Barbara Kingsolver Thinks Urban Liberals Have It All Wrong on Appalachia

When Barbara Kingsolver set out to write her latest novel, “Demon Copperhead,” she was already considered one of the most accomplished writers of our time. She had won awards including the Women’s Prize for Fiction and a National Humanities Medal, and had a track record of best-selling books, including “The Poisonwood Bible” and “Unsheltered.” But she felt there was one giant stone left unturned: to write “the great Appalachian novel.” Kingsolver grew up in rural Kentucky and lives in southwestern Virginia. Appalachia is her home. So when national coverage of her region started increasing in the years since 2016, with a focus on the region’s problems — like deep rural poverty and the opioid epidemic — she felt something was missing. She wanted to write a novel about Appalachia from the inside, as someone who is a part of it and who grew up in it. “The story I wanted to tell was not about the big guys, but about the little people,” she told me. And if major awards are any indication, Kingsolver succeeded. “Demon Copperhead” won the 2023 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and has been widely acclaimed for the nuanced portrait it paints of life in rural America. So I asked Kingsolver to talk about her background and the book, and to explore the often chasmic dissonance between how many of us city-dwellers think about Appalachia and the reality of living there. Mentioned: Shiloh and Other Stories by Bobbie Ann Mason Book Recommendations: Landings by Arwen Donahue Raising Lazarus by Beth Macy Pod by Laline Paull Thoughts? Guest suggestions? Email us at [email protected]. You can find transcripts (posted midday) and more episodes of “The Ezra Klein Show” at nytimes.com/ezra-klein-podcast, and you can find Ezra on Twitter @ezraklein. Book recommendations from all our guests are listed at https://www.nytimes.com/article/ezra-klein-show-book-recs. This episode of “The Ezra Klein Show” was produced by Annie Galvin. Fact checking by Michelle Harris. Mixing by Sonia Herrero. Our senior editor is Rogé Karma. The show’s production team also includes Emefa Agawu, Jeff Geld, Rollin Hu and Kristin Lin. Original music by Isaac Jones. Audience strategy by Kristina Samulewski and Shannon Busta. The executive producer of New York Times Opinion Audio is Annie-Rose Strasser.

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:03Ezra Klein?

  From New York Times Opinion, this is The Ezra Klein Show.

• 0:22Ezra Klein?

  So in 2023, the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction was won by two novels, Trust by Hernán Díaz and Demon Copperhead by Barbara Kingsolver. And Kingsolver, I think, is a literary legend in her own time. I mean, she wrote The Bean Trees, she wrote The Poisoned Bible. She has won all kinds of prizes, but I think it's fair to say Demon Copperhead is a kind of masterpiece. And it's a kind of masterpiece she was trying to create. She set out to write, as she tells me in this conversation, she was setting out to write the great novel of Appalachia. And I think she did. And this is a novel that is following loosely in the structure of David Copperfield by Dickens. It's a novel set a little bit back in time.

• 1:06Ezra Klein?

  I think that so much of our thinking now about this is political and places that go for Trump and places that don't go for Trump. But the novel is set in the 90s and in the 2000s, so a little bit before some of the current economic and political cleavages attain at least the form we know them in. And it's a beautiful book. It's a wrenching book. It's a book that I routinely had to stop reading because I was so fused with the character and so fused with the story that when I could see something bad coming, I just couldn't handle it before bed. I just couldn't go through that with the main character. So I mean, that, I think, is about as much as you can say for fiction, when it almost feels more real than the life you're living. So I was grateful she was willing to come on

• 1:49Ezra Klein?

  the show and talk a bit about her life, how she came to writing the novel, the sort of experiences she brought to it, and the kind of argument she's trying to have through it. As always, my email, ezercline.com.

• 2:06Ezra Klein?

  Barbara Kingsolver, welcome to the show.

• 2:08Speaker 01

  Thank you for having me.

• 2:10Ezra Klein?

  So you've said that you're Appalachian through and through. What does that mean to you?

• 2:15Speaker 01

  I'm Appalachian, and it's a funny thing. It's a marker. Appalachian means you say, I live in Appalachia. It's a region that's a little hard to pin down on a map because it includes parts of a lot of states, starting from North Georgia, Eastern Tennessee, Western North Carolina and Virginia, up into the coal country of Kentucky and West Virginia, and then up into sort of the ridge country of Pennsylvania. So that sounds complicated, but to us, it is a whole place. We're more connected with each other culturally and geographically than we are with the far ends of our own states. It's a place and it's a mindset.

• 2:59Speaker 01

  We are connected by our mountains, our economies, and the fact that for a couple of centuries, we have been treated almost like an internal colony of the US. We have suffered the exploitation of extractive industries managed by and profited from outside companies that come in and take what they can and leave a mess. So it started out with the timber industry. Then it was coal, and then it was tobacco. And now the latest car in this coal train of exploitations has been the opioid epidemic, which was, again, quite deliberately perpetrated on us

• 3:44Speaker 01

  as a vulnerable population.

• 3:46Ezra Klein?

  We're going to come back very much to the opioid epidemic. But before we do, I want to talk a bit about just your geographic history because you grew up in Kentucky, but then moved to the Congo. Tell me a bit about the various places you've lived and why and what it was like coming back then later in life.

• 4:04Speaker 01

  Okay, I grew up in the eastern part of Kentucky, sort of the foothills of Appalachia. And that was really my home for my whole schooling years, up until I was 18 and left. Because of a very unusual history, my dad was a physician who was dedicated to serving, well, he was from poverty. He was the first person in his family to go to get higher education. And he was determined, after he became a doctor, to serve people who really needed a doctor. And so for most of that time, that meant the rural parts of Kentucky, where he'd grown up, one of the more economically depressed parts of the US.

• 4:49Speaker 01

  But from time to time, he would get invitations from his colleagues to go to places where people needed a physician even more. And so that took us to the Congo, to rural Congo, for about a year of my life. I call it the "what I did instead of second grade", and a few other places, once a stint in the Caribbean. So those were adventures in my childhood, but we always came back to Kentucky. So I still consider myself a Kentuckian, but I was the one among my classmates who had lived on another continent. I mean, most of my classmates never left the county. So it did distinguish me. I was a person who had seen the world.

• 5:33Speaker 01

  And maybe because of that, I had a sense of the world, and then I wanted to see it on my own terms. So when I was 18, I went to college in the exotic, faraway land of Indiana. And I was lucky to do it. Very few of us in Nicholas County High School ever went to college. That was a really rare thing. Nobody in my school was telling me, "You need to take these things called SATs." Nobody was advising me. I just kind of... Called my way into a scholarship and I got to Indiana, DePaul University, and to my amazement, there I discovered I was a hillbilly.

• 6:16Speaker 01

  I never thought of myself as a backward, coming from a backward place, but oh my goodness, I needed only to cross the river into Indiana to discover, you know, what ignorant backward folk we were from Kentucky. And people laughed at my accent, people, actually, it was, I was a curiosity on campus. People I didn't know would come over to me in the dining hall and say, say this, you know, say this, well, what's this? Like, they wanted to hear me say syrup and mayonnaise and these other words that they thought were, you know, hilariously charming. And so I set about slowly, not even that intentionally, altering my persona in the

• 6:57Speaker 01

  world, erasing my Kentuckian affect, just so that people would hear my words instead of making fun of them. And so now I've tried to become this imaginary cosmopolitan person. I mean, I always wrote, I just didn't think that I could be a writer. But that was an important and really dark phase of my own writing. I tried to write from that place of this imaginary cosmopolitan Barbara, and it was just the most ridiculous, fakey nonsense you've ever read.

• 7:33Ezra Klein?

  And then to fast forward a little bit here, you lived as an adult in Arizona for quite some time, and then moved back in the 2000s, I believe, to Virginia, to where you live now. And I always thought of you, I think because I read you in that period as a writer in Arizona, but now I sort of understand more of the complexity of it. So tell me about the decision to move from Arizona back to Virginia.

• 7:53Speaker 01

  It was all a part of the, sort of, my, my exodus from Kentucky was driven by what I think drives most small-town kids. You know, we want to kick the little-town dust from our shoes and go see the world if we're lucky enough, or... Fierce enough or resourceful, we do that. And after college, I actually backpacked around Europe for several years, doing the low-paying jobs that you can do as an expat, living out of a backpack. And I really wasn't sure I wanted to come home, whatever home was. But I had to because of visa problems in the late seventies.

• 8:35Speaker 01

  I lost my work visa, so I had to come back to the US and just decided to try out Tucson, Arizona, because I wanted to see the West. It seemed the next step in my exploration of the big world. And I didn't really plan to stay in Tucson, but things happened. You know, when you're at that stage in your mid twenties, you get a job and then you get a little better job. And then you meet somebody and then you have a house and then you have a kid. I went to grad school and next thing I knew, I was really pretty settled in Tucson. It didn't feel like home, not really. No place I'd ever lived outside of Kentucky felt like home.

• 9:16Speaker 01

  There were things I really loved about Paris and Athens and rural northern France. And there were things I really loved about Tucson, but it never felt to me like the desert wanted me there. I missed towering green trees and mossy creeks and the sound of crickets at night and birds in the morning. It just was, it never felt right and I ached to come home, whatever home was. Then after grad school, I began working as a freelance writer and I was working as a journalist. And so I learned a lot about the territory and I was trying to write a southwestern novel. And then I had this epiphany.

• 10:01Speaker 01

  Someone actually gave me Bobbie Ann Mason's short story collection, Shiloh and Other Stories, which was a very big book that year in the world. She's from Kentucky. That book broke out that year with a lot of praise from the American literati. And I read it and I was amazed because it was people who talked like me and who worked at Walmart. You know, there were cashiers and they did shift work and they were working class Kentuckians. And the scales fell from my eyes. I understood that I had been holding my light under a bushel, that my own voice could be something

• 10:41Speaker 01

  that people might want to hear. And so then I did a deep dive back into these Kentucky writers I had known, but needed to reread with new respect. Wendell Berry, Robert Penn Warren, poets, you know, James Still, Harriet Arno. And I re, I, it's not exactly a recovery. It's more like a a reacquaintance with an embracing of my own Kentucky voice. And I found this voice and I named her Taylor Greer. And I put her in charge of telling this Arizona novel. She was a character who came from Kentucky, moved to Arizona. She did not have my life. It's not autobiographical,

• 11:22Speaker 01

  but I knew her voice and her story and her mannerisms and everything. And I put her in Tucson, Arizona, and she told the story. And that was The Bean Trees. It was the first fiction that I wrote that was successful because I had decided to own myself, my Appalachian background.

• 11:41Ezra Klein?

  This book has a lot of that dynamic to it. And one thing that is threaded through it is Demon, the narrator, balancing the pride he feels in the place he comes from and the shame he feels or the shame he has been told to feel in the place he comes from. And you've talked in interviews about having internalized the shame of your upbringing, of where you come from. What is that shame?

• 12:07Speaker 01

  Well, this place where I live, just over the mountains from Kentucky in southwestern Virginia, is a perfect home. We live on a farm and it's just exactly where I want to be, among people I want to be, to be with and to claim as, as my own and as my neighbors. So here I am. As an Appalachian writer, and it was finally with Demon Copperhead, that I could tell the most Appalachian story I've ever told. I really, I know this probably sounds ridiculous, but I wanted to write the great Appalachian novel. I wanted this novel to hold the entire story,

• 12:47Speaker 01

  the whole background of why, why it is we are who we are, all of the things that people look down on, sort of how they are not our fault, how they were perpetrated against us as sort of an economic program exploiting us. And also, all of the good stuff, that we are people made of community, that we are the most resourceful Americans you're probably going to find anywhere. So what is that shame that I had internalized? Well, look, it wasn't just in college. It was everywhere. Just about every time you speak with someone who is from outside of your region, they make some remark like,

• 13:29Speaker 01

  "You seem really educated for a Kentuckian." Or, more crudely, "You're wearing shoes." I'm not kidding. Or, more subtly, "Are there any people there you want to be friends with in MAGA country?" How many people, well-meaning people, have asked me, "How could I live there in the middle of nowhere?" People, this is my everywhere. This is my everything. I live on a farm that grows food, where water comes out of the mountain, among trees that make oxygen. City folks are depending on us for a lot of things that they routinely discount or make fun of.

• 14:14Speaker 01

  It's been a very long program in the development of the world that...

• 14:21Speaker 01

  Economies and governments have urged people into the cities away from the countryside, try to get land-based people into the cities because there are a lot of reasons, but it boils down to this: people in the money economy can be taxed. People in a land economy produce a lot of what they consume on the spot. So if you're growing your own food and eating it, there's no way to pull taxes out of that. So I know this sounds really simplified, but it is the bottom line. And I can point you to points in history where this has become

• 15:02Speaker 01

  overtly an issue. The Whiskey Rebellion, George Washington marched the whole army into Appalachia because people were making whiskey and the government wanted to tax it. Well, there's no money changing hands, so you can't. And that was the reason for a war. It feels like an impossibly simple thing, but if you look at all the ways that rural people are stigmatized, it comes down to their self-sufficiency that's being mocked. If you look at the cartoon hillbilly, he's got a fishing pole, that's food self-sufficiency. He's got the jug with

• 15:43Speaker 01

  the XXX on it, that is alcohol self-sufficiency. And he's got a straw hat on, that's because he's a farmer. It's all about what he's making and consuming himself. It's so insidious, people don't realize it. But this long, long-term brainwashing has resulted in a widespread notion that city people have got it. City people are the, you know, sort of the advanced form of humans. And rural people are this sort of having this provisional existence. They just haven't made it yet into the real life. And so, everybody looks down on the country people, and the country people sort of absorb that. You can't help

• 16:26Speaker 01

  but absorb it. So when I set out to write my great Appalachian novel,

• 16:33Speaker 01

  I was paralyzed with self doubt because, I mean, my starting point was that I wanted to write about the opioid epidemic, which has become a huge assault on our culture, our families, our communities. It's devastated so many of the good things about this region that we value and that we love. And so I wanted to write about these kids who've been damaged and this place that's been damaged. And it seemed like a really hopelessly sad story. Plus, it's about people that I didn't feel the outer world cared about. And so I just really, I spent a couple of years walking around and around this story, trying to figure out how to break into that house because I really felt sure nobody wants to read it.

• 17:18Ezra Klein?

  I think there's so much power in that. And it's something I was thinking about a lot during the book. And let me try to see if I can hold two things in tension here because everything you say is true. And I think your point about the ways in which people from rural areas are visually stereotyped, having a lot to do with self sufficiency is true. And this is something that, that I'll be honest, sometimes I think grates on us city dwellers. So I come from a people who, over and over again, were driven out of land. I come from Jews driven by pogroms again and again off of land where they could have been self sufficient and into cities, into one city and then into another city and then into another city. Part of my family comes to America by way of Brazil.

• 18:02Ezra Klein?

  Another family, you know, comes by way of Eastern Europe. And there has always been this tension, I think broadly, it particularly afflicts Jews, right, the sort of rootless cosmopolitan stereotype. But then there's also this side thread in America, I won't speak for it in other countries, of, oh, the city dwellers aren't real Americans. They're not on the land. What they do isn't real work. You know, I remember George W. Bush winning the election in 2004. Oh, Democrats have lost the heartland. There's a part of this country that is its real heart. And the other parts, they're not real. You're not a real American. You're something else. I think all the contempt you talk about is real.

• 18:45Ezra Klein?

  And yet it also does, in this strange way, go the other way. And, and maybe that is a kind of cliche, a kind of pat on the back where your economy is destroyed. But, oh, you're, you're a real American. But there is something I always think about when I hear this, that it has never felt to me that the contempt actually only goes one way. As a Jewish urbanite, I have definitely often felt that it is very easy for people in all parts of, of American politics, but I've mostly heard it on the right, to talk about cities and talk about people like me and with my history, as if they are completely alien to this place.

• 19:21Speaker 01

  You're absolutely right. It's a dialectic. It's an antagonism. It's like, there's no point in asking who started this, because it's a really, really old antagonism. And, you know, I was just kind of talking about a larger framework of development that has really tried to get people off of the land. But here we are, in the middle of it, with a lot of rock throwing in both directions. And, and it's become devastating for American politics, because, you know, rural people who are less frequently called heartland as called flyover country, it's a sort of a self-defense, saying, well, we, they hate us, we hate them back.

• 20:03Speaker 01

  And let's talk about kind of who gets seen and who gets to tell the story in the US. I think that's probably what's most critical right now, is that all of our entertainment, our news media, it's all made in cities. And I think this has left rural people feeling so unseen and their problems so trivialized or ignored, that they've gotten vulnerable to a damaged extent, so that they're ready to vote for the person who comes along and says, look, I see you and I'm going to blow up the system. Okay, not the right answer, not the right guy, but I understand why so many people,

• 20:48Speaker 01

  for the first time, felt like, for the first time in many election cycles, somebody was paying attention. And now we've got a mess because that sort of validated this urban notion that those people are, they're voting against their own interests, they're not well-educated, so they can't make good choices, so we don't really need to listen to them, so we just hate them. So it's worse than it's ever been in my life, this urban, rural, antipathy, to the point where conversations are really difficult to have. Because we will only take information from people we trust. That's just human. That's the animal we are. We only listen to people that we feel like are on our side and gonna look

• 21:31Speaker 01

  out for us. So if you open a conversation with you, bonehead, then that conversation is over. And those are the only conversations that are happening now on a political arena, and it's scary. So this is something I feel like I can do, in my small way, as an Appalachian who has also been lucky enough to have a higher education, and I can read a lot of stuff, and I've lived in a lot of parts of the world, and I can come back to my home and see what's good about it, and what's challenging about it, and I can try to talk across this divide. I mean, Demon Copperhead is my attempt to speak to people. Well, it's

• 22:16Speaker 01

  doing two things. I mean, I want it to be a window and a mirror, as they say, books can be. I wanted it to be a mirror for my people, to feel seen, and that's been an amazing experience, to hear from kids in the foster care system, from teachers, from so many people in Demon's Walk of Life, saying, "I never knew that anybody else could see how hard this is." But at the same time, to let people from elsewhere understand the complexity of our lives here, the nuance of Appalachian culture, the value of our communities, the whole ecosystems of characters that we are, the bad and the good, and how

• 23:00Speaker 01

  we, the ways that we take care of ourselves. I wanted this book to be A conversation about that divide. And it is being read mostly by people who are not from here.

• 23:14Ezra Klein?

  So I'm sitting here in the epicenter of urban journalism at the New York Times.

• 23:20Speaker 01

  Yeah, well, yeah, exactly, exactly.

• 23:23Ezra Klein?

  Which has gotten much worse over time. I mean, it used to be that you had much more geographic dispersion of the papers people read. Not so much the TV they consumed, but local radio stations were stronger. Newspapers were more regional or more local. And that is not gone, but is even weakened from when I was a kid.

• 23:43Speaker 01

  Oh, it's so nearly gone. It's really, it's really scary to me.

• 23:46Ezra Klein?

  Even in a place like California, where you still have the LA Times and the Chronicle and others. I mean, the New York Times is the biggest paper in California. It's based in New York. And I was thinking about this for a bunch of different reasons. But one of the things that even if you think, and I do think this, that then, you know, some of the quality of journalism people get is better. The, you know, you can get amazing national and international journalism, which was much harder to get when I was growing up. But what even a great international paper can't do is create a sense of local identity and pride. When you are growing up somewhere that is not New York and you read the New York Times, there is a function that regional media, that local media play that is not being played for you,

• 24:29Ezra Klein?

  that I would be very different if I hadn't had when I was, when I was growing up.

• 24:33Speaker 01

  Well, and identity aside, just the information.

• 24:37Ezra Klein?

  Yes, just the information, of course.

• 24:38Speaker 01

  And about maybe 2% of what we see and read about is about us. So it's a void that's, you know, how do we address that? It's really profoundly debilitating not to see yourself anywhere. And we're aware of this in other, in terms of other, we've made huge strides just, you know, in the last decade in terms of identity politics. Yes, we understand people with disabilities need to see themselves in ads and not in, in shows, in film. We understand that people of color need to see themselves to feel validated. Okay, rural people need to see ourselves too. Farmers need to see ourselves too, and we're not.

• 25:23Speaker 01

  And so I hope. It's understandable that we're really mad, that we're really tired of being overlooked. And the economic aid that goes to farmers really goes to factories, you know, industrial farms that are producing soybeans and corn that are going into fast food. And that's not helping people. Another unique quality of Appalachia is that we're one of the last strongholds of small family farms because of our topography. Because in the mountains, there's no flat land. A farm might have like a half of acre of one acre that's flat and all the rest is too steep to plow.

• 26:06Speaker 01

  So we don't have the giant combines. We don't have the giant wheat fields and tractors that look like they came out of Star Wars. If we ever see farming on TV, it's that. And that's not real people. To us, that's not farming.

• 26:43Ezra Klein?

  I want to move us into the universe of the book. And there's a particular character who I think bridges a bunch of the conversations we're having here, which is Tommy. So can you tell me a bit about Tommy?

• 26:54Speaker 01

  The ghost in the room here is Charles Dickens, because I owe him everything with respect to this book. Charles Dickens is the key I finally found to the door of that house of this novel. When I decided to write this as a modern day David Copperfield, he gave me, I guess, the chutzpah to tell the story. Because people really liked his version of it. And I thought that could surely help. He gave me a crackerjack plot and all these amazing characters. And he gave me Tommy, who was called Tommy in David Copperfield. And I will say here, as the disclaimer I always make,

• 27:35Speaker 01

  you do not have to read David Copperfield before or after you read Demon Copperhead. It's not necessary at all.

• 27:42Ezra Klein?

  There's not a test?

• 27:43Speaker 01

  There's no test, no. But I took David Copperfield as my template and I just laid my book right over it because it worked so well. And then, of course, I had to. To use some of the characters in other ways and Tommy, he was called Tommy Traddles in David Copperfield. In my version, he's called Tommy Waddles. Everybody has a nickname here. So Tommy, who's Demon's best friend in, in his first foster home, which is a horrible foster home. It's this farmer who uses foster kids as enslaved labor on his farm. Basically, he uses the money that he gets for being, being a foster home to pay off his farm taxes.

• 28:26Speaker 01

  And he uses the kids for free labor and he's really pretty horrible and he doesn't feed them enough. And that's really sad. But these boys bond and Tommy's a sweet, sad character who makes the best of everything, but he knows he's never, ever gonna have a real foster home. Nobody wants, he says, nobody wants the fat kids. He's really big for his age, but he's a reader. Demon is fascinated by the fact that Tommy brings home armloads of books from his school library and he stashes them under the bed. And at night, he tells Demon the, the plots of all the magic tree houses he's ever read and all the, you know, he reads the boxcar kids. So even though Demon is not himself a reader, he's introduced

• 29:08Speaker 01

  to, I guess Tommy is the first intellectual he's ever known. And as they grow up in their own hardscrabble ways, they reconnect. That's a Dickensian thing, the great Dickensian coincidence is they run into each other a few years later in the pharmacy where Demon's picking up his illicit drugs. He runs into Tommy who's now working at a newspaper. He's a janitor, but he's found a job and he works his way actually into the newspaper business. And he's, uh, he puts his education to good use, being a copywriter for ads.

• 29:45Speaker 01

  In the local little newspaper, which was, you know, it's sad because those local little newspapers hardly exist anymore. But I worked on one when I was in high school. So I know how that all works, how you lay stuff out on the, on the table with wax. You, you cut them out and you lay the columns out. And that was really fun to write about. The whole place smells like hot wax. And they form a partnership, actually, Demon and Tommy, that becomes Demon's extraordinary way out of his situation, or a part of it.

• 30:17Ezra Klein?

  One thing he used Tommy to do really effectively, I thought, is talk about how even what might seem like sympathetic coverage of Appalachia reads within. So he gets very upset, for instance, over a headline that just says, "World dropout rates on the rise", which seems like a pretty neutral headline. So what does he hate about it?

• 30:39Speaker 01

  What he hates about it is that's all anybody ever hears about us is the bad stuff. And yet, this is Tommy's education, like me, and like all of the kids in this book, have no idea how we are seen by outsiders. We're just people. These kids have never thought about being Appalachian. And now that Tommy's working in a newspaper and he's seeing the headlines that come in over the AP thing, and he's working for this little town newspaper in Pennington Gap, they're looking desperately for some syndicated stories that have relevance to the local area. You know, he's attending to this and he's seeing

• 31:20Speaker 01

  what's coming through. He's dismayed that the only thing that outsiders ever seem interested in noticing is how poor the place is. The dropout rates, the poverty rates, the unemployment rates. What about the good stuff? They're living all the good stuff, too. You know, all the memmas that look after every kid in the neighborhood, the fact that you know who your neighbors are. All the time and they're always going to be there for you unless they're not, but that's important, too. Demon tries to explain this in Demon Psychology. This is what he knows. He says, look, everybody needs somebody to punch when they get mad because this is, you know, all he's ever known.

• 32:01Speaker 01

  So the stepdad punches his wife or his, you know, or the girlfriend. The girlfriend punches the kid. The kid has to go kick the dog. Everybody needs somebody to look down on. When Demon explains all this to Tommy about how everybody has to look down on somebody and then has these conversations with Tommy about how much condescension, how they're seen by the rest of the world. He says, well, we're the dog of America. Now that Tommy's become aware of this, he sees it everywhere. He sees the TV has a festival of stupid hillbilly movies, you know, Deliverance, whatever, Hillbilly Chainsaw Massacre or whatever it is.

• 32:43Speaker 01

  Now that his eyes are open, he's seeing it everywhere and he gets really upset about it because he's got this email girlfriend from Eastern Pennsylvania and he's afraid to meet her because he says, she's going to think I'm a stupid hillbilly and her whole family is going to think we're stupid hillbillies. So this becomes Tommy's quest to figure out how this happened and why. And so that becomes, you know, this is a way for the reader to follow Tommy on this quest to understand how this happened. And so Tommy, as the nearest thing we have in this book to an intellectual, he reads some social history and he figures it out. And so it allows the reader of this novel, and this is just a tiny part of the book,

• 33:26Speaker 01

  but there is a moment where the reader gets to learn about land-based economies and money-based economies. And Demon, in his short stints of living in cities, visiting or living when he's in rehab, he lives in Knoxville. And he, he lives this and he gives you the story in Demon speak, you know, so he says, there's country poor and there's city poor. When you're in the country, at least you have food. He says, in the city, where are people even going to raise their tomatoes? In Knoxville, he feels the desperation of people who have no access. To the fundamental needs like apples and tomatoes. He has a job in the produce section of Walmart.

• 34:10Speaker 01

  When the artificial rain comes on every 15 minutes to keep the produce wet, he says, this is the closest thing people are ever going to see to rain on a real vegetable. And he feels sad for them.

• 34:22Ezra Klein?

  As you mentioned, demon and Tommy meet in foster care. And foster care makes up a lot of the first half-ish of the book. And it's really, I mean, as somebody with young kids and it's hard to read. And something you're focusing on there is the way in which the opioid epidemic hasn't just harmed those who have been killed or have ended up in rehab or struggling with addiction. But how many children have simply lost parents? Can you talk a bit about what you found when you were researching that or seeing it around you and how you began to think about the scale of what it has done to children now?

• 35:01Speaker 01

  Yeah, that was my point of entry into this novel. That's what I really wanted to write about, the orphans. It's a whole generation of kids. The counties around where I live have enormous, I can't give you exact statistics. I've heard anything from 15 to 35% of kids in some of these counties who are being raised by someone other than their parents because their parents are addicted or incarcerated or dead. We have a generation of orphans coming up through our schools. Some of them have gone into foster care, but the system is so incredibly overloaded, which, you know, you learn about in the novel.

• 35:45Speaker 01

  There's so many more kids in need than there are social networks to catch them. But the caseworkers are so overloaded and so pathetically underpaid. They make less than schoolteachers. They don't make enough really to live, these caseworkers. The turnover is really rapid. The files get lost. These kids are just lost. I didn't even know until I did more research into this, that's where we are. This is something that I think the world needs to know about, this country, voters need to know about. We need to know how this epidemic has left a generation of innocents that nobody's taking decent care of.

• 36:29Speaker 01

  The story of the big players in the opioid epidemic, Purdue Pharma, the attorneys and the DEA and all of that big story has broken and it's been told beautifully by a handful of journalists have done a great job of cracking and telling us that story, Beth Macy among them with her fantastic book, Dopesick. So that was my point of entry in this novel. The story I wanted to tell was not about the big guys, but about the little people. These kids have been left behind. Our burdened public school systems are being asked to raise these kids.

• 37:11Speaker 01

  Our public schools are the point of delivery for pretty much all the social services that these kids may get. They get most of their food from free school lunches. A lot of them are not getting fed at home. They get their mental health care through the school system. It's not the public school that delivers it, but county mental health agencies deliver the care. The counseling they do is in the schools because they can't expect families to take kids to counseling. So this is a burden on our public school system and on our libraries and on everything that we have here that nobody outside of this region is even aware of.

• 37:52Speaker 01

  So we need resources, not just for treating addiction, which is an immense need, but that's only one part of the damage. A bigger part of the damage is what we do for these kids. And so that's the story I wanted to tell. I wanted to tell the story of the orphans. And that's why Dickens came calling and told me orphan stories can work. Let me give you an idea.

• 38:26Ezra Klein?

  You had a passage here that I found extraordinarily moving. I mean, this is how demon becomes an orphan, but also how he has to think about and over his life has to process his mother and her relationship to him and what her death meant in terms of her care for him. So do you mind reading the passage on page 109, beginning with "I had roads to travel"?

• 38:49Speaker 01

  Sure. And this is at his mother's funeral. His mother overdosed on his birthday and he couldn't help but feel pretty furious at his mom for this abandonment. And now he's looking back because this narration, this first person narration is told from the, it's a retrospective from later in his life, his, the advanced age of maybe 25 or something. So he says here, he kind of steps slightly outside of the funeral scene and says, "I had roads to travel before I would know it's not that simple. The dope versus the person you love. That a craving can ratchet itself up and up inside a body and mind at the same time

• 39:34Speaker 01

  that body's strength for tolerating its favorite drug goes down and down. That the longer you've gone hurting between fixes, the higher the odds that you'll reach too hard for the stars next time. That big first rush of relief could be your last. In the long run, that's how I've come to picture mom at the end, reaching as hard as her little body would stretch, trying to touch the blue sky, reaching for some peace and getting it. If the grown-up version of me could have one chance at walking backward into this story, part of me wishes I could sit down on the back pew with that pissed-off kid

• 40:17Speaker 01

  in his overly tight church clothes and dark hawk attitude and tell him, 'You think you're giant, but you are such a small speck in the screwed-up world. This is not about you.'"

• 40:31Ezra Klein?

  You have an interesting way of putting his mother in context in this part of the book. And you talk about her as the unknown soldier. You talk about the way in which nobody cries over someone's bad, personal decisions. Or not nobody, but society does not cry over one person's weakness. But then, when there are a mountain of bodies, then a story is called for. Then a narrative takes hold. Then it's not their fault. It becomes a societal force pressing down on them. But the people who fall at the beginning, they don't get that grace. Not publicly, and even at that time, not in their own families. Because it's in their own families where these narratives have to take hold. I'd like to just hear you talk a bit more about that, about how you thought about the respect

• 41:15Ezra Klein?

  we do or don't give to people who end up addicted to or dying from medications that they were given and told by people with medical degrees or people who were there, the nurse in the doctor's clinic, that this was safe and somebody had checked this out for them.

• 41:34Speaker 01

  Exactly. That's the crime, that this drug was so addicting and the doctors who prescribed it were told otherwise. And this region was singled out as particularly vulnerable, partly because healthcare delivery in rural places is stretched so thin that there's very little opportunity for follow-up. They often see people on the one sick day that that person has in a year from work. So it's of necessity, it's prescription pad doctoring. And Purdue saw this as an opportunity because there's so many people here with work injuries, old mining injuries, disability. And so they just thought, aha, we can make a killing here.

• 42:18Speaker 01

  And they literally did. And to research this book, I spent time, I sat down with a lot, a lot of people who had been through this whole journey to learn about. Sort of the inside of addiction in ways that, you know, and, and just the logistics, like, here's a pill, how does it get into your veins? A lot of the specifics that I fortunately don't know from firsthand experience. So I listened to a lot of stories and I shed a lot of tears with people who told me their stories of how they became addicted. And most of them started with a legal prescription from a doctor they trusted, a doctor who was going on the best advice, who said, you have to stay ahead of the pain. You set your clock, you take this on whatever

• 42:59Speaker 01

  timetable you're supposed to take it. Don't miss a pill. Take this painkiller. And by the end of their 30 day script, they were addicted. And so this was done to them. Nobody wants to be addicted. But what I've found and what I thought so much about in the course of writing this novel, I realized that was another of the, the prejudices I knew I was going to be up against because people have such firm ideas of addiction as a moral failing, as a failure of willpower, a failure of virtue. And that's been done to us. That's a brainwashing that, you know, the so-called war on drugs, which I think hit its 50th anniversary this year, has been a whole lot of brainwashing

• 43:44Speaker 01

  on how the answer to this problem is just say no. The answer to this problem is incarceration. We have been trained, culturally trained, to think of addiction in this way, as a personal failing that needs to be punished. Incarceration does not cure addiction any more than it cures cancer. Addiction is a disease. It's a disease of the brain, of dopamine and neurons in the brain that have been damaged and rewired so that if you don't keep getting this drug, you get so sick that you feel like you're going to die, you wish you're going to die, and you might die.

• 44:24Speaker 01

  It's impossible to describe how terrible this disease is, not just the dope sickness of it, but the fact that your entire life has to become just a really difficult, hardworking process of every morning, getting your means, getting your fix, getting through another day, that no, and nobody wants to live like that. So one of my hopes with this novel is that by portraying this process of addiction from the inside,

• 44:54Speaker 01

  People might have more compassion for it as a disease and think of people with addiction as diseased. I mean, even in our own families, you know, we see this, nobody would tell their daughter with cancer, "Okay, I'm gonna kick you out, I'm gonna wait till you hit bottom, and then you can have chemo." That's how we treat the disease of addiction. And it's incredibly inhumane. And effective treatment will only happen after we switch over from, you know, putting this in the hands of the police and the prisons, to medical workers who can meet

• 45:35Speaker 01

  addicted people where they live and offer them the first steps of clean needles and fentanyl test strips so that they won't die in the weeks that it will take for them, logistically, physically, emotionally, to get to the beginnings of treatment. There's still a lot of people who have a sort of, I guess, a moral objection to harm reduction centers that just give people the basics of clean needles and fentanyl test strips to keep them alive. It's as if people feel that addicted people deserve to die. Imagine if we looked at any other disease that way.

• 46:11Ezra Klein?

  One thing that I think you describe really well here is that the desire, the market, the demand for Oxycontin and for other kind of similar drugs in the period was also an outcome of the kind of work we have people do and the kind of lives we have them live. You describe Oxycontin then as, quote, "God's gift for the laid-off, deep-holed man with his back and neck bones grinding like bags of gravel, for the bent-over lady pulling double shifts at Dollar General with her shot knees and ADHD grandkids to raise by herself." And there is something, I mean, all addictions are a kind of horror, but there's a literalness that is often a little bit obscured with other drugs. I mean, this was a drug people

• 46:55Ezra Klein?

  got on to treat real pain. And pain they often had to go through because they were trying to make a living and, you know, being made to do repetitive tasks that the human body is not built for. And there is just a, both a, both a horde of that, but, but so much of this book, both in the foreground at times, but in the background, a lot of times, is about the economics of the area. And one of the economics of the area is the kind of work people have to do.

• 47:18Speaker 01

  Exactly. It was so predatory. It was so intentional. And we know this now, that Purdue Pharma looked at metrics. They looked all over the country to see where, you know, and identified, as I understand it, three regions. It was a combination of mining and a lot of physically taxing labor that left a lot of people with disability and pain. They're, they're using people's pain for profit. So that was part one, was to find these areas where a lot of people have, live in pain and have work injuries that have, they've carried for, in many cases, decades. And the other thing is, as I mentioned before, this very stretched,

• 48:01Speaker 01

  thin healthcare delivery system. I think that one of many things that people in cities don't understand is how hard it is for us to get to see doctors in the country. The county where I live for many years did not have, it's a big county too, we did not have one physician here who could deliver a baby, not one. We had to go to Tennessee. One of the characters in this novel, Dory, ends up having to quit school when her father is sick, her mother is dead, and her father is gravely ill, and she has to drive to get him to heart, lung specialists and the different doctors he has to see, you know, almost every week. She has to drive to another state. That's the case. I have driven with my kids

• 48:46Speaker 01

  to see specialists many times. I've driven to doctors who lived four or five hours away in the nearest city. This is something that's just, that we live with here. There are not enough physicians to meet our needs. And so you have to wait a long time to get into one, and that doctor. Doesn't have the chance to follow you up. He's got one chance to help your, in this case, terrible pain. And he's got this drug. I mean, they knew this was going to work. They knew that they would be able to pump into these counties, in many cases, more than one or two pills for every man, woman, and child in the county. I mean, the flow of these drugs into these counties in the very short time,

• 49:30Speaker 01

  the relatively few years that it was allowed, sort of before the whistle blew, is phenomenal. And once that addiction has begun, it doesn't go away after the drug is reformulated. The next step is heroin.

• 50:05Ezra Klein?

  One thing the book really emphasizes is both the protections, and I would also say the predations of community, something that is there in Lee County in the world of the book. I think also in many ways in real life, is a knowingness. Over and over again, a demon runs into people from his past or finds that there is a connection to somebody from his past. And it's like, well, that's Lee County for you. Everybody's connected to everybody. And there's both these moments of incredible grace in that, in the story you tell about him. And then also, I feel like this interesting dark side of it, where he's preyed upon by people in his community over and over again, or allowed to fall through the cracks over and over again, that the community is not able to be that protective

• 50:50Ezra Klein?

  and at times is even the source of the danger. So I'm curious how you thought about that, because it's clearly something that you love about the place. I mean, it comes through. But also something that you didn't allow that to be an easy answer. And many of the worst things done to him are done to him not by a faraway economic force, but somebody living right down the street.

• 51:11Speaker 01

  I think that's so much of the damage that happens is because of the way that community where he lives has become damaged and unraveled by the drug epidemic. But just to back up and talk more generally about community, something I, sort of a mantra for me in my teenage years, growing up in a real little town, was the great thing about community is everybody knows your business. And the thing that sucks about community is everybody knows your business. So if you're a teenager trying to do something that your parents don't know about, it's not gonna happen. They're gonna know. You're gonna have

• 51:52Speaker 01

  a flat tire and the guy that pulls up to help you is gonna tell your dad within minutes. If you make an enemy, you're gonna run into him again. It's a funny thing, and that's really Appalachian. We are people made of community, for better and for worse, but mostly, I'm gonna say, for better. You are your people. And when you meet somebody new for the first time and you sit down with them, the first conversation is always the same. I would title that conversation, "Who are your people?" You sit down and you talk about like, who, you know, like, who are you and what do you do? And then you just keep talking until you find out that like, your papa is related to their second cousin,

• 52:34Speaker 01

  or they worked together at one time, or you find that point of connection, and then you relax, and then you have whatever other conversation you're gonna have. But that's just how it is. We don't even think about it. We are just all aware of how we're related to each other. And for the most part, that's a rare and beautiful thing, I think, especially in the United States of America, which has become, since World War II, so mobile that it's very common for people to live in communities where they're not related to anybody. We know everybody. We live among our people and families function. When, when a family member gets taken out, there's a larger family to absorb.

• 53:17Speaker 01

  Up to a point, it really, it really works well. It's sort of our own, another level of our self sufficiency. You know, when there's, when somebody dies, everybody brings food. You know, your neighbors, you look everybody in the eye. You wet, when you, when you drive down the road, there's this way of waving that people put one finger up from the steering wheel. It's like everybody waves at everybody. And this comes through in the novel when Demon goes to the city and he, he feels like an alien. He feels invisible because nobody looks him in the eye. Nobody waves to him. Nobody looks at anybody. And his friend there, who's a city guy, says, well, they're saving their juice. You gotta save your juice.

• 54:00Speaker 01

  You can't just give it away to everybody because you have to save it for your own people. And if you gave it away to everybody, you saw it, you'd be done with your juice by nine o'clock in the morning. And so Demon ponders this and he realizes we in Appalachia are the juice economy. I mean, we, we give ourselves to everybody. We, you know, ladies get together on front porches and they make quilts to give to the girls in high school that are pregnant. That's a real thing. You know, ladies get together and make sack dinners to give to the kids at school that are going to go home for the weekend and not have any dinner. It is how I think we have adapted to these centuries of, of exploitation from the outside, just taking care of ourselves.

• 54:45Speaker 01

  And that's Mrs. Paget in the novel, who looks after Demon and knows more than he realizes about his situation. But it can only get you so far when you have something like, you know, on the level of this addiction crisis, cutting through whole generations of families, taking out so many people and also putting so many people in a position that they have to steal to live. It's the most tragic part of the whole story, I think, is what it has done to communities.

• 55:17Ezra Klein?

  You talked about, and you mentioned earlier, feeling like a bit of an ambassador between worlds here. And this book in particular, being a way of explaining where you come from and where you live to people who are in a very different world, who are picking up the latest Pulitzer Prize winner in fiction at the bookstore. If you were doing the ambassadordom in the other way, in the other direction, trying to communicate what's beautiful about cities, about some of these other parts of America, to the people you live with, or to the people you're describing in this book, what would you emphasize in the way that you emphasize community going in the current direction?

• 55:58Speaker 01

  I would talk about the value of the richness and the privilege of living among many people who are very, very different from you, who aren't related to you, who come from a different country. I mean, I just think about, for years and years, until she died, when I ever, I came to New York City, I stayed with my agent, Frances Golden, in her apartment on East 11th Street. And I just think about that part of New York City, the Lower East Side, and how I would just walk down the street and hear people speaking different languages and pass, you know, the Italian place and the Polish place.

• 56:42Speaker 01

  All of the world is there, and how much you can absorb from people who are not like you, who are white and not white, people of color, people of so many colors, people of so many orientations, people who are gay and straight and trans. And acceptance and comfort with difference comes with proximity. And that's something that's hard for us here because just as a product of history, of the settlement of this region, and the fact that there was really no good reason, after it was settled mainly by the Scots-Irish, there was no good reason, there were no employment opportunities or other reasons for people from outside, from other countries,

• 57:25Speaker 01

  people who are non-white, not white, to come here. So here we are, there's a whole lot more diversity in Appalachia than outsiders may think. We aren't a dull monoculture. But it's also possible to go to school, and as usual, to go to school with people who are mostly like you, mostly your race and your class and your caste. And so... One good thing about what kids get and what, well, and adults get from television is exposure to people who are different. But that's not the same as having a friend who's different from you. And so that's something that I wish we had more of here.

• 58:07Ezra Klein?

  I think it's a lovely place to end. So always our final question on the show. What are three books that have influenced you that you would recommend to the audience?

• 58:13Speaker 01

  I would choose two books that are Appalachian about my place. One of them is by Arwen Donahue. The full title is Landings: A Crooked Creek Farm Year. And it's, I love this book. It's a graphic memoir. It's not like most books you're going to see. She's an artist. So this book is a memoir of her year on her farm, which is in the county where I grew up. And every page is, on the left-hand side, a pen and ink watercolor drawing of a scene of a day of a life in her farm. And it's paired with really lovely prose that just describes their year on their small farm, growing vegetables for a farmer's market.

• 58:58Speaker 01

  And I said earlier that it's really rare to see descriptions of farming that are not either condescending or romanticized. This is neither. This is real. It's just a real look at what life is like for a family that's very attached to a piece of land and making their living from it. I recommend Beth Macy's follow-up to Dopesick, which is called Raising Lazarus. It's a great piece of journalism on where we are now with this epidemic and what can be done, what's being done, and what we need to do more of. And then the third is a novel that I just read that knocked my socks off, and it's nothing to do with where I live. It's actually set entirely in the ocean.

• 59:42Speaker 01

  It's called Pod by Laleen Paul. And it's set entirely in the ocean. It's not science fiction. It's realistic. It's set in the here and now, and none of the characters are human. I'll just tell you that. And it's fascinating.

• 1:00:00Ezra Klein?

  Barbara Kingsolver, thank you very much.

• 1:00:04Speaker 01

  You're welcome. Thanks for your interest.

• 1:00:16Ezra Klein?

  This episode of The Ezra Klans Show is produced by Annie Galvin, fact checking by Michelle Harris, Kate Sinclair, and Mary Marge Locker. Mixing by Sonia Herrera. Our senior editor is Roji Karma. The show's production team also includes Emma Fagau, Jeff Geld, Merlin Hu, and Kristin Lin. Original music is by Isaac Jones. Audience strategy by Christina Semeluski and Shannon Busta. The executive producer of New York Times Independent Audio is Annie Rose Strasser.