The Universe Didn’t Come From Nothing | The Peter McCormack Show

I joined Peter McCormack to dig into one of the deepest unanswered questions in physics: what is time, and why does it only seem to move in one direction? My answer might surprise you. Time may not be a fundamental feature of reality at all, and understanding space, matter, and energy still doesn't mean we understand the universe itself. We cover: - What may have existed before the Big Bang - Why something can't truly come from nothing - How my work with the Simons Observatory could detect gravitational waves from the universe's earliest moments - What dark matter actually means - Why even a film as detail-obsessed as Interstellar still gets the physics wrong. The conversation then turns from cosmic time to human time: mortality, family, meaning, and attention. We get into UFO disclosure, the collapse of institutional trust, and whether AI can ever reproduce the embodied human insight that let Einstein transform physics. My take: AI remains a tool built to serve humanity, and it's time we stop apologizing for humanity's greatness. ——— 📬 Get the transcript, fascinating bonus content, and my Monday M. A. G. I. C. Message: https://briankeating.com/yt 🌠 Have a .edu email and live in the USA 🇺🇸? You automatically win a meteorite: https://BrianKeating.com/edu 🔔 Subscribe: https://www.youtube.com/DrBrianKeating?sub_confirmation=1 🎯 Support Into the Impossible on Patreon — get my weekly M. A. G. I. C. Message, unfiltered bonus content, and live monthly Office Hours with me: https://www.patreon.com/drbriankeating ⭐ Join this channel for perks, monthly Office Hours, and your name in the Member Roster at the end of every episode: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmXH_moPhfkqCk6S3b9RWuw/join 📚 My books: Losing the Nobel Prize (memoir): http://amzn.to/2sa5UpA Think Like a Nobel Prize Winner: https://a.co/d/03ezQFu Focus Like a Nobel Prize Winner: https://a.co/d/hi50U9U Galileo's Dialogue (first-ever audiobook): https://a.co/d/iZPi9Un 🌐 More: 🏄‍♂️ Twitter: https://twitter.com/BrianKeating 📚 Substack https://briankeating.substack.com/ss ✍️ Blog: https://briankeating.com/blog 🎙️ Audio-only: https://briankeating.com/podcast #intotheimpossible #briankeating #science #physics #astronomy #cosmology #podcast #universe Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:02Speaker 00

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• 1:00Brian Keating?

  We understand space. We understand matter. We understand energy. We don't understand why time works the way it does. Actually, the reason is because there is no time. Time doesn't exist. The essence of my, my research is to ask that question. What happened on the Sunday before the Big Bang? Something can't truly come from nothing. We're the only creatures that know we're gonna die. That means we're the only creatures that know how precious life is.

• 1:22Speaker 03

  We're really wasting an opportunity now to just improve humanity. It feels a little bit civilizational.

• 1:29Brian Keating?

  Dude, we have to stop apologizing for, for humanity's greatness. AI is a tool. It is not a human. Its job is to serve humanity. The computer doesn't know what it means to be human. It only knows what humans have already done.

• 1:40Speaker 03

  If our lives had a forward button, we'd all be dead.

• 1:43Brian Keating?

  It's not time that's limited. It's attention.

• 1:53Speaker 03

  All right, Brian. Good to see you, man.

• 1:55Brian Keating?

  Peter, thanks for making the short jaunt across the pond, as they say. Actually, two ponds.

• 1:59Speaker 03

  Two bars. Yeah, happy to do it. And I was originally like so excited to talk to you because I'm, I look up at the sky and I wonder how we're here and why we're here. And, um, and I was all prepared to come to you and ask you about my like biggest questions about the universe and how it works. And then I watched your show with Sean Ryan. And I was like, huh. And I then listened to Sean with Tucker and I was like, this has hit me at a time where I'm thinking about life and whatever. And I saw you were quite introspective. And so what I was really thinking, I think where I wanted to ask you first is like, obviously you built a career looking up at the sky and wondering. And now it seems like you're looking internal a lot. What's the connection?

• 2:41Brian Keating?

  I think since I was a kid, I always cared about only the biggest topics, you know? I couldn't get interested in sports or, you know, stocks or, you know, Bitcoin. I was a late adopter, but thanks to you, I came to it. But, but the fact for me is, yeah, I do recognize maybe more than most because I study something that's 14 billion years old, but I also constantly recognize how fast time is changing for me right now with family, with, you know, my work, with my research, sometimes with the podcast. And, you know, for me, the ultimate goal and the thing that fascinates me the most is time. We understand space. We understand matter. We understand energy. We don't understand why time works the way it does. You know, for example, if I take a pendulum, you know, I didn't bring a pendulum, but I have a telescope.

• 3:23Brian Keating?

  Here's a pendulum swinging back and forth like a grandfather clock, right? If I turn away for one second and you look back at it, you can't tell the way it started. Like, did you remember where I started it? Did I start like this? Did I start like that? You don't remember, but the fact is the laws of nature are invariant. They don't care about which direction you started it, which direction you're looking at it from. They're invariant. They're constant. So that means the laws of this pendulum don't care about time. They can't tell time. Yes, you use it in a grandfather clock. That's a separate thing. There's a ratchet. There's a mechanism, whatever. I don't want to get into that. But the actual laws of physics are invariant. They don't care about time. So do for, you know, a bowling ball. So too for an electron going around an atom. They don't recognize why time has an arrow. We don't understand that. And we, yet we talk about the Higgs boson or we'll talk about, you know, extra dimensions

• 4:08Brian Keating?

  or we'll talk about, you know, the big bang, right? But we don't understand time. I mean, it's, it's sort of embarrassing to me. And so I look for the embarrassment. I look for like, what do we claim that we understand beyond the level that we actually do? And I like to poke and prod and annoy my colleagues by saying, we don't really know what we claim to know. And I think a lot of times we're selling people on a bill of goods that these extra dimensions and all these fantastical things, maybe even, uh, you know, intelligent aliens. It's, it's pretty much founded on a, on a, on a foundation that's relatively weak. And I'm just hoping the public doesn't find out about it. My job is to expose it to. I'm an experimental scientist. Let me first step back. I'm an experimental physicist. I'm not a theorist, Brian Greene or Einstein, you know,

• 4:49Brian Keating?

  Michio Kaku. I don't talk about airy fairy things, you know, multiple dimensions and curled up, you know, things like that. But I do talk about what can we actually measure? What can we interrogate about Mother Nature or God, if you like? And, and what can we know while we have this limited capacity to know things? So I'm desperately aware of this clock ticking in my head. You know, if I wasn't aware of it from looking at my kids growing up or wrinkles going on my face or gray hairs coming in, I would otherwise be obsessed. This is my one obsession, time. Why does it go the way it does when no law of physics mandates that it be so?

• 5:22Speaker 03

  Well, what is, what is time though?

• 5:24Brian Keating?

  So this is, this is another very frustrating topic. When you ask a physicist, what is time? The most cogent definition that I've ever heard comes from a Nobel laureate, Frank Wilczek. And he said, time is what a clock measures. Okay. Thanks very much. That's like a tautology, you know? It's like, you know, San Diego weather forecast. It's, it's pretty much, you know, constant throughout. That doesn't help you. It doesn't really do anything. It's a tautology. So I said, well, you know, that's very fine and good, but, but actually the reason is because there is no time. Time doesn't exist. Multiple things that are proxies for time exist. One of them is like I said, the hair color on your chin, uh, the size of your, of your toddler. And then, you know, a couple of years later, uh, the, the sensation of, of being with a beautiful girl

• 6:08Brian Keating?

  and how that, you know, for me, my wife, you know, time passes by until one of the kids comes in and interrupts, right? Uh, these are all different notions of time. Some say time has more than one dimension. Our friend Eric Weinstein claims that time actually has multiple dimensions and then that might not preclude time travel as ordinary conceptions of physics seem to do. Now that's, that's one, one extreme, but the fact is we, you know, time is essentially a quantity that we don't understand how it came to be. And yet everything is predicated on it. My, my job is predicated on the universe coming into existence. There was some day, right, Peter? We sit here today. It's, it's a Monday, you know? And God help us. We'll get through it with enough coffee and, and, and good conversation.

• 6:52Brian Keating?

  But we sit here on a Monday. We go back 24 hours of Sunday, keep going back, back, back. Go back weeks, months, years, billions of years. There was some day, 13.826 billion years ago, that you could say in terms of 24 hours, there was no sun, there was no earth, there was no human, but the universe began on that day, right? But what does that mean? The universe began at a moment? Well, how does something initiate a moment when there's no moments before that moment to initiate? What is it, what is it pushing back on, right? There's no, there's no action without reaction, right? So if you're pushing on this table, I move backwards, right? It's basic law of your countryman, Isaac Newton. But if there's no time, how does time come into existence? These are very like mysterious concepts, right? So the essence of my, my research is to ask that question.

• 7:36Brian Keating?

  What happened on the Sunday before the Big Bang? Like what, what was that? There's a notion you can conceive of it, but you can't actually say for sure that there wasn't a universe for which time to emerge out of or out of which time has emerged. So is time emergent? Does it only kind of correspond to the mutual agreement of all other particles, matter, conscious beings in the universe? Or is it completely independent? Is it a dimension? Like space has, you know, three dimensions of space, uh, at least according to non-string theorists who believe that there's 10 dimensions, right? But for us, we, we have this notion that time sort of is this inexorable thing that just keeps proceeding, but we have no idea why.

• 8:18Brian Keating?

  So my research is sort of focused on those questions. Why does time have a direction? Can we slow down time? Can we modulate time? We can go back and forth in space, right? You can go left. You didn't have to come here, right? And so you can go wherever you like in space. You can remember the past. Why can't you remember the future? And what, if anything, does that have to do with the connection to the origin of the universe itself? These are the questions.

• 8:41Speaker 03

  That's like a rival, isn't it? Remembering each other.

• 8:44Brian Keating?

  Oh, yeah?

• 8:44Speaker 03

  Yeah. Well, that was a concept. You've seen that film, right?

• 8:47Brian Keating?

  A while ago, I actually, I feel like it's very, it's very painful for me to watch science fiction movies, even though I like them, I get into them, but, but you know, for example, I'm watching now Contact or watching Interstellar, one of your favorite movies, I understand. And I brought you this book, which I wrote, but with an interview with Kip Thorne, uh, who is the scientific director, who not only advised Christopher Nolan on the film, but he also wrote papers about the simulation and the detailed, accurate and precise simulations that he did for the first, imagine writing a paper in a movie, you know, with your director, production, whatever. He wrote a scientific paper published in a physics journal about how they rendered the physics so exquisitely accurately.

• 9:28Brian Keating?

  However, yes, the physics is sort of accurate, but there's so many problems with it, you know, from an experimentalist point of view.

• 9:34Speaker 03

  You just see holes.

• 9:35Brian Keating?

  I see, I see just nonsense like Contact. We're going to generate a wormhole like this, like Interstellar uses, right? We're gonna, and we have the spinning contraption that like involves like a 1974 Chevrolet bucket seat, you know, from an old car. And then you have to wear your seatbelt. And then if you don't, you'll get, and I'm just like, what does that have to do with like, what does a spinning, you know, gyroscope have to do with opening up a wormhole, which by the way, Peter, has to already been pre-established, the exit point. Let's say you could even make a wormhole, which is completely not, there's zero evidence that wormholes exist. Okay. It's a theoretical concept, like, you know, anything, I mean, we can make a theoretical concept that there's a purple unicorn on Neptune's north pole, and it's theoretically, you can envision it. Is it completely forbidden by the laws of physics? No, but, but does that mean it's probable? Absolutely not.

• 10:20Brian Keating?

  In this case, you know, they make a wormhole fine. Let's say you could make a wormhole. Where did, where did you establish the other end of the wormhole where you're going to come out? Like, did you violate, you know, time? You have to time travel to that point where the wormhole emerges on Cooper's, you know, planet, whatever, in Interstellar. I'm sorry to burst your bubble if this, I know it's your, one of your favorite movies. But in reality, it's completely implausible. So actually, you know, tweeted out a couple of months ago, when Project Hail Mary came out. I said, uh, actually, Project Hail Mary, which involves a bacteria that eats the sun, is actually more scientifically plausible than Interstellar. And people are like, what are you talking about, you fucking idiot?

• 10:57Brian Keating?

  But you know, there's, there's far more things that are unimaginable and improbable, if not impossible, in Interstellar than even in Project Hail Mary.

• 11:06Speaker 03

  But even with time, like the concept of time for us for day to day is like a human construct that we need, because it's a tool. Time is a tool.

• 11:13Brian Keating?

  Sure.

• 11:13Speaker 03

  And we base it around like a 24 hour day, and that's how we plan our life.

• 11:19Speaker 03

  But time itself is just forward motion?

• 11:22Brian Keating?

  Well, not necessarily. So, so motion and time are connected because through velocity. And there's an ultimate velocity, but, and there's an ultimate, uh, degree of motion, which will stop at zero Kelvin after great scientist from Glasgow. Uh, the, uh, the notion of zero Kelvin where motion stops is a definition that could involve time if time is driven by the laws of thermodynamics. So people, uh, express the unidirectionality of time, uh, according to them because of the second law of thermodynamics that says the entropy only increases. And they say, well, time only increases. You can't go backwards in time. So therefore time only increases. There's some correlation between entropy.

• 12:04Brian Keating?

  But you can actually locally reduce entropy all the time. Like we just had coffee. We had milk poured into it. It's become completely disordered now. You can't separate the coffee and the milk. So on one level, the entropy is very high now. And beginning it was very low. You had pure coffee, pure milk, and they were highly separated. That's low entropy. Now, if you look at an atomic level, you can't tell the difference between a cream molecule or water, uh, milk molecule and a water molecule, you know, high, they're mostly hydrogen, you know, two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom. So it depends really on the scale at which you look at it. So to say that because entropy always increases, it's not sufficient. It might be a component of it. It might be necessary, but it's not sufficient to explain why time has a direction. And that's why I think people, and maybe even yourself just now, might mistake motion for.

• 12:48Speaker 03

  Sorry, I mean, I mean, it's just like, we're always moving forward in time. When I say emotion, like.

• 12:52Brian Keating?

  We seem to move always forward in motion. But again, the molecules in here, there's nothing that, that prevents them from unmixing, right? We don't observe that happening and there are explanations for that that are probabilistic, but they're not physical. In other words, there's no like, um, equivalent of the law of electromagnetism, you know, the, the inverse square law, Coulomb's law. There's nothing that says that these things could not separate. In fact, they will separate, given, you know, the observable age of the universe, time's a trillion or something like that. There is some probable, we express them probabilistically. So there's, there's no absolute notion that time always has to go in this direction. And that's why I think it's so interesting. My, my research currently is concerned with whether or not there's a cosmological arrow of time

• 13:33Brian Keating?

  that is separate from, say, the microphysics of coffee or your beard or whatever. There's something, a cosmological time field that would cause time to progress only in one direction. It would have the rate of times flowing encoded in it. And best of all, it's potentially observable. And maybe even better, it's been claimed to be detected at a low level of confidence, but we with our colleagues and observers on the Simons Observatory, we're aiming to make the definitive measurement of what could provide for the first time, a mechanism for the reason that time only goes in one direction. You're right. We seem to see time only going in one direction, but why? Perhaps it's connected to this cosmological force field effectively

• 14:15Brian Keating?

  that is generating what we consider to be, or is correlated to what we consider to be the flow of time.

• 14:21Speaker 03

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• 14:48Brian Keating?

  So there's two major aspects of my research. One is concerned with the origin of the universe, which in some theories has the origin of time built into it. That's the big bang. So your countryman Fred Hoyle. So now I've got a Brit here and I'm so excited. I'm so excited. So I'm going to turn the podcast on you. So Fred Hoyle was a proponent of what's called the steady state.

• 15:11Speaker 03

  Yeah.

• 15:11Brian Keating?

  Which for 2,000 plus years had prevailed over all the best scientists, you know, the, the, you know, the Einsteins, the, the Aristotles, you know, the Tony Fauci. They go back in time, the best scientists.

• 15:26Speaker 00

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• 15:54Speaker 03

  When's he from? What era is he from?

• 15:56Brian Keating?

  What year is?

• 15:57Speaker 03

  I don't know this guy.

• 15:57Brian Keating?

  Is, is, is Hoyle from?

• 15:59Speaker 03

  Yeah.

• 15:59Brian Keating?

  Oh, Hoyle is from the 1900s. He coined the term the big bang.

• 16:02Speaker 03

  Okay. So, okay. So that is before we realized that, that the galaxies were spreading apart.

• 16:07Brian Keating?

  Well, so he coined that term as an insult. And the reason I'm asking the Brit is that allegedly big bang, if I say you and the missus had a big bang, that means something.

• 16:18Speaker 03

  I took upstairs and.

• 16:20Brian Keating?

  Yeah. Okay. So I'm right. I've heard it said by other people that that isn't true, but I'm glad to have it validated by a direct firsthand source.

• 16:26Speaker 03

  We wouldn't say big bang. You wouldn't say, oh, I'm going to go upstairs and give you a big bang, but, but there is a way, and it sounds derogatory, just like, just to say, I wouldn't say this.

• 16:38Brian Keating?

  No, of course.

• 16:38Speaker 03

  To my wife.

• 16:39Brian Keating?

  No gentleman would say that.

• 16:39Speaker 03

  But, but like, like if, uh, you know, a couple of young lads and one guy met a girl and he took her home, the lads would say, did you bang her?

• 16:46Brian Keating?

  Yeah, right. That's the term. Okay. So he did it. It's obviously not like a pleasant connotation, right? It's something derogatory or impolite, right? So he hated the big bang. What we call the big bang, I should encapsulate what that is. That's the observed expansion of the universe, which if you run the movie of the universe back, everything starts at a single point. In fact, everything would be located inside a very tiny region of space, which then after a very extremely slow, small moment of time, it basically exploded and created the universe that we observe today, which is expanding.

• 17:18Speaker 03

  I understand it wasn't a bang though.

• 17:21Brian Keating?

  Yeah.

• 17:21Speaker 03

  Explosion.

• 17:21Brian Keating?

  That's right.

• 17:22Speaker 03

  It wasn't that.

• 17:23Brian Keating?

  It wasn't, it wasn't an, like a firework going off in this room, because it happened at every point in space and time. We can't visualize what that's like. For every point to be effectively the center of the universe, the center of its own big bang, was essentially what's mandated in the big bang theory. In other words, the entire universe has been stretching, like this table were made of rubber, we could stretch it out. And, and if you didn't know when you were looking at it, we put little dots on it. Those dots will be moving away from each one, would be moving away from each one. And if you were sitting on one of them, you would see another one, it would be moving away from you. You'd say, oh, I'm the center of the universe. Every other dot's moving away from me. But no, no, no. If you can move over to that universe, to the next dot over, he sees the exact same thing as you see. So the universe expanding, so that means there's no true center of it. It's like, there's no center of the surface of the earth, right?

• 18:08Brian Keating?

  There's no center of the surface of the earth and the, the center of the three dimensional earth, there is, right? But forget about that. The center of the surface, where is that? There's no center of the ball, right? It's just, we have a convention because the earth spins on its axis, that we define the north and south poles and Greenwich mean time and so on. But there's no privileged point on a sphere in mathematics. Every point is equally good as any other point. So if you blow up the sphere, every point moves away from every other point, right? So if you put dots on a balloon and blow it up, they'll also move away.

• 18:34Speaker 03

  But there's a center to the, to the sphere.

• 18:36Brian Keating?

  There's a center to the sphere, but that's because you've embedded it in a higher dimensional space. Look, there's a center to this table because it's sitting in a three dimensional room. But again, if you had an infinite sheet and you're sitting on the infinite sheet, you can't tell where you are with respect to the rest of the sheet. And moreover, every other point on that sheet feels that it too is the center of the universe and they have an equal claim to that, right? They see the, this sheet expanding. This is, you know, it's a very mind blowing concept. I don't expect, you know, it to be, you know, to be immediately grasped, but this, this is why it was so resisted for 2,000 plus years. And why people like Hoyle thought it as a pejorative. This is silly. This is stupid. There's some big explosion, some big orgasm in the beginning of time and it's ludicrous, right? But no, in fact, the most parsimonious, the simplest explanation from an experimental standpoint

• 19:21Brian Keating?

  is that actually, no, the universe was once extremely hot, extremely dense, compactified. And after that moment has been expanding ever since for a previous, for the past 13.826 billion years, I said.

• 19:32Speaker 03

  But hold on, on that, if it is extremely dense, extremely hot, that means that there was something existed.

• 19:40Brian Keating?

  So, right. So there's some energy field that came, you're exactly grasping what, what my primary research goal is. Whoops. So the, the.

• 19:50Brian Keating?

  So something can't truly come from nothing. I know there are people like my friend Lawrence Krauss who will say, oh, the universe can come from nothing. That's actually nonsense. There's no agency to nature's laws, right? If I give you E equals mc squared, that's a description of something, but that's not the thing itself, right? It is true. It explains how two massive particles, a positron and electron can come together and create pure photons, or the reverse, two photons, no mass, come together, make two massive particles, a positron, positron and electron. That's true, but the equations describe something. They don't, they don't instantiate it. They're not the reason why it happens. They're a description to us, right? So just as like a Newton's law of gra- like they say, Newton discovered gravity. Okay, Newton discovered gravity the same way that, that Christopher Columbus discovered America.

• 20:35Brian Keating?

  Like it existed beforehand, right? No, he described it. He described how gravity works. He didn't discover how gravity works. Okay. He math- mathematized it. It's a huge accomplishment. In the same way, you're absolutely right. Where does this expansion come from? Well, it must come from either a pre-existing universe. Okay. It could be that there was a universe for all time. One day it decided to collapse and condense and compress, and there are mechanisms that can explain that. And it compressed to a near infinitesimal density, you know, infinite density, infinitesimal size. And then that process caused an unstable reaction, which then causes it to bounce, expand, and re kind of homogenize, repopulate exactly what our universe looks like today. Now, for that to happen, you needed something that existed before the moment,

• 21:19Brian Keating?

  let's call time equals zero, the beginning of our observable universe. So our observable universe is 13.826 billion years, but we don't have no idea what happened, again, the day before that. Where did that come from? So my primary goal of my research with my first experiments, Bisep, Bisep 2, and now with the Simons Array and the Simons Observatory with my colleagues and my, my coworkers and my students and my colleagues and friends, is to essentially ask, what did it bang out of? Was it a pre-existing universe? Was it a state of pure energy that existed for all time? Energy can exist for all time. It could be static for all time, the energy, and then it can

• 22:01Brian Keating?

  fluctuate into existence, but that's not nothing. Empty space is not empty in the, in the classical sense that we think about a vacuum. We think about it devoid of anything. But in quantum mechanics, that's not the way that it is. Quantum mechanics, the vacuum is unstable. Things can pop into and out of existence, you know, in infinitesimal time scales. But when we're talking about time scales like what's called the Planck length and the Planck time, extremely small units of time and measurement, those quantities can become significant. And if there is a field that existed, an energy field, like you said, it had to come from something. Physicists believe that energy field is called the inflaton, that there's a field that pervades all of space and time called

• 22:41Brian Keating?

  inflation, that exists now and exists before, you know, now and exists for all time. And it exists in what's called the multiverse. So you've encountered the multiverse and the concept of, of your simulation theory talks, my friend Raiswan Burke that you spoke with, and many other people have talked about that.

• 22:57Speaker 03

  Can I ask a question on the multiverse before that?

• 22:59Brian Keating?

  Yeah, of course.

• 22:59Speaker 03

  Because I've heard the version of multiverse whereby every version, every possibility exists, right? There's a version where in this interview, you just get up and storm out. There's like every possibility. But I have another question is, which you, I don't know if you can even answer. It's like, where does the universe exist? Which is probably something you can't really answer. But if this universe exists in wherever it does, can other universes exist completely isolated from this universe?

• 23:25Brian Keating?

  Part of the challenge is that the, the human vocabulary is insufficient to, to describe almost anything. As I said, we can't even describe time. And yet we're talking about the beginning of time. Like, make that make sense. Okay. But, but really what we do is, is sort of an inverse thing. We say like, how did I get here? Like, I don't know how this building was built. Did, did you know how it was built? No, no, but you know what you were doing 10 minutes before I arrived? An hour ago, you came from London, a couple, you know, 12 hours ago. You're looking pretty refreshed. You know, thanks to British Airways. And if you go back in time, you can start to go back and piece together your local light cone, like your local past history makes sense to you, maybe to you alone. That's okay. So what we do as physicists, we piece back in

• 24:06Brian Keating?

  time, everything that we understand about the laws of nature today, we extrapolate them back, and then we see when does our understanding break down. Currently, we understand things exquisitely well with tools that are mind-numbingly precise, some built by my colleagues, in fact. Some study purely computationally, theoretically, or with AI and things like that. But we understand things in the universe's history, going back to about 10 to the minus 12 seconds.

• 24:33Speaker 03

  Is that 380,000 years?

• 24:35Brian Keating?

  That's when the CMB is produced. No, that's, that's much, much later, right? So I'm talking about 380,000 years, like trillions of seconds. No, I'm talking about, I'm talking about the, the earliest branch of known physics that we understand, sort of like how far back you could go on the timeline that got you to here. Imagine you could go back and like, maybe could ask a couple of people that built the building and new, you know, rented it and whatever. But, you know, to go back when like the earth formed, like eventually it's going to break down. But for physics, we can go back from today, we can go back 13.826 billion years to one trillionth of a second after the Big Bang. Now, okay, we don't know what the Big Bang was, but we know exactly what happened after that moment. Okay. So like, even though, like you look away and you see something exploding, you can then look back and say, well, I saw it at this moment,

• 25:20Brian Keating?

  and I see it now, and there's heat coming to me now, and there's a sound wave coming to me now. So maybe I don't know exactly what it was like, because nobody could witness a nuclear detonation right at the place in which it occurs, right? But you can extrapolate back from observations, from evidence, from data, everything you can observe currently, and extrapolate the laws of physics back to some finite period of time when your ignorance then begins. So that's what we do.

• 25:42Speaker 03

  So you extrapolate back based on, but it's not, what's observable?

• 25:47Brian Keating?

  What's observable is a tremendous amount of-

• 25:49Speaker 03

  Up until what period of time?

• 25:50Brian Keating?

  So I'm saying a trillionth of a second after the Big Bang, about that, about that epoch, when the laws of electricity and magnetism sort of cleaved apart. And now we see electricity and magnetism as two separate things, but you know, from Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell, that they're actually two sides of the same coin, like one man's magnetic field is another man's electric field, and they're actually beautifully intertwined. That was the first example, well, actually, Newton was the first unification, grand unified theory, if you like. So physics has this goal of unifying as many forces into one single force as possible. The so-called theory of everything, or TOE, is an attempt to, to subsume all four laws of nature, gravity, electricity, and magnetism, and then weaken strong nuclear forces into one rubric, one, one line equation that describes all of physics.

• 26:33Speaker 03

  By the way, I have to thank Paul Sutter for this. He introduced me to this.

• 26:37Brian Keating?

  Yes, yes. That was a great interview you guys did. The spaceman. And so you can, you can go back to when very many things were unified, but not everything. And for us, that's sort of when the electromagnetic theory breaks away from what's called the weak force. And we understand that because those are energies we can probe at the LHC. The Large Hadron Collider can probe things that are about 7, 7 trillion electron volts, whatever that means. It's many billions of times the mass energy of a proton. And if you look at it, then you, you can start to extrapolate, well, every, imagine this, Peter, every point in all of the universe had the same energy as those extreme collisions that make Higgs bosons. There was some period in the universe's history

• 27:19Brian Keating?

  when like, it wasn't just like San Diego and it's like sunny here and London is cla- no, no, every part of the universe had an average energy density equivalent to the combined energy of the protons and antiprotons that collide to make Higgs bosons. That takes 28 kilometer track to smash them together, that has particles that have the energy of a freight train. Okay, that, but every single cubic Planck length of the universe had that much energy. It's incomprehensible. And then a minute later, it's literally a minute later, it cooled off by thousands of times, and it kept cooling and kept cooling, such that today it went from that trillions of Kelvin, degrees above absolute zero, to now it's just 2.726 degrees above

• 28:02Brian Keating?

  absolute zero. It's a minuscule whisper of temperature. That's the average temperature of the universe. You take a thermometer anywhere in the universe, except for, you know, on Earth or near the sun, interstellar, intergalactic space, you get the same reading everywhere in the universe. That means the average energy of the universe has that temperature. But if you go back to the very last time when we lose consciousness and cannot remember what happened beforehand, this trillionth of a second after the Big Bang, every part of the universe had this enormous energy, every thermometer would have the same temperature as the center of mass collision energy of the Large Hadron Collider. It's, it's mind-blowing. I mean- You don't look too, too impressed by this.

• 28:39Speaker 03

  No, I am. I'm like, I'm just taking it all in.

• 28:41Brian Keating?

  Yeah, I mean, it's, it is a lot to take in.

• 28:43Speaker 03

  So, so, and your goal is to find out, you're trying to look behind the trillionth of a second.

• 28:47Brian Keating?

  So, so physicists are greedy. That's not enough for us. Like, you could say, you know, well, I mean, a hundred years ago, I should say, even in when I was in graduate school in the 90s, we didn't know if the, if the age of the universe was 10 billion years or 20 billion years. In other words, 100% uncertainty. Now we know it, 13.826 billion years with an uncertainty of about one in the last decimal point. So, one part in 10 to the fifth. It's incredible. Before, we knew that there were objects, Peter, there were objects called, there are objects called globular clusters. These are like, you know, kind of failed states. These are like mini galaxies that never really kind of got their act together, moved out of their parents' basement. So, they orbit around the, the, they orbit around the Milky Way and every other galaxy that's massive like ours. And they have the energy of about, they have the number, like a million stars,

• 29:32Brian Keating?

  compared to the Milky Way, which has 100 billion stars, and Andromeda, which has 400 billion or trillions. So, they're miniscule little things, but they're very useful. They trace out the properties of where our galaxy's center of mass is. So, they were very useful for proving that our galaxy is actually not the entire universe, as most people thought it was up until 100 years ago. But even in grad school, in the early and mid 1990s, we couldn't tell if the universe was younger than some of those objects called globular clusters. That'll be like you, you know, you know, being older than your dad. It was very strange. There were objects in the universe that were older than the acclaimed age of the universe to some cosmologists. Now we know it much different. Now we know it, I could say, like, looking at you, you're born in, what, 1977?

• 30:13Speaker 03

  Seventy-eight.

• 30:14Brian Keating?

  Seventy-eight, close, okay. So, I could say, what day, what month, October, whatever, but I could say to the day. It used to be, I couldn't tell you within, it was 1977, or it was 2000 and, like, it was insane. But now we have this incredible precision. That's what we're trying to do. We're trying to always push that back because we're greedy. Scientists should be greedy. Because if we're not, who's going to be greedy at asking these questions that have no financial benefit? They have no, like, kind of, you know, we don't get famous from asking these questions. We're driven by this insatiable curiosity. Do what? Push back the veil of ignorance and lift it up as high as Mother Nature will allow us to do.

• 30:47Speaker 03

  So, you're looking beyond that 20th of a second?

• 30:49Brian Keating?

  Yes.

• 30:49Speaker 03

  What is it? How do you even know what to look for?

• 30:51Brian Keating?

  Ah, so, in these models, in science, we never prove anything. I can't prove to you this table's flat. You know, actually, it's not flat, right? There's little, if you zoomed in with a microscope, it's, but it looks flat. So, it depends on what question you ask the scale of. Like, how, how flat is this table? Very flat compared to, you know, compared to a beach ball, but very, very much more rough compared to a perfect, idealized Euclidean plane, right? And it's just, you know, or a glass or diamond sheet. I mean, it's much, much rougher, right?

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• 31:50Brian Keating?

  So, we are trying to look back, basically, to a point in time, at which time, if this theory was correct, we could disprove, again, we can't prove that anything in science. I can't prove the, the Earth is flat or curved or whatever. I can prove it's not flat. I can't prove it is curved or is perfectly spherical, right? So, what we are trying to do is falsify the claim that there was no Big Bang. That's one thing that scientists need to do, right? We need to show that people claim there was no Big Bang, just as they claim the Earth is flat. You know, people around the world, around the globe, believe that the Earth is, is, is flat. In this case, we are trying to disprove many, many theorems, many, many predictions. And then, we can't prove something in science, but we can

• 32:34Brian Keating?

  disprove all the competing alternatives and like your fellow countrymen, Sherlock Holmes, said. When you've eliminated everything but the, but what you might think is impossible, that is the best explanation. It's sort of simplifying things, eliminating everything. And the things that we want to eliminate are the equivalent of the flat Earth, or the moon landing never happened, or, you know, we're trying to eliminate as many things with scientific hard data that we collect from telescopes, not too different from this, you know, kind of a little simple telescope here, but connected to much more advanced technological detectors, taking massive amounts of data, petabytes per year, thousands of terabytes, you know, a terabyte per day. Imagine filling up your whole, you know, 10 iPhones a day with data, with really high quality data. And that's what my colleagues and I

• 33:17Brian Keating?

  are doing on the Simons Observatory. And the goal is to push back as far as possible, such that the, what's left is the most plausible explanation, but it may not be the quote-unquote "perfect" explanation, but that's okay.

• 33:29Speaker 03

  And someone might be spending time then trying to disprove that.

• 33:32Brian Keating?

  Well, people spend time disproving it. They hardly spend any money disproving it. There are people that complain about it, say it never happened. They, they cherry pick data from my colleagues' research or my research, and they'll say, "Look, they don't even know." Like, I'm open enough to say, we don't know what time really is, okay? That's a big admission. Now, if you were persnickety, you might say, "Well, then how can you do anything?" Or, my favorite one is, we don't know what 95% of the universe is made of. You got, you boffins claim it's, it's dark matter. You say it's dark energy, 95% of it, but you don't know what dark energy is. True. We don't know what it is. We don't know what dark matter is. True. We don't know what dark matter is. And the rest is 5% that we do know about. Does that mean we've made no progress?

• 34:10Speaker 03

  Yeah, I have a question on dark energy, dark matter. Is that just a made-up thesis to solve an equation?

• 34:16Brian Keating?

  Hmm. So, dark energy, so what's beautiful about science is when we're wrong, in that we see these flaws in our previously cherished ideals. For example, I told you, for most of human history, if you wrote the year on a ping-pong ball of, you know, starting from the dawn of human time, like, going back to ancient Egypt, okay, 5,000 B.C., right? And you put the year, negative 5,000 B.C., right? And you put that into a bag, every single year in the 7,000 years since then, right? And you put that in a bag, and you pulled out that year, and you said, "What was the prevailing wisdom on cosmology, on the universe?" 99% of those balls would say the universe has existed forever in

• 35:00Brian Keating?

  one form or another. Either it's cyclical, cycled into and out of existence, or it was eternal. There was only one document, in fact, that ever claimed that it wasn't, and that was the Old Testament. The Old Testament very clearly asserts that there's a beginning to time, beginning to space, beginning of the creation of the universe, and that's what we call Genesis. That's the first sentence, "In the beginning," the beginning of what? The beginning of the universe. So, that was the only document, but if you believe that, you were standing against Aristotle. What, are you an idiot? Newton? What, are you a moron? You know, like Einstein? Come on, you're a complete fool, right? No. So, they turn out, all of them, to be wrong. There was a beginning, period, to what we call the observable universe. So, when we look at it, we have to say that we're wrong. I have a

• 35:41Brian Keating?

  phrase that I've, you know, trademarked, which is that the flaws create the laws. So, you start off with something that doesn't seem to be completely perfect, but it's pretty good, like the steady-state universe. If you look up at the night sky, you see stars. You see the Milky Way if you're in a dark place. You, you might see the moon, and you might see some planets, okay? The, the Greeks had a, there's so few things that move. In other words, the preponderance of what we see is static. The stars are static, they don't move. The moon, the sun, and the five planets move. That's why we have the days of the week. All the days of the week are named after things that move. To the ancients, back up to Saturn, you know, they didn't know about Uranus, right? So, they only named the things that moved. So, that tells you that 90, like, most of those things

• 36:26Brian Keating?

  aren't days, right? How many more things are static? There's 6,000, you know, stars that you can see. They never moved. They never changed, at least on a human lifetime. And so, when you have something like that, the theory that prevails had to comport with that. It had, there had to be some explanation why there's only things that move are planets in our solar system. Everything else is fixed. "Oh, I know. The universe doesn't change. It's eternal. It's been here forever." That was what drove cosmology for 7,000 years almost, until 1929, when Hubble observed the expansion of the universe by looking at galaxies and inferring that their motion was such that every moment of time, they're getting farther and farther away. There is no center of the universe. Each one of those is a center of the universe, therefore, there is no true center. And if you go back yesterday...

• 37:11Brian Keating?

  They were closer. Go back a day before that. Closer, closer. Eventually, you reach a time when they were actually touching, connected, on one part of one amalgam, whatever that was. And that's where their ignorance left off in the 1920s. That's, that's, that's the beginning of the Big Bang Theory was 1929. Other people thought that was ridiculous. Like I said, Hoyle and made fun of it and called it the Big Bang. It's so ridiculous. But now every cosmologist, and there's a couple of non-standard, non-professionals, or maybe amateurs, or whatever, I'm saying, I'm saying they're, they're bad, or doing things unprofessionally, but they have an agenda, just like, you know, people believe the moon landing never happened, you know, they have an agenda. And you can refute them with data, but they'll always kind of have these kind of concerns. Because it's true, a good scientist will say, yes, I cannot explain everything. But the fact that I can't

• 37:53Brian Keating?

  is actually good news. Because if I could explain everything, we wouldn't have the static, you know, we would still have the static universe. Look, if Einstein were never wrong, let me put it this way. Einstein called Isaac Newton, not only the greatest scientist who ever lived, but the greatest contributor to civilization who ever lived. Okay, so Einstein, he had almost no imposter syndrome, as we say, but he had the imposter syndrome about, about Newton. Newton, if Newton was the last word, we wouldn't have Einstein's relativity, right? We wouldn't have GPS, we wouldn't have, you know, the, any of the time travel, we wouldn't have particles accelerators, we wouldn't have anything, right? We wouldn't have quantum mechanics at some level. So, there's a danger in saying that, oh, it's

• 38:35Brian Keating?

  lasted for so long, and we don't understand something, therefore, it's wrong. Like, no, no, no. If you said that Newton, you're wrong. You're actually, you're right. He is wrong. He's not, but what comes after Newton has to subsume what Newton did and get that right. You can't overthrow Newton completely. But Newton didn't have the extendability to explore extreme gravity, black holes, neutron stars, pulsars. So, yes, we don't understand everything about dark energy. It is a term, it is sort of a proxy for our ignorance about what, what is driving the expansion of the current accelerated expansion of the universe. But that the universe is accelerating, is expanding, is indisputable. The mechanism behind which it is, is currently unknown. But dark matter is, is, it's a weaker argument to say, we don't understand dark

• 39:19Brian Keating?

  matter, so it's, you scientists are stupid, or whatever. Like, a lot of scientists will say, you don't understand it. It's actually not true. We do understand dark matter. We've detected dark matter. Okay, there's things called neutrinos. Neutrinos are subatomic particles, elementary particles, meaning they can't be cut up into, chopped up into smaller pieces. They cannot be divided. They seem to be eternal, they last forever, as far as we know. And they have mass. They just don't interact with matter, like we're made of. So, trillion, right now-

• 39:45Speaker 03

  They're hidden us constantly.

• 39:46Brian Keating?

  Yeah, there's, there's 100 trillion neutrinos that are going to go through this room in the time that we're doing this podcast. We're not going to feel any of them, hopefully. You know, once in a while, they'll interact with your DNA, and maybe change something. But cosmic rays are doing a lot more damage, and coffee, you know, has, has probably a lot more radium in it than we like to admit. But, but the fact is, we have detected actual, honest to goodness, dark matter. Massive particles that do not interact with light, therefore, they are dark and matter. And it is true, the dark matter that they comprise in the universe is not sufficient to explain all the phenomena that we see. But that's, you know, it's like saying, oh, you've discovered four elements. What makes you think there's 114 more? That's kind of a ridiculous, specious argument. And a lot of people make it.

• 40:26Speaker 03

  So, your, your hunt for this, the time before the trillionth of a second-

• 40:31Brian Keating?

  Yeah.

• 40:33Speaker 03

  Is it a hunt that you, you may never actually complete? Is it a-

• 40:37Brian Keating?

  Oh, definitely, yeah.

• 40:38Speaker 03

  How do you feel about that?

• 40:39Brian Keating?

  It's, it's, it's like saying, you know, how will you feel that you'll never meet your great, great grandchild? Like, I hope that I establish something with my colleagues. Again, it's, no scientist works by themselves nowadays, and I have a great team that works with me. And we have great funding, great agencies that support us. But, but our, our job is not to complete the task, you know? I think it's, it's, it's that we are given this great opportunity, some of us, unfortunately, it's not evenly distributed, and science is having a lot of cutbacks. Your country's doing the same. We collaborate very closely with the UK, by the way. There's a huge component of the Simons Observatory, led by Manchester and other institutions, Queen Mary, and we have collaborators throughout the world.

• 41:24Brian Keating?

  But in particular, a huge chunk of our new observatories led out of the UK, which is incredible. It's allowing us to do things we couldn't do with just the US component. So, no, I don't, I don't see it like that. I see it like I'm training-

• 41:36Speaker 03

  Is it a baton race? Like, scientists are just always building, and then you default, and then somebody else carries on?

• 41:42Brian Keating?

  Yeah, I'm kind of ashamed to admit it, but it was. But then this project, which I, you know, conceived of with, with my colleague David Spiegel, and pitched to my mentor, and kind of father figure Jim Simons, funded it in 2016. It's poised to be, because of the recent cancellation of our number one competitor, which is to be located at the South Pole, Antarctica, where I've been a couple times, that was canceled by the government recently. First with the Biden administration, and the last year, finally killed off by the Trump administration. So, we're kind of the last experiment of its kind. And so, there will be a space-based experiment, potentially from Japan, called Lightbird, which, which

• 42:25Brian Keating?

  may do much more than we can do, and that'll be great. But for now, we're the only really funded, operational, we're taking data, like I said, we're getting a terabyte of data. Imagine filling up a hard drive, your four or five of your iPhones, every single day, with high-quality data that you need to reduce. And so, we have 450 of the smartest scientists on Earth, working on this problem now, working on the data, working on the instrument. And by the way, this is at 18,000 feet above sea level, 5,200 meters above sea level, where you're wearing oxygen masks, and sun protection, and hard hats, and it's a construction site on, on like a mining field at 17,000 plus feet. It's an incredible place to work, but it's, it's dangerous, it's, it's harsh, things break, and you can't, can't get Amazon, you can't get FedEx up there, you know? So, it's, it's, it's not as bad as the South Pole.

• 43:09Brian Keating?

  South Pole's worse, in terms of getting stuff, too. But, so, we're, we're, we really have the lead right now. I mean, I don't like to rest on our laurels, but we have, we just finished up a week-long meeting in Toronto, and I just heard like the most incredible stories, and, and reduction in analysis, and novel use of AI. And now, we've got like this huge solar panel array, the very first, you know, kind of the time we've had a solar array powering a cosmology instrument. It's just so exciting. I feel like a kid, and it's 100, it's 100-plus million-dollar project. It's not like, you can go down to the, to the store and pick one up, or buy one on my website. I wish, but, but the fact is, we're kind of in this wonderful opportunity, but we like to think, there are other experiments

• 43:53Brian Keating?

  that could possibly detect this signal. In fact, we, and the experiment I started, helped to start, called Bicep, claimed we did detect this signal that I'm looking for now, and then we had to retract it. So-

• 44:03Speaker 03

  How do you, how do you know what the signal looks like? How do you know what you're looking for?

• 44:06Brian Keating?

  Yeah. So, right now, if a plane were to fly at a, you know, San Diego Airport, you couldn't see it, you know, it's a nice, beautiful studio, has no windows, though, unfortunately. So, we couldn't see it, but we could hear it, right? And that tells you that there's more than one way to detect something. Yes, you'd like to be able to see it, but, and there are many other ways. Radar, you know, you could look for the neutrinos from the coffee cup, you know, whatever, there's, you could be very creative to detect that plane, every single plane taking off. You don't need to see it to detect it. So, too, with the signal that we're trying to see, we're actually not trying to see the light that was produced 380,000 years after the Big Bang. That's called the CMB, Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation. It's a pervasive temperature field, a radiation bath, very

• 44:51Brian Keating?

  cold radiation, 2.7 Kelvin, coming in all directions, all times of day or night, everywhere in the, in the entire universe, right? We're not actually looking at that and saying, oh, we're going to see the, the origin of, we're going to see something that occurred before that, right? Because that was produced 380,000 years after the Big Bang. We want to see, say, a trillionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second after the Big Bang. So, how do you do that? When you want to look back in time, you have to look further back in space, right? I don't see you instantaneously as you are right now, right? You know, the sun is 93 million miles away from Earth, right? So, that means it takes 8.3 minutes for light to get from the sun to the Earth. In this eight past, past 8.2 minutes, say, the sun

• 45:34Brian Keating?

  could have blown up, disappeared, right? We wouldn't know about it for eight, you know, for another 0.1, you know, 10 seconds or whatever, right? Let's hope that doesn't happen, right? As nice it would be to spend the last moments of, you know, existence with you, Peter, but, but nevertheless, there are other people I'd like to be with. But, but the point is, there's a finite travel time for all information, whether it's light, heat, sound, I mean, certainly is much slower. For us, we're not looking for light, we're looking for waves of gravity, called gravitational radiation, which is kind of like a sound wave, but it's a sound wave that vibrates spacetime itself. So, if a gravitational wave were to pass through this room right now, we would get a little closer to each other, a little farther apart, and this would travel at the speed of light. And so, in the beginning

• 46:17Brian Keating?

  of time, when gravitational waves were produced, this inflation field that I mentioned earlier would have made the, the sort of background boiling sea of gravitational waves. They live forever like neutrinos and light. They travel at the speed of light, like light. And so, they, they could exist from, say, a trillionth of a second, or a trillionth of a trillionth of a second, after the Big Bang, to then shake up the universe when the CMB was produced, 380,000 years after the Big Bang. They endure, they're coming through this room right now, but the point is that, in the early universe, when things were denser and closer together, it's a better opportunity to detect them. So, we actually

• 46:58Brian Keating?

  use the light as a film. Remember film from the old days, right? So, we're using the light beams themselves as film, onto which gets exposed not light, but waves of gravity. And if we see that, there'd be a strong circumstantial evidence that this inflation field existed, to provide the energy that you asked about earlier, to nucleate the universe from which we emerged. And it doesn't prove that, but it does disprove the theory that the universe came from nothing, the universe has been here for all time, the universe is cycled into and out of existence for all time, the universe is stretching and will eventually evaporate, and will be at the center of a black hole. None of those

• 47:39Brian Keating?

  produce the waves of gravity. Therefore, if we see the waves of gravity, it's strong, A, circumstantial evidence for inflation, but B, it kills off every other contender. Now, is that proof? No. But, you know, was Newton's law, did it prove that, you know, that spacetime is curved near a black hole? No, didn't prove that. But it showed us how to get to the moon, and every other place in the universe is very powerful. It showed the unification of gravity, the same apple that hit him on the head was the same force that was pulling the moon towards the Earth. The moon is falling like the apple is falling. There was a unification of the laws on Earth to the laws in the heavens. Maxwell unified electricity and magnetism. Dirac and others unified together what we call the, the weak

• 48:20Brian Keating?

  force with the strong, with the electromagnetic force. These are kind of the goal for us. For us, this would unify gravity, and it would, it would be the first sort of framework that unifies the, the highest laws of physics with some of the lower ones.

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• 50:29Speaker 03

  So I want to go back to what I asked you at the very start then, because again, when I was with Sean Ryan, you seem very introspective. And I want to go back to the point is like, you've obviously started looking up at the skies. This became your career. This became your life.

• 50:43Brian Keating?

  Yeah.

• 50:44Speaker 03

  But you seem to be looking very internal and you did it at a time where I'm thinking about it. And I said, as I was driving down to get the flight to come and see you, I was listening to Sean with Tucker and he was like, I'm off social media. I don't care about this shit. I don't care about that shit. And I was sat there thinking, one thing I really hate about the job I do is that I have to create titles that hopefully the algorithm puts in front of enough people watching and I feel dirty and I hate it. And, and then I listened to yours and it seems we're in a period of time where a lot of people are being introspective. And I'm, I really just want to find out a little bit more about that because

• 51:20Speaker 03

  is, has there been, is this just like what every guy goes for us? I assume we're similar age, similar age? Or, or is, is the, is the looking up at the sky looking for the meaning? Is it the same as looking internal for meaning?

• 51:32Brian Keating?

  I don't think, I don't think it's a, it's a, I mean, I had this feeling I, I, you know, kind of produced the, the ideas behind this first experiment, you know, when I was 29 or something like that. So, no, and it was done for the exact same reason I'm doing things today. So not in that sense. I do think you're right. There is a zeitgeist component and spirit of the times that is precipitated by things like AI that we should get into and disclosure, aliens. There's, there's a lot of that. There are many, many similarities between things like AI and UAPs that have a religious overlay on top of them. I'm convinced of that. And I'm convinced that the reason that people's feelings are so durable are the same as when a Jehovah's Witness comes to you.

• 52:17Brian Keating?

  I assume you're not a Jehovah's Witness or Scientologist. I don't think you're a Scientologist. They come in and want to convert you, right? So have you ever been tempted, Peter, to switch your religions, change team? You want to come over to Judaism and, you know, get a little snip snip and then you're one of us, right? You know, you're not tempted to do that, right? I'm not tempted to, I was Catholic, now I'm Jewish, you know, whatever, you can get into it. But, but the point is there isn't, you know, Victor Frankl said that man has no greater need outside of biological survival than to search for meaning, to have meaning in his life, her life, obviously. And, you know, for me, the reason that I do this is very clear. I, I'm not afraid of the most ridiculous outlandish questions, but they have to be grounded in something empirical that I can test.

• 53:02Brian Keating?

  Otherwise it's just, you know, kind of like whatever intellectual masturbation with a telescope. Like if it's not really grounded to something beyond just the science, like most of my colleagues are very uncomfortable talking about God, religion. They're also uncomfortable, the same ones talking about aliens, talking about, you know, AI destroying careers and stuff like that. Most professors are very comfortable in the lives that they have. You know, I always call it the hardest three hour a week job in the world, you know, at the shop for three hours a week. That's about it. Once you get tenure, you know, that's basically the end of your ambitions for many people. Not all, but, but many. And I, I feel like we have this sense of meaning. Like if you look at like recently Fauci's documents, his internal emails were released.

• 53:46Brian Keating?

  And if you didn't think he was kind of a slimy character before now, regardless of him being a good scientist at one point in his career, when you see the like hunger for credit, for winning awards, for attribution, and then simultaneously what he did to friends of mine like Jay Bhattacharya and others trying to smear them, discredit them, even Nobel Prize winners to destroy their careers, destroy their life. It was, it's very kind of clear and patently obvious to me and to other scientists that most scientists do something that's important, but it's not significant. Like you can do something, you can, you can try to do something that's, you know, like it's very important to build a type of superconducting, you know, type of fusion reactor. Yeah, it's important to do that.

• 54:31Brian Keating?

  Is it significant? Well, it could be, you know, if you solve all energy problems and transport problems. But most scientists aren't doing that, right? They're making incremental, very small. And it's important to do that, but it's not, it's not, it's not like gonna fill that checkbox for meaning, right?

• 54:45Speaker 03

  Is it important for you to do something significant?

• 54:48Brian Keating?

  Oh, so clearly so. Yeah. So that has always been important for me because I feel, you know, a keen awareness about death and always have been. And I don't think that there's, you know, another, one of my favorite books is Ernest Becker's Denial of Death, who in his book suggests that everything that man does, from like pursuing maids to, you know, building pyramids, to launching rockets to Mars and whatnot, is all done in a desperate attempt to stave off the incessant horrors of your own mortality and your knowledge of imminent death that only human beings have. You know, we're called Homo sapiens, right? What are we sapient about, Peter? What does it mean? We're the only creatures that know we're gonna die. Yeah, some elephant knows it's gonna die, kind of like wanders around. No, it's different.

• 55:32Brian Keating?

  Like when you were four, you knew what death was, right? So we're the only creatures that know that. What does that mean? That means we're the only creatures that know how precious life is and how little life is and how short a period of time when you're a 22 year old, you know, was bouncing on your knee, you know, was yesterday, wasn't it? Was it yesterday?

• 55:49Speaker 03

  You know, I remember it viscerally.

• 55:50Brian Keating?

  You remember going on the plane yesterday and you're, and you're sitting up and you weren't in, you know, you're, you're, weren't in premier class this time thanks to BA's, you know, policy filling up too fast. But I remember this, this feeling of sitting, I was in premier economy, which gives you, you know, an extra three millimeters of space and

• 56:08Speaker 03

  slightly better meal.

• 56:08Brian Keating?

  It is, it is. So I was in, and you're near the front of the plane, you're not in first class, but everyone's walking past me and I remember thinking every single one's younger than me. Like it was recently, I was flying with my family and I was just like every person going past me, you know, and I'm like a little bit vain or whatever, but like every single one's younger than me. And I'm like, damn, like I remember being like, look at that old guy sitting, you know, that guy sitting in, you know, nine A, like he's so old and I got all this time ahead of me. And like it was yesterday and now I've got kids that, you know, are much, much, you know, younger and then they're looking at me like, you know, I'm the old man. Like when does that happen? Like I'm keenly aware of that. I always have been. But now I'm on the other side. Now I'm on the, you know, the, the back nine or whatever you want to say. And so it's, it's become urgent for me to figure these things out as much as I can.

• 56:53Brian Keating?

  But like I said, it's not up to me to finish it, but I can't stop doing it.

• 56:57Speaker 03

  So I want to, I want to poke on that because there was something you said that sat with me all last night and I kept thinking it of over and over. And you said to Sean, um, like you know, when you're happiest is when you're with your kids and with your family and you could do it tomorrow. I could afford to just, I could stop tomorrow.

• 57:15Brian Keating?

  Yeah.

• 57:15Speaker 03

  I could go and spend the rest of my time.

• 57:17Brian Keating?

  So could he, by the way, but he's not stopping.

• 57:19Speaker 03

  And like most of us could, right? Most of us could even scale back our house or where we live or what we do. And I love spending time with my kids. And my son said something to me recently. He's like, I wish you were more present because I'm not. My brains here, they're everywhere.

• 57:31Brian Keating?

  Phones, AI, yeah.

• 57:33Speaker 03

  Yeah. And I'm searching for like, like my own purpose. What am I going to do? It's significant. I want to have a big podcast and then, yeah, you get a pat on the back and I'm not, I'm like this C grade podcaster. And I'm like, so then I was saying last night and go, why am I even here? And then I was thinking, why has Brian even given up two hours of his time to come and talk to me? He could have that two hours with his kids. I could be, and I'm like, and then I was thinking of this Naval quote that Sam Altman mentioned. He said, if our lives had a forward button, we'd all be dead. And I was like, you're so right. I didn't think about it like that. And so.

• 58:08Speaker 03

  I was really interested to just ask you about that kind of introspection because it seems like you've now you've got this recognition of like death is coming. It may be in 40 years, it may be tomorrow. And yet you're still chasing this. But is this the most important thing in your life?

• 58:26Brian Keating?

  It's the nexus of things within my control, things I have capacity for, things that give me what we call life force or energy and things I have agency. So it's this quadrinium of things that position me at this apex thing. I like to say, you know, I'm writing my fifth book now. I think it's my fifth one.

• 58:45Speaker 03

  Your last one?

• 58:46Brian Keating?

  It's probably it's my last of that kind of book. I can keep writing these books because God bless them, these Nobel laureates. They have to move their own books, so they come on my podcast and I love talking to them. So every nine Nobel laureates, I give the privilege and honor to interview. I make one of these copies and kind of distill their wisdom. You know, I kept the horn like, what was it like to, you know, win the Nobel Prize? You know, for basically an artistic sketch that that he's doing and a theory that that he helped to popularize. It's just incredible and I get them in a very vulnerable, you know, situation, you know, people on a podcast, it didn't exist, you know, 20 years ago. And so now it's just this incredible thing, an opportunity for me to talk to people I want to talk to. There's a lot of people I have to talk to. There's some border problem with one of my graduate students bringing in this, this type

• 59:30Brian Keating?

  of isotope of helium and the Chilean authorities don't like the whatever, you know, like I have to talk, oh God, do I really have to talk to HR about this? I have to, but I want to talk to you. I want to talk to the people that come on. So will it be my last book? Maybe not, but it'll be last of these kind of narrative driven memoir, what it's like to be a scientist, not to like, you know, collect the gold medal and after you hit the century in cricket, cricket or whatever, right? But for me, yes, to be able to do something, I always say, I'm not only going to write a book if I'm the only human being on earth. No one else could write that book. I was never where I told people the title, no one's going to copy that. No one could scoop me to it. No one could beat me to it. My next book is the same thing. It's a personal story about how these things mesh together. And yes, it's always going to involve God.

• 1:00:15Brian Keating?

  It's always going to involve spirituality. It's not going to argue, it's not going to proselytize. I'm not going to beat your brow, beat you over the head. And I'll be honest with my people that believe in religion and God, and you know, I've talked to everyone, John Lennox, to, you know, Stephen Meyer and the greatest theologians on the planet. I've talked to Sam Harris, Richard Dawkins is hosting him for my second time at Carnegie Hall in New York in October. And he's, you know, he knows my views on religion.

• 1:00:39Speaker 03

  I'm going to be in New York in October.

• 1:00:40Brian Keating?

  Oh, well, you'll have to get you a ticket then. Uh, it's, you know, now that guy, you look like, why is he doing this? Does he need more attention? It's 50 years since he published The Selfish Gene. Does he need to go on tour for the second time in two years? No, there's something that energizes him about it because he can do it, you know, and he's had like a stroke and he's older than President Biden, you know? I mean, he's an incredible guy. I hope I can keep doing that when I'm his age. So yes, there is a lot of time we waste and there's very little time. And that's why time is so beguiling to me and how I want to understand and the reason that I dedicate the effort to it, because I may not be the only person on earth who can put these things together. I'm not saying I'm the best scientist, far from it. I'm actually not one of the best for, for sure.

• 1:01:24Brian Keating?

  But I think I have an insatiable curiosity. I have an ability to lead and motivate people and recruit things, funding agencies and, and, and influence people to, to kind of question what we understand because of the greater good of doing what only human beings can do. Again, I only want to write books that only I can write. I only want to do things that are interesting to human beings who have the capability to appreciate it. Yes, if we save the world from global warming, that's great, you know, benefits animals and whatnot. We make some vaccine or whatever, that's great. I'm not, I can't do that. Like, that's not in my, in my wheelhouse, my skill set. I can make podcasts, you know? It's, it's, it's not beyond my ability to do it. I don't think it's the greatest thing that I could possibly do, which is why it's, you know, kind of a side hobby for me, but, but it gives me great enjoyment.

• 1:02:09Brian Keating?

  And I think that's important, like you need, you need some time to yourself. Like if you were just, look, you feel this way about your kids. You love your son, you, and you're working on that's incredible. Like, you know, my son's like taking college classes now and he's a 15 year old, right? And it's just wonderful and he's interested in science and he doesn't want to do exactly what I want to do, but that's fine. And, and I want him to find his own way. Do you wish that like, I assume your parents, you know, loved you the same way you love your son? And so therefore they want to be with you all the time. Did you want to be with your parents all the time? I'm sorry, I don't want to be with my mom all day. My mom's still kicking around and I love her. I don't want to be with her all day long, all the time. It's not, it's not your path to do. So we waste time, we have time.

• 1:02:51Brian Keating?

  I actually don't think when I hear it like, oh, Ryan Holiday and, you know, other bro podcasters are like, time is the only non-renewable resource. I actually think that's bollocks, as he would say. I think that's total nonsense. We have so much time, we waste so much time, we scroll, we're not present, even when we're there, we're multitasking, we think we're, no, it's not time that's limited. It's attention, but I think it's something else. There's a, there's a quality, which for lack of a better word, I call innocence, which you know, when your kids have it and there's some period of time when you stop being innocent. Like before we got the tattoos, I know you had problems with addiction, you went through a lot of struggles. I know you've been incredibly courageous with your, you've had legal battles that you've won, you won a mighty pound, I think, right? That was, that was incredible.

• 1:03:33Brian Keating?

  They could buy like another stirrer for our coffee, but you have courage, right? But there was some period of time when you were innocent, you were pure, like when your son was pure, I think that's the rarest quantity. I want to maximize that. I'm like, but the innocence of the human race, like we're at this precipice now, we don't understand things like aliens or, or the deepest laws of physics. I can contribute a little tiny bit to maybe both, maybe one.

• 1:03:59Speaker 00

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• 1:04:26Speaker 03

  Do you think there's like a demand now for understanding and a demand for like the weird things that are being discussed on podcasts, things that is outstripping the actual real supply?

• 1:04:38Brian Keating?

  Oh, for sure. No, it's a great way to put it. Yeah, because it is so, it is so mysterious. It's such a low information environment. Like I said, we started this experiment 10 years ago and we're first got first data like a year and a half, two years ago, and we're going to be analyzing it for the next eight, nine years, right? There's a tremendous thirst for this. Like if you had told me in the first day, pay an extra million dollars, you know, get a million dollars more from the UK or the US funding agencies, you'll get it tomorrow. Like I would have done anything I can, because then they could get on to the next problem. But, but no, I don't, I don't, I, I think that there's, there's two things at work. One is that yes, there's, there's supply and demand issue that you've correctly identified.

• 1:05:18Brian Keating?

  But there's also a really misbalanced incentive structure that's causing what I call a SCI operating, not PSY, but, but scientific operating. In other words, these things are, you know, sometimes I wish we, it was like, you know, looking for Yetis or Loch Nessie or whatever, like, like, because it's so ridiculous, but mixed in with the ridiculous climate. And believe me, they're replete with ridiculous characters, charlatans, grifters, frauds, liars in the UAP side and the government side as well. But there's, there's also tremendous amounts of scientific interest, military interests, public safety interest, security, national security, global geopolitics.

• 1:06:03Brian Keating?

  I mean, it's incredible. There's nothing else really like this. We're, we're, everything is mixed together, AI and, and, you know, power and fusion and all sorts of other things that are mixed in all together with this. And like I said, a couple of, you know, I don't know, tens of minutes ago, it's, it, there are many, many aspects of science that are so uncomfortable to scientists because they are effectively religious in nature. And my favorite, you know, kind of litmus test, as a chemist would say, for what is science or what is not science is like, what is religious and what is not religious? And that comes down to this notion of belief. When someone says, I believe that UAPs are this and that, like, I think you talk with Pines about this and, and he was saying like, all these phenomena are real.

• 1:06:47Brian Keating?

  And I was like, I don't know if all of them are real. I mean, some of them are like, did they happen? Like there are some obvious things where there's, there's a flare and it's coming down underneath a parachute and they identified like the manufacturer of it and the intensity of the flare, like, is that real? Like, yes, it happened. Is that like anomalous, and this was one of the first things that were released by the, by the Trump administration. And then you'll have people believe, you know, that, okay, so that, that like it happened, you know, to answer Pines's, you know, say, yes, it did happen, but was that, does that have any relevance to either aliens, you know, propulsion, you, is it even a UAP? No, no, it's identified, right? We know exactly what, what made that particular signal. I'm saying that's just one example. There are many, many other unexplained examples.

• 1:07:30Brian Keating?

  What's so interesting to me is that even according to like diehard UFO maximalist, right? They will say things like 95% of what we're seeing has some ordinary explanation. Okay, good, I agree with that 95%, but not 100%. Okay, well, there's always some residue of anomalies that will never be explained, right? We will never be able to explain every single particle track that's made at the LHC. We will never be able to explain every phenomenon that happens in 1947 over this remote military outpost in, in, near north of Las Vegas in Groom Lake. We're not going to be able to do it. Does the immediate Sherlock Holmes reaction to that go to something fanciful and, and

• 1:08:14Brian Keating?

  very intriguing to me as a scientist? Interdimensional beings, non-human biologics, bipedal organisms. You know, these crafts that are tardist like, that they're, they're bigger inside than outside, that, that create local warp drives, zero point energy. Oh, it's fantastic things, very, very, there's zero evidence. And it's not even that people are claiming that they're like, my favorite piece of counter example to kind of explain why I'm not, no longer, I'll never get excited about disclosure. And I'll always say, I think Sean titled my episode, The Nothing Burger, is, is Congresswoman Luna in our country, Anna Paulina Luna.

• 1:08:58Brian Keating?

  She's a very powerful, I mean, she's one of those powerful people on earth. She knows the whistleblowers. She's talked to them and she knows their stories. She knows what they've been told from other people. Many, almost none of them say that they've seen it, by the way. They say that other people have seen it and told them in confidence and they can't disclose it for fear of being doxxed and David Grush had horrible things done to him. And I think it's a tragedy that someone brave in our military would have that done. However, there's nothing that prevents Anna Paulina Luna from saying, here is the body, here is the biologic, here, like she knows about it. She says it exists. She talks about interdimensional beings. Okay, so you can do it. I don't have to see it. Brian Keating, you know, who am I? I'm some nobody, right? But you have to do it. If you're claiming that

• 1:09:41Brian Keating?

  these things exist and you have unlimited power, immunity from whistleblower status, well, she's not going to get arrested and thrown into jail. She's on these committees. She works with, you know, the highest levels of, she's a chairwoman of the committee that's studying these things. And, and recently, they, they've agreed to, you know, you know, increase protection for whistleblowers and allow government contractors to blow the whistle, not just military. I mean, have you noticed any bodies show up on the White House lawn? I mean, again, I want, I don't have to see it. I don't, I'm not that like a person naked as a scientist. Oh, I have to see you to my laboratory. I mean, I know the laws of physics, so I can know what breaks the laws of physics, but I trust people. I can trust Anna, you know, Congresswoman Luna. Please do it. Do it. I'm out there. If you're

• 1:10:23Brian Keating?

  watching, Anna, just do it. What are you worried about? I, I would like to know. If there's something that you're threatened by, then there's a much deeper crisis. This is why it's a low information environment. People minds fill in the blanks and oftentimes it goes in a negative way.

• 1:10:37Speaker 03

  So where do you think we're wasting time at the moment? Where do you think we should be spending more time on?

• 1:10:41Brian Keating?

  I think people focusing on events from the 50s, the 40s, yes, it is true. And even like the 2020s, right? So people say the following, Fauci lied. He just admitted, according to Rand Paul, again, this is all allegedly, I'm a physicist, I'm not, I'm not a virologist, right? But that, that he knew the wet market, you know, idea that COVID kind of originated from a wet market, was not actually true. It was an amplifier, he said in the email, if I'm reading it correctly. Again, billion disclaimers, not financial advice, not virality.

• 1:11:11Speaker 03

  It's not the UK, we won't throw you in jail.

• 1:11:13Brian Keating?

  It's the UK. Yeah, that's what I'm worried about. So, and you could say, well, look, scientists lie all the time. The problem is, he's not a scientist. Okay? Fauci is not a scientist. When he's operating in that mode, he was not acting as a scientist. He even talks about in this most recent data dump, you know, how he was angling for certain awards and he was asking people to nominate him for him for awards and maybe he'll nominate that. And this is the same time he was besmirching my friend Jay Bhattacharya, saying he's a fringe epidemiologist for saying we should all use the vaccine for the most vulnerable. Well, that's so radical, right? But, but, so science can get caught up in this, but when you do that, you automatically are removing yourself from what it means to be a scientist. Scientist doesn't say things like, oh, trust me, follow me, believe in me. There's no belief,

• 1:11:58Brian Keating?

  that's religion. Fine. If you want to believe in things, that's fine. I don't have any problem with believing in things. I don't believe in gravity. I have evidence for gravity, right? And so in this case, yeah, we're wasting a lot of time because of the fact that legitimate, once legitimate entities, government entities, universities, and, and other organizations, and the military, and civilian contractors, there is a vast amount of undisclosed and unknown information that will never be disclosed to a proper level of satisfaction because the human mind wants complete certainty. You want complete certainty. You take this vaccine, you're not only going to get better, you won't get the virus, and you won't spread it on to any others. Remember what Joe Biden said in 2020? You take it, you're not going

• 1:12:41Brian Keating?

  to spread it, you're not going to get it. You're, it's total nonsense. Everybody, I took it, I got it, right? I took the vaccine, I got it, right? And so, you know, from this perspective, but, but that then undermines public faith in science. Public faith in science, public faith in government, these are critical things that we've just totally gone off the deep end for. And I don't know, can we get them back? And so, operating within that system, if, if Luna comes out and says, I'm gonna, here's the body, here's the biologic, that goes a long way to restoring credibility in the government. But then there's going to be scientists, and she's a tax scientist that have led this, these programs that have said, no, none of these phenomena warrant, you know, kind of the level of, of claims that are being made by these so-called whistleblowers, actual whistleblowers, right? So, I, I, I

• 1:13:26Brian Keating?

  think that we're, we're so beyond trust because everybody not only has their own theories, ideas, conjectures, conspiracies maybe, but they have their own epistemology, which is very dangerous. If you say, I have my own ways of getting at the truth, and one of those ways is if, like, if Keating says something, I don't believe it, or Fauci says something, I don't, that's one of my ways, okay, you could say that, right? Or if the government says it, I don't believe it. I mean, these are things I hear all the time. Now it's a, you know, saturated with, with complete skepticism. And, you know, I have to say, it's like, you know, this disclosure is coming and everything's coming and it's going on a decade now since the first kind of major stories broke. And I've talked to almost everybody in the field that's, you know, kind of made claims. I haven't talked to Grush

• 1:14:11Brian Keating?

  yet. I'd like to talk to him. But, but, you know, the fact is, I don't know how much information I'll get from him, right? And so, we're going to operate in this, in the scenario where the people that could tell us aren't telling us, but there's no, it seems to be there's no incentive. Again, I know why Grush isn't telling me. He's scared. He has reason to be scared. I don't want anything to happen to him. I can't say the same of an elected Congresswoman whose job is to do this, to chair this, this committee. Now they'll say, oh, it's, it's about to happen. If you knew what I knew, I was gonna, you know, many times I've heard that in the last couple of years? And as a physicist, it's the most cruel thing of all, right? Because what would I get to do? I could say, well, like, stop building this experiment. And, and like, I know how the Big Bang began because, you know, all these aliens are going to tell me from the physics of the 27th century

• 1:14:55Brian Keating?

  that they had to get to come here and walk on two legs, which is incredibly astounding, if true, right? And to be non-human and interdimensional travelers, we're going to learn so much. This is, this is going to look like, you know, playing with, with, with a spinning top as a kid. It's going to be pathetic, this $100 million instrument that my colleagues and I are building. Oh, forget it. Stop it. No. No. That would then allow me to start asking questions of the aliens, right? So it wouldn't stop me from asking. It would just amplify the level of questions I get to ask.

• 1:15:24Speaker 03

  We, we seem to be living in this really strange time, Brian. It's, we have so much opportunity. There's so much happening right now. There's like the acceleration with technology and the things we can discover and learn. And I'm so excited by it. And we're going to talk about that now. Also at a time when there's this deep distrust of everything which is an institution.

• 1:15:44Brian Keating?

  Yeah.

• 1:15:44Speaker 03

  And it seems like we're really wasting an opportunity now to just improve humanity. It feels a little bit civilizational. Like, I, I mean, I'm from the UK. I should, I'm naturally worried about our civilization. But like, how do you get away from that deep distrust of the state and how, even deep distrust of science and scientists at the moment to focus? How do you deal with that?

• 1:16:07Brian Keating?

  Well, I mean, you kind of just sparked something in my mind as you said it. Like, I'm from the UK. Like you in the UK, I'm not saying you personally, but you, you played a role in it. But, but, I mean, the United Kingdom did more for human, like Planet Earth than any other entity I can think of right now. And yet, the Brits that I know, and I know quite a few.

• 1:16:26Speaker 03

  Have they left?

• 1:16:28Brian Keating?

  Most of them have left. A lot of them have left. Very few people are moving to it. It's like California. Like, there's a lot more people moving out of California lately. But, but then, I mean, I'm sure, yeah, maybe it's, it's not a bad, San Diego happens to be the best place in the world to live. I'm convinced of that. And California, for all its flaws, I'm never going to leave it. I'm going to fight. I'm going to, you know, try to make it better and enjoy. But what you just said, I think hearkens to, like, there's almost a little bit of shame and like, I've never heard, like, I heard Chris Williamson was talking on a podcast recently with a man from India, huge pod, like 20 million subscribers, just brilliant young guy. And they were just going on about how bad, you know, the UK was for India and harmful. I'm like, the UK, yeah, is anybody perfect?

• 1:17:11Brian Keating?

  I mean, has any civilization ever been perfect? Like, we here in America have land acknowledgements. Like, you right now are on Kumaya land and we have to acknowledge that. Do you think that they, like, nucleated from nowhere? Like, a perfect society with, with, with no challenges and they didn't subjugate or do battles? Like, we're living next to Mexico. Mexico, you can see from the top of the hill that we're on now. You see Mexico? Do you think the Mexican, the indigenous Mexicans, that they didn't also have their own challenges, say, civilizational? And they didn't also create incredible technology? Like Aztecs are phenomenal, you know, just brilliant. And, and they also were horrific in other ways. Like, if you judge everybody by the standards of today, and he's, oh, Winston Churchill, yeah, he stopped the, you know, he stopped the tyranny of fascism, Nazism,

• 1:17:54Brian Keating?

  but he also was bad to, I don't know, Bangladeshis. India, it's true. It's totally true. Guess what? You know, Isaac Newton was a real prick, okay? But he also gave us, you know, a jump start in our knowledge of humanity and, and the laws of the universe. Now, this doesn't excuse anything that he did that was wrong. I mean, George Washington is a hero of money. He had slaves, right? Do you look at someone and judge them purely by the standards of today? The shifting moral zeitgeist or the, you know, kind of ever-changing moral landscape? I don't know. I'm not saying either way. But, but the fact that you have to say that means, leads me to just answer your question. What do we have to do? We have to stop apologizing for, for humanity's greatness. Because I think we, if we do, like, these AIs are already

• 1:18:39Brian Keating?

  kind of getting built into it. Like, I ask some questions of AI, just like moderate things, and you'll get answers that are just completely, I can't, it violates our trust and safety. And like, does it violate the laws of physics? Like, I want to know the answer to this particular physics problem. Like, like, you can't trust me with, who can you trust? Like, and this is where I do worry about people like Sam Altman. I mean, I'm fascinated by him, but, but I'm worried about him too, because he says things that are like just outright, you know, kind of extremely, extremely problematic. Recently, he said, don't ask questions about like how much energy it costs to train the models and, and, and, you know, data centers, because like, if you look at how much energy it costs

• 1:19:20Brian Keating?

  to, to train your, your, your 18-year-old, it's far higher. I'm like, that's completely backwards. Like, AI is a tool. It is not a human. Its job is to serve humanity. I actually don't think we're going to get to AGI and what they call superintelligence. I think that there are fundamental barriers with the current way that we're approaching it with LLMs and GPUs and Nvidia and OpenAI. I think that there's fundamental no-go challenges that won't allow us to supersede that.

• 1:19:50Speaker 00

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• 1:20:18Speaker 03

  Um, but can you explain that though?

• 1:20:20Brian Keating?

  Okay, so what, what are, what is ChatGPT based on? It's a large language model. It's based on a certain type of mathematical embedding. It's called matrix manipulation. It's linear algebra. It's not like super advanced, you know, group theory, topology, quantum mechanics and not theory. No, it has nothing to do with that. It's basically sophisticated ways of multiplying matrices. Matrices are tables or grids of numbers like a spreadsheet and they have to be operated on in a very special way. And the faster that you can do these operations to find local maxima and global minima and things like that, the better the AI will perform. So in this case, the AI is based on this large language model. And because the, because the matrices are kind of like these two dimensional tables,

• 1:21:05Brian Keating?

  they're like grids, they work best on computers that are also like that. And it turns out that the first types of computers that were optimized to do these types of rapid tabular matrix multiplication operations were graphics processing units, GPUs. And the number one company that makes them is Nvidia, the most valuable company in the world, I think still. And they were very well optimized for this. Okay. But the very first thing to be optimized is not always the best thing to be honest. It was optimized such that when you played, do you ever play Doom? Or, you know, any of those games or Minecraft or World of Warcraft or whatever, any of those. Those are made that if you had a better GPU from Nvidia, you would beat your friend,

• 1:21:48Brian Keating?

  you know, to the first player shooter, you know, millisecond before him and you would kill him and you would win the game, right? So they're optimized for that. They're not optimized for super intelligence. They're optimized for making better, faster, quicker, cheaper, more massive matrix multiplications. Now, is that the way our brain works? No, our brain has nothing like that. Yes, we, we do use language and they're very good at figuring out language because you can embed a language network in a system. Once you've trained it on all of human knowledge and the entire internet and trillions of parameters that have already been accomplished, that have already been produced by humans, right? So my favorite example is like chess, like humans have not been able to beat chess computers since 1993, like Deep Blue, which then morphed in IBM and then later on,

• 1:22:33Brian Keating?

  uh, Alpha, Alpha My, Alpha Go and all those beat Go and so forth. So, but we still play chess. Chess is more popular than ever now. You can actually play online. It's, it's incredible, like chess celebrities, ranking systems, tournaments, everything. Why is that? Because chess itself was not made by the LLM. The LLM solved it. It's like a Rubik's Cube. People buy Rubik's Cubes all the time, even though a computer, they made a robot that can solve in point one seconds, any, any combination. But the computer didn't invent the Rubik's Cube. The computer didn't invent chess. The computer doesn't know what it means to be human. It only knows what humans have already done. To make progress now, we're kind of saturating the curve. This is this thing called Jevons paradox. So the farther, the more successful something is, the more widely used it is,

• 1:23:17Brian Keating?

  costs start to come down, but then usage of it starts to go up. So you start to saturate the amount of, of intelligence, not just tokens per second, or tokens, or intelligence per dollar, or intelligence per jewel, whatever you want to use. And we're sort of saturating there. And the only one to break through there is to train it with something new, like, so you need new information to be trained on. When they train it themselves, it's like your country suffered mad cow disease. Why was that? Because the cows were eating other cows, right? They were digesting these things called prions in the brain of other cows and they would get it and they would go crazy. And it was a horrible problem in Britain, right? So these LLMs can't train themselves. They need human data to train it. So what are they waiting for? Well, they're waiting for, um, you know, Harry Potter 12 to come out. They're waiting for, you know, uh, the Odyssey to come out.

• 1:24:03Brian Keating?

  All these things that the humans have created that then go into the next level of training data to get better and better. Now they'll be, they've already surpassed people and a lot of math things, not all things, but in terms of creativity, in terms of like, where's the theory of the big bang? Where's the theory of everything? Where is the unification of gravity and quantum account? I, I, I do not hear the argument that the best architecture for this is a GPU plus an LLM.

• 1:24:30Speaker 03

  Cause they're only able to build what they've done based on previous.

• 1:24:33Brian Keating?

  It's not the way that Einstein, say Einstein came up with the theory of general relativity. He didn't say, hmm, let me just do these math problems like linear algebra really fast. In fact, if he had tried to do, we tried to replicate, we took an LLM, we lobotomized it. We said, you don't know anything after 1900. Now tell me LLM. You have the same computing power, the same Nvidia chips, the same density, number of parameters, same training, um, weights, but not the same training data. We cut it off in 1900. Can you then derive quantum mechanics, general relativity, the cosmic microwave background? Can you derive these things? No, I can't. It tried to break it up into discrete little intervals and cubes and square. It basically did this brute forward. It was very clever, but it couldn't reproduce curved spacetime, Riemannian manifolds.

• 1:25:19Brian Keating?

  It couldn't derive what these essential thing that Einstein had, which is this feeling in the pit of his stomach that we've all felt. We go on a roller coaster, we go over a bump or turbulence in a plane. You have this sensation, oh, my pit in my stomach. When you go over these bumps or turbulence or whatever, that feeling is zero gravity. Einstein realized that when an observer's in a zero gravity environment, it feels no force. And therefore it takes a path through that space or through that time, which is equivalent to the most effective means of traversing that space called the geodesic. It minimizes these certain properties of energy and whatnot. And that's what things do naturally. And he called that feeling in the pit of his stomach, the realization that he made, he said, that was the happiest moment of my life.

• 1:26:04Brian Keating?

  Now, what is your Nvidia Bracewell, you know, 1200? What's the happiest day of your, you know, your LLM's life? It's a nonsensical question. That inspired him. That made him feel alive. Like you said, he could have stopped Einstein in 1904 and said, you know, why are you doing this? Like, you know, what's the point of this? You're going to be dead soon. You're going to die in 1955. You know, 50 years from now, you're going to be dead. Why are you doing this now? Go spend time with your kids that you never see. Um, and he would have said, uh, no, I can't stop doing it because he was the only person that could do it. And the insight that gave him was an intrinsically humanistic thing that he felt in his stomach what it's like to be in zero gravity, long before astronauts, you know, two years after the Wright brothers even. And he was able to, to connect that to a law of physics

• 1:26:48Brian Keating?

  that survives to this day called the Einstein equivalence principle. And that's the underpinnings of history of gravity. Without that, without that essential human now, how are you going to do that? You're going to take it, an Nvidia computer and drop it off a tower? And so that's what it feels like? Or painful experience? Are you going to blow out a capacitor in it and make it feel pain? No, these things don't make sense for a non-embodied system. They can say a robot will do things, but also these things, I mean, have you had this experience, Peter? You're like playing around with Claude or whatever. And it says like, update to a version 1.46730575. And then I see update and then like, oh, you have to update again. Every day there's like 1,200 different updates, security things, they come with something else. Uh, my friend Annie Jacobson, who has a new book out called Biological War.

• 1:27:31Brian Keating?

  She found that one of these ChatGPT things had a location for the stockpile of vaccines in her city. And like, she told Sam Altman about it and they had a like deep, like, they're always going to be patching all these bugs and, and, you know, trying to prevent the genie from escaping the bottle. It's very good at doing language, but life is not language. Life is not, life is described by language. Like I said before, you know, you can, you can describe something, but that's not what it is. E equals mc squared is a description. It's not the phenomenon. It's very important to make that distinction. I don't think most people do.

• 1:28:02Speaker 03

  So do you think we're, we're having all the wrong conversations about AI? Do you think AGI is just?

• 1:28:08Brian Keating?

  Here's my, I have two concerns. One is that, um, we don't really understand how it works. That is strange. Another, um,

• 1:28:17Speaker 03

  And that's getting further away, right? Because it's the more, like I was, um, I was with somebody recently and they're saying, you can't look inside the box and understand how it works. We just know it works.

• 1:28:25Brian Keating?

  Right. It's, it's, it's so enormous. Well, I think it's, it surpassed that many years ago. And so like the Turing test, Alan Turing, um, that wasn't actually like his greatest invention. He, he created something that's far more important, but much less appreciated. And that's called the halting problem. So he, he, there's a theory of computer science that you can, you couldn't make a program that would continue forever, um, unless you had certain provisions within it. And he came up with this solution that said, you can't make a program that will cause something always to stop. Like you can't say stop when you get to, you know, like, uh, 10, you know, print Peter's awesome, 20, go to 10 and go forever. Like that loop will go forever, but you, you, there were certain conditions that you had to install

• 1:29:10Brian Keating?

  to prove that something could be halted. And you could say an exception after 100 iterations, stop, right? Or the computer runs out of energy and gets unplugged or whatever, it will stop. But he proved that in general, you couldn't like prove whether or not something would, would halt or not without having like additional knowledge that wasn't available. Okay. I'm mangling it a little bit. But a modern version of that is you cannot, because you cannot predict what these things are going to do, you cannot control what they're going to do. So we basically made all these uncontrollable AIs. And so a lot of people like Roman Yampolsky in Kentucky and Nate Sures and Berkeley and others have, have looked at this and said, basically we, we, we needed it to stop already. Like the best time to plant a tree is 10 years ago. The second best time is now.

• 1:29:54Brian Keating?

  No, no, we need to stop now, according to them. Uh, again, I have kind of, you know, doubts about how F, how, because we passed the Turing test, because the imitation game has been passed. And like, you can chat with any of the LLMs now, you cannot tell that they're not a human being, right? They're too good. Maybe that gives it away, but you can even put in things like, I used to use M dashes in my writing, like my books 10 years ago, I use M dashes. I use,

• 1:30:20Speaker 03

  You have to stop.

• 1:30:20Brian Keating?

  Yeah, I, I had to stop. But now I'm like, no, that's the flex now. Just, just I'm writing with my own mind. I use M dashes. So, you know, that proves it's me. I don't care if you believe it or not. So you can look up this book from 2018. But, but the point is, I, I'm not convinced that these things are, are able to achieve something that, yes, we might not be able to predict them, but like, do you know exactly what your teenager is doing right now? Like, is there complete unpredict, like, could he be jumping around on the moon right now? No. So there's, yes, you don't know exactly what your son is doing or, you know, my kids are doing. I have teenagers, right? Um, but, uh, and so yes, I can't control them. Uh, I can attempt to, but, but, but there are also these limitations built in that subsume that these things will have.

• 1:31:03Brian Keating?

  What is called general, you know, intelligence or super intelligence. I think we can get the general intelligence, they can do everything that a computer terminal could do, just like a Turing test. But super intelligence, they can do things that we cannot predict, control, modify, and they have unlimited knowledge. To me, it's, it's sort of a little bit of the Cassandra symptom, like just really, you know, nowadays, if you say that, if you say like, we're gonna be okay, you're either a shill for OpenAI, you know, like the ones that are saying you're okay are those people. I actually think the worst scenario could be the following. We end up with extremely powerful general intelligence that can put to shame everything that we're doing now, like it can do anything that a human being can do in, it's called

• 1:31:47Brian Keating?

  knowledge work, you know, like can make this podcast, like, but, but who will listen to it? Fine. But will it, you know, ultimately will become so addicted to it that then when it does go away, because these valuations collapse and crater, like OpenAI is losing $10 billion a month or something like that, I think I read. So are they sustainable? Like SpaceX, you know, had the stock offering a month ago, went up, almost doubled, now it's like way below, yeah, it's half from there. Like, who's to say what its true valuation is? And, and if it crashes and the market crashes, and then there's be less money available to, you know, there was a, recently, there was a round for the employees of OpenAI to sell some of their private shares.

• 1:32:29Brian Keating?

  And people were touting, oh, this is a great opportunity to get in at this $800 billion valuation. I'm like, how is this thing gonna double from here? Like, if it's losing this much money, yes, it's growing at some rate, but it's losing this money. So what happens if we get addicted to it? They, the LLMs are sort of training us to be dependent on them, right? Like, could you get along without your smartphone? Yeah, I'd be uncomfortable on a 12 hour flight home, but you could probably do it, right? But when it's like controlling everything, your health, your relationships, your business, everything is dumped in, it's so good at doing those things, we've become completely dependent upon it, therefore will be crippled by its absence, which could very easily happen, as happened with the dot com bubble in 1999, 2000. There could be an AI bubble.

• 1:33:11Brian Keating?

  After that, the strongest ones will emerge, but who would say those are the best? You know, like, is Facebook like really the best thing for humanity? Instagram, is it really the best? I don't know. It's, you can make arguments against it. So I'm worried about that scenario more than I'm worried about these machines are gonna turn us all into paperclip.

• 1:33:28Speaker 03

  Yeah, well, you know, I've, I've interviewed Nate recently and I've interviewed Roman. And look, it's a, it's a fascinating podcast to make, especially if you're the first one to make the robot, the AI is gonna kill us all.

• 1:33:40Brian Keating?

  No, Stephen Bartlett gets there first.

• 1:33:41Speaker 03

  Yeah, I, I'm worried about a powerful AI in the hands of dangerous people.

• 1:33:47Brian Keating?

  Hmm.

• 1:33:48Speaker 03

  You know, enabling people to do.

• 1:33:50Brian Keating?

  It certainly is true. But I became less concerned about that in my conversation with Annie Jacobson, because she basically said, like, all these things are completely sandboxed and nerfed when it comes to biology. So you can do biology. In fact, Claude has a new product called Claude Science. I was like, oh, Claude Science, I'm gonna have the power of anthropic, it's gonna help me solve the theory of everything, it's gonna help me do these calculations about inflation, the big bang, and alien, maybe they'll have some discovery in there and be great. No, now configure your Claude Science. You can have PubMed, you can have AlphaFold, you can have Pharma.net, you can have all these things for biology, biochemistry, pharmacology, zero.

• 1:34:31Brian Keating?

  There was not one tool optimized for cosmology, for astrophysics, for exoplanets, for alien disclosure, nothing. It was all biology. Because these things are very good, you know, like, if you want something to understand the neural network in your brain, a neural network's pretty damn good at that, it's a very good simulation. It's like, the best simulation for planet Earth is planet Earth. Like, if you wanna know what the weather's gonna be like, the best computer to predict it is the planet itself. It's just you can't run forward simulations, right? But you can run backward simulations, because these are complex systems, these neural networks are insanely complicated. And like you said, we don't really fully understand how they work. It kind of emerged from nowhere. Like, you dumped in a lot of attention, a lot of, of, of nodes and intern and networks. It's just like social media.

• 1:35:15Brian Keating?

  We didn't really understand, like, there was sort of social media, MySpace and, and whatever, and, and Hot or Not, and all these things I remember from the 2000s. They all went away, but they weren't that much, they weren't like the difference between Newton's mechanics and, and Dirac's quantum mechanics. I mean, they were similar. And, but there's something about the network. When you get things together, things grow, Gresham's law, they grow exponentially, sometimes double exponentially. And that's when things, yes, they become unpredictable, but to say that they're definitely extinction, you know, level events, you have to make a stronger argument. And for me to see that in the physics environment that I play in, I don't see anything that's threatening, like, what I'm gonna do as an experimental physicist.

• 1:35:57Speaker 03

  Can you support it, though?

• 1:35:58Brian Keating?

  Do I support?

• 1:35:59Speaker 03

  No, does it support what you're doing?

• 1:36:00Brian Keating?

  Oh, yeah. I use it all the time, but, but what I use it for, so I'm, I'm maybe a non-standard user of it. I started to play around with it recently to ask the following question, which brings me to one of the gifts.

• 1:36:13Speaker 03

  Oh, here we go.

• 1:36:14Brian Keating?

  So these are, these are meteorites. Now, unfortunately, I'm gonna give you all these, okay, Peter, but you have to give me, you have to promise me that you're gonna, I have a lot of fans in the UK. I can't mail these from the US to the UK, because they're controlled substance, they're not controlled substance, they're just like, it's, they wanna know what they are, they're meteorites. These are meteorites from, collected in Argentina. And, and these meteorites are older than the Earth. These are about 4.3 billion years old, the Earth's almost 4.1 billion years old. And they're made of very, very interesting components. They're, they're made of iron, nickel, cobalt. And you'll get this information, you go to my website, briankeating.com.

• 1:36:57Brian Keating?

  And I'll make a, when this episode comes out, you'll let me know, I'll make a special link, peter slash peter, okay? And you go to briankeating.com slash peter. And if you're in the UK only, Peter will send you one of these.

• 1:37:08Speaker 03

  Yeah.

• 1:37:09Brian Keating?

  They only cost, you know, they cost nothing to mail.

• 1:37:11Speaker 03

  Yeah.

• 1:37:11Brian Keating?

  But they're very interesting. And you get all the information about them. And then if you're in the US, you can always get them, briankeating.com slash, slash X, I like to use X. So these are actual fragments of the early solar system before the Earth was formed.

• 1:37:25Speaker 03

  4.5 billion years old.

• 1:37:27Brian Keating?

  And I have other fragments of different bodies in the solar system, including one of the planet Mars. So I have a meteorite that was once on Mars, it was a rock on Mars, it got slammed into by an asteroid, it ejected from the surface of Mars, and then orbited around Mars and the Earth for about 20 million years, we think, based on planetary formation and so forth. And then it crashed into northwest Africa. These are very expensive, so I can't give them to you, Peter, but, but, but in, in essence, they're very similar to these meteorites here. So they, they have this property that they, that they trace the early, the early solar systems formation, but they also trace the conditions of Mars. So we can look at the conditions, the chemistry, the geography, there's certain things in there, if there are microbes in there, you can see microbes.

• 1:38:10Brian Keating?

  But my theory is, well, we don't, we, we know, at least as far as we've looked, there's no life on Mars. But Mars also has meteorites from the Earth. In fact, this is mine, but there's probably like a dinosaur fossil on Mars, like fragments of a dinosaur on Mars, okay? Because Mars is as old as the Earth, basically. And so there must have been a meteor that hit the Earth with some, you know, it could be, it's not like a full T-Rex or whatever, but, but it, you know, some, I don't know, some plankton or whatever, a little tiny fish fragment. And it hit where that was on Earth, because it's a huge biosphere, blasted off the Earth, then orbited around the Earth and Mars, and then eventually landed on Mars. And the moon, the moon has a fossil like this, too, I'm sure.

• 1:38:48Speaker 03

  So where would these have come from?

• 1:38:49Brian Keating?

  These come from, they came from deep space. So there was a star that existed in our galaxy around the neighborhood of where the Earth would eventually form. It was one of the first stars ever to form. It was made primarily, almost exclusively of hydrogen and helium. Those are the only two elements made after the big bang in sufficient quantity that could form a star. And star, enough hydrogen, when you take enough hydrogen and helium and you give it enough time, it makes a star. That star is incredibly massive and incredibly hot, and it lives like a rock star incredibly short. So it blew up after about 50 or 60 million years. But after it was formed, there were two great British astronomers, Margaret and Geoffrey Burbidge, who worked at UCSD for most of their careers. And they and their colleagues, Willie Fowler and Fred Hoyle, the big bang guy we talked

• 1:39:33Brian Keating?

  about earlier, they showed that hydrogen and helium alone can eventually make every element on the periodic table, essentially, including iron. And when it makes iron, the star stops making enough heat to keep it from collapsing. So it started to gravitationally implode. And when it implodes, it explodes eventually and it becomes a supernova. And it sprays out into the galaxy, the last thing that it was producing, which is this iron. So more than this iron just being from the star, here's a big one, that's for our very lucky one of your listeners.

• 1:40:02Speaker 03

  I might keep that one.

• 1:40:03Brian Keating?

  Yeah. Give it to your son.

• 1:40:05Speaker 03

  This is the coolest thing.

• 1:40:06Brian Keating?

  And when it was created, it spews that out into the, into the galaxy. And eventually, it became part of our Earth. Our Earth's core is made of the same iron. But that's not all. Your blood has iron in the hemoglobin molecule. That hemoglobin molecule is the same isotope of iron in this meteorite here. So we're all connected. The Seneca said, we're all connected like the blood in our veins. This connects us to the cosmos. And it's fully part of the big bang plus Earth formation history.

• 1:40:33Speaker 03

  This is so cool.

• 1:40:34Brian Keating?

  Yeah, so.

• 1:40:35Speaker 03

  Wow. So I will distribute this. Yeah, I will distribute it. I may keep a couple myself. Do you know what I'll do? I will keep this, I will keep it in the studio. Distribute from the studio.

• 1:40:44Brian Keating?

  Here's the last thing I wanna give you. One more gift for you. Give me one of the meteorites, give me a small one. Okay, so this is Arthur C. Clarke, another one of your great countrymen, again, not a perfect individual, but he came up with the, the following statement. He came up with many statements, but one of them was, any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.

• 1:41:02Speaker 03

  Yes.

• 1:41:03Brian Keating?

  He wrote the book that became the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey. And he also said that the only way of knowing the limits of the possible is to go beyond them into the impossible, to the title of my book series and my podcast. So in the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey, which is the best science fiction movie, but it also has all these contraptions and crazy things in it, and just implausible things, and it makes it a little hard for a physicist to watch. But anyway, I suspend disbelief. The monoliths that appear, we don't know what they are, but they're these permanent sentinels that seem to exist for all time, maybe they're talismans, maybe they're time capsules, but this one is magnetic. So we made you this medal, this is the Keating Prize, not the Nobel Prize, the Keating Prize for impossible imagination, I wanna give it to you.

• 1:41:47Brian Keating?

  And if you look at this monolith on the back, it's magnetic.

• 1:41:50Speaker 03

  There we go.

• 1:41:52Brian Keating?

  So this is for all your great work, encouraging curiosity, imagination, and really, those are the things that make us human, Peter.

• 1:42:00Speaker 03

  This is gonna have to go up in my studio, man. This is so cool.

• 1:42:03Brian Keating?

  I'll be checking when I see you next.

• 1:42:04Speaker 03

  Brian, I'm so glad I had the opportunity to talk to you, and I'm a little bit blown away that you actually listened to my podcast, which is very cool.

• 1:42:11Brian Keating?

  Congratulations on your success. You're actually doing incredible, Peter. Don't give up.

• 1:42:15Speaker 03

  No, I'm not gonna give up, but I, and I hope we get to do this again in London.

• 1:42:19Brian Keating?

  We'll do it in London.

• 1:42:20Speaker 03

  We'll do it in London. I will become a meteorite distributor. Please, anyone, it looks like we have about 100 or so bits in here, so I will keep one for me and make one to my kids.

• 1:42:31Brian Keating?

  Yeah, you should.

• 1:42:32Speaker 03

  And then I'm gonna hand this up, and thank you so much, this is incredible, this is, this is the coolest, when I tell my kids or my wife that this, they're gonna go, no way.

• 1:42:43Brian Keating?

  Just tell the, you know, customs that it's just vitamins.

• 1:42:46Speaker 03

  Yeah, okay, I may get stopped. Thank you so much, man. Thank you, love this. Thank you, everyone, for listening. We'll be back in the UK soon. Peace out. Thank you, love you all.

• 1:43:07Speaker 04

  Hey, Bose here. When your next track starts, listen for the decisions that the artist makes. The vocal pushed right up front. The bass that waits half a beat. That sample from a 70s underground gem. Every choice deliberate. With Bose, you'll hear it all. Your music deserves Bose.

• 1:43:33Speaker 05

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