#239 The Wright Brothers

What I learned from rereading The Wright Brothers by David McCullough. ---- Get access to the World’s Most Valuable Notebook for Founders at Founders Notes.com ---- [3:40] Relentlessly Resourceful by Paul Graham [4:11] If I were running a startup, this would be the phrase I'd tape to the mirror. "Make something people want" is the destination, but "Be relentlessly resourceful" is how you get there. [5:35] Everybody engaged in complicated work needs colleagues. Just the discipline of having to put your thoughts in order with somebody else is a very useful thing. —Charlie Munger [6:44] No bird soars in a calm. [10:30] Neither ever chose to be anything other than himself. [11:36] Wilbur was a little bothered by what others might be thinking or saying. [11:46] What the two had in common above all was a unity of purpose and unyielding determination. [15:09] Every mind should be true to itself —should think, investigate and conclude for itself. [17:53] My Life in Advertising (Founders #170) [19:33] Overdrive: Bill Gates and the Race to Control Cyberspace (Founders #174) [19:39] Hard Drive: Bill Gates and the Making of the Microsoft Empire (Founders #140) [23:56] I wish to avail myself of all that is already known. [30:32] Like the inspiring lectures of a great professor, the book had opened his eyes and started him thinking in ways he never had. [34:29] In no way did any of this discourage or deter Wilbur and Orville Wright, any more than the fact that they had had no college education, no formal technical training, no experience working with anyone other than themselves, no friends in high places, no financial backers, no government subsidies, and little money of their own. Or the entirely real possibility that at some point, like Otto Lilienthal, they could be killed. [36:07] When once this idea has invaded the brain it possesses it exclusively. [38:23] I’ve never found anybody that didn’t want to help me if I asked them for help. I called up Bill Hewlett when I was 12 years old. He answered the phone himself. I told him I wanted to build a frequency counter. I asked if he had any spare parts I could have. He laughed. He gave me the parts. And he gave me a summer job at HP working on the assembly line putting together frequency counters. I have never found anyone who said no, or hung up the phone. I just ask. Most people never pick up the phone and call. And that is what separates the people who do things, versus the people who just dream about them. You have to act. —Steve Jobs [41:47] You wanted to start a company. You knew that it was going to be hard. What are you complaining for? [42:17] Jay Z: Decoded (Founders #238) [42:56] They had their whole heart and soul in what they were doing. [46:28] You should follow your energy. [53:49] The Wright brothers have blinders on mentality. They don't care what other people say. They just say I'm working at this. I don't care what other people think. [54:16] The brothers proceeded entirely on their own and in their own way. [58:21] This is the blueprint they are using: Test. Iterate. Test. Iterate. Work long hours. Concentrate and ignore the naysayers. [1:00:31] Wilbur was always ready to jump into an argument with both sleeves rolled up. He believed in a good scrap. He believed it brought out new ways of looking at things and helped round off corners. [1:00:57] Amazon Unbound: Jeff Bezos and the Invention of a Global Empire (Founders #180) [1:02:26] Pour gasoline on promising sparks. [1:04:14] It is very bad policy to ask one flying machine man, about the experiments of another, because every flying machine man thinks that his method is the correct one. [1:08:46] Stephen King On Writing: A Memoir of the Craft (Founders #210) [1:10:26] They were always thinking of the next thing to do. They didn't waste much time worrying about the past. [1:11:05] Look around, just about any person or entity achieving at a high level has the same focus. The morning after Tiger Woods rallied to beat Phil Mickelson at the Ford Championship in 2005, he was in the gym by 6:30 to work out. No lights. No cameras. No glitz or glamour. Uncompromised. — Driven From Within (Founders #213) [1:12:56] They would have to learn to accommodate themselves to the circumstances. [1:20:42] The best dividends on labor invested have invariably come from seeking more knowledge rather than more power. [1:27:37] He went his way always in his own way. [1:31:45] A man who works for the immediate present and its immediate rewards is nothing but a fool. ---- Get access to the World’s Most Valuable Notebook for Founders at Founders Notes.com ---- “I have listened to every episode released and look forward to every episode that comes out. The only criticism I would have is that after each podcast I usually want to buy the book because I am interested, so my poor wallet suffers. ” — Gareth Be like Gareth. Buy a book: All the books featured on Founders Podcast ---- Founders Notes gives you the ability to tap into the collective knowledge of history's greatest entrepreneurs on demand. Use it to supplement the decisions you make in your work. Get access to Founders Notes here. ---- “I have listened to every episode released and look forward to every episode that comes out. The only criticism I would have is that after each podcast I usually want to buy the book because I am interested so my poor wallet suffers. ” — Gareth Be like Gareth. Buy a book: All the books featured on Founders Podcast

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00David Senra?

  At exactly 10:35, Orville slipped the rope restraining the flyer and it headed forward. At the end of the track, the flyer lifted into the air and Daniels, who had never operated a camera until then, snapped the shutter to take what would become one of the most historic photographs of the century. The course of the flight, in Orville's words, was extremely erratic. The flyer rose, dipped down, rose again, bounced, and dipped again like a bucking bronco. The distance flown had been 120 feet. The total time airborne was approximately 12 seconds. "Were you scared?" Orville would be asked. "Scared?" He said with a smile.

• 0:45David Senra?

  "There wasn't time. It was only a flight of 12 seconds," he said, "and it was an uncertain, wavy, creeping sort of flight at best, but it was a real flight at last." Wilbur took a turn and went off like a bird for 175 feet. Orville went again, flying 200 feet. Then, on the fourth test, Wilbur flew through the air in a distance of 852 feet over the ground in 59 seconds. It had taken four years. They had endured violent storms, accidents, one disappointment after another, public indifference and ridicule, and clouds of demon mosquitoes.

• 1:27David Senra?

  To get to and from their remote sand dune testing ground, they had made five round trips from Ohio, a total of 7,000 miles by train, all to fly a little more than half a mile. No matter, they had done it. Success it most certainly was, and more. What had transpired that day in 1903, in the stiff winds and cold of the Outer Banks, in less than two hours' time, was one of the turning points in history. The beginning of change for the world far greater than any of those present could possibly have imagined. Being the kind of men they were, neither ever said the stunning contrast between their success and Samuel Langley's full-scale failure just days before.

• 2:15David Senra?

  Langley's project had cost nearly $70,000, the greater part of it public money. Whereas the Wright Brothers' total expenses for everything from 1900 to 1903, including the materials and travel to and from Kitty Hawk, came to a little less than $1,000, a sum paid entirely from the modest profits of their bicycle business. Of those who had been eyewitnesses, John T. Daniels was the most effusive about what he had felt. "I like to think about that first airplane," he said, "the way it sailed off in the air, as pretty as any bird you ever laid your eyes on, and I don't think I ever saw a prettier sight in my life.

• 2:57David Senra?

  But it would have never happened," Daniels stressed, "had it not been for the two workingest boys he ever met. It wasn't luck that made them fly. It was hard work and common sense. They put their whole heart and soul and all of their energy into an idea, and they had faith." That is an excerpt from the book that I just reread and the one I'm going to talk to you about today, which is The Wright Brothers, and it was written by David McCullough. I read this book for the first time four years ago, and I actually did a podcast, it's Founder's Number 28 on it, and I wanted to reread it because I think it's the single best illustration of this idea that I learned from Paul Graham. Paul Graham is a prolific writer, he's also the founder of Y Combinator, and his website's just fantastic because he's got all these great essays.

• 3:40David Senra?

  And he wrote an essay back in 2009, and I just want to read the first paragraph and the last paragraph. I'll also leave it in the show notes in case you haven't read it, it's fantastic. And Paul has seen a ton of startup founders through his mentorship and his vestment, so I think that adds some weight onto his opinion, onto his words, what he's about to say here. And he says, "A couple of days ago, I finally got being a good startup founder down to two words: relentlessly resourceful." So that's the first paragraph, this is the last paragraph. "You can even use it tactically. If I were running a startup, this would be the phrase I'd tape to the mirror. 'Make something people want' is the destination, but 'be relentlessly resourceful' is how you get there."

• 4:25David Senra?

  And that excerpt I just read to you is a great example of that. The Wright brothers solved an ancient problem through their own work and research for less than $1,000. And they couldn't have done that unless they were relentlessly resourceful.

• 4:56David Senra?

  And two quick things before I jump back into the book. If you want to buy a gift subscription for somebody else, that link is down below in the show notes on your podcast player. It is also available at founderspodcast.com. In the early days of Amazon, Jeff Bezos talked about the importance of having a shared base of knowledge with your coworkers. And so Jeff and all the early executives at Amazon would actually read the same books. And so companies are also doing that with founders. They're buying gift subscriptions to founders for the founding team and the executives. And that's one use case that I'm seeing pop up over and over again. So I just wanted to bring it to your attention in case you wanted to do that at your company as well. And the second thing, real quick, is a combination of an idea from Charlie Munger and Marc Andreessen. Charlie Munger has this quote in the book Damn Right, which I covered back on Founders, number 221. And he says, "Everybody engaged in complicated work needs colleagues.

• 5:39David Senra?

  Just the discipline of having to put your thoughts in order with somebody else is a very useful thing." And then Marc Andreessen talks about the fact that he's read hundreds of biographies. And he says what that allows him to do is to build little mental models and to stress test his own ideas. So when he's presented with a decision, he'll say, "Okay, what would Elon Musk do in this situation? What would Henry Ford do in this situation? What would Steve Jobs do in this situation?" And I think a combination of those two ideas is a very common thought that most founders have. And I know this because a lot of founders get in touch with me and ask, "Hey, is there a way I can talk to you to kind of bounce this idea that I'm dealing with in my business off of what you've learned about the history of entrepreneurship?" And so I get more of these requests than I have time to accommodate. And so I decided to make it a service. If you're interested in organizing your thoughts, or if you want to stress test your ideas

• 6:24David Senra?

  against what I've learned, there's a link down below. Same thing. It's in the, everything, all the links that I mentioned are in the show notes on your podcast player. They're also available at founderspodcast.com. Okay, so let me get back into the book. The book starts with a fantastic quote, and there's a bunch of great one-liners in here. Some of which I've never forgotten in the four years since I read it. The very first page, it says, this is a quote by Wilbur Wright, and it says, "No bird soars in a calm." So I just want to read two paragraphs from you. They come from the prologue. And it says, "According to the brothers, Wilbur and Orville Wright, their fascination with flight began with them with a toy. It was a small helicopter that was brought home by their father, Bishop Wright. Their father was a great believer in the educational value of toys." And so the two most important characters in the book are obviously Wilbur and Orville Wright.

• 7:09David Senra?

  I would say their father, and I'm going to speak a lot more about him today. Their father is the next most important character in the story. He's somebody I greatly admire, and you'll see why. It says, "Orville," now this is the second paragraph, this is crazy. "Orville's first grade teacher would remember him at his desk tinkering with bits of wood. Asked what he was up to, he told her he was making a machine of a kind that he and his brother were going to fly someday." Okay, so I want to get in the first chapter. I want to talk about their personality traits. I just reread a bunch of my highlights. Obviously, I'm going to talk about both Wright brothers today. The one I admire the most, the one that I kept writing on the notes and in the margins of a person that I want to copy, a trait, like they have trait, he had a trait that I want, or I want to emulate, is Wilbur.

• 7:53David Senra?

  So a lot of my, and he's kind of like the leader of the two Wright brothers, although they're both very, very important. But you're going to hear me talk about him a lot today. First, they talk about this photograph where it shows the entire Wright, the entire family. There are brothers, there's sister, there's dad. And it says, "What was most uncharacteristic about the picture is that they," meaning Orville and Wilbur, "sit doing nothing, something they almost never succumb to. The two were remarkably self-contained. They were ever-industrious, and they were virtually inseparable. They were also indispensable to each other." They were brothers and partners in every single sense of the word. And you'll see that here. They lived in the same house. They worked together six days a week. They ate their meals together.

• 8:38David Senra?

  They kept their money in a joint bank account. They even thought together. And that, quote, "they even thought together," was something that Wilbur said about him and his brother. The brothers had tremendous energy. So again, going right into, if you saw the margins in this book. Oh, so something I did, whenever I reread a book, sometimes I buy a new copy, sometimes I reread the copy that I had previously highlighted and annotated. I don't have a rhyme or reason to this, but for this thing, for this time around, I just decided to buy a fresh paperback copy. And so that's what I'm working off of. And if you could see the paperback that I have in my hand, like, in the margins over and over again, it's like, I want this trait, I want to be that way, over and over again. And it says, "The brothers had tremendous energy, working hard every day, but Sunday was a way of life. Hard work was a conviction.

• 9:19David Senra?

  And they were at their best and happiest, working together on their own projects." And then it's going to get into how they worked. This is the first mention of something that's repeated over and over again, and something we've seen with Jeff Bezos, with Steve Jobs, Edwin Land. There is, Ed Catmull, even the founder of Pixar, said the same thing. There is a benefit to the conflict, internal conflict can actually produce better results than just seeking internal harmony. And I'll go into more detail later on, but this is the first example of that. Not that things always went smoothly. They could be highly demanding and critical of each other. They could disagree to the point of shouting. At times, after an hour or more of heated argument, they would find themselves as far from agreement as when they started. Now, this is crazy.

• 10:01David Senra?

  Except that each had changed to the other's original position. And there's examples of the book of that. They'll have a big argument overnight. The next morning, they come in, and usually they have, they're working with other people, like this guy Charlie Taylor, who helped them with the engines of the first airplane. They'd walk in and say, and Wilbur would say, you know what, I've been thinking about it, Orville's right, let's do it his way. A few minutes later, Orville would walk in, be like, you know, I was thinking about it, Wilbur's right, let's do it his way. So that example is, like, they'd start off in opposition, then completely switch. And then, this is just fantastic, I double underline this sentence, "Neither ever chose to be anything other than himself." In a number of ways, they were unidentical twins. Orville moved at a more or less normal pace.

• 10:43David Senra?

  Wilbur was tremendously active of movement, walking always with a long, rapid stride. Wilbur was more serious by nature, more studious and more reflective. His memory of what he had seen and heard, and so much of what he had read, was astonishing. Such were Wilbur's powers of concentration that to some, he seemed a little strange. He definitely lived inside of his own head. This example of that, the strongest impression one gets of Wilbur Wright, said an old schoolmate, is of a man who lives largely in a world of his own. Wilbur also had an unusual presence and remained imperturbable under almost any circumstance. Never rattled, his father was proud to say. He was an exceptional public speaker and lucid writer, which seemed out of context for someone often so silent.

• 11:28David Senra?

  His remarks were articulate, to the point, and quite often memorable. And these just positive personality traits continues on the next page. Wilbur was little bothered by what others might be thinking or saying. They were always perfect gentlemen, naturally courteous to all. They never drank hard liquor, nor smoked or gambled. What the two had in common above all was a unity of purpose and unyielding determination. They had set themselves on a mission. And then we get to the father, their father Bishop Wright, who I mentioned earlier. And the note I left myself is the Wright brothers were blessed with a great, great father. It's almost like if you had a Charlie Munger or Benjamin Franklin as your dad and he would just pepper you with little maxims and guides for life.

• 12:13David Senra?

  He does this throughout the book and a lot of the things he says are pretty memorable, so much so that they quote him for years, or at least Orville quotes him for years after he dies, because unfortunately Bishop Wright outlives Wilbur. Wilbur dies of typhoid fever, rather young, at 45 years old. So it says, "From wide reading and observations of life," he, meaning Bishop Wright, the dad, "had acquired what seemed an inexhaustible supply of advice on behavior, habits, good and bad habits, things to be aware of in life, and goals to strive for. At home, he preached courage and good character." Worthy, finding a worthy purpose and perseverance. So, these are all things that they listened to the lessons and they kind of ran with it.

• 12:56David Senra?

  Providing guidelines he understood to be, providing guidelines he understood to be part of a father's duty. And then he says, "Make business first, pleasure afterward, and that guarded. All the money anyone needs is just enough to prevent one from being a burden on others." And he also set a fantastic example for the entire family because the entire family, everybody, read all the time. A lot of the motivations to become obsessed with solving this, the problem of Howard Flight comes from a lot of the books they were reading. So, it says, "The brothers were well into their twenties before there was running water or plumbing in the house." So, they had to go, there was an outhouse out back, that's where they'd go to the bathroom, and there was no electricity.

• 13:41David Senra?

  The Wright family book collection, however, so it's talking about like they grew up in really like a modest, in modest circumstances. The father did not have a lot of money, but the little money he did have, he would spend on books. And he says, "The Wright, the Wright family book collection, however, was neither modest nor commonplace. Bishop Wright, a lifelong lover of books, heartily championed the limitless value of reading." That is a fantastic way to put reading. It is of limitless value. Between formal education at school and informal education at home, it would seem that he would put, that he put more value on the latter. He was never overly concerned about his children's attendance at school. If one or the other of them thought, chose to miss a day or two for some project or

• 14:25David Senra?

  interest he thought worthy, it was all right by him. And certainly, he ranked reading as worthy. Everyone in the house read all the time. Wilbur read just about everything, but he had a particular love of history. And then the father would quote some lines from books, lines that stuck out as like little maxims for, to guide them throughout life, which is absolutely fantastic. It's kind of similar to what you and I are doing with these books, right? And so, they're quoting from a book and says, "Every mind should be..." This is such a great, think about, let me read it to you. No, you know what, let me, think about... A father telling his children this, and unfortunately their mother dies rather young. I forgot what kind of, some kind of disease. I don't think it was typhoid fever.

• 15:07David Senra?

  I can't remember exactly. So it says, "Every mind should be true to itself, should think, investigate, and conclude for itself." That is a line that becomes extremely important because it's not like the Wright brothers were the only people attempting to solve this problem. David McCullough, the author of this book, does a fantastic job of just kind of summarizing, you know, this is a problem that humans had fantasized about for thousands of years, that it attempted to solve for thousands of years. And so let me read that line again. "Every mind should be true to itself. It should think, investigate, and conclude for itself." What you and I would refer to that as shorthand is like, we need to be capable of independent thinking, something that obviously comes up a lot in these stories

• 15:51David Senra?

  that you and I go over. And so the note I left myself on that previous page was, "They were blessed with a great father. They also knew that they were blessed with a great father." And it says, "Years later, a friend told Orville that he and his brother would always stand as an example of how far Americans with no special advantages could advance in the world." So what they're talking about is the fact that they didn't have a lot of money. But Orville's like, "Yeah, but I had non-monetary benefits." "But this isn't true," Orville responded emphatically, "to say that we had no special advantages. The greatest thing in our favor was growing up in a family where there was always much encouragement to intellectual curiosity, the encouragement to be independent thinkers, and then to also that you can go out and you can do things for yourself." They put this to practice

• 16:33David Senra?

  really early. They're resourceful and industrious from a very early age. They start their own print shop. So it says, well, let me just read it to you. "While they're still in high school, Orville started his own print shop in the carriage shed behind the house." This is crazy. Listen to this sentence. "He designed and built his own printing press using a discarded tombstone, a buggy spring, and scrap metal. With the help of Wilbur, he began publishing a newspaper called The West Side News, which is devoted to the going-ons and interests of their part of Dayton, Ohio." So they're making a little money from selling ads. They would just talk about the noose in their little town. It says, "Now and then, the brothers would include items from other publications that they judged worthy of their readers' attention." And so this is a quote. They read this, they liked it, so they put it in.

• 17:18David Senra?

  There's two paragraphs they wanted their readers to know. "Do not wait for the boy to grow up before you begin to treat him as an equal. A proper amount of confidence and words of encouragement and advice," this sounds like exactly what their father did to them, "give him to understand that you trust him in many ways. It helps to make a man of him long before he is a man in either stature or years. If a boy finds he can find a few articles with his hands..." Excuse me. "If a boy finds he can make a few articles with his hands." And so, this is, they're writing this around the late 1800s, early 1900s. Claude Hopkins, I did the podcast on him, that probably history's greatest copywriter, I think it was like Founder's Number 170. He uses that word, that word "articles" too. "It's not what you and I think of articles.

• 18:01David Senra?

  It's not written, it's something like, really, you can substitute for like products, making something." So it says, "If a boy can find he can make a few products with his hands, it tends to make him rely on himself. And the planning that is necessary for the execution of the work is a discipline and an education of great value to him." So that sounds exactly what, essentially, they're giving advice, they're reprinting advice, that sounds what their father did for them. "With the paper showing some profit, Orville moved the business to a rented space, and Wilbur, who was now 22, was prominently listed as the editor." So that was their first business. Their second business is gonna, is gonna come from the fact that, at this point in history, the bicycle was taking over. It was like, it was an absolute phenomenon, and it spread like wildfire. So it says, "Bicycles had become the sensation of the time.

• 18:46David Senra?

  It was a craze everywhere." You can kind of think about this as like the internet in our day. "The bicycle was proclaimed to be a boon to all mankind, a thing of beauty, good for the spirits, good for health and vitality, and indeed one's whole outlook on life." And it just goes into more detail, just how, how, went from essentially like zero to 100 in no time. And so the Wright brothers spotted an opportunity, like, okay, we're gonna, we can manufacture, like, they can build anything. They're extremely resourceful. It says, "In the spring of 1893, Wilbur and Orville opened their own small bicycle business, the Wright Cycle Exchange, they called it, and they started selling and repairing bicycles." And I'm not sure why, but now, obviously, I've read, what, 230 books since the last time I read this book. And there's something about that paragraph that made me think of

• 19:31David Senra?

  what Bill Gates said. Back on Founders, number 174, I read this book called Overdrive. It's the sequel to Bill Gates' biography called Hard Drive. And in Overdrive, it talks about how Bill Gates kind of missed the Internet. And so I just want to read one paragraph from that book, Overdrive. It says, "Finally, the Internet had the attention of the man in charge of the biggest and most powerful software company on the planet. But that was just about all. Microsoft still had not started to develop a business and technical strategy for responding to this phenomenon. It would be more than a year before Gates fully acknowledged the importance of the Internet and decreed all of Microsoft's considerable brain and firepower be directed at the most serious challenge the company had ever faced."

• 20:13David Senra?

  So he was slow to the realization, but once he realized it, he put all the force and essentially turned Microsoft on a dime. He says something in that book later on, though, that really is the main point of why I read that, is that you can never fight against a phenomenon as powerful, something like the bicycle craze in the Wright's day or the Internet in our day, that you don't fight against it, that you should use it to your benefit. So they open up their business, they start doing well, but that attracts a lot of attention. A lot of other people start building bicycle shops, so they have a lot more competition that's going to draw down, lower their profits, obviously. And this is where we see that Wilber has this tendency in his life to kind of take a pause and be like, hey, I'm not actually sure I'm on the right track here. And it says, "Business remained good, but

• 20:58David Senra?

  with the opening of more bicycle shops in town, competition kept growing. When sales grew slack, Wilber turned conspicuously restless, uncertain of what to make of his life. He had long thought he'd like to be a teacher, which he thought was an honorable pursuit. He had no knack for business, he decided." Now, this is hilarious that he says this, remember this later on. Because they also reference this, after they've invented and they're starting to sell airplanes, he's actually having to learn how to be an entrepreneur at the highest levels on the fly. And they reference this, what he's about to say here, how he previously doubted that he could actually even, like, he's not, he's like, "I don't have any business skills." Turns out, he does. He just didn't know so, that he didn't know he had those skills. He had no knack for business, he decided. He felt ill-suited for it.

• 21:39David Senra?

  Now, he says, "I do not think I am fitted for success in any commercial pursuit. I might make a living, but I doubt whether I would ever do much more than that." And so, he writes this long letter, and just basically putting down his thoughts on what it would take to be successful in business. "In business, it is the aggressive man who continually has his eye on his own interest who succeeds. No man has ever been successful in business who was not aggressive, self-assertive, and even a little bit selfish, perhaps. There's nothing reprehensible in an aggressive disposition, so long as it is not carried to excess. For such men make the world and its affairs move. We have all done, we have done reasonably well, better, in fact, than the average man, perhaps,

• 22:22David Senra?

  but not one of us has yet made particular use of the talent in which he excels other men. That is why our success has only been moderate." So, that's actually really wise that he actually put this. It's like, we've done better than average, but we haven't lived up to our full potential and full capability because we haven't picked a market, we haven't picked a product, we haven't picked an endeavor which actually makes use of our particular talent, the talent that we possess greater than every other person. He's not doing that in the bicycle business. They do do that in the airplane business, or the creation of the airplane business is another way to think about it. So, this went on for a little bit, but then it says, "Then sales at the company picked up again, to the point where they were selling about 150 bicycles a year, and Wilbur stayed with it."

• 23:07David Senra?

  Okay, so while they're running their bicycle business, Orville, who's 25 years old, he gets sick with typhoid fever. And this is extremely deadly at this point. They were worried he was going to die. So, he's very close to death. So, they're trying, the entire family's trying to nurse him back to health. And this is when they start reading in earnest about all the other work that has preceded them, because they want to, they want to build on the work of the great people that came before them, right? And so, he's going to write, Wilbur is going to write this, one of the most famous letters in history. It's to the Smithsonian Institute, requesting all the materials they have on powered flight. And this happens in the year 1899, so I'm gonna read this to you. I want to read one quote before I get to that letter that Wilbur writes in that letter.

• 23:51David Senra?

  And one thing is for sure, if Wilbur Wright was alive today, he would definitely subscribe to Founders. He says, "I wish to avail myself of all that is already known. I wish to avail myself of all that is already known. So, please, send me the information that I need for what these people accomplished before I was even alive. I'm gonna read everything, and I'm gonna build on where they left off." It says, "During this time, Wilbur had begun reading about the German glider enthusiast Otto Lilienthal, who had recently been killed in an accident. Much that he read, he read aloud to Orville." So, he's reading to his brother while his brother is trying to recuperate from typhoid fever. And so, you could think about this guy Otto as like their blueprint, the first version of their blueprint.

• 24:32David Senra?

  Otto was a manufacturer of small steam engines and a mining engineer by training. Lilienthal had started gliding as early as 1869, and from the start, so 30 years before they're reading about him. And from the start, he had been joined in his aviation experiments by his younger brother. "He took his lessons from the birds," Otto said. "What we are seeking," and he's talking about the problem that he's trying to solve, and he's just one person in a long line of human history that's trying to solve this problem. "What we are seeking is the means of free motion in the air in any direction." Over the years, Lilienthal had designed and built more than a dozen different gliders. Lilienthal would position himself on a steep slope, the wings above his head. There's some pictures on the internet of this and one picture in the book.

• 25:17David Senra?

  It just looks wild, what this guy's doing. "He stood like an athlete, waiting for the starting pistol. Then he would run down the slope and into the wind." This is also how he's gonna die. "In 1894, Lilienthal had crashed, but he lived to tell the tale. Then, two years later, he crashed again, falling from an altitude of 50 feet. He died of a broken spine at the age of 48." And so they're reading his writing and he's essentially from the grave. I mean, he wrote the words, obviously, before he died. He didn't know that was going to happen to him. But he's saying, no matter what, we have to carry on this work. And this is Lilienthal writing. "It must not remain our desire only to acquire the art of the bird.

• 25:57David Senra?

  It is our duty not to rest until we have attained a perfect scientific conception of the problem of flight." And so, very interesting. When they start, when they start building their, they call them flyers, but like the very primitive, the very first airplanes, very primitive versions of airplanes. Wilbur and Orville make a pact where they're like, listen, we cannot fly together because we have a very real possibility that one of us is going to die. In fact, Orville has experienced one of the first plane crashes. He falls from 75 feet and survives. His passenger winds up dying. But basically, they're saying, hey, we can't fly together because we have a very real possibility that we may die. And if one of us dies, the other person has to be alive to continue on the work.

• 26:42David Senra?

  So when McCullough says, like, they were engaged in a mission, he means that in every sense of the word. And so, this is their surprising reaction to Lilienthal's death. "News of Lilienthal's death," Wilbur later wrote, "aroused in him as nothing had an interest that had remained passive from childhood." His reading on the flights of birds became intense. That's a great word there because this guy goes ham. He reads every single book he can possibly find on birds. They call it aerial motion, I think, is the term. I'm going to get to that here. No, aerial locomotion, excuse me. So it says, "Aerial locomotion has always excited the strongest curiosity among mankind."

• 27:27David Senra?

  So that is a line from this book. He's reading this thing called Animal Mechanism. It was written by a lot of these names, I'm going to butcher and mispronounce today. For some reason, the French had like extensive interest and they probably had the largest collection of like aviation literature before the invention of the airplane than any other country. So this book was actually written, it's about like the motion of birds. It was written by a French physician. I'm not even going to try to pronounce the person's name. But he says, "Aerial locomotion has always excited the strongest curiosity among mankind." So essentially, he's saying that at the very introduction of the book. He's telling us, listen, this is an ancient unsolved problem. And so, that is why I think, in my opinion, this book that I'm holding in my hand, it should be in every single founder's, every single entrepreneur's library. Less than 300 pages.

• 28:12David Senra?

  It tells the story of two resourceful brothers with not a lot of money, no education, no connections, going up against the best well-funded and famous competition. You're talking, and I'll get to that later, but like Alexander Graham Bell was going after this problem. Here, Maxum, Thomas Edison, the Smithsonian Institute, all of them had 100, 200, 300 times the resources of the Wright Brothers. And they're going after an ancient unsolved problem, and the Wright Brothers are the ones that figure out how to do it. It's extremely, extremely inspiring. So now he picks up another book. Listen to the title. Animal Locomotion: Our Walking, Swimming, and Flying with a Dissertation on Aeronautics.

• 28:56David Senra?

  So says, "For most readers, the title alone would have been too daunting. For Wilbur, the book was exactly what he needed." This is, everything I'm about to read to you is just the example of him being inspired. Like, you cannot put a price on inspiration. It's extremely powerful for human beings. He's inspired by what he read. And so this guy's name is Pettigrew. So Pettigrew's gonna say, right here, for Wilbur, this is why, so Wilbur's reading Pettigrew's words, and this is why, it was just right at the, like, the perfect timing for him. And Pettigrew says, "Those authors who regard artificial flight as impractical remark that the land supports the quadrants, the people that walk on feet, and the water, the fish. This is quite true, but it's equally true that the air supports the bird.

• 29:39David Senra?

  Of all the animal movements, flight is indisputably the finest. The fact that a creature, can by the unaided movements of its own wings, urge itself through the air with the speed of a cannonball, fills the mind with wonder." So this guy's a straight-up evangelist. And so that's the way to think about what's happening. Wilbur has picked up, he's having a one-sided conversation. I'm pretty sure the guy's long dead. His name is J. Bell Pettigrew. He is having, and when you pick up a book and you're reading somebody's words, you're having a one-sided conversation with them. He's having a one-sided conversation with his version of the eminent dead, to quote Charlie Munger, right? And this evangelist from the other side of the grave.

• 30:20David Senra?

  Is firing Wilbur, full of a passion to go after this very difficult but worthy problem. Wilbur was drawn upon and, and Wilbur was to draw upon and quote, "pedagogo" for years. Like the inspiring lectures of a great professor, the book had opened his eyes and started him thinking in ways he never had. And so this is where Wilbur asks for help. He says, "Okay, I'm gonna build on where everybody, other people left off. I have a couple of books in my, you know, my library that happen to have in Ohio. I'm sure the Smithsonian Institute has more, like, I need to, to ask them for help." Wilbur would write one of the most important letters of his life. Given all that it set in motion, it was one of the most important letters in history.

• 31:02David Senra?

  Addressed to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, it filled not quite two sheets. "I have been interested in the problem of mechanical and human flight ever since a boy. My observations since then have only convinced me more firmly that human flight is possible and practical, practical, excuse me. I am about to begin a systematic study of the subject in preparation for practical work to which I expect to devote what time I can spare from my regular business. I wish to obtain such papers as the Smithsonian Institution has published on this subject, and if possible, a list of other works in print in the English language. I am an enthusiast, but not a crank, in the sense that I have some pet theories as

• 31:47David Senra?

  to the proper construction of a flying machine." So then it continues, it says, "He and Orville had both began studying in earnest. Especially helpful were the writings of Octave Shan-" I'm, I know I'm butchering these people's names, by the way, but this guy becomes extremely important. He's like a generation older than the Wright brothers, and he's been working on this problem for extreme, a long time, and they wind up becoming friends and collaborators. "Especially helpful were the writings of Octave Chanute, a celebrated French-born American civil engineer, builder of bridges and railroads, who had made gliders, uh, who, who had made gliders." And then there's this other guy named Samuel Langley, who I also mentioned, that's the guy that I mentioned at the earlier, who had spent $70,000 of public money and was unable to do what the Wright Brothers

• 32:32David Senra?

  did with just $1,000, their modest profits and their modest business. The writings of Octave Chanute were helpful, and so were the writings of Samuel Langley, who was an astronomer and the head of the Smithsonian. Langley was one of the most respected scientists. So the reason I'm reading this, too, is because you think about, like, no one knows who the Wright Brothers are. They're doing all this research and all this work in private, in their home and their bicycle shop in Ohio, and they're attempting to accomplish the same thing that all these people I'm about to read to you, these very formidable people that have way more resources and access to funding and fame and media and all the things that the Wright Brothers do not. So it says, "Langley was one of the most respected scientists in the nation.

• 33:14David Senra?

  His efforts in recent years were backed by substantial funding. It had resulted in him building a strange-looking steam-powered aerodome," as he called it. "It had the look of a monstrous dragonfly, and it was launched by catapult, and it never, every time he launched, it just fell right into the river." Along with Lilienthal, Chanute, and Langley, numbers of other, among the most prominent engineers, scientists, and original thinkers of the 19th century, had been working on the problem of controlled flight, including Sir George Kayleigh, Sir Hero Maxim, who was the inventor of the machine gun, Alexander Graham Bell, and Thomas Edison. None had succeeded.

• 33:55David Senra?

  Hero Maxim had reportedly spent $100,000 of his own money on a giant steam-powered, pilotless flying machine, only to see it crash while it attempted to take off. So that's 100 grand, now Maxim spent, $70,000 that Langley spent. Alexander Graham Bell has set up an entire company for this. So like, you're talking about, and this is in, you know, $1,800, $1,900, so millions upon millions upon millions of dollars compared to the $1,000 that the Wright Brothers are going to spend over three years to solve the problem. And that leads to what may be my single favorite paragraph in the entire book. This is fantastic. "In no way did any of this discourage or deter Wilbur and Orville Wright."

• 34:40David Senra?

  Any more than the fact that they had no college education, no formal technical training, no experience working with anyone other than themselves, no friends in high places, no financial backers, no government subsidies, and little money of their own, are the entirely real possibility that at some point, like Otto Lilienthal, they could be killed. So the Smithsonian Institute sends them a bunch of paper, like, a bunch of research and some books. And one of the books is extremely important because Wilbur finds another evangelist, another evangelist for aviation. So again, he is a missionary zeal applied to this very difficult problem, and he's

• 35:22David Senra?

  being fired on by the words and the work of the people that came before him. This is so important. This is why it's so essential to pick the right heroes. Among the material that the Smithsonian provided him was an English translation of a book titled, I'm going to give you the, it's in, obviously, in French again, it's called "The Empire of Air," and it was written by this guy named Moliard. So this is written by a French farmer, poet, and student of flight, Moliard. "Nothing Wilbur had yet read so affected him. He would long consider it, quote, 'one of the most remarkable pieces of aeronautical literature ever published.'" For Wilbur, flight had become a cause, and Moliard, one of the great missionaries of the cause. At the start of his empire of air, Moliard gave fair warning.

• 36:06David Senra?

  And this is such, this is a perfect sentence because it exactly describes what is happening to the Wright brothers at this time. "When once this idea has invaded the brain," meaning trying to fly, "when once this idea has invaded the brain, it possesses it exclusively." And so they even say so themselves. "For Wilbur and Orville, the dream had taken hold. The works of Llinthal and Moliard, the brothers were to test, had infected us with their own unquestionable enthusiasm and transformed idle curiosity into the active zeal of workers. They would design and build their own experimental glider kite, drawing on much what they had

• 36:47David Senra?

  read, much they had observed about birds in flight, and importantly, from considerable time thinking." And so not only are they reading the work of people like Muyard and some of the people that are still alive, like Octave Chanute, they wind up contacting the people that are still alive. This is really smart, and this is going to remind me of something that the advice that Steve Jobs gave, and he says, "Most people never do it." I'll get to that in a minute. So it says, "In 1900, Wilbur wrote a letter to Octave Chanute, the first letter to the eminent engineer, asking for advice on a location where he might conduct flying experiments. He needed somewhere where sufficient winds could be counted on. There was-- the only such sites he knew of, Chanute replied, were in California and Florida, but both were deficient in sand hills required for soft landing. Wilbur might do better, he suggested, along the coast of South Carolina or Georgia."

• 37:32David Senra?

  So Wilbur takes that idea, he's like, "Okay." So he does something smart. He's like, "All right." In the answer to that inquiry, Wilbur sent a letter to the United States Weather Bureau in Washington, and he was asking about prevailing winds around the country. They then provided the Wright Brothers extensive records of monthly wind velocities at more than 100 Weather Bureau stations, enough for them to take particular interest in a remote spot on the outer banks of North Carolina called Kitty Hawk. To be certain Kitty Hawk was the right choice, Wilbur wrote again to the head of the Weather Bureau Station there, who answered reassuringly about steady winds and sand beaches." And I wrote in the margins, after seeing everything they did here, this sequence, which was

• 38:16David Senra?

  really smart, I was like, "These guys are not dummies." Now, what did I mean by asking for help, what Steve Jobs said? I'm going to read a quote that I took notes on. This talk Steve Jobs gave, I think he was-- I think this is in between his time of-- in between his two stints at Apple, when he was still working at Next. And he says something that's fantastic. And so this is his exact quote, "I never found anybody that didn't want to help me if I asked them for help. I called up Bill Hewlett when I was 12 years old. He answered the phone himself, so that's one of the co-founders of HP, obviously. I told him I wanted to build a frequency counter. I asked him if he had any spare parts I could have. He laughed, and he gave me the parts. And then he gave me a summer job at HP, working on the assembly line, putting together frequency counters."

• 39:01David Senra?

  Remember, Steve Jobs was 12. I have never found, and this is the important part. I have never found anyone who said no or hung up the phone. I just ask. Most people never pick up the phone and call. And that is what separates the people who do things versus the people who just dream about them. You have to act. So with this information, now they have a location, they're all right, we need to build our first prototype. This is an example of their resourcefulness. The fact that the Wright brothers saved a lot of money because they could do everything themselves. The brothers built a full-size glider with two wings that was intended to reassemble, that they intended to reassemble and fly at Kitty Hawk.

• 39:43David Senra?

  First as a kite, then if all went well, they would fly themselves. It was, it had a wingspan of 18 feet. The total cost of all the necessary pieces and parts, which include ribs of ash, wires, cloth to cover the wings, was not more than $15. So it's a very difficult trip to get to Kitty Hawk. He says something, though, when they're at, when they're, when they get to Kitty Hawk about his intentions. And really think about this, like, to thrive, the first step of thriving is surviving. Right? He's like, Wilbur stressed that he did not intend to rise many feet from the ground. He was there to learn, not to take chances for thrills. And he says, this is a quote from him, "The man who wishes to keep at the problem long enough to really learn anything positively must not take dangerous risks.

• 40:27David Senra?

  Carelessness and overconfidence are usually more dangerous than deliberately accepted risks." So Kitty Hawk at the time, it's in the Outer Banks, it's essentially deserted, there's not a lot of resources there. It's, they have to build their old camp, like, they had to be completely self-sufficient. But I want to pull out one paragraph here because it was extremely difficult, but they're extremely satisfied. It's like they're on this, this grand, happy adventure in life. And it says, "Far from home, on their own, in a way that they had never been. The brothers seemed to sense, as they never had, the adventure of life." Orville would later say that even with all the adversities they had to face, and the adversities were larger numbers, that even with all the adversities they had to face,

• 41:11David Senra?

  it was the happiest time that they had ever known.

• 41:15David Senra?

  And so the locals that live in the area, they're drawn to like, what are these crazy strangers doing out here on the beach? And, you know, they obviously thought they were not nuts. We couldn't help thinking that they were a pair of poor nuts. They'd stand on the beach for hours at a time, just looking at the gulls flying, soaring and dipping. So they're trying to observe and trying to learn flight from observing birds and hopefully some of the observations that they're noticing from the flight of birds, they can use in their own experiments. And really, this next section was, I just think they have the absolute perfect, like, frame of mind. And let me read it to you, and I'll tell you my interpretation of it. It says, "Many nights, the wind," so they came down for the wind, right? You need the wind if you're going to build a glider. "Many nights, the wind was such that they had to leap from bed to hold their tent down.

• 41:56David Senra?

  When we crawl out of the tent to fix things, the sand blinds us, but they could not complain. We came down here for wind and sand, and we got them." And so the interpretation for our purposes is, you wanted to start a company, you knew that it was going to be hard, what are you complaining for? So on the last podcast, I talked about the fact that Jay-Z had dinner with Michael Jordan, and he said something that was interesting, having got a chance to spend the whole night talking to Jordan. And he says what he admired most about Jordan was his discipline and his commitment to excellence. And Jay-Z said that when people have discipline and a commitment to excellence, it's something that he always respects in other people. And we see a very similar thought here.

• 42:40David Senra?

  "Life on the Outer Banks was harsh. Making ends meet was a constant struggle. Hard workers were greatly admired. And in the words of John T. Daniels, who lives in the Outer Banks, 'The Wrights were two of the workiest boys he ever seen. And when they worked, they worked. They had their whole heart and soul in what they were doing.'" And the crazy thing is, so they hired somebody back at their bicycle shop, but the entire time they're doing this, they can't disregard their business because they need the profits from the bicycle business to fund, to fund their experiments. And so they're going to have to cut their experiments short and go home. I think this happens at least twice, because they have to go manage their business. So it says, they wind up building, I'm skipping ahead here, "Wilbur made one-man flight."

• 43:25David Senra?

  This is before, there's no engine, so this is just essentially gliding. They're just like learning and experimenting, okay? Wilbur made one man flight after another. How many is unknown because no one kept count. He did record, however, flights of 300 to 400 feet in length and speeds of nearly 30 miles an hour. To be off on their own in a setting so entirely different from any they had ever known and doing what mattered to them above all, they had hoped to learn much of value and they did. They had, they had learned even more than they expected. They felt they had found the way forward. And so what that means is they did things in steps. Like first, okay, can we, can we build a glider? Can we figure out how to glide? Yeah, once we figure out how to build a glider, what's the next step? Let's put a motor on the glider.

• 44:09David Senra?

  Now, the crazy thing is, they have to go back home to work on their business. They have to wait eight months in between experiments. And while, in those eight months, they're working 12 to 14 hours a day, every day except Sunday, on their bicycle shop, right? And then at night, they do their experiments for their flyer. So it says, "Work at the bicycle shop continued for Wilbur and Orville much as, much as usual over the next eight months, but nothing so occupied their free time and thoughts as did preparations for their return to Kitty Hawk." And so this entire time, he's, Wilbur's been keeping up his correspondence with Octave Chanute. It says, "When Chanute wrote to tell Wilbur that he expected to be passing through Dayton sometime soon, he'd like to stop over, Wilbur said he and Orville welcomed the possibility

• 44:51David Senra?

  of his visit, but explained that the bicycle business being what it is occupied their attention 12 to 14 hours a day. However, they're entirely free on Sundays." And so he's obviously very impressed about the first experiments because it says, "To have a man of Octave Chanute's standing come to call would be a high tribute. He was not only one of the world's leading authorities on aviation, but enjoyed an international reputation as an engineer and a builder of railroads and major bridges. At age 70, Chanute was short, stout, and dapper. He was both kindly and manner and extremely talkative." And so during the meeting, he's like, hey, I have two other people that like they can come and help you. And it was really interesting because it says, the two men with whom the, he's like suggesting, hey, when you go back to Kitty Hawk, bring these two guys with them.

• 45:36David Senra?

  And it says, although the brothers did not necessarily agree with Shanu's philosophy that progress in science was always best served by everyone working openly together, they accepted his suggestion, if only out of respect. And so they let these guys come along. One of the guys, they don't get along with at all. But again, I think just the fact that they accepted it. They prefer working alone and the fact that it just shows how much they respected Shanu and the fact that they would accept other people. Now, they do something that's really important here. They hire this guy named Charlie Taylor. They hire him to run the bicycle business. And he winds up becoming, he's a really good mechanic. So he winds up helping them build their first engine. So this is really important. But

• 46:17David Senra?

  they said they hired him to focus on the bicycle business so they can concentrate on their flying studies and experiments. And really, the note I left myself on that page and the lesson I took away from that paragraph was that you should follow your energy. They're extremely excited and think about their flying experience all the time, but they do have to pay their bills. So that like if you can follow your energy and then hire someone to run your day job, like you're going to succeed. If you're naturally drawn, if all you think about in your nights and your weekends, the time you're not working, assuming it's not your day job, and it's something else, like that's an indication, like your intuition telling you, hey, pay attention over here. Like focus, follow your energy. Focus on, if you can, rearrange your life so you can actually work on the thing that you think

• 47:02David Senra?

  about all the time. I guess is the point here. So after eight months, they go back out to Kitty Hawk. I'm just going to read a bunch of highlights here because this is all about like, the entire book is just one struggle and one miserable thing after another that they have to overcome. On the second expedition to Kitty Hawk, they were to experience conditions that made those that they had known during their previous visits seem like a mere inconvenience. They get there and it's, there's like this huge like, almost like tropical storm. It says, it was an all-day drenching rain that they had to begin setting up their camp. They then had to drive a pipe 10 to 12 feet into the ground to serve as a well because there was no source of fresh water within a mile of their camp. Because the new glider was so large, the shed or hangar for it also had to be a good size.

• 47:45David Senra?

  They had to build a long, solid shed that was 16 by 25 feet and 6 feet in height. That would have been considered by many a substantial accomplishment in and of itself, and they did it in remarkably little time. Then, just as they were about to start working on the glider, they were hit by a misery of a kind and on a scale that they had never experienced or imagined. So every like 10 years in this area, there's like this plague of mosquitoes. And this happens to be the year that these mosquitoes appear. The mosquitoes appeared in the form of a mighty cloud and almost darkened out the sun. It was by far the worst experience of their life. The agonies of typhoid fever were nothing by comparison. There was no way of escaping the mosquitoes.

• 48:28David Senra?

  The sand and the grass and the trees and the hills and everything was fairly covered with them. They chewed us clear through our underwear and socks. Lumps began swelling up all over our body like hen's eggs. Ugh. Until then, the wind had been blowing at 20 miles an hour. Now it dropped off entirely, and the summer heat kept mounting. Our blankets then became unbearable. The perspiration would roll off us in torrents. We would partly uncover and the mosquitoes would swoop down upon us in vast multitudes. This second trip is an unmitigated disaster. And we see that, I'm skipping over vast parts. It says, "Yet it is clear that they were as down in spirit about their work as they had ever been."

• 49:12David Senra?

  So nothing like, they're relying on these past calculations, they're not working, their new glider's not working. So it says, "It is not just that the machine had performed so poorly, or that so much still remained to be solved, but that so many of the long-established, supposedly reliable calculations and tables, prepared by the likes of Lilienthal, Langley, and Chanute, Data of the Brothers had taken as gospel, had proved to be wrong. Wilbur was at such a low point that he declared that not in a thousand years would man ever fly." He is saying that in 1901. Two years later, they solve the problem of powered flight.

• 49:48David Senra?

  And so the important thing is they don't rest and like wallow in their despair. The next day, they're like, all right, we're going to bounce right back at it. Wilbur's gloom was only momentary. He was at work the following day and seemed to me he was more hopeful and determined than ever. We knew that it would take considerable time and funds to obtain data of our own, but there was some spirit that carried us through. We had to go ahead and discover everything ourselves. And so it's at this time that he's asked by Chanute Wilbur, like, come and address the Society of Engineers in Chicago on the subject of your gliding experiments. And it's his first request to speak in public, and he was extremely reluctant. He didn't want to do it. The only reason he did is because he had great respect for Chanute.

• 50:31David Senra?

  And essentially, he's got imposter syndrome here. He was asked by his sister whether his talk would be scientific or witty. He said it would be pathetic. In his brief introduction, Chanute spoke of the advances made in aerial navigation by two gentlemen from Dayton, Ohio, who were bold enough to attempt things neither he nor Otto Lindenthal had dared to try. That's another example of the great maxim that Charlie Munger's advised to you and I, that you have to do things that other people are not doing. You have to do things that other people are not doing. The Wright brothers just happened to do that as well, and they wind up making progress. Remember, the problem is still not solved. They're just a little closer to the solution that other people have gotten.

• 51:12David Senra?

  And so it says, "The speech was the book of Genesis on the 20th century Bible of aeronautics." And why? Because he just talks very clear and to the point, very simple language. It was authentic Wilbur Wright. Remember, in the beginning of the book, they said that both Wilbur and Orville will never try to be anybody but themselves. It's extremely important. It was authentic Wilbur Wright, straightforward and clear. This was the kind of... So he talks about like, why you have to put yourself in danger. Like, you can't solve the problem of flight without some risk of physical danger. He says, "This is the kind of horse that men had to learn to manage in order to fly, and there were two ways." And he's got this great metaphor here that continues on the next page. Give me one second. It says, "There's two ways that you're going to figure this out, okay?

• 51:57David Senra?

  Number one is to get on him..." And remember, this is a metaphor, and he's using a horse, riding horses metaphor. "One is to get on him and learn by actual practice how each motion and trick may be best met." The others to sit on a fence and watch the beast for a while and then retire to your house and at leisure figure out the best way of overcoming his jumps and kicks. The latter system, meaning just sitting there and watching, is the safest. But the former, on the whole, turns out the larger proportion of good writers. If you really wish to learn, you must mount a machine and become acquainted with its tricks by actual trial. And then he makes the point, he's like, "All we need is more time." Like, look, he used the reference of Lilienthal, Otto Lilienthal, he's like, "Look how much he accomplished."

• 52:41David Senra?

  He goes, "Lilienthal not only thought, but he acted. He demonstrated the feasibility of actual practice in the air, which without success is impossible." Noting that Lilienthal, over a period of five years, had spent no more than five hours in actual gliding. And so he says, like, "The issue is not that we're on the wrong path, it's like, we need more time in the air." And he says, "What if a bicycle rider tried to ride through a crowded city after only five hours of practice? And those five hours of practice being spread out in bits of 10 seconds over a period of five years?" This is like, this is a fantastic point. "We just need more time." And the book goes in, like, not only in response to over speech, but everything.

• 53:23David Senra?

  It's like, every newspaper, famous person, they're like, essentially like, "The dream of flight is nothing more than a myth," is one of the quotes. It's just like, "You're not, like, this is stupid, you're wasting your time, these people are nuts, they're idiots, like, this is never gonna work." And so, you, like, there's, there's periods of complete indifference where the work of the Wright brothers is just being completely ignored and also, and then it's either indifference, where they're just completely ignored, or it's ridicule. And the Wright brothers, just, they have blinders on, they don't even care, they act the perfect way. It's just like, "Blinders-on mentality, I'm just working on, like, I'm working at this, I don't care what other people think." And part of that is because everybody's saying like, oh, Wright Brothers aren't going to be able to do it because this person didn't do it and that person didn't do it. And look what happened to here, Maxim, and this guy over here.

• 54:07David Senra?

  And then I just double underline this one sentence. I'm going to tell you what it reminds me of. But their tests were nothing like, meaning the people that had failed previously, their tests were nothing like those of the brothers, who proceeded entirely on their own and in their own way. And so the way to think about the Wright Brothers is they're in isolation, doing the work and the research. They eventually get the attention of the entire world. But before they get the attention of the entire world, they get attention of maybe one or two people. But this entire section that's happening in the book has spread out over multiple pages. It really made me think of what Michael Jordan said one time, because this is a great analogy of what happened with him, where he developed all of these skills in private, right?

• 54:49David Senra?

  And then he goes to his first camp, where he's put up against other people that are not living in North Carolina, and he absolutely dominates. And then all the schools out of somewhere, out of nowhere, like, hey, wait, we thought we had, we had known every single great basketball player in the country. And then out of nowhere, this guy named Michael Jordan, this skinny dude, comes and just dominates. And so he says something about this because what Michael's about to say here is when, at the time, people kept saying, you know, it's Kobe Bryant, the next Michael Jordan. This is like the late 90s or whatever. And Michael says something here that I think I find over and over again in these books as an analogy. And he says, don't be in a rush to try to find the next Michael Jordan. First of all, you didn't find me. I just happened to come along.

• 55:33David Senra?

  And you won't have to find that next person. It is going to happen. And the exact same thing is happening with the Wright Brothers. We thought we knew the Maxims, the Edisons, the Bells, the Langleys, all of these people making contributions to attack this problem. And yet, all of a sudden, these two brothers with no resources, no education, no friends in high places, little to no money, come out of nowhere. And they're not, the important part is like no, they're not asking for permission. They're going out and doing this because first of all, they're completely obsessed with it, but they're also capable of independent thought, which is what they learned from their father at the very beginning of the book. And so they're making all these cra- they realize, hey, the numbers that you guys, everybody else is using, those books are cooked, right? That those are not useful numbers.

• 56:17David Senra?

  They build like this like primitive wind tunnel in the top of their frigging bicycle business. And they're coming up, like they figure out lift and all these like aviation principles. And I'm not going to speak out of turn here because most of the stuff I don't even understand. But they send them out to Okte, to Shanoot. And he's just like, Shanoot was astonished by what you had to report. It is perfectly marvelous, marvelous to me how quickly you're getting results with your testing machine. So again, do things that other people aren't doing. That's exactly what's taking place in this book. I'm going to read a bunch of sentences that, everything I'm about to read to you is on the same page and then I'll tell you what, summary of what's happening here. So it says, "The work was unlike anything the brothers had ever undertaken in the most demanding of their time.

• 57:00David Senra?

  It was the most demanding of their time and powers of concentration. They were often at it past midnight." Remember, this is after they'd worked all day in their bicycle shop. "In December came another voice of scientific authority denouncing the dream of flight as a total sham." So there's another example. "A calm survey of certain natural phenomena leads the engineer to pronounce all confident prophecies for future success as wholly unwarranted, if not absurd." So I'm just bringing it to your attention because this is hitting the newspapers. It's being talked about in public, not the Wright brothers. Talking about trying to, people trying to learn how to fly because obviously that most people don't even know the Wright brothers exist. And they just have to keep ignoring all this. So it says, Shanoot wrote to say how greatly he regretted their decision, meaning that

• 57:41David Senra?

  they're like, he's like, essentially they have to postpone their experiments because they have to get their next season of bicycle production completed. And so Shanoot's like, yo, let me just give you some money. For some, for some time Shanoot had been offering to provide financial help to the brothers, which they greatly appreciated, but were unwilling to accept. And he says, "What if some rich man were to provide $10,000 a year?" Shanoot asked, adding that he happened to know Andrew Carnegie personally. It's fantastic. Wilbur tactfully declined. He wants to be in control. They had done it together on their own, paying their own way, as they did everything. And they intended to keep going on their own. These are missionaries. So, everything that I just read to you occurred on two pages. And it's really, this is the blueprint that they're using.

• 58:23David Senra?

  Test, iterate, test, iterate, test, iterate, work long hours, concentrate, and ignore the naysayers. So, test, iterate, work long hours, concentrate, ignore the naysayers. Let's go back to that two-word summary of great startup founders that Paul Graham gave us. Relentlessly resourceful. Now they're back in Kitty Hawk. The local residents had learned to love them. In no smart because they could do anything they put their hands to. This is a quote from a local resident, the guy John T. Daniels. They built their own camp. They took an old carbide can and made a stove of it. They took a bicycle and geared the thing up so it could ride on the sand. They did their own cooking and washing, and they were good cooks, too.

• 59:06David Senra?

  So, they run into a problem they can't figure out, and there's two things that are happening on this page. Number one, give your brain a break. It needs time. Like, when you're not, just don't keep adding stimuli. Don't like, like, just literally just sit there and do nothing. Stare out into the sky, close your eyes, do whatever you have to do. But you have to give your brain a break so it can give time to process everything that you've taken in. And so, for days, they're hung up. They just can't figure out the solution. And so, that night, it says, Orville, the discussion in camp that they had on aeronautical theory went on at such length that he indulged himself in way more coffee than usual. This caused Orville to be unable to sleep. So, he lay awake thinking, just staring into the night. Right? He's in a tent, so he's just staring up at nothing. Thinking about ways to achieve an even better system of control, when suddenly, he had an idea.

• 59:51David Senra?

  The rear rudder. Instead of the rudder being in a fixed position, which is what they had been doing, it should be hinged. It should be movable. In the morning at breakfast, he proposed a change, but not before giving Lauren a wink. Which is a single to watch Wilbur for one of his customary critical responses. So what do they mean by that? This, what Wilbur's about to say here is exactly what, I'm gonna use Jeff Bezos as an example, but Jeff Bezos is just one of the other founders that we've studied that says the exact same thing. So he's like, okay, I'm gonna propose an idea to my brother. I'm gonna wink to the other person sitting here because Wilbur is never gonna accept anything that I say. Like, we have to fight over it first. And then through that fighting, we actually achieve like a better outcome, a better idea. So it says, "Wilbur was always ready to jump into an argument with both sleeves rolled up.

• 1:00:36David Senra?

  And as Wilbur himself would explain, he believed in a good scrap. It brought out new ways of looking at things, and it helped round off corners." So Wilbur's saying, "I want to have an argument. I wanna have a debate about the path forward. I believe in a good scrap. It brings out new ways of looking at things. It helps round off corners." In that book, Amazon Unbound, Jeff Bezos and the Invention of a Global Empire, which was Founder's number 180, Jeff says, "If I have to choose between agreement and conflict, I will take conflict every time. It always yields a better result." That is the same idea from Jeff Bezos 120 years after Wilbur Wright.

• 1:01:20David Senra?

  This time, however, after a moment, Wilbur declared he liked the idea. So it was such a good idea, they didn't have to fight over it. So you have all these visitors at the camp. Eventually, they leave and they institute this new idea. Really, the visitors, they're very well-meaning, but this is the point. Visitors can be well-meaning, so people essentially trying to take your focus off your work. They can be well-meaning, but they're also a distraction. And so, once they shed them, their progress accelerates. So it says, "The brothers were on their own again, and in 10 days of practice, they made more glides than in all the preceding weeks." So you got a bunch of other chefs in the kitchen, right? They're trying to help, they're trying to, you know, they're, again, well-meaning is, I guess, the best way to put that. But they distracted them so much that, once they left, in 10 days, they made more progress

• 1:02:05David Senra?

  than they did in, let's say, in the previous 21 days. And so, once they make all these glides, some of these glides are going 600 feet. They're like, okay, we've reached step two. And it took like three trips to get to step two. And step two is, you gotta build a motor, right? So it says, "They knew," and this is gonna remind me of another thing that Jeff Bezos said in that book. Amazon Unbound, it's not, this is my interpretation of what he said, I don't have his exact quote, but he talks about like, when they're, they've scaled many like $10 million businesses to one, to over billion dollar businesses within Amazon, that's a large part of what that book's about on Founder's Number 180, you can go back and listen to it, but he says something about like, you do tiny experiments, but once you see traction, once you see like, promise, the no, I took what Jeff was teaching us into like a maxim,

• 1:02:50David Senra?

  it says, "Pour gasoline on promising sparks," and that's exactly what the Wright brothers are about to do. They knew exactly the importance of what they had accomplished. They knew they had solved the problem of flight and more. They had acquired the knowledge and the skill to fly. They could soar, they could float, they could dive and rise, circle and glide and land, all with assurance. Now, they only had to build a motor. And so to me, that's exactly, that's Jeff Bezos' "Pour gasoline on promising sparks." We apply it to company building, they're applying it to flight. Once you know your product is right, go default aggressive in scaling it. That's what Jeff is telling us. Pour gasoline on promising sparks. Once you know your product is right, go default aggressive in scaling

• 1:03:34David Senra?

  it. And so they go back to Ohio, this is where they, again, they do what Steve Jobs said, ask for help. Charlie Taylor was a better mechanic, so he winds up helping them build an engine in like, six weeks. I just want to pull out one sentence here, though, this is fantastic, and you might have experienced this, I'm definitely experiencing right now with founders, "The deeper you go, the more obsessed you will become. Our minds became so obsessed with it, that we could do little other work." That's how you know you're on the right path. The deeper they go, the more obsessed they become. And now we get to what I feel is really one of the most important ideas in the book. It's something I remember from four years ago when reading it the first time, it's something I try to do all the time, and it's just, well, let me just read it to you. Asked what they thought of the experiments being conducted by Alexander Graham Bell, Wilbur replied, "It is very

• 1:04:18David Senra?

  bad policy to ask one flying machine man about the experiments of another, because every flying machine man thinks that his method is the correct one." Over and over and over again in the book, they're asked to comment on the work of others. They did not like to pass criticism on the work of others. They just focused on their own business. I just think that's an extremely important idea. And I think it ties together with this maxim that you and I talk about all the time, that actions express priority. You'll know my opinions on business because you'll see my philosophy in action as I build my company. If you want, in the Wright Brothers case, you already know what I think of Alexander Graham Bell's. He's choosing a different method. I think he's putting something in like a, somebody in like a giant kite and it's going to fly him that way. It's like, okay, if he wants to do that, it's fine.

• 1:05:02David Senra?

  It's no business of mine. You see what I want to do because I built a glider. I practiced for many years. Now I'm putting a motor on that glider. That's the way, the path forward, I think. But I just think this idea where it's just like, you just mind your own business. I text this idea to a friend of mine, and I'm just going to read what I text him. I love what the Wright Brothers said about this, paraphrasing. At the time, they had all these more famous and better funded competitors. And when asked about them, the Wright Brothers said they didn't need to comment on the work of others, that everybody, every person thinks their way is right. And you can tell what we, the Wright Brothers, believe, believe based on what we do. I really believe that's one of the most important ideas in the book. There's one more problem they have to solve before they put the motor on. Think about when you're in a plane now, it has to build up speed. You're probably going, what, like 100 miles an hour, 180? I don't know what big planes go before they take off. So you need speed.

• 1:05:47David Senra?

  Like, how the hell are we going to get speed required to take off? Like, this is a tiny flyer, and this is fantastic, another illustration of relentless resourcefulness. "The flyer would be launched on a single wooden track that would serve like a railroad track that was 60 feet in length on which it would slide. The total cost for materials for this innovation was $4." And so, right before they're about to make this breakthrough, Samuel Langley does another attempt at launching, remember, this gigantic machine? He's got prestige at the Smithsonian Institution behind him. He's got funding. He's got the famous advisors. He's got essentially everything, right? And everything the Wright Brothers lack. And he winds up failing, and he gets completely dragged through the mud by everybody.

• 1:06:31David Senra?

  And so, there's a lot of lessons on this page here. I'm going to tell you the stuff that pops to my mind, okay? So skipping to after he'd failed. And it also goes back to what I feel is one of the most important ideas in the book. It's like, stop criticizing the work of others. Just demonstrate what your beliefs or your philosophy, and that philosophy is applied to what you're creating, right? The company you're building. And this is like- It's also that we're playing a dangerous game here. Okay, so it says, and you'll see what I mean. I'm going to read this whole thing and then you'll see what I mean by that. And I also want to quote Stephen King because I thought he said something really, really important. And like, he gave advice to people with like their, like your life's work. So it says Langley would die three years later and he never got over the defeat and the humiliation.

• 1:07:13David Senra?

  So it says neither brother was ever to make critical or belittling comments about Langley. Rather, they expressed respect and gratitude for the part he had played in their efforts. Just knowing that the head of the Smithsonian, the most prominent scientific institution in America, believed in the possibility of human fight was one of the influences that led them to proceed with their work. And Wilbur wrote, "He possessed," talking about Langley, "he possessed mental and moral qualities of the kind that influence history. When scientists in general considered it discredible to work in the field of aeronautics, he possessed both the discernment to discover possibilities there and the moral courage to subject himself to the ridicule of the public and the apologies of his friends.

• 1:07:55David Senra?

  He deserves more credit for this than he has received. The treatment Langley had been subjected to by the press and some of his professional friends had been shameful," Wilbur said. "His work deserved neither abuse nor apology." And so Wilbur was able to say that because he was away from it. He wasn't Langley, right? But Langley dies, never getting over the defeat and humiliation. So the note I left myself is, founders play a dangerous game with very real negative consequences. And in the words of Stephen King, "You cannot come lightly to your work. There is very real downsides. Not only could you be obviously embarrassed if you fail, whatever, because there's potentially catastrophic financial consequences for you and your family.

• 1:08:38David Senra?

  The upside is unlimited, but there is very dangerous and very real negative consequences. And I think Stephen King hit it. He's right, what I'm about to read to you comes from his book, the autobiography. I covered it back in 210 and he is writing, he's giving advice to potential writers, but it applies to founders, entrepreneurs, anybody who's trying to do something difficult, taking a risk in their life. And Stephen says, "You can approach the act of writing with nervousness, excitement, hopefulness, or even despair. The sense that you can never completely put on the page what's in your mind and your heart. You can come to the act with your fists clenched and your eyes narrowed, ready to kick ass and take down names. You can come to it because you want a girl to marry you, or because you want to change the world." And then this is the punchline. This is the important point, really the point I'm trying

• 1:09:23David Senra?

  to make here, and I think what's taking place on this page with this devastating defeat and loss and humiliation that Langley never overcomes. And Stephen King says, "Come to it anyway, politely. Let me say it again. You must not come lightly to the blank page." And I think what Stephen King has in common with the Wright brothers, with almost every single person, or I would say every single person that we study in the podcast, like there is no half-assing it. They're able to marshal all of their resources, their mental energy, their financial resources, and their time and dedication to their work, because there's very real downsides. And it is entirely possible to still fail, giving everything you have. This is not a game. So, right after Langley fails, then the part of the book I read to you at the very beginning

• 1:10:07David Senra?

  is when they do that historical flight. And this is right after that, so I'm skipping over it. It says, "We can celebrate for a day, and then we're going to get back to work. Work at the bicycle shop resumed, with, as Charlie Taylor said, 'no jig steps over what had been achieved.' Of course, they were pleased with the flight, but the first word with me was about the motor being damaged. They wanted a new one built right away. They were always thinking of the next thing to do. They didn't waste much time worrying about the past." That's extremely important. I double underlined it. I'm going to read it to you one more time. "They were always thinking of the next thing to do. They didn't waste much time worrying about the past. You can't, you go to sleep on a win, you wake up with a loss. So, we're going to celebrate for a day. Fantastic achievement. And then we're going to get back to work the next day." I mean, think about how crazy that is. They just solved.

• 1:10:50David Senra?

  They were the first humans ever to fly under powered flight. And the first thing they say when they get back is, hey, we need to fix this new motor. This is very similar. Again, same mindset that the Wright brothers have. Michael Jordan noticed in his autobiography, which I covered back on Founder's number 213. Look at what he says in this book. And this is what I thought of. This is the paragraph I thought of when I got to this section. And Michael says, look around. Just about any person or entity achieving at a high level has the same focus. The morning after Tiger Woods rallied to beat Phil Mickelson at the Ford Championship in 2005, he was at the gym by 6:30 a.m. to work out. No lights, no cameras, no glitz, no glamour. Uncompromised. Absolutely remarkable.

• 1:11:33David Senra?

  It's the same idea noticed by both Michael Jordan and demonstrated by the actions of the Wright brothers. This is so crazy. They still have to run a profitable business to pay for their experiments. They're not going to have a good deal of money for like, I think, another two years from this point in the story. Nor could they neglect earning an income sufficient to cover both expenses at the shop and at home, not to say the cost of their experiments. As Charlie Taylor would repeatedly remind people, there wasn't any other money. To help cut expenses for continuing work on their flying machine, it was decided that further expeditions to Kitty Hawk, with all the, with all the extra costs of travel and shipment of tools and material, could be dispensed with by finding a suitable stretch of open land close to home to serve as a practice field. So they had to spend the time and the energy going to Kitty Hawk when they were gliding, right?

• 1:12:18David Senra?

  Because they needed the wind, they needed the sand because they knew they were going to crash. Now that they have powered flight, they have an engine, they're like, okay, we can do the rest of our flying experiments in Ohio. And on the same page, it's just this fantastic, fantastic paragraph with an absolute great last sentence. It says, "The work to be done here, the brothers knew, could well be the final critical stage in the maturation of their whole idea." Something they've been working on for years at this point. "Here, they would have to learn to do far more than they had at Kitty Hawk. They must master the art of launching themselves safely into the air, of banking and turning a motor-propelled machine, and landing safely." Therefore, this is the fantastic last sentence. "Therefore," Wilbur stressed, "they would have to learn to accommodate themselves to the circumstances."

• 1:13:02David Senra?

  And right after this great triumph, the euphoria. We know what falls next, the terror. But there's always a setback that they have to persevere through. But again, that's great positive mental attitude is always maintained by the Wright brothers. Maybe a day or two, they might feel sorry for themselves, but they get right back up. Almost nothing went right for the next three months. There was nothing spectacular about these many trials, but the good humor of Wilbur. After a spill, or a crash in the machine, or something breaking, or a stubborn motor, Wilbur was always reassuring. Their patient perseverance, their calm faith in ultimate success, their mutual consideration of each other, might have been considered phenomenal. After every trial, the two inventors held long and confidential consultations with one

• 1:13:46David Senra?

  another, with always some new gain, some new insight. They were getting nearer and nearer, the moment when sustained flight would be made. For a machine that could maintain itself aloft for two minutes, they said, might just as well stay there for an hour. And so, they're in this place called Huffman Prairie in Ohio, and they're just doing, now they've figured it out, so they're just doing one flight after another, after another, after another. The only people noticing, like, most people are just completely indifferent. And so, I'm gonna read this sentence, or this paragraph to you. Remind me of something that Edwin Land, the founder of Polaroid and Steve Jobs' hero, said, I think this is, I'm pretty sure this is from Founder's number 40, I'll read it to you in a minute. So it says, "Have you heard of what they're up to out there? People in town would say, 'Oh, yes.'" And the conversation would move on.

• 1:14:30David Senra?

  "Few took any interest in the matter, or in the two brothers who were to become Dayton's greatest heroes ever. Even those riding the train," so this is like this trolley, or this like, this public transportation line that goes right by the field, where they're doing these flights, and people don't even give a shit. It says, "Even those riding the line seemed to have paid little or no attention to what could occasionally be seen in passing, or to the brothers themselves, as they traveled back and forth from town on the same trolley, looking little different from other commuters." Edwin Land said this. "The test of an invention is the power of an inventor to push it through in the face of staunch, not opposition."

• 1:15:11David Senra?

  But indifference in society. Let me read that to you again. The test of an invention is the power of the inventor to push it through in the face of staunch indifference in society. More likely than somebody opposing you is somebody not even caring what you're doing. That is a default mode for humans. They're just concerned with their own day in life. So Edwin Land's advising us, like, your biggest problem is after you've invented something that the world is worth having, that it's valuable to other humans. Like, you've gotta learn to push it through indifference, and you keep pounding away at it. And eventually, just like, one person's interested, then two people are interested, and I'm talking about the Wright Brothers, then 30 people are interested.

• 1:15:55David Senra?

  And then soon, they're filling up stadiums of 200,000 people on multiple continents wanting to watch their product demonstrations. But that's not happening. And to this point in the story, people aren't even bothered to know, are bothered to care. So in all of these books, there's always like these interesting supporting characters. And I love this guy. So this guy is one of the first people that actually takes notice. And it's like his job to publicize this miracle that's happening. So it says his name was Amos Root. He stood no more than five foot three, but his energy and curiosity were great indeed. He was born in a log cabin, started his own business, which was manufacturing and marketing beekeeping supplies all the way back in 1869, when he was 30 years old.

• 1:16:40David Senra?

  And soon became widely known as the bee man of Ohio. At 64, now this is 34 years after he founded his business, at 64, he was extremely well-off, happily married, a father of five, proud grandfather, and quite free to pursue a whole range of active interests. This guy is default alive. Amos Root bubbled with enthusiasm and a constant desire to see the wheels go round. He enjoyed conveying his thoughts and ideas on a host of other topics in a column that he wrote for his company's Beekeeper Trade Journal. Gleanings in Bee Culture. So he's got essentially would be like the equivalent of like a newsletter in our day, right? He's got this email newsletter.

• 1:17:25David Senra?

  Like his times version of this email newsletter and it just happens to be in this Beekeeper's Trade Journal. This is insane what I'm about to read to you. It was he of all people, the Ohio Bee Man, who would recognize as no one yet had the genius of the Wrights and the full importance of their flying machine. It was not the Dayton local papers that finally broke the story, or the Chicago Tribune, or the New York Times, or the Scientific American, but Amos Root's own Gleanings in Bee Culture. That made me laugh out loud when I got to that. Like the first major attention they get with what's happening in Huffman Prairie comes from Amos Root writing in a Bee Keeping Trade Journal. That's bananas.

• 1:18:10David Senra?

  And so he winds up writing and the Wright brothers liked him because he's no fluff, would keep his word. Like they're just very practical people. So it says, "God in His great mercy has permitted me to be at least somewhat instrumental in ushering in and introducing to the great wide world, an invention that may outrank electric cars, the automobiles, and may fairly take a place besides the telephone and wireless telegraphy." Root would begin his eyewitness account. He had been astonished. Oh, so he talks about before describing what he saw happen, he made a point of stressing that the Wrights were like, they were extremely well-rounded and they had like, obviously spent their entire like childhood and youth being encouraged by their father to read

• 1:18:55David Senra?

  like widely. And so he makes that point, he's like, what the hell? Like they're not only like gifted in building these machines, but like they're extremely well-read and can and talk about a lot of topics. He had been astonished by the extent of their library and to find in conversation that they were thoroughly versed, not only in regard to our present knowledge, but everything that had been done in the past. Remember it started out. To begin the book, they talked about, like, Wilbur read everything, but his first love was reading about history. And so Amos is picking that up. He's like, wow, this guy not only knows what's going on now, but everything they've been done in the past. Back to Root's writing, Amos's writing, "Root pictured a wonder's time near our hand, when we should not need to fuss with roads or railway tracks or bridges at such enormous expense. With these machines, we would bid adieu to all of these things. God's free

• 1:19:37David Senra?

  air that extends all over the earth and perhaps miles above us is our training field." And then it goes into why the Wrights liked him. Why? Because they didn't want to give access to anybody. And it says, "Why they had put such trust in Root was never explained, but clearly they had much in common. He too, in the early days of his beekeeping enterprises, was called a nut. He had succeeded with his ideas only by close study." So they're just talking about what they have in common. "He succeeded with his ideas by close study. Importantly, beginning with his first visit, he had showed himself true to his word and ready to cooperate in any way he could to achieve accuracy in what he wrote. Like their father, he was a man of strong religious convictions," as their father was a preacher by trade. "And it was of no small importance that Bishop Wright approved of Root. He wrote

• 1:20:21David Senra?

  in his diary, 'Mr. Root is a fine gentleman. Perhaps above all, Wilbur and Orville knew from their first meeting with Root that his regard for them was altogether genuine. His belief in the possibility of human flight was no less than their own.'" So I mentioned earlier, there's just fantastic one-liners all over in the book. This is one of the best quotes in the entire book. "The best dividends on labor invested," they said, "have invariably come from seeking more knowledge rather than more power." So it says, they both said it, not sure if it was Wilbur or Orville, but it says, "The best dividends on the labor invested have invariably come from seeking more knowledge rather than more power." So the first people interested in buying airplanes, as you might imagine, would be

• 1:21:06David Senra?

  military. First, the US military wasn't interested, but the French military understood it completely immediately. So this is the first airplane sale. In the week of 1905, in the last week of 1905, Bishop Wright recorded in his diary, "A Frenchman by the name of Arnold," no idea how to pronounce his last name, "came to investigate and drive a trade for a flying machine. They agreed on terms. Arnold represented a syndicate of wealthy French businessmen," he said, "but the Wrights assumed that the deciding authority would be the French military, which was indeed the case. They agreed to sell, to buy one machine for $200,000."

• 1:21:42David Senra?

  This is going to blow your mind, too. $5,000 was to be deposited in a New York bank in escrow. The $5,000 the brothers were to receive, however the further negotiations went, would more than cover all of their expenses they had since first going to Kitty Hawk. So the American government, American people, were a little slow on realizing how important this was. They said the French got it right away, so they go to Europe to do demos. An entirely new adventure had begun, unlike anything he or any of the family had yet experienced. Wilbur had just turned 40. He will be dead five years from now from typhoid fever. And was to be on his own, far from home, separated from his family for longer than he ever been, had been, or ever imagined, and tested in ways that he had never been. So he goes to Paris.

• 1:22:26David Senra?

  Eventually, he's going to do his first demos at Le Mans. But there's just one paragraph that jumped out at me, and it's the importance of living life to the fullest. And again, this is extremely important, considering he doesn't know, he only has five years left. "He would fill his free time in Paris to advantage with the same level of intensity he brought to nearly everything, making the most of every waking hour in what, for all he knew, might be his one and only chance for such an opportunity." So then he starts, not only does the French government want to buy these things, a bunch of other rich companies and rich entrepreneurs want to buy it, and this is what I referenced earlier, where he was like, "Oh, I'm never going to be cut off of this." Turns out, he's like one of these like universal geniuses like Claude Shannon was. "Not so many years before, Wilbur had decided he was unsuited for commercial pursuits.

• 1:23:11David Senra?

  Now he found himself in the thick of extremely complex commercial dealings, playing for extremely high stakes with highly experienced entrepreneurs, politicians, and bureaucrats, and in a language he neither spoke nor understood. The whole game, the players, the setting, the language, were new to him, yet he was more than holding his own and in good spirits. Wilbur was never rattled. He never lost his confidence. He could be firm without being dictatorial, disagree without causing offense, nor was there ever a doubt that when he spoke, he knew what he was talking about. More importantly, he remained entirely himself, never straying from his direct, unpretentious way with good effect."

• 1:23:54David Senra?

  So he travels from Paris to Le Mans. He's gonna start doing public demonstrations. I want to read the description of this. This is really important because this is something. So Claude Hopkins, founder's number 170, probably the greatest copywriter to ever live. And think about it, he spent every waking hour. He wound up, Claude Hopkins essentially worked from home by himself with a typewriter. Just him and his, like, spending all these hours. He made the equivalent of like $4 million, what would be $4 million a year in today's money, right? Working by himself, just writing copy that sold other people's products, right? He makes more money later on when he starts taking ownership in products and stuff. But somebody dedicated his entire life to persuasion and to writing copy makes the point that no argument in the world can ever compare with one dramatic demo. That if you want to sell something, demo, like, let people see what your product does.

• 1:24:39David Senra?

  That is better than anything you could possibly write, coming from a guy that dedicated his life to writing sales copy. And so the Wright brothers is an example of that. "It was nearly 3:00 in the afternoon by the time Wilbur opened the shed doors and a gleaming white flyer was rolled into the sunshine. He continued to fuss with it. He then walked the full length and width of the field, made sure the starting rail was headed exactly into the wind." So this is the reason I'm reading this to you, because he was, he always had to do everything himself. He was completely obsessed. "He checked the catapult to see if it was all in order and then supervised the raising of the iron weight. The iron weight is dropped, it's like thrown down. That's where they're getting the propulsion, sends it down to the track, builds up the speed needed to lift off, okay? He was never hurried in the least. Finally, at 6:30, three and a half hours later, Wilbur said quietly, 'Gentlemen, I'm

• 1:25:24David Senra?

  going to fly.' He took his seat. Two men started the engine. Not satisfied with something he heard as the motor was warmed up, Wilbur called to a mechanic who was standing at the back of the machine to ask if a small last-minute adjustment had been made. The man said it had. Wilbur sat silent for a moment. Then, slowly leaving his seat, he walked around the machine just to make sure with his own eyes that this particular adjustment had, without the slightest shadow of a doubt, been well and truly made." Back again in his seat, Wilbur released the trigger, the weight dropped, and down the rail and into the air he swept. Cheers went up as he sailed away.

• 1:26:05David Senra?

  He banked to the left, turned in a graceful curve, and came flying back towards the grandstand. Very near the point where he had started, he made another perfect turn and flew a full circle once again. The crowd was ecstatic, cheering, shouting, hardly able to believe what they had seen. That summer Saturday in Le Mans, France, one American pioneer had at last presented to the world the miracle that he and his brother had created on their own and in less than two minutes demonstrated for all who were present and to an extent no one had had anywhere on earth, had yet on anywhere on earth, that a new age had begun. And this demonstration, it's gonna go on for quite a while, they're gonna do it all

• 1:26:50David Senra?

  over Europe, his brother's gonna do it back in Washington, this is when the entire, it goes from, you know, they're having a fight against the difference to they can't walk out of their house, like they are now global, global celebrities for the rest of their lives. So that tipping point has finally, they finally achieved that tipping point where they're no longer laboring obscurity. And so now we get more of his personality traits, this is why he's in Europe. Wilbur Wright is the best example of strength and character that I have ever seen. In spite of the sarcastic remarks and the mockery, in spite of the traps set up everywhere all over the years, he has not faltered. He is sure of himself, sure of his genius, and he kept his secret. He's a shy, simple man, but also a man of genius who could work alongside the men of the factory, just as he could work entirely alone.

• 1:27:33David Senra?

  He could cook his own meals and do whatever else was necessary under almost any conditions, and he was quiet by nature. He went his way always in his own way. That's another great sentence. He went his way always in his own way, never showing off, never ever playing to the crowd. The impatience of a hundred thousand persons could not accelerate the rhythm of his stride. That is an actual quote. That's something that happened, you got, there's like all this pressure because you got a hundred thousand people waiting for you to do something. And if he didn't think that the flyer was ready, or the weather was good enough, he'd just say, "I'm not flying today." He did not care. They had discovered how exceptionally cultured Wilbur was, how in rare moments of relaxation, he talked with authority of literature, art, history, music, science, architecture.

• 1:28:17David Senra?

  "The devotion of this preacher's son to his calling," this is such a great sentence, too. I'm going to start it over. "The devotion of this preacher's son to his calling was very like that of a gifted man dedicating his life to a religious mission." So while Wilbur is doing the demonstration in Europe, Orville starts putting on flying demos in Washington. So it says, "Orville and the flyer remained in the air for more than four minutes, circling the parade ground five and a half times under perfect control, covering three miles with no mishap. In the days that followed, Orville provided one sensational performance after another, breaking one world record after another. As never before, the two bicycle mechanics, quote unquote, and their flying machines were causing simultaneous sensations on both sides of the Atlantic.

• 1:28:59David Senra?

  They had become a transcontinental, two-ring, flying circus." And I mentioned earlier that Orville fell from 75 feet. And I'm going to skip over that part, but I want to talk about, he's in serious condition. And this is where his father, like receives, they just got a fantastic father. And so he's writing to his son. He wrote to Orville clearly from the heart. "I am afflicted with the pain you feel and sympathize with the disappointment which has postponed your final success in aeronautics. But we are all thankful that your life has been spared and are confident of your speedy, though tedious, recovery and of your triumph in the future as in the past."

• 1:29:42David Senra?

  Then, in the way of a fatherly sermon, he added, "We learn much better by tribulation and by adversity. Our hearts are made better." They've just got a father that just absolutely believes in them and supports them 100%. You just couldn't ask for more. Skipping ahead, Wilbur's giving another speech. This is before he leaves Europe, he's gonna go back home. He goes to Europe several times after this, too. So I just wanna, he just gives this great speech, I just wanna pull a couple of highlights from the speech. This is Wilbur speaking. "In the enthusiasm being shown around me, I see not merely an outburst intended to glorify a person, but a tribute to an idea that has always impassioned mankind. I sometimes think that the desire to fly after the fashion of birds is an ideal handed

• 1:30:26David Senra?

  down to us by our ancestors, who in their grueling travels across trackless lands in prehistoric times, looked enviously on the birds soaring freely through space, at full speed, above all obstacles, on the infinite highway of the air. Ten years ago, all hopes of flying had almost been abandoned. Even the most convinced had become doubtful. And I confess that in 1901, I said to my brother that man would not fly for 50 years. Two years later, we ourselves were making flights. This demonstration of my inability as a prophet gave me such a shock that I have ever since

• 1:31:09David Senra?

  distrusted myself and have refrained from all prediction. But it is not really necessary to look too far into the future. We see enough already to be certain that it will be magnificent. Only let us hurry and open the roads." And eventually Orville recovers, his leg is a little shorter, he has to, he like walks with a limp. He winds up outliving his brother by 36 years. But he does wind up being able to fly again. Before I get there, this is another fantastic quote, and this one comes from Wilbur Wright. And he says, "A man who works for the immediate present and its immediate rewards is nothing but a fool."

• 1:31:52David Senra?

  And I'll just close on this section that made me smile when I read it. "Of the immediate family, only Bishop Wright had yet to fly, nor had anyone of his age ever flown anywhere on earth. He had been with the brothers from the start, helping in every way he could. Never losing faith in them are their aspirations. Now, at 82, with the crowd cheering, he walked out to the starting point, where Orville, without hesitation, asked him to climb aboard. They took off, soaring over 350 feet for a good six minutes, during which the bishop's only words were, 'Higher, Orville, higher.'"

• 1:32:34David Senra?

  And that is where I'll leave it. I highly, highly recommend you buy the book. I think it belongs in every founder's library. This is a great quote from the CEO of Google on the back, and he says, "A story that resonates with anyone who believes deeply in the power of technology to change lives." And I didn't see that until after I reread the book, and that's just perfect. That's just a fantastic way to put it. There's a link in the show notes. If you buy the book using the link, you'll be supporting the podcast at the same time. There's also a link in the show notes and at founderspodcast.com in case you want to give a gift subscription to a friend, a coworker, or a family member. You can do that. That's a great way to support the podcast as well. That is 239 books down, 1,000 to go, and I'll talk to you again soon.