The Cod Wars

In the long and lamentable history of human conflicts, the Cod Wars have to be among the most bizarre. And what was the catalyst for them? You guessed it - fish. These 20th-century confrontations pitted hardy British fishermen and ships of the Royal Navy against the unwavering Icelandic Coast Guard. They involved medieval inventions and tactics like ships ramming each other, and even live fire. The conflict would shake the very foundations of NATO, and threaten to upend the balance of power in the Cold War between East and West. William Reynolds is a Lecturer in Defence Studies at King's College London and joins us to explain these bizarre confrontations that came to shape maritime law and British-Icelandic relations. Produced by James Hickmann and edited by Max Carrey. Sign up to History Hit for hundreds of hours of original documentaries, with a new release every week and ad-free podcasts. Sign up at https://www.historyhit.com/subscribe. Hosted on Acast. See acast.com/privacy https://acast.com/privacy for more information.

Speaker names marked ? are inferred from speaking time and the show’s known hosts — they are not voice-verified.

• 0:00Dan Snow?

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• 2:24Dan Snow?

  Hi everybody, welcome to Dan Snow's History Hit. I have a strange fascination with some of the more bizarre conflicts. In the long and lamentable catalogue of human conflict, there are certain episodes amidst the horror and the tragedy that do raise a little bit of an eyebrow, maybe even a smile. The bizarre conflicts, whether it's the Soccer War in Central America, ignited by a World Cup qualifying soccer match, the Great Emu War of 1932, when the Australian government undertook a military operation against large flightless birds. The Anglazanzabar War was a very real war, a shooting war. It lasted about 45 minutes though, so it's quite short. Then there's the War of Jenkins's Ear, which was a proper war, a terrible war.

• 3:10Dan Snow?

  A war that spanned continents but does have that extraordinary title. A conflict between Britain and Spain that seems to have been started because a Spanish coastguard chopped off the ear of Captain Jenkins, although some accounts suggest it could have been an even more precious body part. Top of the list of all the bizarrely-named conflicts that I've come across, well, it has to be the Cod Wars. When Britain and Iceland exchanged blows, yes, there was violence over fish. It wasn't strictly speaking a war, but as you'll hear in this podcast, it's a pretty fine distinction. There was conflict, there was physical conflict. It's a wild piece of history. It involves extraordinary cat and mouse chases

• 3:54Dan Snow?

  between hardy British trawlermen and their equally unwavering Icelandic pursuers. It sucked in Royal Naval vessels, Icelandic coastguard ramming ships, crews trying to board each other. There was even live fire at certain points. Serious numbers of Royal Navy ships were damaged. This was a big deal. And it was an even bigger deal, in fact, because although it sounds ludicrous, this head-to-head came to threaten the stability, the integrity of NATO itself, right at the height of the Cold War. This British-Icelandic spat threatened the security, the unity of Europe. And Iceland, in fact, at one point said it was going to trigger Article Five

• 4:36Dan Snow?

  as the result of British incursions into Icelandic waters. It's an overlooked, it's a fascinating piece of history, and it was all very, very recent. Joining me on the podcast is Will Reynolds. He's a lecturer in Defence Studies at King's College London. He's teaching at the UK Joint Services Command and Staff College. He is a great historian and communicator. He's going to tell us all about the Cod Wars. Enjoy.

• 5:00Speaker 04

  T minus ten. The Thomas bomb dropped on Hiroshima. God save the king. No black-white unity till they're dispersed in black unity. Never to go to war with one another again. And lift off, and the shuttle has cleared the tower.

• 5:18Dan Snow?

  Will, thank you very much for coming on the podcast.

• 5:20Speaker 05

  Thank you for having me.

• 5:22Dan Snow?

  Before we get into the 20th century battles over fish, obviously, Britain and the US occupied Iceland during the Second World War. But before then, was this a touch point between Britain and her northern neighbour?

• 5:35Speaker 05

  So I can't speak for medieval or Renaissance, I'm afraid. I'm sure there are eminently more qualified historians who could help you out on that front. The idea of fish being a tension point between nations is not relegated to the 20th century. It is definitely something that's quite perennial, predominantly because this is deep-sea fishing. This isn't fish that's near British coastlines. These are fish that are closer to the Icelanders. The trawler men, and it was predominantly men, would go out for months, essentially, and do these things and then come back, rather than sort of go in and out, as you'd expect from a normal fishing stereotype. So it would become quite controversial. In terms of the relationship, though, I think the relationship between Denmark and Iceland

• 6:20Speaker 05

  was a bit more tense because of that colonial relationship. And the UK side of it only really starts to factor because of the occupation in the Second World War. And the British weren't viewed, shall we say, as positively as, say, the Americans, who the Americans were around as well. But for the British, because Britain was an empire, you get tainted with that stereotype as well.

• 6:42Dan Snow?

  So what are the rules on fishing or what rules does the Icelandic government try and impose? Is there an exclusion zone? Is there an area around Iceland the government tried to reserve for its own fishermen?

• 6:56Speaker 05

  So it's a very strange period of time because the rules of the road for the sea were in flux at this point. And what you would recognise today and that you can see coming up in the South China Sea or East China Sea or various other areas, it comes under something called the United Nations Convention of Law on the Sea or UNCLAS. And that wasn't ratified or fully solidified until the 90s. There were various meetings, big UN meetings about it. You'll sometimes see references to things called UNCLAS 2 or UNCLAS 3. Those are basically the meetings trying to set out what the rules of the road are. But going into 1945, 46, so just post-war, the basic rule is you get three nautical miles

• 7:37Speaker 05

  of territory from your coastline and that is also coincidentally the range of your average cannon. So it's that idea of you can defend an enact force on this area of coastline, therefore it's yours. And the rest is classified as high seas. And there's various laws associated with high seas, but there isn't any sort of exclusivity applied to it in terms of fishing. So for cod war, the cod wars, and there were three, the Icelanders will say there are four, so four or three, depending on where you sit. But from the British perspective, there were three. One started in 1958 and then finished in 61. Another in 72 to 73 and another in 75 to 76.

• 8:16Speaker 05

  And each one is the Icelanders trying to push out a zone of exclusivity for rights of fishing in tandem. So the first one was to go from three nautical miles to, I think, 12 nautical miles. The second one was to go from 12 to 50 and the third one was to go from 50 to 200. And 200 is the one we recognise today as the exclusive economic zone. So in today's laws, you have 12, which is your territorial waters. You have 24, which is your contiguous zone. And then you have 200, which is your exclusive economic zone. Now, there's various rules and caveats to that, but that's the basics. We don't need to get into maritime law and bore your listeners on that one. But that was kind of where the Icelanders were going.

• 8:58Speaker 05

  So up until the first cod war, there were no rules associated with that. So the Icelanders were trying to implement new norms in this regard.

• 9:09Dan Snow?

  Okay, and that's why through the 19th century, as the populations soared, the Brits were looking for fish, everyone was looking for fish, and there are sort of standoffs through the 1890s, and there's the odd gunboat going alongside trawlers, and it's all a bit messy. In 58, things really come to a head. Tell me, we talk about cod wars, I mean, it's an extraordinary phrase. Who would initiate the action? Would it be British trawlers entering this territory claimed, or this seascape, this maritime territory claimed by the Icelanders?

• 9:40Speaker 05

  So it's sort of a mixture of things. I should say that it's not the only war named after a aquatic creature. You've got the lobster and trout wars as well, lobster wars between France and Brazil, around the same time period, actually, and the trout wars were in the 90s, between Canada and the EU. And these involved navies. I mean, the lobster war involved a flying fortress. So with these wars, these conflicts, you have to understand the stakes that were involved for these competing nations. And the stakes were almost entirely existential for the Icelanders, in their perception. Whereas for the UK, it was far less of a concern. So there's this academic called Gundy Johannesen, who coincidentally was one of Iceland's most popular presidents for decades. He's just left office, I think, in the last half a decade

• 10:25Speaker 05

  or so. But he is the quintessential cod wars academic.

• 10:28Dan Snow?

  In my experience, in my experience in Iceland, people often do job shares. There's not many people, and there's lots of jobs to do. So you get a kind of thermal engineer who is also designs the currency or something. You know, that seems to be quite normal.

• 10:38Speaker 05

  Yeah, controversial in that he tried to outlaw pineapple on pizza. So a controversial individual, but very popular and would be my go-to for this. He very helpfully divided the reasons into like five Ps for the UK and six Cs for Iceland. And the five Ps were power, pressure, principle, precedent and prestige. And we can go into that later if you like. And the Cs were code of law, Cold War, cynicism, conservation, commitment and compassion.

• 11:07Dan Snow?

  Surely you missed a bit of a trick there. Surely one of the seas should be cod, shouldn't it? On the...

• 11:11Speaker 05

  Well, yes, yes. I was very angry when I was writing a paper on this, that someone had already claimed the title fish and ships. That was a slam dunk and someone's stolen it. I think codfather might have been a good one as well, but you don't, you know, you get all these various titles and names with this conflict. On the sea, it was the trawlermen that started. Well, the trawlermen were fishing where they always were, and these are trawler folk from Hull and Grimsby predominantly. These were massive trawling fleets, probably the largest in the world combined by 58. The problem was by 58, they weren't paying their way anymore. So the government was subsidising them to keep them running. So what the British government was worried about with regards to this was huge mass local unemployment. If you

• 11:53Speaker 05

  cut this out, you lose the main economy of these two big cities and it just drags everything down. But the Icelanders were worried because 86% of their exports were fish. And whilst it didn't happen with the cod, when Haddock disappeared in the mid 60s and Iceland's GDP per capita dropped by 16%, that's how existential it was for them. And this is a population of 200,000. The population of Iceland is smaller than the population of Hull, but they, they really did care about this. And so when the Icelanders put out these zones and the trawler folk refused to leave and the UK didn't recognise this as legal, that's where the clashes would occur. So the first one was

• 12:34Speaker 05

  a trawler called the Northern Foam. And what happened there, and it got quite violent, no violence in terms of injury, but in terms of rhetoric, I think one of the crewmen of the Foam sort of locked themselves in the engine room and said that he, on the radio, he's got an axe and he's going to cut any of their hands off that come in. And so the Royal Navy were trying to de-escalate this situation whilst the Icelanders were trying to escalate it. And that caused a backlash. And basically what happens is things that happen at sea caused disproportionate effects at home, where the public would read up on this, and the governments would get carried away with the sentiment and they would lose control, essentially. The Icelandic government at one point basically lost control of its coastguard in terms of... Been done at sea and had to go along with it.

• 13:19Speaker 05

  And the British, the Royal Navy was much better, of course, it was more structured. But the British lost control of the trawlerman who went out there to go and try and and um enforce what their rights were. For their perceived rights and the Navy had to go out and protect them because otherwise if they let the Icelanders arrest them or take them away. It was seen as a de facto recognition of these new laws. So it is a very weird dynamic where governments start these things. But then the dynamics that occur at sea start a life of their own and sort of runs away with it. No one is able to control the escalation.

• 13:54Dan Snow?

  How how do you arrest a vessel at sea?

• 13:57Speaker 05

  It's incredibly difficult because the North Sea is not, I don't know if you've ever been on the North Sea, it's not a pleasant place to live or work. And it's very difficult in this period, fifty, sixty and seventies, to rock up alongside a boat. And then get people on board without being resisted and arresting the crew. It's incredibly difficult because A, the crew are resisting and you had excellent inventions like potato guns. Uh against the Icelandic Coast Guard who found it quite difficult to do so.

• 14:27Dan Snow?

  Again, like potato guns, what's that?

• 14:30Speaker 05

  Yes, so like high powered pressure, not an actual firearm, but a sort of suppose a tube that fires pressure of a potato goes out. You know, it's gonna hurt if it hits you, but on the North Sea, when you're trying to get on board, if you go into the water, you it does become lethal. Um because of the temperature, because of how how difficult it is to get a man back on board. So these things are quite lethal and when Icelanders were trying to get on to these ships, if they're resisting, you can't really get on board. So you have to achieve some sort of dominance, get your people on board and then tow it away, which is very difficult when the Royal Navy are lurking in the background. And they are using themselves to get in between the two targets, the the the Coast Guard vessel and the target.

• 15:12Speaker 05

  And push them away essentially, not physically, but that did occur at points, but just using your presence to sort of. Push push the individuals away so they can't do anything, but it did get very violent in terms of. How the ships interacted with each other. So ramming is obviously a very, is very common. I'm sure you've seen photos of, of Royal Navy frigates coming back into port with giant holes in the sides of them because a coastguard vessel has slammed into it, or they've slammed into a coastguard vessel by accident reportedly. But when you look at a captain's logbook and it says, "We were going thirty knots and then zero knots", that didn't seem like they were slowing down when they went into each other. So whether it's by accident or not is a, is a technical question,

• 15:56Speaker 05

  shall we say. And I think many captains recognised that they had been given informal orders to be a bit more muscular in certain areas than was technically legal at sea.

• 16:06Dan Snow?

  And let's remember, I stand at coastguard and the Royal Navy, these are, these are two NATO countries, these two NATO powers who are, who are, well, coming to blows, crashing into each other, ramming each other in the North Atlantic and the North Sea. It's crazy.

• 16:20Speaker 05

  And some very creative ways of doing it as well. So only the Icelanders ever fired their weapons and never high explosive, usually solid shot. There's a, there was a battle that occurred, I think in the Third Cold War, when some trawlers were trying to escape from a, a zone they shouldn't have been in. And it got violent enough that the Icelanders fired. Because it wasn't just the Royal Navy. The Ministry of Agriculture, Fish and Food had hired six tugs to act as civil defence tugs. So these were civil service crewed, I suppose in many ways similar to the Royal Fleet Auxiliary, but they weren't within the military apparatus. They were a separate thing. And these tugs were

• 16:59Speaker 05

  not armed, they were deep sea tugs. So they were far more able to be a bit boisterous with the coastguard vessels. Because if you look at Royal Navy ships, they're quite thin in terms of steel on the sides of them because they're designed for seakeeping. They're not expecting to ram each other, whereas tugs are expected to.

• 17:15Dan Snow?

  No, that's, that's absolutely not the design in the design envelope. Yeah, that's okay.

• 17:20Speaker 05

  You have a Leander class frigate, which is playing keep away with an Icelandic coastguard vessel. The Icelandic coastguard vessel, if they hit each other, will tend to win because it's, it's a tug. And one of the vessels the Icelanders hired and then crewed was called the Balder, which was a whaler. And everyone was terrified of this thing because it had very sharp corners. And if it hits, if it hit a Royal Navy frigate, it was going to cause a lot of damage. So they used to use a tug called the Lloydsman. Which was very big and it was considered the only one which could really go mano a mano with this with this Balder and they both sort of kept each other at arm's length. But if if the Balder had crashed and it did regularly, you can see photos of HMS Yarmouth

• 18:03Speaker 05

  or Juno, which are both Leander class frigates coming into port and they've got massive holes because a coastguard vessel has accidentally or maybe accidentally slammed into it and has torn apart the steel, which is why you see those tyres along the side of them. The tyres are designed to try and provide some rubber, so if it hits each other, it doesn't cause as much damage as it was supposed to.

• 18:27Dan Snow?

  Well, Balder is the son of Odin in Viking mythology, isn't he? Brother of Thor, and I think he basically, the name sort of means brave or defiant, so that that tug was very cleverly named.

• 18:38Speaker 05

  Odin and Thor, also two coastguard ships, so.

• 18:42Dan Snow?

  Well, there you go. That's the more practical, his more practical incarnation. How did the first cod war come to an end?

• 18:49Speaker 05

  It came to an end in the same way that it usually does. The British, they don't capitulate, so we always, the joke is Iceland wins every single time, and it does technically, but the capitulations highlight that the Brits had far more control over when to go into a, to use force and when to leave, whereas the Icelanders couldn't. The Icelandic government had to win, otherwise they would electorally be wiped out, the government that were in charge. And so in sixty one, an agreement is set out where quotas are put in place and the Brits, trawlers can use certain areas, but they have to be, they have to be monitored. The numbers are closely monitored as well, and this is all underpinned by the ICJ, so

• 19:34Speaker 05

  the International Court of Justice, which is kind of the court which looks at all UN international war rulings. And the agreement was that this was in place and the ICJ would underpin it. And both nations, Iceland and Britain, and Germany actually, people forget, West Germany was part of this, they didn't really get involved in force, it was mainly the Brits, but in the international agreement, West Germany was involved. And that agreement was put in place. The issue was, as we'll probably come up. The Icelanders, ten-ish years down the line, thought, this agreement was forced upon us by a colonial oppressor, we render it null and void, and the ICJ had no power to enforce it, which highlights some of the issues with international rulings, that if the countries aren't willing to follow it, it becomes quite difficult to enforce

• 20:16Speaker 05

  those laws, which obviously has loads of comparisons with today's day and age.

• 20:21Dan Snow?

  Interesting. So Iceland win, but then, but then renege?

• 20:25Speaker 05

  Yeah, because they think, the government that was in charge a decade later, think that they were brought to the table and they compromised too much. So they think these rules were forced upon them, that they didn't stick with it long enough and they would have got more. That was their argument.

• 20:41Dan Snow?

  You're listening to Dan Snow's History Hit. This is an episode all about the Cod Wars, when Britain fought Iceland over fish. More coming up.

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• 23:34Dan Snow?

  So there's a second Cold War and that's caused, what, by this new, even more, well, this belligerent Icelandic government? What, they want a bigger exclusion zone?

• 23:41Speaker 05

  Yes, they want a 50-mile zone, now a nautical mile zone, which is difficult because it was recognized by the Brits that, okay, if they push up to 12, it's annoying. But there's still plenty of fisheries past the 12 limit that can keep these communities going. If you push up to 50, there's only two small fisheries past the 50 point. Well, on the 50 point, in the House of Commons, someone actually gave the statistics, which was very useful. It was Anthony Royall, who was the Undersecretary for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. And he said, if they go from 12 to 50, the catches would reduce between 40 to 60%. So that's a huge undercut. So it has more of an economic threat to the Brits than the first one did. The first one was a mixture of principles. Why would you encroach on the high seas?

• 24:26Speaker 05

  This is, these are our rules. Whereas this one is more economically concerned for the British.

• 24:32Dan Snow?

  Right, so the Brits more determined to defend their trawlers this time.

• 24:36Speaker 05

  But it was interesting because the Navy did not want to get involved in this one. The first one, they were actually quite up for it. They thought, oh, this will be some good training. It won't get super tense. It's the Icelandic Coast Guard, for goodness sake, we can do this. By the second one, they recognized the issues, which was, Britain is never going to authorize lethal force against the Icelandic Coast Guard, because that's just insane. Internationally, A, it's a NATO partner, and B, it's a small nation and a huge nation, relatively speaking. You know, the British Royal Navy is not tiny in the sixties or the seventies. It's not the size it is now. It's large. And the UK, whilst is a declining, relatively declining, from great power status to middle power status,

• 25:18Speaker 05

  it is still very influential and big. And the idea, if you just look at the comms of the firing on Icelanders, the Icelanders knew this. They had a little fucker wolf transport plane. They used to put the media on it and tell an Icelandic Coast Guard vessel to go play silly with a Royal Navy ship and just wait for the media to get there before they do it, because they were also playing this long comms game to try and win international support. The Royal Navy did say to the British government, if you're going to do this, you're going to have to authorize us to go up to the port, shell the port so the boats can't come out, and then we hit them there, so they don't keep coming in and out like insurgents. And obviously, no one's going to do that. And the Navy knew that wasn't going to happen. And so you were stuck tactically in this loggerheads.

• 26:00Dan Snow?

  So what happens in the second Cold War then?

• 26:03Speaker 05

  It gets more violent.

• 26:04Dan Snow?

  It gets more violent?

• 26:06Speaker 05

  Yeah, the first one is generally considered a gentleman's affair, which is, the technology had not caught up to wage such hybrid wars. And so the Icelanders, by the second conflict, and this guy became a national hero, developed something called the warp cutter, which is an old piece of demining kit. You basically put a big hook on a tow line, you dip it down, you go forward, and the hook will cut the line of the trawling vessel, because they're doing, they're doing deep bed trawling. They're basically, the two lines go down, there's a big net, and they scrape the bottom of the floor with a net to pick up the fish. If you cut that line, I can't remember the exact numbers, but it was a huge dent in productivity

• 26:50Speaker 05

  in terms of the catch and the pounds the trawl being boat would take home for winnings. Every time a coastguard vessel turned up, even without putting the cutter out, they would all bring their nets in and just sit there and go, Royal Navy, come and push them away so we can get back to fishing. Every hour we spend not fishing is X amount of money we're not making. And so it ended up as a really effective deterrent and a lot of warp lines, which is the name of the line for the fishing net, were cut, which cost a lot of money to replace. These weren't sort of your average, you know, stereotypically throwing a net over the side. These were heavy duty warp lines. And then being cut had a huge financial effect on the trawler. Both in terms of productivity, but also in terms of just the cost of replacement.

• 27:34Speaker 05

  So they acted as quite an effective deterrent. And the Navy, the Royal Navy had to develop tactics to counter these.

• 27:40Dan Snow?

  Well, there's one episode, isn't there, where a trawler plays Royal Britannia at top volume and tries to sort of fight off the Icelandic boat?

• 27:47Speaker 05

  Yes, I think it's a community that may not exist really anymore, the trawling community. These are very independent men who go out for months in horrific weather, get the fish and come back. They are very independent minded. A lot of them, particularly in the first Cold War, had served in the fishery patrol squadron for mines. So they had that war experience in the country. I think quite rightly viewed that they owed them something. So that's part of the reason the Navy went out in the first place. These are the independently spirited men of the trawlers. And you've got quite famous ones who would be picked up by the coastguard in peacetime and were just well known by the coastguard as like, oh, it's this person who keeps breaking law. We'll throw him in prison, take his boat for a while and then send him on his way.

• 28:30Speaker 05

  It's almost like a police officer doing a beat and he recognizes these certain individuals, you know, like the Del Boys of the sea, going around doing some quite interesting things.

• 28:40Dan Snow?

  And on that occasion, they play Royal Britannia and throw, again, throw waste and axe and things at these Icelandic vessels. But in May seventy-three, as part of this war, there is actually this live fire, is there?

• 28:54Speaker 05

  Yeah, so that goes back to the incident I was talking about. Essentially, these trawlers have to take on fresh water, and they often do it dangerously in Icelandic coves, hoping to beat the Icelanders from seeing them, because the Icelanders don't have a lot of presence. At the most, they have seven to eight vessels and one maritime patrol aircraft. And these aren't all going out at the same time. If you think of the rules of thirds, usually a third of them will be out there, a third would be in refit, and a third would be in reserve. So they couldn't cover the whole area. And so these trawlers would go into these coves, take on fresh water. The civil defence tugs would sort of turn up and go, you need to leave, please. And as they were leaving, a guy called Norman Storey, who was captain, I think he was captain of the Lloydsman at this point, and he's got

• 29:36Speaker 05

  a great book called Tug Masters Wars or something along those lines. They see an Icelandic coast guard come around the corner, and they're like, oh, oh dear. And they get stuck. And the coast guard vessel is really trying to keep them in place, whereas they're using the tug to try and push it out of the way so they can all make a break for freedom. And the coast guard vessel gets very irate and starts firing solid shot, so not high explosive, not on the pit, just a solid slug. And Norman Storey was like, you could see them punching holes into the funnel of my vessel. None of us are armed. The Royal Navy aren't going to come into the 12 mile zone because that's illegal. That is recognised by all as Icelandic waters. So the Royal Navy were sort of on the horn going, you

• 30:18Speaker 05

  need to get to this line, and we can come in and protect you. But we are not going to come into their waters because we're not going to break the law, which a part of our argument is we're upholding the law, which is don't extend the borders. We're not going to break that to try and uphold it.

• 30:33Dan Snow?

  Wow. So they're being bombarded by effectively cannonballs, taking damage from cannonballs. This is the, this is the 1970s. This is extraordinary. Okay, so, and then somebody dies in this war as well.

• 30:46Speaker 05

  It is, and it's very sad. The incident itself, so the person died as a secondary effect. They didn't die in a collision. He was a technician, an engineer on board a coastguard vessel. And this vessel does collide with a Royal Navy ship. It could quite easily have been the Royal Navy did it, it could have been quite easily by accident because these ships are going very close to each other at twenty to thirty knots. Just a slight mishap and someone's going to hit each other. So some of these were by accident, others were a bit more nefarious. And he was doing some repair work in the engine room and he dropped his tool and electrocuted himself. And you don't want to laugh at it, but it's a very unfortunate death in what is a very ludicrous war. And it's very sad and he is viewed as, there is a memorial for him. But it is, it just highlights that there was a death, it was a conflict.

• 31:31Speaker 05

  It was just a very strange one, one that you wouldn't expect in a naval sort of engagement.

• 31:37Dan Snow?

  How does this particular war come to an end?

• 31:42Speaker 05

  Well, the Icelanders getting what they want, which is kind of ludicrous again. So Edward Heath was Prime Minister of the UK at this point. So nineteen seventy-three, just before Harold Wilson came in. And the British were always looking for ways to end these conflicts because having the Royal Navy out there was costly. It was costly in geopolitics, but it was also costly in financial wealth and it was also costly in strategy. The Royal Navy were actively complaining that this is starting to suck up our standing forces for the NATO contribution. This is actively damaging our deterrence. We need to find ways of ending this. And so it was, it was eventually agreed that there'll be a quota system again, that the fifty mile limit would eventually come into being.

• 32:27Speaker 05

  The ICJ didn't underpin it this time, but there was an agreement, but it was also sort of put off. There was a recognition that this would have to be revisited. Unlike the first conflict where it was sort of a line under the sand, this one recognised that there would be a revisiting of the issue further down the line. And which is why the Third Cold War came up so quickly afterwards. You know, you had a decade in between the first and the second one. Between the second and third one, you had two, two, three years.

• 32:52Dan Snow?

  So there's a third cod war, nineteen seventy five to six. Don't tell me it starts because the Iceland Icelanders push out that boundary a bit further, do they?

• 33:02Speaker 05

  They do, but this one's a strange one because the Brits want the two hundred mile boundary limit. But they don't want it just yet. They want it further down the line because this is when North Sea oil starts becoming a thing. And if there's a two hundred limit, all of that tasty oil and gas becomes British.

• 33:19Dan Snow?

  Aha, so actually suddenly the Brits approve of two hundred miles of exclusive economic area when it comes to coastlines.

• 33:25Speaker 05

  They do, and they recognize that in international law, this is where it's going to end up. There is a feeling of momentum in the first and second one, there's a lot more division. But in the third one, there's a recognition that this is where we're going to end up. So what the Brits are doing again is a holding action, which is we don't want this to happen now, because we need it to eke out slowly so that we can find ways of of re employing the people of Hull and Grimsby. So it doesn't just become two massive unemployment sort of black holes. And remember, this is the mid seventies. You've got high inflation, the oil crisis from the Middle East has affected everything. You don't want to add more pain on top of that. And so that's part of the idea. There was a great little quote, I think it was in the First War.

• 34:10Speaker 05

  Someone from the from the Fisheries Department said, if you're going to be hanged, there's no reason to be rushing to the gallows, which is, we know this is coming, but we're not going to run towards it. We're going to go kicking and screaming.

• 34:24Dan Snow?

  You're listening to Dan Snow's history hit. This is an episode all about the cod wars. More coming up.

• 35:05Speaker 02

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• 35:47Speaker 02

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• 36:02Dan Snow?

  So the Icelanders extend out 200 miles. British trawlers ignore it, I presume, and you get confrontations.

• 36:10Speaker 05

  Yep, and it's probably the most sophisticated conflict in terms of everyone trying out tactics and strategy. The UK, by this point, had very clear rules of engagement, which had been developed over the last couple of conflicts. And it came under something called Operational Order Dewey. And it divided the rules of engagement into four categories: Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, and Delta. Delta was never used. Delta was start firing. So that was, that was the, the end goal. Alpha and Bravo was the one that was usually used. But the third conflict was where they actually got up to Charlie, which was you can very muscularly push away the Icelanders. Bravo was you can't make contact with them or put your ship in a position where you might accidentally make contact with them. Though a lot of people ignored that.

• 36:55Speaker 05

  Whereas with Charlie, it was, it was recognized implicitly, you go out there and you push them away. And if that runs legally, you can't ram them. But if it runs the risk of you accidentally hitting them, so be it. And there was, again, I say legally, everyone recognized you do not run into opposing ships because people can go overboard, they can drown, they can die, it's illegal. But you had a captain of a tribal class frigate who was sent out there and was conveniently given the plans for the Icelandic Coast Guard vessels with little circles going, this is their weakest point on this ship. So, you know, he was told not to do it, but you're given all this information, you go, oh, I wonder what I'm meant to infer from this. And you even had one captain who had developed putting railway line spikes on the back of his ship.

• 37:39Speaker 05

  So that if a coastguard vessel came in, he would just slow down and two railway sparks would go straight through the front of the Icelandic coastguard vessel.

• 37:48Dan Snow?

  This is some, some early medieval ship to ship action. I mean, there's some pre-gunpowder technology going on with these ships. Absolutely fascinating. Although, speaking of gunpowder, again, shots are fired in this war, aren't they?

• 38:00Speaker 05

  They are. That escalation I talked about comes near the end of the Third Cold War, and it shocks the Icelanders because they're always under the impression that we have the escalation advantage. The Brits are never going to be super aggressive towards us because A, we're coastguard, they're navy, B, all the international reasons I spoke of, and also NATO. We haven't talked about it yet, but at one point Iceland said to the Americans, we might declare Article Five on Britain. So, you know, it goes mad. And Kissinger refers to it as the tyranny of the small states. Kissinger is a big great power theorist. He's like, yes, it's all about the big powers. And you've got a little Iceland going around threatening to break up NATO by calling its allies on one of the founding members. Iceland's also a founding member. So on one of the big, on the big founding members.

• 38:45Dan Snow?

  Right. Things are getting really bad. And it looks like the navy, they sustained quite a lot of damage in this, this third war.

• 38:51Speaker 05

  They do, which is why the escalation happened at the end. Because they, it got to the point where they went, we can no longer protect the trawlers with the restrictions in place. The Icelanders are taking advantage of this. They know the restrictions are in place and they are ramming us in such a way that they have control. And in, in any military engagement, you want to be the one dictating the tempo and the control of, of a battle, essentially. You want to be the one which is able to decide when and where to use force because that's where the advantage comes from. The British go to the government, unless you give us ability to go up to Charlie, we're going to lose this. Because, as you say, these Royal Navy ships were getting hammered by these coastguard vessels because they just

• 39:36Speaker 05

  weren't designed for it. These are highly sophisticated, a lot of them anti-surface warfare vessels, anti-submarine warfare vessels as well. They're designed to go out, hunt Soviet submarines and sink them. They're not designed to play argy-bargy with the Icelandic coastguard. That's mainly the civil defence tugs that do that. And there's actually some interesting tactics that come out of that. They were, they were testing tactics where you would get two frigates and a tug. And you would use the wake of the frigates to speed up the tug and then sort of slingshot it into an Icelandic coastguard vessel. So these are, you know, these are very odd. Norman Story talks about it in his book where he goes, you know, we do these exercises and practise. I don't think they ever did it. Or you would get a Wasp helicopter, which is

• 40:20Speaker 05

  the anti-submarine warfare helicopter at the time on the back of a Leander, it's quite small. And it would buzz a coastguard vessel's bridge, so they're all distracted, whilst the Lloydsman sneaks up from behind and hits it in the back. So you've got, you've got all these various tactics that are played. But the Navy, it does ultimately, because of the restrictions in place, because it can't use the sophisticated weaponry on board, which is synonymous with the missile age, might as well just brought a trireme out and started ramming each other. There's no, it's that sort of thing.

• 40:51Dan Snow?

  But HMS Yarmouth gets her bow torn off. Diomed gets a gash in the hull.

• 40:57Speaker 05

  Juno as well. Juno gets hit quite badly. HMS Mermaid.

• 41:01Dan Snow?

  Eastbourne's almost retired from service after, isn't she? She had to be turned into a training vessel.

• 41:05Speaker 05

  Yeah. And I feel bad for Eastbourne because she was in the first and third cod war. She was a Type 12, Whitby class, I think. So these are, these were the very light frigates. The Leander's a bit different, but it got to the point, if this conflict was going to carry on, the Royal Navy was going to bring out HMS Tiger, which was one of its last cruisers. It was a, what the Japanese would call today a DDH, a helicopter based vessel. So it could fit about three or four sea kings, I think, in the back. And what it would do is to sort of use its immense size, because this was a product of the last sort of cruiser line, to just really go to town and push people out. It never got to that, the war ended before that. But this was the level that they were playing at now.

• 41:47Dan Snow?

  But if, if, if we're talking about these frigates being very badly damaged and even put out of service, I mean, the Falklands War, the Brits only lost, I think it was two frigates and two destroyers and there were some other ships as well. But I mean, this is a serious amount of damage being done to Royal Navy ships. It's, it's, it's going to cause concern in Whitehall, right?

• 42:07Speaker 05

  It does, yeah. It concerns, massive concern in the Royal Navy, in the Admiralty, in the Ministry of Defence. Because it was the Ministry of Defence at this point. The Admiralty were around in the first one. And then they sort of coalesced in the sixties, and so you've got the Ministry of Defence in the third one. And it was genuine concern, because it was affecting NATO responsibilities and also costs. Perennial issue, the defence is always cash-strapped. The last thing you want is unintended vessels going into production lines to be refitted and re-kitted out. The issue is that the coastguard captains are very independent. The Navy captains, the Royal Navy, by the way, the Royal Navy are very strict with their rules. They know exactly what their limits are. And so they aren't going to overdo them. The Icelanders just go hell for leather. Even if the restrictions have been put in place by their own government, they just go, they get on with it.

• 42:52Speaker 05

  There was one captain who was known as the Mad Axeman, and he had T-shirts printed. It was, you know, I think there's a video of John Prescott shaking his hand when he went to go visit Iceland at some point. So it's all very, it's all very insane. The Icelanders are much more aggressive. And actually, the Brits have profile dossiers on each captain going, this guy's relatively cool-headed. This guy is a massive Anglophobe, avoid at all costs. This one is, so they've actually got intelligence profiles on the individual Icelandic captains to give to the Royal Navy officers to make sure they know who they're dealing with.

• 43:28Dan Snow?

  Well, how on earth, so this begins in the end of 1925 and it comes to an end in 1976, the summer of 76. How, how, how does this war come to a finish?

• 43:38Speaker 05

  I think you can guess.

• 43:40Dan Snow?

  I can.

• 43:40Speaker 05

  Which is Iceland wins. Iceland gets what it wants. Again, restrictions are in place, quotas are put in. But at this point, this is the death of the deep-sea trawling industry for the UK. People would say, oh, well, the Brits should have gone harder. There was, there was no conceivable way the Brits could have really won this. The Icelanders played a blinder of a game geopolitically. They knew exactly what they could get away with. And there were some times when they couldn't, there were some times when international opinion did turn against them. But for the majority of the time, they were able to play within the restrictions in place. The Brits were always had a losing hand, unless they were willing to go into the ports and just smash up these coastguard vessels and risk everything that was entailed with that.

• 44:24Speaker 05

  I cannot conceive of a way that they geopolitically could have won. And winning is, is, is an interesting definition, because again... The NATO aspect, we haven't mentioned it, but Iceland is a key aspect of the NATO defence plan because it sits in the middle of the Greenland-Iceland-UK gap, which controls Soviet submarines going in and out into the Atlantic, which then also protects what would be the reinforcement route to Western Europe if there was a war, because the Americans would come all across in that area. There's a big airbase in Iceland called Keflavik, which has big, uh, big American and British maritime patrol aircraft, Nimrods used to fly from there all the time. And the Icelanders threatened to close it down. They said, if

• 45:06Speaker 05

  you're, you know, we are in NATO for our interests. If you're not supporting our interests, we're out. They play a good game. And the Brits, I think the Brits do well for what they have. They, they are able to slow it down. And, you know, it's not perfect, but it, they, they do lose, the Brits do lose, but they, they lose with some compromises instead of an unconditional surrender, if, if you will, in terms.

• 45:28Dan Snow?

  What an extraordinary story, Will. Just, just to take you back to the beginning, though. You did mention that the Icelanders think there were four cod wars. What, what's the fourth?

• 45:36Speaker 05

  There's one at the beginning, in the early 50s. And I'll admit, I've studied this less, and maybe that's me as a Brit going, there weren't four, there were three. But there were, there were four. And the early one was over three nautical miles out to about four, I think. No conflict occurred, no tension, nothing along those lines. But it was more of a geopolitical contest of wills.

• 45:54Dan Snow?

  So there was a precursor. There was, there was a little prelude. Okay.

• 45:58Speaker 05

  It's like the prequels of Cod Wars.

• 46:01Dan Snow?

  The prequel, the Star Wars universe prequel. Um, thank you very much indeed, Will, for coming on the podcast and talking all about this rather extraordinary episode of history that I think many Brits decide to memory hole.

• 46:15Speaker 05

  Thank you so much. And I'll say that this does have impacts on Brits, because every time you buy fish and chips, cod and chips in the UK, that cod's not coming from British waters.

• 46:24Dan Snow?

  Are we buying it off the Icelanders?

• 46:26Speaker 05

  We're buying it off the Icelanders.

• 46:27Dan Snow?

  My goodness me. We're rewarding their territorial expansionism. I can't believe it.

• 46:32Speaker 05

  Exactly. The imperial empire of Iceland.

• 46:35Dan Snow?

  Exactly. Okay, Will, this is getting dangerous. I will see you next time. Thank you very much for coming on the podcast.

• 46:40Speaker 05

  Thank you so much for having me.

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• 47:23Speaker 02

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• 48:14Dan Snow?

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