done extensive research on carpetas. He says that the government had a whole process for determining who was deemed suspicious enough to have one opened on them.

• 13:10Speaker 06

  If I was a heavily surveilled person and we had a coffee, they would open an index card on you. And then if you never got any more cards, then you'd probably kind of fall off their radar. But if they saw you with somebody else or they saw you at a rally, you'd get another card. And sort of through that process, they kept track of connections. And when you got three of these index cards, then they would actually formally open a carpeta on you.

• 13:39Speaker 01

  At the time, it was generally known within the independence movement that the government was watching. But how close and in what ways remained a mystery. The police, of course, didn't have the manpower to surveil each and every person who sympathized with the cause. And so they paid friends, neighbors, and colleagues to do a lot of the dirty work.

• 13:57Roman Mars?

  This, of course, created an obvious incentive. If you had something to say, you get paid. Or if you were in trouble with the law for whatever reason, you could get out of trouble by helping the police. And at a time when work was hard to come by on the island, lots of people suddenly had lots to say.

• 14:14Speaker 06

  From my perspective, having read a lot of them and talking to people who were surveilled and scholars and other researchers, you know, a lot of the information is like made up.

• 14:25Speaker 01

  Christopher says that despite the bad information, the carpeta still served a purpose for the Puerto Rican government. It had the effect of making people in the independence movement feel watched, which made organizing harder. The carpetas were an off-the-book means of suppression while the state created on-the-book ways to criminalize their activity.

• 14:43Roman Mars?

  And the size of the carpeta indicated how aggressively a person was being surveilled. A person with a small carpeta might never see a cop, while a person with a three-foot-tall carpeta might have police stationed outside their home and business day after day. The heavier the carpeta, the heavier it weighed on a person's life.

• 15:04Speaker 01

  In 1948, the Puerto Rican government passed a law that made it a crime to write, meet, or speak about independence. The US had entered the McCarthy era, and this fear of communism trickled down into its relationship with Puerto Rico as well. There was a fear of any kind of radical person, including Puerto Rican nationalists. Soon, anyone sympathetic to the cause or even questioning the government would find themselves blacklisted.

• 15:28Speaker 06

  The police officers would show up to where you worked, and they would talk to your boss and be like, "Oh, you know, we're investigating this person because they're, you know, a little subversive, or we're investigating them criminally." And more often than not, most people would actually get fired from their jobs.

• 15:46Roman Mars?

  Frustration in the independence movement was growing, especially when the island was granted a new status, one that provided the illusion of independence.

• 15:56Speaker 01

  In 1952, the US decided it was time for things to change with Puerto Rico. Countries around the world were decolonizing their territories, and suddenly having a colony was not a good look anymore. So the US allowed Puerto Ricans to elect their own governor and ratify their very own constitution and bill of rights. And with all these big changes, Puerto Rico suddenly had the look, even the smell, of a sovereign country.

• 16:19Roman Mars?

  And with these changes came a new name: the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.

• 16:23Speaker 04

  So what happens? Puerto Rico becomes a Commonwealth, and this debate begins. What just happened? We now have a constitution, we have self-government. Are we done? Did we decolonize?

• 16:34Roman Mars?

  For some Puerto Ricans, the answer to whether or not the island had decolonized was an emphatic "yes." In their eyes, the island had achieved what people had been clamoring for all along: more autonomy and an ability to elect their own leaders, all while still maintaining a relationship with the US. In other words, all the benefits of being an American while still being able to call yourself Puerto Rican.

• 16:58Speaker 04

  Commonwealth supporters described their status as "the best of both worlds," because we had guaranteed citizenship and guaranteed union with the United States, but also a lot of autonomy, you know, kind of like an independent country, but also kind of like a state. But, in my opinion and the opinion of its opponents, it was really the worst of both worlds, because you are subject to the power of Congress and you're pretending you're decolonized.

• 17:21Speaker 01

  To Christina and many others, the term Commonwealth wasn't a real change in political status. Sure, Puerto Ricans had more autonomy, but they didn't have total autonomy.

• 17:30Speaker 04

  Puerto Rico is subject to the control of Congress, and Congress can run the show. And it can only have a constitution if Congress lets it. And if Congress wants to take power away, it can.

• 17:43Roman Mars?

  In other words, the term Commonwealth was merely a cover, a word that helped Americans shed their belief that they had a colony, while at the same time introducing even more uncertainty into the day-to-day lives of Puerto Ricans.

• 17:56Speaker 04

  This is really how the United States has divided and conquered us. It basically gaslit us into not knowing what Puerto Rico status is. We ourselves can't define Commonwealth, or at least we can't agree on a definition. And so we just argue ourselves to death. And the United States doesn't have to do anything. They can just keep having a colony.

• 18:16Roman Mars?

  For some in the independence movement, this persistent frustration boiled over into awful acts of violence. In March of 1954, four Puerto Rican nationalists entered Congress and opened fire. No one was killed, but five people were injured.

• 18:31Speaker 01

  The shooting ended up intensifying government surveillance on the independence movement. It also deepened ideological divisions over Puerto Rico's status.

• 18:40Roman Mars?

  After the 1950s, the political alliances on the island generally fell into one of three camps: people who supported the Commonwealth, the people who wanted to see Puerto Rico on the path to statehood into the United States.

• 18:51Speaker 01

  And then there were people like my grandparents, those who fought for full independence and saw statehood as just another form of colonialism.

• 18:59Speaker 02

  We belong to, but we're not part of. And that is so degrading for me, the disgrace of being a colony.

• 19:11Speaker 01

  When I spoke with my grandma Nancy, she was a little nervous to be at the other end of my mic. And given this long history of surveillance, and having just spent the better part of a day flipping through my grandpa's carpeta, I totally get that. Still, she was able to tell me about what landed both of them on the government's watch list, and everything that came after.

• 19:31Speaker 02

  So, the man used to belong to the FUPI.

• 19:37Speaker 01

  That's the Federación Universitaria Pro Independencia.

• 19:41Speaker 02

  And with that group and the university, he traveled to Cuba two times.

• 19:49Speaker 01

  The University of Puerto Rico was and has always been a place where independentistas could find one another. And when my grandpa returned from his years in the army, the FUPI really spoke to him. My grandma told me that between his affiliation with this group

• 20:02Roman Mars?

  That's strike one.

• 20:03Speaker 01

  and traveling to Cuba, twice.

• 20:06Roman Mars?

  That's strike two and strike three.

• 20:08Speaker 01

  All that was enough to not only put him on the government's radar, but get him a full-blown carpeta. Do you feel like grandpa knew and you knew that you guys were being surveilled?

• 20:20Speaker 02

  He knew, yeah, yeah, he knew. And the only thing, nobody could prove it at that time.

• 20:27Speaker 01

  My grandparents, like many other people in the independence movement, could at that point only speculate that they were being watched, or to what extent. Maybe it was a car parked in front of the house, or a stranger in the corner of a restaurant where they were having dinner. But it was always a strong hunch, never proof.

• 20:46Roman Mars?

  But soon, a scandal would reveal just how deep surveillance on the island ran, and supply all of the proof they needed.

• 20:55Speaker 01

  The story of how the carpetas ended up being revealed to the public starts with the murder of two young activists. The case is known as the Cerro Maravilla Murders.

• 21:04Roman Mars?

  There are a lot of twists and turns in this case, but we'll keep it to only what you need to know. As part of this massive surveillance operation, the Puerto Rican police had lots of informants.

• 21:14Speaker 01

  One informant was a young man named Alejandro González Malave. He was recruited by the Intelligence Division when he was still in high school. The job? To embed with young, up-and-coming people in the independence movement.

• 21:27Speaker 06

  And so, Malave has this deep cover. I mean, nobody is going to suspect that somebody who has been involved in the movement since high school. Is a police officer. So in a way, this is like this James Bond, like ultra agent, you know, that is recruited and goes through the ranks.

• 21:48Speaker 01

  In college, Malave infiltrated a subgroup within the independence movement as an undercover agent. And while undercover, Malave convinced two young independentistas to sabotage a radio tower. As part of the operation, the group needed to carjack a taxi and drive up to the tower. However, when Malave and the rest of the group arrived at the location, a bunch of police officers were waiting for them. It was a trap.

• 22:13Speaker 06

  They're literally knelt on the ground and executed point blank by a group of about 10 police officers, which were coordinating between the intelligence division, the police officers, and also the FBI. So there is federal buy-in on this whole thing. And they're executed point blank with no trial.

• 22:33Roman Mars?

  A few days later, the governor released a statement in support of the officers, calling them heroes. The police had said they were acting in self-defense when the young men shot at them, and that they had told the men to surrender.

• 22:45Speaker 01

  But there was another person there that night who witnessed the whole thing.

• 22:49Speaker 06

  The taxi driver that was kidnapped actually didn't leave. And so he heard the whole thing, and he heard the young men crying for help. And he became a key witness to uncover the fact that there was no resistance, these weren't quote-unquote terrorists, that there was something more at play. That opened an investigation into these two young men and to the murder.

• 23:13Speaker 01

  What came next was many years of trials that were broadcast all over the island. My grandma remembers listening to the trial on the radio with my grandpa.

• 23:22Speaker 02

  And that's where I found out one of the persons that was killed in San Jose, Maravilla, was his friend. They had studied all high school together.

• 23:36Speaker 02

  And that's when we really knew that, hey, this is serious.

• 23:44Roman Mars?

  The trial dominated the airwaves, and it was on the radio that the truth about the carpetas finally came to light.

• 23:51Speaker 06

  One of the police officers from the intelligence division from the police, basically in a heated argument on a radio program, basically blurted it out. He was like, "Everybody knows that the police has files on the independentistas." I mean, and that alone basically created this huge wave of investigations into the carpetas and eventually court cases to release them.

• 24:20Speaker 01

  Initially, the government wanted to destroy the files. But in 1988, after enough public outcry and legal pressure, the Puerto Rican Supreme Court ruled that the carpetas had to be released.

• 24:31Roman Mars?

  As more and more files became public, a clearer picture emerged. What had begun as surveillance of political enemies had later expanded into broader targets. People in feminist and even environmental organizations had been targeted by the police too.

• 24:47Speaker 01

  What has always struck me as an incredibly odd thing about my grandpa's carpeta, and all carpetas for that matter, is that after decades of surveillance and all the violence and everything else that had suppressed the independence movement, thousands and thousands of these files were just sitting in an office in San Juan. And when they finally made the surveillance public, they released the files to the people who had been surveilled. If the government had opened a file on you, you could just drop by the office and pick it up on your lunch break if you wanted. And people did. Do you remember going to get it? And do you remember reading your carpeta for the first time and reading abuelos?

• 25:26Speaker 02

  Yeah, we were surprised. We were surprised at the pictures they had.

• 25:33Speaker 01

  The thing to remember here is that my grandparents didn't commit any crimes. They were never violent. They weren't dangerous people. Their only crime was believing in independence. Still, people around them fed information to the police, people my grandma and grandpa trusted and loved.

• 25:51Speaker 02

  And when he started reading it, like...

• 25:56Speaker 02

  Oh my god, this son of a bitch, you know, squealed on me! Because it was people you knew. It was your neighbors. Who was following you? Who the hell was the spy? That's what most people wanted to find out especially.

• 26:17Speaker 02

  Who's the spy? But it was everyone.

• 26:25Speaker 01

  When I spoke to my grandma, she told me that she and my grandpa looked through their carpetas. And after reading them, they just kind of went into storage. And to me, that's one of the craziest parts of this whole story. These files were proof that the government had been spying on them. Proof that their neighbors and friends had betrayed them. And they were simply handed back, read, and put in the back of a closet. Life was supposed to just go on.

• 26:49Speaker 03

  There was never a national moment of reckoning from the state in which there was a process in which people could think publicly and together about what this has meant for them, right? And so I think that it's still this open wound in Puerto Rico.

• 27:08Speaker 01

  Today, the carpetas still loom in the Puerto Rican psyche. The word carpetas is still used as a verb. If you're going out to a protest, your grandma might say, "Cuidado, o te van a carpetear", basically telling you that you better watch your step, or the government might start spying on you.

• 27:24Roman Mars?

  Ultimately, the carpetas did have a chilling effect on the independence movement, and the nationalist party never participated in electoral politics again. But for people in the movement, the revelation of the files only strengthened the belief in their cause because it was a tangible symbol of a broken political system.

• 27:44Speaker 02

  That didn't stop us, because the moment we found out, the moment we got those carpetas, and we knew what was going on, that only made us stronger.

• 27:59Speaker 02

  Because what are you going to do now? It's out in public. You can't come arrest me now just because I believe in the independence for my country. You know, hey, you, I'm involved. Well, let's get involved.

• 28:16Roman Mars?

  Eventually, more people did get involved. Although the nationalist party did not run, a candidate from the Puerto Rican Independence Party received nearly one-third of the vote in the most recent gubernatorial election. It was a milestone for the independence movement.

• 28:32Speaker 01

  So many things have happened in Puerto Rico in recent years that my grandma thinks it's getting harder and harder to ignore the role the United States still plays in the island's troubles.

• 28:41Speaker 02

  Why? Because people are learning more. People, people are beginning to become so conscious of what they've been doing to us for so many years.

• 28:55Speaker 01

  For my grandma and so many others, the fight around Puerto Rico status has never been about the difference between being a commonwealth or state or anything like that. To her, Puerto Rico is Puerto Rico. It is its own nation, no matter what people say. That's the way my grandma sees it. And it's a fight she's going to continue until her last days.

• 29:16Speaker 02

  I will die for my country. I will believe in its independence because I believe in its people. We've been down.

• 29:30Speaker 02

  And you could, you could bring me down, but I will not lick your boots. I will never be at your feet. And every time you bring me down, I'm going to get back up. This is me. This is where I come from. And nothing could take that away from me.

• 29:57Roman Mars?

  When we come back, the evolution of the Puerto Rican flag.

• 30:03Roman Mars?

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• 30:49Roman Mars?

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• 31:30Roman Mars?

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• 32:11Roman Mars?

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• 32:44Roman Mars?

  So we are back with Jacob Medina Gleason, who brought us that story. And the story turned out great, but I do have a bone to pick with you because when you first pitched this story, it was about flags. And this is not a story about flags. So tell me what happened.

• 33:01Speaker 01

  Yeah, I did. I did originally pitch this to you as a flag story. But sadly, as is often the case, sometimes while reporting a story, different angles come out and things have to get cut. And I'm sorry because I know you're the flag guy. But to make amends, I am here to talk flags with you, Roman.

• 33:19Roman Mars?

  That's perfectly okay. I mean, I was present for the editorial process. I understand why the flags had to go. But I'm very, very glad that we're going to talk about flags now. So please, let's talk about the Puerto Rican flag.

• 33:30Speaker 01

  Okay, so we've actually got a few flags. So we'll start with this first one. So this is a flag from 1868, and it's from the first time that Puerto Rico united under a flag while they were under Spain's rule. And so, Roman, I'm going to show you this flag and you let me know what it looks like and if it reminds you of any other flags.

• 33:48Roman Mars?

  Okay, so this flag, it has four quadrants. There's two blue rectangles at the top, two red rectangles at the bottom. They're all separated by a white cross that's centered in the middle. And at the top left, blue canton is a big white star. And I would say this looks a lot like the flag of the Dominican Republic. Yeah, it's a great flag.

• 34:11Speaker 01

  Yeah, it totally does remind me of the Dominican Republic. I see that instantly. And the shades of red and blue are also. So really similar to what you would find on the Cuban flag. Um, a group of underground revolutionaries planned a revolt called El Grito de Lares. And part of the preparation was having a flag designed. At the time of El Grito de Lares, there were a few different nations that were all sort of fighting for their independence in the Caribbean. So it was really common at the time for people from one country to go to the other country, help them fight for their independence. With the idea that these people would return the favor. So that's why the flags are so similar is because there was a lot of solidarity between these countries.

• 34:51Roman Mars?

  That that's so interesting. It makes so much sense with what little I know of sort of revolutionary history of of the area. Especially when you bring up Cuba, because one of the things I've noticed is that the current Cuban flag and the current Puerto Rican flag. Look pretty similar. Like when I'm in New York and they're both everywhere.

• 35:10Speaker 01

  Yeah.

• 35:11Roman Mars?

  I often get them mixed up. Can you tell me about the Puerto Rican flag, the the version that we have today?

• 35:16Speaker 01

  Yeah. So the official flag of Puerto Rico is called the Monostrellada, which means one star. Uh, it's got five horizontal stripes in red and white and a blue equilateral triangle with a white star on its left side. And the Cuban flag is very similar, but the colors are reversed. So blue stripes, red triangle. And that's because La Monostrellada was created by Puerto Ricans in New York who were working alongside Cuban revolutionaries. This was late 1800s, early 1900s, and Cuba was about to gain their independence from Spain. And Puerto Rico was hoping to do the same thing. And because of that solidarity between the two nations, they took the Cuban flag and just inverted the colors. And that single star was meant to represent these single independent nations that they hoped to become.

• 36:00Roman Mars?

  Wow. So they're similar because they wanted to represent the solidarity between these countries. And so therefore they designed that into their flags. I had never known that. That's that's awesome.

• 36:10Speaker 01

  Yeah. Yeah. And so this flag, the Monostrellada, it started out as the flag of the independence party. But it was actually co-opted by the Puerto Rican government.

• 36:20Roman Mars?

  Oh, okay. So tell me more about that.

• 36:22Speaker 01

  Yeah. So as we talk about in the episode, in 1952, the status of Puerto Rico changed from unincorporated territory to Commonwealth. And with that, Puerto Rico got to adopt a constitution and do all these state-like things. And one of those things was to choose a flag. And what better way to try and take away the power from something than to have the government sort of co-opt it?

• 36:41Roman Mars?

  This is a classic movie. Yeah.

• 36:43Speaker 01

  It really is. Yeah. But they did change one thing. Most of the Puerto Rican flags you saw before then had a really light, almost sky blue. It was meant to represent the Caribbean waters. But when the Puerto Rican government adopted the flag to use as the official flag of Puerto Rico, they changed it to a deeper blue that would more closely align with the colors of the United States.

• 37:05Roman Mars?

  Right. That makes sense. Yeah. The, the light blue is really nice looking though. It kind of reminds me of the light blue of the Chicago flag.

• 37:12Speaker 01

  Yeah, it's, it's beautiful. I like that version. I was actually just in Puerto Rico with my husband. And we went into a souvenir shop and there were the two versions of the flag. And my husband Billy asked me, he said, which version are we gonna buy? I told him, I said, it depends on if you believe in independence for Puerto Rico or not. So we bought the lighter blue, of course.

• 37:32Roman Mars?

  That's a bold question to ask right there in the store.

• 37:35Speaker 01

  I was, I was maybe setting him up a little bit.

• 37:37Roman Mars?

  That's awesome.

• 37:38Speaker 01

  Okay, Roman, I've got one last flag for you. Are you ready?

• 37:41Roman Mars?

  Yes, totally ready.

• 37:42Speaker 01

  So in 2016, the financial crisis in Puerto Rico hit a point where the governor had admitted that the debt was unpayable. And the federal government proposed a solution. It was a fiscal oversight board called PROMESA. They basically would take charge of Puerto Rico's finances. And the members of PROMESA were not selected by the Puerto Rican people, yet they had the ultimate say on how Puerto Rico could spend its money to help pay down this debt. So overnight, basically, Puerto Ricans lost their autonomy and financial decisions were made by outsiders.

• 38:13Roman Mars?

  Yeah, I remember when that happened. And I remember that it really received bipartisan support here in the United States. They, they just treated this as a normal thing to do.

• 38:21Speaker 01

  Yeah, totally. And to a non-Puerto Rican, it might seem like a completely logical fix. But when this happened, people on the island started to talk a lot about this idea of like the myth of the Commonwealth. Basically, this idea that this so-called independence that we had as a Commonwealth was always a myth because the US could take it away at any moment. And people were really upset about this. So on July 4th, 2016, an anonymous art group called La Puerta went into Old San Juan and they painted over a door that previously had the Puerto Rican flag, but they painted it black and white. And the idea was to show their dissatisfaction with what was going on on the island. And that symbol really took off.

• 39:01Roman Mars?

  And what way did it take off?

• 39:03Speaker 01

  Well, people started to see the black and white flag as that symbol of dissatisfaction. And also as a symbol of mourning over what was happening on the island. And a little over a year after the black flag appeared in Old San Juan, Hurricane Maria hit. And as you well know, the government response for Hurricane Maria was pretty pitiful. And as a result, thousands of people died in the storm and its aftermath.

• 39:26Roman Mars?

  Yeah, yeah. I mean, this is one of those moments that your grandma Nancy talked about as being kind of eye opening for people of the island to see like where they stood and vis a vis the United States.

• 39:37Speaker 01

  Yeah, 100%. People on the island and really around the world got to witness just how little the federal government seemingly cared about saving Puerto Ricans. Puerto Rico's own governor had text leak of him making light of people who had died in the hurricane. It was really awful. And so in these protests, you could feel that people really wanted change. And what symbol was everywhere throughout all those protests? It was that black and white Puerto Rican flag.

• 40:03Roman Mars?

  So does this flag have the same sort of political ideas attached to it? As like the light blue version, the sort of pre USA fied version of the independence flag?

• 40:15Speaker 01

  Yeah, interestingly, no, this flag, the black and white one is not really as political. You sort of see it across people who are pro statehood, pro independence. It's really more an acknowledgement of the idea that something needs to change, that the way that things are going right now just isn't working.

• 40:33Roman Mars?

  Wow, I'm so fascinated by the use of a flag to express that. It's one of the reasons why I'm so interested in flags and why I was so happy that you have come correct for this coda to give me the flag content that I crave. Thank you so much, Jake. I appreciate it.

• 40:48Speaker 01

  You're welcome, Roman. I'm glad you got your flag fix.

• 40:58Roman Mars?

  99% Invisible was reported and produced this week by Jacob Medina Gleason and edited by Jason DeLeón and Vivian Le. Mixed by Martin Gonzalez. Music by Swan Real. Fact checking by Graham Hesha. Kathy Tu is our executive producer. Kirk Colstead is the digital director. Delaney Hall is our senior editor. The rest of the team includes Chris Berube, Emmett Fitzgerald, Christopher Johnson, Lashma Dawn, Joe Rosenberg, Kelly Prime, and me, Roman Mars. The 99% Invisible logo was created by Stefan Lawrence. We are part of the SiriusXM Podcast family, now headquartered six blocks north in the Pandora Building in beautiful Uptown Oakland, California. You can find us on many social media sites like Blue Sky, as well as our own Discord server. There's a link to that, as well as every past episode

• 41:43Roman Mars?

  of 99PI at 99pi.org.

• 41:52Speaker 07

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• 42:22Roman Mars?

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